Khaidarwisy’s Collections@SKuaT 2018
My GRAMMAR
BOOKLET
Name :
Class :
School :
Teacher’s name
GrammarCollections@SKuaT
Workshop 2018 2018
Khaidarwisy’s
G
R
A
M
M
A
R
N
O
T
E
1
1
A common noun is a noun which is common to all
people or things.
PEOPLE
•
•
•
•
•
children
baby
father
mother
brother
•
•
•
•
•
sister
nurse
teacher
carpenter
pupil
•
•
•
•
•
neighbour
hawker
boy
girl
lady
ANIMALS
•
•
•
•
•
tiger
lion
fish
cat
buffalo
•
•
•
•
•
girrafe
horse
frog
crocodile
lizard
•
•
•
•
•
turtle
bear
snake
zebra
monkey
OBJECTS
•
•
•
•
•
pen
pencil
book
fan
table
•
•
•
•
•
car
table
computer
plate
umbrella
•
•
•
•
•
television
lamp
shoes
cap
blouse
BUILDINGS
•
•
•
•
•
mosque
church
museum
hostel
hotel
•
•
•
•
•
lighthouse • Clinic
school
• police
temple
station
factory
pupil
PLACES
•
•
•
•
•
airport
zoo
stadium
park
beach
•
•
•
•
•
playground • field
restaurant • court
market
cinema
theatre
2
A proper noun is a special name that belongs to only
one person or thing that begins with capital letter.
PEOPLE
•
•
•
•
•
Encik Idrus
Puan fatimah
Mr. Loh
Mrs. Vijaya
Chong Wei
•
•
•
•
•
Shakespeare
Alexandra
Mozart
Maria
Siti Nurhaliza
ANIMALS
•
•
•
•
•
Tompok
Sammy
Candy
Comel
Thunder
•
•
•
•
•
Pumpkin
Teddy
Bubbles
Snowball
Bambi
COUNTRIES
& CITIES
•
•
•
•
•
America
Malaysia
Kuala Lumpur
Malacca
Jerantut
•
•
•
•
•
Italy
Thailand
Kedah
Bangkok
New Delhi
MONTHS
& DAYS
•
•
•
•
•
Monday
Tuesday
Wednesday
Saturday
July
•
•
•
•
•
Friday
Thursday
February
March
November
DESERTS
&
OCEANS
•
•
•
•
•
Kalahari Desert
Sahara Desert
Gobi Desert
Great Victoria
Namib Desert
•
•
•
•
•
Atlantic Ocean
Pacific Ocean
Arctic Ocean
Indian Ocean
Southern Ocean
3
2
An abstract noun is something that we cannot see or
touch but can only feel or think about. It is a feeling,
a condition or an action.
•
•
•
•
•
ability
absence
admiration
anger
anxiety
•
•
•
•
•
explanation
faith
freedom
goodness
happiness
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
attraction
astonishment
beauty
bravery
brightness
•
•
•
•
•
imagination
leadership
love
knowledge
pride
•
•
•
•
•
4
choice
• childhood
co-operation • decision
concentration • disappointment
consideration •darkness
conflict
• enjoyment
kindness
punishment
pleasure
sadness
strength
•
•
•
•
•
thought
truth
wisdom
youth
hope
3
A collective noun is the name of a number of things,
animals or people taken together as one thing.
A
N
I
M
A
L
S
•
•
•
•
a pride of lions
a herd of cattle
a swarm of bees
a litter of kittens;
puppies
• a school of whales
• a flock of sheep; birds
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
a team of horse; oxen
a gaggle of geese
a pack of wolves
a flight of swallows
a troop of monkey
a brood of chickens
a nest of mice
O
B
J
E
C
T
S
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
a chest of drawers
a suit of clothes
a batch of bread
a fleet of cars ; ships
a suite of furniture ; room
a collection of pictures ; stamps
a bale of cotton ; wool
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
a board of directors
a choir of singers
a company of actors
a crew of sailors
a field of runners
a staff of teachers ; servants
a team of payers
P
E
O
P
L
E
P
L
A
N
T
S
•
•
•
•
a loaf of bread
a string of pearls
a pack of cards
a set of tools
a row of houses
a bunch of keys
peal of bells
a party of friends
a troupe of dancers
an army of soldiers
a bench of magistrates ;
bishops
• a band of musicians
• a bevy of ladies
•
•
•
•
•
•
a basket / crate of fruits
a bouquet of flowers
a bunch of grapes ; bananas
a clump of trees
a hedge of bushes
a punnet of strawberries
5
• a comb of bananas
• a cluster of grapes ;
coconuts
• a sheaf of corn
• a stack of hay
• a tuft of grass
• a forest of trees
4





Countable nouns are nouns which can be counted.
They can be in the singular or plural forms.
Singular means one.
Plural means more than one.
Articles ‘a’ or ‘an’ are used before the singular nouns.
Examples:
• a ball • a desk • a child
• a cat • a pencil • a boy
• a rose • a blouse • a toy
 Uncountable nouns are nouns which cannot be counted.
 They are always in the singular form.
Examples:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
rice
flour
smoke
rice
perfume
soil
butter
porridge
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
oil
water
tea
sand
pepper
fun
sauce
cereal
6
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
salt •
sugar •
milk •
cloth •
soup
jam
bread
noodles
hair
money
mud
coffee
5
 There are certain words that are used for countable
and uncountable nouns.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
many • several
a few
a large number of
a small number of
Only used
for countable
nouns
There are many dresses in the wardrobe.
A few girls helped the old man to carry the bags.
She bought several notebooks from the shop.
Aira has a large number of Barbie dolls.
Pak Ali has a small number of cows in his farm.
• much
• a little
• a great deal of
Only used
for uncountable
nouns
• There is too much sugar in my tea.
• A little salt will make the soup tastier.
• There is a great deal of rubbish at the backyard of
her house.
7
•
•
•
•
any
• several
some
plenty of
a lot of
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
I ate a lot of apples yesterday. ( Countable )
I need a lot of flour to make the cookies. ( Uncountable)
Father bought some oranges yesterday. ( Countable )
Please add some sugar into the coffee. ( Uncountable )
Are there any brownies in the box? ( Countable )
Is there any milk in the bottle? ( Uncountable )
The grocer sold plenty of eggs yesterday. ( Countable )
She adds plenty of sugar into my coffee. ( Uncountable )
Can be used
for countable
and uncountable
nouns
• isn’t / aren’t / wasn’t / weren’t
/ doesn’t / don’t/ didn’t :
many / much
• too
a few / a little
• only
• in asking questions
any
8
any
many / much
6
Phrasal Quantifiers are phrases that show quantity.
Phrasal
Quantifiers
Nouns
A bottle of
powder, tomato ketchup, water, milk, oil, syrup
A crate of
Apples, mangoes, canned drinks, oranges, pears
A slice of
Cake, bread, meat, beef, mutton, cheese
A spoonful of
Sugar, salt, flour, rice, oil, cough syrup, medicine
A tube of
Chocolate topping, whipped cream, toothpaste
A pinch of
Salt, nutmeg, chilly powder
A cube of
Ice, chicken stock, cheese, sugar
A scoop of
Ice cream, rice, jelly
A tin of
Biscuits, milk powder
A pail of
Water, cement, sand
A can of
Soup, sardines, soft drink, mushrooms, milk
9
Phrasal
Quantifiers
Nouns
A jar of
jam, honey, chutney, pickle, peanut butter
A stick of
cinnamon, celery, cheese
A bunch of
grapes, bananas, rambutans
A bundle of
sticks, vegetables, firewood
A sprinkle of
glitter, grated cheese, sugar, chocolate rice
A sack of
potatoes, onions, sugar, rice
A cylinder of
gas
A plate of
noodles, rice, fruit, fried vegetables
A tub of
ice cream, cream
A tray of
eggs
A sachet of
chilly sauce
A clove of
garlic
A drop of
ink
10
7
Rules of changing from singular to plural nouns
No 1
Adding ‘s’ to the
singular form
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
cottage
year
month
day
noun
song
canoe
cottages
years
months
days
nouns
songs
canoes
street
poster
ruler
girl
office
bank
carrot
streets
posters
rulers
girls
offices
banks
carrots
No 2
Adding ‘s’ to the nouns
that end with ‘o’
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
motto
kimono
piano
solo
video
mottos
kimonos
pianos
solos
videos
banjo
zero
dynamo
radio
kangaroo
banjos
zeros
dynamos
radios
kangaroos
11
Rules of changing from singular to plural nouns
No 3
Adding ‘es’ to the nouns that end
with ’s’, ‘sh’, ‘ch’ and ‘x’
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
abacus
dress
bus
octopus
fish
wish
bush
abacuses
dresses
buses
octopuses
fishes
wishes
bushes
class
church
sandwich
crutch
watch
fox
glass
classes
churches
sandwiches
crutches
watches
foxes
glasses
No 4
Adding ‘es’ to the nouns that end with ’o’.
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
cargo
echo
hero
tomato
buffalo
cargoes
echoes
heroes
tomatoes
buffaloes
mango
mosquito
volcano
vertigo
negro
mangoes
mosquitoes
volcanoes
vertigoes
negroes
12
Rules of changing from singular to plural nouns
No 5
Changing ‘y’ to ‘i’ and adding ‘es’ for nouns that
end in ‘y’ and there is a consonant before the ‘y’
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
story
butterfly
diary
candy
lorry
baby
army
stories
butterflies
diaries
candies
lorries
babies
armies
country
berry
injury
study
scenery
city
party
countries
berries
injuries
studies
sceneries
cities
parties
No 6
Adding ‘s’ to the singular nouns if the noun
ends in ‘y’ and there is a vowel before the ‘y’
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
day
donkey
monkey
key
boy
days
donkeys
monkeys
keys
boys
way
valley
toy
guy
turkey
ways
valleys
toys
guys
turkeys
13
Rules of changing from singular to plural nouns
No 7
Changing ‘f’, ‘fe’ to ‘ves’
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
elf
knife
hoof
leaf
life
calf
loaf
elves
knives
hooves
leaves
lives
calves
loaves
wolf
wife
thief
wolves
wives
thieves
No 8
Adding ‘s’ to nouns ending with ‘f’ and ‘fe’
Singular
Plural
gulf
roof
chief
beef
café
dwarf
gulfs
roofs
chiefs
beefs
cafés
dwarfs
14
8
as the subject of the verb
 I
Subject :
Verb :
I
have
: You are pretty.
Subject :
You
Verb :
are
Subject :
Verb :
 She
Subject :
Verb :
 It
He
: She bought a dress.
She
: It has a broken wing.
has
We
Verb :
enjoy
 They
They
Verb :
love
: The fresh air is good for
you
Object :
you
Verb :
is
Object :
us
Verb :
gave
them
Verb :
show
: They chased it away.
Object :
it
Verb :
chased
: He sent her some flowers.
Object :
her
Verb :
sent
 Him
15
: I show them some shawl.
Object :
 Her
: They love local fruits
Subject :
bought
 It
: We enjoy eating cookies.
Subject :
Verb :
 Them
bought
Verb :
me
 Us : My sister gave us some clay.
wore
It
: My mother bought me a
pair of jeans.
Object :
 You
: He wore a black jacket.
Subject :
 We
 Me
: I have taken my lunch
 You
 He
as the object of the verb
: We told him the news.
Subject :
him
Verb :
told
9
Possessive pronouns are used to show owning or having something of
your own.
M
I
N
E
O
U
R
S
I have a dictionary.
It is mine.
Anne and I have a pet cat.
It is ours.
H
I
S
Darry has a computer.
It is his.
H
E
R
S
Siti has a beautiful hat.
It is hers.
T
H
E
I
R
S
Liz and Sue has a kitten.
It is theirs.
Y
O
U
R
S
I have a dictionary.
It is mine.
16
10
Possessive pronouns are used to show owning
or having something of your own.
Myself
I wrote the letter myself.
I bought the blouse myself.
Yourself
You washed the car yourself.
You watered the plants yourself.
Yourselves
Please clean the room yourselves.
You should hang the clothes
yourselves.
Herself
Aina baked the cake herself.
She arranged the books herself.
Himself
My uncle painted the wall himself.
Rajan fed the fish himself.
17
Possessive pronouns are used to show owning
or having something of your own.
Ourselves
Itself
Oneself
Themselves
We cleaned the drain ourselves.
Salma and I picked the fruits
ourselves.
The cat scratched itself.
The kitten licked itself.
One should have confidence in
oneself.
One could easily arranged it
oneself
They decorated the room
themselves.
Laila and her friends sang the
song themselves.
18
11
• We use demonstrative pronouns to
“point” at people or things.
Type
1. THIS
Usage
Singular ( near )
Example :
This is my bag.
2. THAT
Singular ( far )
Example :
That is my bag.
3. THESE
Plural ( near )
Example :
These are my bags.
4. THOSE
Plural ( far )
Example :
Those are my bags.
19
12
We can use more than one adjectives when describing
something or someone in sentences.
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Opinion / Value
Shape
beautiful
famous
clever
handsome
strong
proud
weak
friendly
fair
dark
good
naughty
poor
• Size ( big,
small )
• Length
( long , tall )
• Shape
( round,
square, thin,
fat )
• Width
( wide,
narrow )
Colour
Origin
red
brown
blue
green
orange
purple
•
•
•
•
•
•
Malay
Indian
Chinese
Malaysian
Italian
American
20
Age /
Temperature
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
old
hot
new
warm
young
cold
ancient
modern
Material
•
•
•
•
•
•
rubber
cotton
gold
copper
leather
plastic
13
Formation of the camparative and superlative
Adding –er and -est
No 1
No 2
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
Bold
Brave
Clean
Clever
Cold
Dark
Dear
Fine
Free
Great
High
Kind
Bolder
Braver
Cleaner
Cleverer
Colder
Darker
Dearer
Finer
Freer
Greater
Higher
Kinder
Boldest
Bravest
Cleanest
Cleverest
Coldest
Darkest
Dearest
Finest
Freest
Greatest
Highest
Kindest
Forming the comparatives and the superlatives of words
ending with ‘y’ use ‘-ier’ and ‘iest’.
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
dirty
early
easy
funny
happy
Heavy
hungry
dirtier
earlier
easier
funnier
happier
Heavier
hungrier
dirtiest
earliest
easiest
funniest
happiest
Heaviest
hungriest
lazy
merry
naughty
noisy
ugly
wealthy
lazier
merrier
naughtier
noisier
uglier
wealthier
laziest
merriest
naughtiest
noisiest
ugliest
Wealthiest
21
No 3
To form the comparative and superlative of some adjectives,
the last letter must be doubled.
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
big
dull
fat
hot
mad
bigger
duller
fatter
hotter
madder
biggest
dullest
fattest
hottest
maddest
red
sad
tall
thin
wet
redder
sadder
taller
thinner
wetter
reddest
saddest
tallest
thinnest
wettest
No 4
No 5
If the positive ends in ‘y’ there is a vowel before it, the ‘y’
is not changed. Add ‘er’ to the comparative and ‘est’ to the
superlative.
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
gay
grey
gayer
greyer
SUPERLATIVE
gayest
greyest
To form the comparative and superlative by changing the
spelling of the positive.
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
bad
far
good
little
many
much
up
worse
farther
better
less
more
more
upper
worst
farthest
best
least
most
most
upmost
22
No 6
If the positive is long ( more than two syllables ) add more
to the comparative and most to the superlative.
POSITIVE
COMPARATIVE
SUPERLATIVE
brilliant
charming
dangerous
expensive
foolish
generous
handsome
ignorant
learned
polite
robust
serious
splendid
wicked
hardworking
intelligent
interesting
fortunate
luxurious
merciful
peaceful
more brilliant
more charming
more dangerous
more expensive
more foolish
more generous
more handsome
more ignorant
more learned
more polite
more robust
more serious
more splendid
more wicked
more hardworking
more intelligent
more interesting
more fortunate
more luxurious
more merciful
more peaceful
most brilliant
most charming
most dangerous
most expensive
most foolish
most generous
most handsome
most ignorant
most learned
most polite
most robust
most serious
most splendid
most wicked
most hardworking
most intelligent
most interesting
most fortunate
most luxurious
most merciful
most peaceful
23
14
PRESENT
TENSE
add
adds
allow
allows
arrive
arrives
awake
awakes
bake
bakes
beat
beats
become
becomes
begin
begins
bend
bends
bite
bites
bleed
bleeds
blow
blows
borrow
borrows
break
breaks
breathe
breathes
bring
brings
brush
brushes
build
builds
burn
burns
bury
buries
buy
buys
carry
carries
catch
catches
change
changes
choose
chooses
clap
claps
clean
cleans
climb
climbs
close
closes
comb
combs
come
comes
cook
cooks
copy
copies
cry
cries
cut
cuts
cycle
cycles
dance
dances
deal
deals
dig
digs
dive
dives
divide
divides
do
does
draw
draws
dream
dreams
PAST
TENSE
added
allowed
arrived
awoke
baked
beat
became
began
bent
bit
bled
blew
borrowed
broke
breathed
brought
brushed
built
burnt
buried
bought
carried
caught
changed
chose
clapped
cleaned
climbed
closed
combed
came
cooked
copied
cried
cut
cycled
danced
dealt
dug
dived
divided
did
drew
dreamed/
dreamt
FUTURE
TENSE
add
allow
arrive
awake
bake
beat
become
begin
bend
bite
bleed
blow
borrow
break
breathe
bring
brush
build
burn
bury
buy
carry
catch
change
choose
clap
clean
climb
close
comb
come
cook
copy
cry
cut
cycle
dance
deal
dig
dive
divide
do
draw
dream
24
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
adding
allowing
arriving
awaking
baking
beating
becoming
beginning
bending
biting
bleeding
blowing
borrowing
breaking
breathing
bringing
brushing
building
burning
burying
buying
carrying
catching
changing
choosing
clapping
cleaning
climbing
closing
combing
coming
cooking
copying
crying
cutting
cycling
dancing
dealing
digging
diving
dividing
doing
drawing
dreaming
PAST
PARTICIPLE
added
allowed
arrived
awoken
baked
bitten
become
begun
bent
bit / bitten
bled
blown
borrowed
broken
breathed
brought
brushed
built
burnt
buried
bought
carried
caught
changed
chosen
clapped
cleaned
climbed
closed
combed
come
cooked
copied
cried
cut
cycled
danced
dealt
dug
dived
divided
done
drawn
dreamed/
dreamt
PRESENT
TENSE
drink
drinks
drive
drives
drop
drops
dry
dries
eat
eats
fail
fails
fall
falls
feed
feeds
feel
feels
fight
fights
find
finds
fit
fits
fly
flies
forget
forgets
forgive
forgives
get
gets
give
gives
go
goes
grow
grows
hand
hands
hang
hangs
hear
hears
hide
hides
hit
hits
hold
holds
hope
hopes
hurry
hurries
hurt
hurts
join
joins
jump
jumps
keep
keeps
kick
kicks
kneel
kneels
know
knows
laugh
laughs
lay
lays
lead
leads
leave
leaves
lend
lends
let
lets
lie
lies
live
lives
lock
locks
lose
loses
PAST
TENSE
drank
drove
dropped
dried
ate
failed
fell
fed
felt
fought
found
fitted
flew
forgot
forgave
got
gave
went
grew
handed
hung
heard
hid
hit
held
hoped
hurried
hurt
joined
jumped
kept
kicked
knelt
knew
laughed
laid
led
left
lent
let
lay
lived
locked
lost
FUTURE
TENSE
drink
drive
drop
dry
eat
fail
fall
feed
feel
fight
find
fit
fly
forget
forgive
get
give
go
grow
hand
hang
hear
hide
hit
hold
hope
hurry
hurt
join
jump
keep
kick
kneel
know
laugh
lay
lead
leave
lend
let
lie
live
lock
lose
25
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
drinking
driving
dropping
drying
eating
failing
falling
feeding
feeling
fighting
finding
fitting
flying
forgetting
forgiving
getting
giving
going
growing
handing
hanging
hearing
hiding
hitting
holding
hoping
hurrying
hurting
joining
jumping
keeping
kicking
kneeling
knowing
laughing
laying
leading
leaving
lending
letting
lying
living
locking
losing
PAST
PARTICIPLE
drunk
driven
dropped
dried
eaten
failed
fallen
fed
felt
fought
found
fitted
flown
forgotten
forgiven
got
given
gone
grown
handed
hung
heard
hidden
hit
held
hoped
hurried
hurt
joined
jumped
kept
kicked
knelt
known
laughed
laid
led
left
lent
let
lain
lived
locked
lost
open
pay
pick
pin
plan
pluck
pull
push
put
read
reply
ride
ring
rise
row
run
say
see
sell
send
sew
shake
shine
shoot
shout
show
shut
sing
sink
sit
skip
sleep
smile
speak
spend
stand
steal
stop
strike
study
sweep
swim
take
talk
PRESENT
TENSE
opens
pays
picks
pins
plans
plucks
pulls
push
puts
reads
replies
rides
rings
rises
rows
runs
says
sees
sells
sends
sews
shakes
shines
shoots
shouts
shows
shuts
sings
sinks
sits
skips
sleeps
smiles
speaks
spends
stands
steals
stops
strikes
studies
sweeps
swims
takes
talks
PAST
TENSE
opened
paid
picked
pinned
planned
plucked
pulled
pushed
put
read
replied
rode
rang
rose
rowed
ran
said
saw
sold
sent
sewed
shook
shone
shot
shouted
showed
shut
sang
sank
sat
skipped
slept
smiled
spoke
spent
stood
stole
stopped
struck
studied
swept
swam
took
talked
FUTURE
TENSE
open
pay
pick
pin
plan
pluck
pull
push
put
read
reply
ride
ring
rise
row
run
say
see
sell
send
sew
shake
shine
shoot
shout
show
shut
sing
sink
sit
skip
sleep
smile
speak
spend
stand
steal
stop
strike
study
sweep
swim
take
talk
26
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
opening
paying
picking
pinning
planning
plucking
pulling
pushing
putting
reading
replying
riding
ringing
rising
rowing
running
saying
seeing
selling
sending
sewing
shaking
shining
shooting
shouting
showing
shutting
singing
sinking
sitting
skipping
sleeping
smiling
speaking
spending
standing
stealing
stopping
striking
studying
sweeping
swimming
taking
talking
PAST
PARTICIPLE
opened
paid
picked
pinned
planned
plucked
pulled
pushed
put
read
replied
ridden
rung
risen
rowed
run
said
seen
sold
sent
sewn
shaken
shone
shot
shouted
shown
shut
sung
sunk
sat
skipped
slept
smiled
spoken
spent
stood
stolen
stopped
struck
studied
swept
swum
taken
talked
PRESENT TENSE
tell
think
throw
tie
try
type
understand
use
wait
wake
walk
water
wear
win
wind
write
tells
thinks
throws
ties
tries
types
understands
uses
waits
wakes
walks
waters
wears
wins
winds
writes
PAST
TENSE
told
thought
threw
tied
tried
typed
understood
used
waited
woke
walked
watered
wore
won
wound
wrote
FUTURE
TENSE
tell
think
throw
tie
try
type
understand
use
wait
wake
walk
water
wear
win
wind
write
27
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
telling
thinking
throwing
tying
trying
typing
understanding
using
waiting
waking
walking
watering
wearing
winning
winding
writing
PAST
PARTICIPLE
told
thought
thrown
tied
tried
typed
understood
used
waited
woken
walked
watered
worn
won
wound
written
15
An adverb is a descriptive word that adds more
information to a verb.
More examples:
carefully, carelessly,
silently, loudly, gracefully,
sweetly, soundly, happily,
sadly, neatly, softly
More examples:
every day, every
afternoon, just now, last
night, last week,
tomorrow, next week,
soon, later
More examples:
hourly, daily, weekly, fortnightly,
monthly, yearly, never, seldom,
sometimes, often, usually,
always, twice
28
An adverb is a descriptive word that adds more
information to a verb.
More examples:
Here, away, near, nowhere,
above, there, inside,
everywhere, somewhere,
below, outside
An adverb can be
placed:
after the action
The children drank
thirstily.
after the object
He pushed her
roughly.
before the
preposition
He ran
quickly
into the
house.
before the action
if there are many
words after it
The boys
hurriedly
stacked the
books into
neat piles.
29
16
USAGE
1.When the action happens
habitually.
Words usually used are:
every….., usually,
sometimes, always,
seldom, often.
2. When we state universal
truths.
EXAMPLES
1. Rizal wakes up early every morning.
2. The children usually cycle to the library.
3. We always jog in the park.
4. Darren visits his grandparents in the
weekends.
1. The moon goes round the earth.
2. Dolphins communicate through sounds.
3. The grass is green.
4. The sun sets in the west.
3. When we give
instructions or directions
1. Please arrange these on the shelf.
2. Draw an animal and colour it.
3. Please shut the door.
4. Walk along Jalan Meru until you reach to
a junction.
4. When we refer to events,
actions or situations
which are true at the
present time.
1. My father works in a bank.
2. Azlan lives in Kota Kinabalu.
3. I am ten years old.
4. We are twins.
30
USAGE
EXAMPLES
a) To show an
action that
happened in
the past.
Ali watered the plants at 8a.m. today.
They watered in the school hall this morning.
The girls watered the school compound just
now.
b) Words usually
used are:
Yesterday, last ( night, week, month…), just
now, an hour ago, a few minutes ago, this
morning
c) The simple
past tense is
formed:
1)By adding ‘d’ to the words ending in ‘e’.
Examples : bake – baked , dance – danced,
like - liked
2)By adding ‘ed’ to the verb
Examples : clean – cleaned , climb climbed , jump - jumped
3) By adding ‘ied’ to words ending with ‘y’
except when the ‘y’
follows a vowel.
Examples: burry – burried , carry – carried,
hurry - hurried
4) By adding consonant + ‘ed’
Examples: chop – chopped , drop –
dropped, stop - stopped
31
USAGE
EXAMPLES
a)
To show an action
that happened in
the past.
Ali watered the plants at 8a.m. today.
They watered in the school hall this morning.
The girls watered the school compound just now.
b)
Words usually
used are:
Yesterday, last ( night, week, month…), just now, an hour
ago, a few minutes ago, this morning
c)
The simple past
tense is formed:
1)By adding ‘d’ to the words ending in ‘e’.
Examples : bake – baked , dance – danced, like - liked
2)By adding ‘ed’ to the verb
Examples : clean – cleaned , climb - climbed , jump jumped
3) By adding ‘ied’ to words ending with ‘y’ except when
the ‘y’
follows a vowel.
Examples: burry – burried , carry – carried, hurry hurried
4) By adding consonant + ‘ed’
Examples: chop – chopped , drop – dropped, stop stopped
d)
The simple past
tense is formed:
5)
Without any changes
Examples : cut , spread , shut, put , cost
6) By changing the whole verb ( irregular verbs)
Examples : see – saw , catch – caught, bring - brought
•
•
•
•
The simple past tense of ‘am’ and ‘is’ is ‘was’.
The simple past tense of ‘are’ is ‘were’.
‘Was’ is used with ‘I’, ‘he’, ‘she’, ‘it’ and singular nouns.
‘Were’ is used with ‘you’, ‘we’, ‘they’ and plural nouns.
32
17
USAGE
EXAMPLES
a) Formula :
Subject + verb to be ( am,is,are ) + verb + ing
b) We use the present
continuous tense
for actions taking
place at the time of
speaking.
They are waiting for you now.
She is watching television now.
The bears and its cubs are returning to
their den now.
Word usually used
is : now
c) We also use it for
actions that are
going to happen in
the near future.
I am visiting my uncle tomorrow.
She is coming to our house next week.
They are sitting for the exam next
month.
My friends and classmates are planning
to celebrate my birthday this Saturday.
33
18
USAGE
EXAMPLES
a) To show an
action that
happened
over a period
of time
Ali was watering the plants at 8a.m. today.
They were dancing in the school hall this
morning.
The girls were sweeping the school
compound just now.
b) To show two
past actions
happening at
the same
time.
I was swimming while he was building a
huge sandcastle.
We were sleeping while they were studying.
c) To show that
something
was a past
habit.
They were always playing together in their
childhood days.
Aminah was always baking cakes in the
afternoon.
d) To show that
one action
happened
while another
was still
taking action.
I was studying in my room last night when it
rained.
My friends were sleeping when I entered the
room.
34
19
USAGE
EXAMPLES
Formula :
Subject + will / shall + root verb
b) We use the
simple future
tense for
planned actions
that have yet to
be carried.
Shall is usually
used for the
pronouns I and
we, whereas will
is used for other.
1. Our examination will start next
Monday.
2. Zafri will pass his driving test soon.
3. I shall mop the floor after the party
has ended.
4. We shall visit Uncle Osman in the
hospital this evening.
5. She will teach at the new school.
6. The will go for a picnic.
35
20
• We use the question tags to change statements into
questions.
• Examples : He is a teacher. ( statement )
He is a teacher, isn’t he? ( questions )
• Positive statement will use negative question tags.
• Negative statement will use positive question tags.
POSITIVE STATEMENTS
NEGATIVE QUESTION
TAGS
1. Amin is a naughty boy,
isn’t he?
2. Amin and Ahmad are naughty
boys,
aren’t they?
3. Amin was a naughty boy,
wasn’t he?
4. Amin and Ahmad were naughty
boys,
weren’t they?
5. Aminah has a cat,
hasn’t she?
6. You have a cat,
haven’t you?
7. They will go to school tomorrow,
won’t they?
8. Aida can help us,
can’t she?
9. We should keep ourselves clear,
shouldn’t we?
10. The boy plays football,
doesn’t he?
11. The boys play football,
don’t they?
12. The boys played football,
didn’t they?
36
NEGATIVE STATEMENTS
POSITIVE QUESTION TAGS
1. Amin isn’t a naughty boy,
is he?
2. Amin and Ahmad aren’t
naughty boy,
are they?
3. Amin wasn’t a naughty boy,
was he?
4. Amin and Ahmad weren’t
naughty boys,
were they?
5. Aminah hasn’t a cat,
has she?
6. You haven’t a cat,
have you?
7. They won’t go to school
tomorrow,
will they?
8. Aida can’t help us,
can she?
9. We shouldn’t keep ourselves
clear,
should we?
10. The boy doesn’t plays
football,
does he?
11. The boys don’t play football,
do they?
12. The boys didn’t play football,
did they?
37
21
We use conjunctions to join words, phrases or sentences.
TYPES
USAGE
EXAMPLES
a) Although
( walaupun )
We use although to
join two contrasting
facts
1. John went to work
although he is sick.
b) And
( dan )
We use and to join
words, phrases or
sentences.
1. She is thirsty. She is tired.
She is thirsty and tired.
c) But , yet
( tetapi )
We use but to join
ideas that are
opposite of each
other.
1. She wants to work but
her father won’t let her.
d) Or
( atau )
We use or to show a
choice between two
things.
1. Do you want a piece of
cake or some cookies?
e) If
( jika )
We use if to show
condition.
1.
f)
We use so to show
result
1. They were early so they
watched television.
So
( jadi , oleh itu )
38
If we don’t go, she will
be upset.
We use conjunctions to join words, phrases or sentences.
TYPES
USAGE
g) because
( kerana )
We use
1. Ali won the prize
because to
because he had all
show reason.
the correct answer.
h) Either …or
( sama ada,
salah satu
Refer to a
1. You can either walk
situation in
up the stairs or take
which there
the lift.
is a choice
between two
things.
i)
Say that two
or more
things are
not true.
1. Neither Ben nor Wati
went to school
yesterday.
j) Instead
( sebaliknya
, gantinya)
We use
instead to
show other
choice.
1. You can use the blue
book instead the red
one.
k) Since
( semenjak ,
memandangkan )
We use since 1. Since you are kind, I
to express
give you this present.
cause and
2. We live here since
effect.
1979.
Neither ….nor
( mahu pun
, pun
tidak )
EXAMPLES
39
22
The subject of a sentence must agree with the verb.
SUBJECT
SINGULAR
VERBS
PLURAL
am
do
have
play
I
You
He
She
It
Ahmad
The boy
The cat
PRESENT
TENSE
You
are
do
have
play
is
does
has
plays
PAST
TENSE
was
did
had
played
were
did
had
played
was
did
had
played
40
PRESENT
CONTINOUS
TENSE
am + verb +
ing
Example :
I am eating
now.
PAST
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
was + verb +
ing
Example:
I was eating
just now.
are + verb +
ing
were + verb
+ ing
Example:
Example :
You were
You are
eating just
eating now. now.
is + verb +
ing
were + verb
+ ing
Example:
Example :
You were
He is eating
eating just
now.
now.
SUBJECT
SINGULAR
PLURAL
We
They
Ali and
Abu
The
boys
The cats
VERBS
PRESENT
TENSE
are
do
have
play
PAST
TENSE
were
did
had
played
PRESENT
CONTINOUS
TENSE
PAST
CONTINUOUS
TENSE
are + verb +
ing
were + verb +
ing
Example :
We are
eating now.
Example:
We were
eating just
now.
Note:
Someone , each one , everyone, anyone, no one, somebody, everybody,
anybody, nobody ( Singular / one )
Use root word after:
Will , would, can, could, may, might, does, do, did, shall, should, to, must
Remember : Use (-ing) after ‘will be’, ‘after’ and ‘before’
Example: He will be going to school by bus if it rains tomorrow.
After swimming, they were very hungry.
Before eating, they wash their hands.
Use ‘past prticiple’ after HAS / HAVE / HAD
Example : She has gone to school.
They had done the homework.
41
23
Indefinite Articles
A
An
‘A’ is used with words
beginning with a consonant
sound ( b,c,d,f,g,h,j,k,l,m,n,o,
p,q,r,s,t,v,w,x,yz)
•
•
•
A boy
A pen
A rat
•
•
•
‘An’ is used with words
beginning with a vowel sound
of ‘a’, ‘e’, ‘I’, ‘o’, ‘u’.
•
•
•
•
•
•
A flower
A box
A rose
Before a word starting with a
vowel but having a consonant
sound
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
An egg •
An apple •
An igloo •
An eagle •
An ox
•
An arrow •
•
An ice-cream
An elephant
An island
An insect
An apron
An onion
An ant
Before a silent ‘h’
A useful book
A uniform
A European
A university
A one-eyed man
A one-dollar note
A one-way street
A ewe
A one-legged man
•
•
•
•
•
•
42
An hour
An honour
An heir
An honest boy
An honourable man
An hourglass
Definite Articles
The
1. CLASS
 To refer to a whole class.
 Example :
The cow is a useful animal
2. COUNTRIES
 To refer to certain countries
 Example :
The Philippines, The United States
of America
3. SPECIFIC THINGS
 To refer to a specific thing
or person
 Example :
The girl who is standing
under the tree is my
cousin.
4. SECOND TIME
 To a noun that is mentioned for a
second time
 Example :
Aisyah has a hamster. The
hamster is cute.
5. ONLY ONE
 Before nouns only one of
their kinds.
 Examples : the sun, the
sea, the earth, the stars
The earth moves around
the sun.
6. SUPERLATIVES
 Before superlatives.
 Examples :
Abu is the tallest boy in the class.
Lara is the most beautiful girl in
the village.
43
Definite Articles
The
7. PLACES
 Before names of certain
seas, mountains, rivers,
etc.
 Example:
The South China Sea
The London Bridge
The Pahang River
8. MUSICAL INSTRUMENT
 To refer to a musical instrument
being played by someone.
 Example :
Alisa plays the piano beautifully.
Aryan plays the guitar everyday.
We do not use
articles before:
44
24
Means or
Accompaniment
with
•
•
My grandfather killed
the snake with a stick.
She cut the fish with a
knife.
by
•
•
Rina goes to school by
car.
We will send the file
by email.
Description
with
•
•
The lady with brown
hair is my aunty.
The man with a green
shirt is my neighbour.
in
•
•
The boy in white
shorts is my cousin.
The things were piled
in a heap
Place
at
•
•
•
in
They stay at a small
village.
You can post the
letter at 51, Jalan
Semenyih.
We arrived at the
airport.
•
•
•
45
My aunty was in
Kuala Lumpur for
three days.
She arrived in
Singapore a week
ago.
The man is in his
office.
Place
into
•
•
•
•
The greedy dog fell into the drain.
Aisya’s family moved into the apartment next to ours.
He threw the rubbish into the big dustbin
She jumped into the nearest taxi.
Time
at
on
in
by
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
from during after before
to
for
till
until
since
Our school holiday fall in October.
I shall visit her on Wednesday.
The lady’s working hours is from 8.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m.
He was in Australia from April to May.
The girl went missing during the picnic.
We will meet them after lunch.
Kayla brushes her teeth before she went to bed.
He will prepare the menu by tomorrow.
Lisa was admitted in the hospital for a week.
There were at the bus station until midnight.
She has been staying with her grandmother since her mother
passed away
46
Place
into
•
•
•
•
The greedy dog fell into the drain.
Aisya’s family moved into the apartment next to ours.
He threw the rubbish into the big dustbin
She jumped into the nearest taxi.
Time
at
on
in
by
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
from during after before
to
for
till
until
since
Our school holiday fall in October.
I shall visit her on Wednesday.
The lady’s working hours is from 8.00 a.m. to 5.00 p.m.
He was in Australia from April to May.
The girl went missing during the picnic.
We will meet them after lunch.
Kayla brushes her teeth before she went to bed.
He will prepare the menu by tomorrow.
Lisa was admitted in the hospital for a week.
There were at the bus station until midnight.
She has been staying with her grandmother since her mother
passed away
47
To show place and
positions
in
into
to
Up
down
•
I’ll be waiting for
you in the garden
on
•
The dog fell into
the drain.
at
•
He came by car to
our house.
from
Anis have been
walking up and
down outside his
house
•
•
The book is on the
table.
•
We arrived at the
airport.
•
A loud noise came
from the bushes.
over
•
She jumped over
the gate.
under
•
He hid my bag
under the table.
48
To show place and
positions
around
•
The cat is running
around the tree.
across
•
He swim across
the river.
along
•
We walked along
the foot path.
through
•
The bird flew
through the hole.
near
•
The picture is
near the clock.
beside
•
I prefer to sit
beside my father.
behind
•
I left the shoes
behind the door.
in
front
•
He stood in front
of his friends.
49
To show place and
positions
outside
•
She waited for me
outside the room.
She walked past
the shop.
with
•
I will go to the
mall with her.
Lila is standing
between Fara
and Alia.
against
•
The teacher told
the pupils not to
lean against the
wet wall.
inside
•
I waited for him
inside the house.
past
•
between
•
50
25
There are various
punctuation such as:
Question mark
• Used at the end of
a question.
Examples:
• How are you?
• Who is that pretty
lady?
• Where does Mr. Boon
live?
?
‘
Exclamation mark
• Used after a
command. Also used
to show strong
emotions such as
surprise, anger etc.
Examples:
• Help ! Help !
• It is very cold !
!
Apostrophe
• Used to show
ownership or
possessions
Examples:
• The girl’s doll.
(singular )
• The girls’ doll.
( plural)
• The children’s toys
( plural ).
,
51
Comma
• Used to separate
items in a list, or a
series of nouns
Examples:
• I bought a pencil, a
ruler, an eraser, and a
book at the shop.
• I love English, Maths,
Science and
Geography.
There are various
punctuation such as:
Full stop
• Used to mark the
end of a sentence
and also after
abbreviations or
short forms.
Examples:
• My name is Alia .
• I like playing
football .
• Cash on delivery
C.O.D
.
;
A
Semicolon
• Used to link
statements which
are related to each
other.
Examples:
• There was a big
crowd ; some ladies
are buying
vegetables, some
ladies are buying
fish at the market
and some were
buying groceries.
Capital Letters
• It is used at the
beginning of a
sentence and Proper
Nouns.
Examples:
• The clock is round.
• Your hair is very
beautiful.
• Sally lives in a big
house near the beach.
• Polly is my parrot.
Quotation Mark
• A quotation mark is
used in a sentence or
• question to indicate
speech or
conversation.
Examples:
• “ How can you take
them out?” asked
Hisham’s mother.
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GrammarCollections@SKuaT
Workshop 2018 2018
Khaidarwisy’s
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GrammarCollections@SKuaT
Workshop 2018 2018
Khaidarwisy’s
Note :
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“The more that you read, the more
things you will know. The more that
you learn, the more places you'll go.”
Thank you so much dear friends for
supporting Teacher Idayu @
Khaidarwisy’s Collections. Special thanks
also to Teacherfiera.com for inspiring me..
Regards,
Idayu