ATJ 2C/85 (Pindaan 2017)
JKR 20400-0205-17
Hak Cipta Terpelihara.
Manual on Traffic Control Devices
Temporary Signs and Work Zones Control
Jabatan Kerja Raya
Cawangan Jalan
MANUAL ON TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES TEMPORARY SIGNS AND WORK ZONES CONTROL
Tidak dibenarkan mengeluarkan mana-mana bahagian artikel, ilustrasi dan
isi kandungan buku ini dalam apa jua bentuk dan dengan apa jua cara sama ada
secara elektronik, mekanikal, salinan, rakaman atau cara lain sebelum
mendapat keizinan bertulis daripada penerbit.
ATJ 2C/85 (Pindaan 2017)
©2017 Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia.
1
KERAJAAN MALAYSIA
MANUAL ON TRAFFIC
CONTROL DEVICES
TEMPORARY SIGNS AND WORK
ZONES CONTROL
Ketua Pengarah Kerja Raya
Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia
Jalan Sultan Salahuddin
50582 Kuala Lumpur
FOREWORD
The purpose of this new manual Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 2C/85 (Pindaan 2016), hereinafter
called ATJ 2C/85 (Pindaan 2017) Manual on Traffic Control Devices: Temporary Signs
and Work Zones Control is to establish uniformity in the design and application of all traffic
signage and control devices in Malaysia for the benefit of road users, road and traffic
authorities and manufacturers of traffic signs.
This manual supersedes and forms part of the revised version of JKR/J(Rb) 0001/80,
Manual On Traffic Control Devices – Traffic Signs. The manual is now divided into the
following parts:1) ATJ 2A/85 – Standard Traffic Signs.
Standard traffic signs drawings for Regulatory, Warning and Guide signs are
illustrated complete with dimensions. A coloured chart for all the traffic signs
indicating the acceptable colours for each sign.
2) ATJ 2B/85 – Traffic Sign Application.
It consists of, with the exception of Temporary signs, design criteria and location
requirements for all traffic signs.
3) ATJ 2C/85 – Temporary Signs and Work Zones Control.
It consists of standard temporary sign drawings and their applications in the work
zones.
4) ATJ 2D/85 – Road Markings and Delineation
Standard road line paints, road markings and delineators are identified together
with guides on their applications.
5) ATJ 2E/87 – Guide Signs Design and Application
It covers among others, general requirements, principles, classification and latest
design layout for guide signs.
The specifications in this manual are recommended to be used for all new signage and for
all replacements of existing signage which have outlived their usefulness.
This document has also been arranged to comply with the current Road Transport Act and
Road Transport Rules, wherever applicable.
This manual will be reviewed and updated from time to time to cater for the changes on
policies and current requirements. In this respect any comments and feedback regarding
this manual should be forwarded to Bahagian Pembangunan Inovasi & Standard, Pakar
Kejuruteraan Jalan & Jambatan, Cawangan Jalan.
Published by:Cawangan Jalan
Ibu Pejabat JKR Malaysia
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
This ATJ 2C/85 (Pindaan 2017) was prepared by a working committee comprised of the following
members:
Committee Members
Ir. Hj. Wan Abdul Rahman bin Hassan (Chairman)
Ir. Mohd. Azahar bin Don
Ir. Abdul Rahman bin Baharuddin
Ir. Razhiah binti Wahab
Ir. Mohd. Yusup bin Zahidin
Ir. Mohd. Shahrom b. Ahmad Saman
Ir. Atikah binti Zakaria
Ir. Mohamad Sharip bin Wahijan
Pn. Siti Nurilam binti Abu Mansor
En. Tengku Mohamad Shahril bin tengku Razman
Pn. Munirah binti Hasan
Ir. Nurrul Hudha Haryati binti Amzah
Pn. Rosmawati binti Abdul Razak
En. Amirul Ain bin Amran
En. Samsul bin Jaharudin
En. Abd. Karim bin Hj. Mohammed
En. Zainady bin Zakaria
Ir. Mohamed Shafii bin Mustafa
En. Adi Marwan bin Munawar
Cik Suriati binti Mahmud
JKR
JKR
JKR
JKR
JKR
JKR
JKR
JKR
JKR
JKR
JKR
JKR
JKR
DBKL
Supplier
Consultant
Contractor
Safety Auditor
Consultant
Consultant
Special thanks and appreciation to the proof reader: Ir. Mohd. Azahar Bin Don
Cawangan Jalan
Finally, the publisher would like to express its gratitude to the above committee members for their
substantial contribution towards the successful completion of this document.
A special thanks to Dato’ Dr. Ir. Meor Aziz bin Osman, Deputy Director General of Works (Infra
Sector), Ir. Zulakmal bin Haji Sufian, Senior Director of Road Branch, Dato’ Ir. Hj. Che Noor Azeman
bin Yusoff, Director of Road and Bridge Design, Ir. Dr. Lim Char Ching, Director of Forensics
Engineering and Technical Support Division, Cawangan Jalan, Jabatan Kerja Raya Malaysia for their
support and contribution towards the successful completion of this manual.
ii
MANUAL ON TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
TEMPORARY SIGN AND WORK ZONE CONTROL
CONTENTS
PAGE
PART ONE: WORK ZONE CONTROL
1
1.0
THE NEED FOR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AT WORK ZONES
1.1
Background
1.2
Traffic Safety at Work Zones
1.3
Issues of Traffic Management at Work Zones
1.4
Possible Solutions to Traffic Management at Work Zones
2
2
2
3
4
2.0
THE PRINCIPLES OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AT WORK ZONES
2.1
Purpose of Traffic Management at Work Zones
2.2
Construction Activities Requiring Traffic Management
2.3
The Principles of Traffic Management at Work Zones
5
5
5
3.0
STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT AT WORK ZONES
3.1
During the Detailed Engineering Design Phase
3.1.1 Design of the conceptual Traffic Control Plan (TCP)
3.1.2 Costing of TCP in the Bill Of Quantities
3.2
During Pre-Construction Phase
3.3
During the Construction Phase
3.3.1 Strategies for Execution of the TMP
3.3.2 STEP 1- Set up Monitoring Framework
3.3.3 STEP 2- Set up Working Teams
3.3.4 STEP 3- Design of Localised TCP for Each Work Zones
3.3.5 STEP 4- Use of Standardised Approaches
3.3.6 STEP 5- Preparation of the Traffic Management Safety Report
3.3.7 STEP 6- Audit of Traffic Management During Construction
7
3.4
13
Responsibilities
3.4.1 Responsibilities of the SO/PD (Superintending Officer/Project Director) /
Representative
3.4.2 Responsibilities of the Supervising Engineers
3.4.3 Responsibilities of the Contractor
3.4.4 Responsibilities of the Traffic Management Officer (TMO)
3.4.5 Responsibilities of the Road Safety Auditor
iii
8
8
8
9
9
9
9
10
12
13
13
13
13
14
14
15
16
CONTENTS
PAGE
4.0
PLANNING OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AT WORK ZONES
4.1
The Planning Process
4.1.1 STEP 1: Assemble Data
4.1.2 STEP 2: Select the Traffic and Construction Duration Categories
4.1.3 STEP 3: Determine Extent of Roadway Occupancy
4.1.4 STEP 4: Identify Feasible Work Area Types
4.1.5 STEP 5: Impact Analysis
4.1.6 STEP 6: Select Preferred Traffic Management Plan
4.1.7 STEP 7: Check for Mitigation Requirement
4.2
The Traffic Study
4.3
Performance Indicators
4.4
Emergency Response Team (ERT) Requirement
17
17
17
19
20
20
21
21
21
22
22
24
5.0
DESIGNING A TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AT WORK ZONES
5.1
Different Types of Traffic Management Plans(TMP)
5.1.1 The Traffic Management Plan Proposal
5.1.2 Traffic Control Plans
5.1.3 Strategies for Best Design Practice of Traffic Control Plan
5.2
Design of Work Zones
5.2.1 Advance Warning Area
5.2.2 Transition Area
5.2.3 Buffer Area
5.2.4 Work Area
5.2.5 Termination Area
25
26
26
28
28
29
30
30
32
32
33
6.0
TYPICAL LAYOUTS OF THE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN
6.1 General
6.1.1 The Traffic Category
6.1.2 The Construction Duration Category
6.2 Sign Arrangements
6.2.1 Advance Warning Area
6.2.2 Transition Area
6.2.3 Buffer And Work Area
6.2.4 Termination Area
6.3 Modification of Typical Layouts
6.4 Consideration of Parameters of Typical Layouts
6.5 Considerations to Modifying the Typical Layouts
6.6 Typical Application Layouts
35
35
35
35
40
40
41
41
41
48
48
49
49
iv
CONTENTS
7.0
PAGE
TAKING OFF QUANTITIES
7.1
Objective
7.2
Practices In Estimating BQ For Traffic Management
7.2.1 Previous Practice
7.2.2 Current Practice
7.3
Taking Off Quantities
7.3.1 Example of Case Study 1: Short/Long Term Works Where
Traffic Is Detour (Rural Low Speed)
7.3.2 Example of Case Study 2: Temporary Diversion at Intersection of Single
Carriageway (Urban Low Speed)
7.3.3 Example of Case Study 3: Short/Long Term Works Where Traffic Is
Detour on Bridge (Rural High Speed)
7.3.4 Conclusion
55
55
55
55
55
56
56
59
62
64
8.0
PLACEMENT AND REMOVAL OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
8.1
Preparation for Placement Process
8.1.1 Preparation for Placement Process
8.1.2 Coordination with Affected Groups
8.1.3 Inventory and Storage
8.1.4 Training and Instruction
8.2
Placement
8.2.1 Placement Sequence
8.2.2 Placement Procedure
8.2.3 Placing Channelizing Devices
8.2.4 Lateral Position
8.2.5 Cone Placement
8.2.6 Expressway Lane Closures
8.2.7 Exterior Lane Closures
8.2.8 Interior or Center Lane Closures
8.3
Modification and Removal
8.4
Special Equipment and Techniques
65
65
65
65
65
66
66
66
67
67
67
68
68
68
68
69
69
9.0
MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC CONTROL ZONES
9.1
Inspection and Maintenance Program
9.1.1 Elements of an Inspection Program
9.2
Inspection Procedures
9.2.1 Responsibility
9.2.2 Frequency
9.2.3 Documentation
9.2.4 Record Keeping
70
70
70
71
71
71
72
72
v
CONTENTS
9.3
10.0
PAGE
Training and Equipment Needs
9.3.1 Training
9.3.2 Personnel, Equipment and Materials
73
73
74
REPORTS
10.1 The Traffic Management Plan Proposal
10.2 Traffic Management Safety Reports (TMSR)
75
76
PART TWO: TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
77
1.0
2.0
GENERAL
CATEGORY OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
2.1
Temporary Signage
2.2
Temporary Road Marking
2.3
Temporary Management Equipment
78
78
78
79
103
APPENDIX A: BORANG PEMERIKSAAN RUTIN ZON KERJA
A-1
APPENDIX B: COLOUR CODE FOR TRAFFIC SIGN
B-1
vi
ABBREVIATIONS
1) Abbreviations used in this Manual shall have following meaning:
ADT
BQ
ERP
ERT
JKR
PE
PPE
RE
RSA
SE
SO/PD
TCD
TCP
TMO
TMP
TMSR
TMT
TMWZ
TS
Average Daily Traffic
Bill of Quantity
Emergency Response Plan
Emergency Response Team
Jabatan Kerja Raya
Professional Engineer
Personal Protection Equipment
Resident Engineer
Road Safety Audit
Supervising Engineer
Superintending Officer/Project Director
Traffic Control Device
Traffic Control Plan
Traffic Management Officer
Traffic Management Plan
Traffic Management Safety Report
Traffic Management Team
Traffic Management at Work Zone
Traffic Supervisor
2) Abbreviations of units of measurement used in this Manual shall have following meaning:
c/c
hr
kg
m
km
kph
centre to centre
hour
kilogram
metre
kilometre
kilometre per hour
3) The words or phrases used in this Manual shall have following meaning:
a)
‘Traffic Management Plan’ refers to a compiled document consisting of method
statement of Traffic Management, work programme, Traffic Control Plan, organization
chart etc….
b)
‘Traffic Control Plan’ refers to the detailed drawing that shows the placement of Traffic
Control Devices according to the construction sequence.
c)
‘Personal Protection Equipment’ refers to a set of safety equipment that consists of (but
not limited to) safety helmet, reflective uniform / safety vest, and safety boots.
vii
PART ONE
WORK ZONE CONTROL
1
1.0
THE NEED FOR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AT WORK ZONES
1.1
Background
Whenever work is done on or near the roadway, drivers are faced with changing
and unexpected traffic conditions. These changes may be hazardous for motorists,
workers, and pedestrians unless protective measures are taken.
Motorists may not be able to differentiate between the various types of construction
sites and the unexpected dangers in the work zone areas. Hence, proper traffic
control measures and safety considerations are required for all types of work both
on major long term projects or those of short duration.
This Manual has been designed and written to explain the application of standards
to the various work situations. The Manual should be used by everyone who is
involved with planning, designing, installing, maintaining, and inspecting traffic
control at work sites. The illustrations can be used for a quick guide and reference
for various examples of Traffic Control Plan.
Handling traffic in work zones is challenging because the work activities present an
abnormal and often disruptive environment to the motorists. Motorists accustomed
to a clear, unobstructed roadway are required to recognize and avoid closed lanes,
workers in or near the roadway, and a variety of fixed object hazards. Pedestrians
expecting a clear, direct walking path can be faced with closed sidewalks and open
trenches closer to the moving traffic. The construction activities may also present a
distracting view to many motorists that can divert their attention from the driving
task.
Work zones are often dynamic, and the layout of the traffic control is changed as
the works progress. As such, the motorists and pedestrians are constantly being
confronted with new challenges and disruptive elements in their travel path. There
are many instances where this has led to serious accidents, some including
fatalities.
1.2
Traffic Safety at Work Zones
The Work Zone is the distance between the first advance warning sign and the point
beyond the termination area where traffic is no longer affected. A typical Work Zone
should have the following areas:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Advance Warning Area
Transition Area
Buffer Area
Work Area
Termination Area
Traffic safety is a major issue at work zones. When the travelling path of motorist is
occupied for work activity, conflict arises between the requirements of the
construction workers and the desire of smooth un-interrupted traffic flow by
motorists. Work sites create potential hazards because they:
2
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Confront the motorists with unexpected and often confusing situations;
Create obstructions which the motorists have to avoid;
Disrupt the motorist’s attention from the driving task; and
Expose the construction workers to more and often speeding traffic.
The potential for severe and fatal crashes are greatest within the work zone. The
proportion of multiple-vehicle crashes is also the highest within the work zones.
In work zone, the following crashes may occur:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Mostly within the Work Area.
Rear end collision in Advance Warning Areas.
Side Swipe crashes, most common in Transition Areas
Fixed-object-off-road and angle crashes in Work Areas.
More fixed-object crashes during night time.
Crash types that have higher frequency of occurrence during construction are:
(a)
(b)
(c)
1.3
Fixed Object
Rear End
Head On
Issues of Traffic Management at Work Zones
General problems associated with local work zones are attributed to:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
Poor management of traffic flow.
Inadequate Traffic Control Devices.
Inappropriate signage.
Lack of maintenance of signage and control devices.
Speeding traffic.
Lack of day time and night time safety auditing of the work zones.
High incidence of traffic crashes
Late / Non-removal of Traffic Control Devices upon completion.
Inadequate provisions for vulnerable road users.
This Manual provides a more updated standard on traffic management at work
zones taking into account the volume and composition of traffic on the roads. The
existing publications and standard drawings issued by the Road Authorities are
sufficient to ensure good design and best practice in a work zone. However, proper
implementation of traffic management at work zones should be the prime focus for
improving mobility and safety of road users.
3
1.4
Possible Solutions to Traffic Management At Work Zones
The probable solutions to these problems of implementing improvements to traffic
safety at work zones include the following remedial actions:
(a)
The Road Authorities and the Supervising Engineers must review the Traffic
Management Plans as to ensure this Manual and current best practices are
implemented and optimum materials used.
(b)
The existing templates for the Traffic Management Plans may require more
detailed consideration for the introduction of additional information/guide
signs; use of the VMS and promoting appropriate use of barrier systems; and
provide for the needs of pedestrians, cyclists and motorcyclists.
(c)
The new additions to the Standard Specifications must be strictly implemented
or possible litigation may arise in the event of an accident.
(d)
Lastly, there must be constant surveillance both day and night checks to
ensure that the good design and best practice in traffic management at work
zones are adhered to. Requirements of good traffic management practices
must be met to ensure that the Contractors comply with the specifications and
legal requirements.
4
2.0
THE PRINCIPLES OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AT WORK ZONES
2.1
Purpose of Traffic Management at Work Zones
The purpose of Traffic Management at Work Zones is to ensure the mobility and
safety of workers and to provide safe passage for motorists, pedestrians, and
workers through the road works site. Traffic Management at Work Zones must
incorporate the following key elements:
(a)
(b)
(c)
2.2
warn motorists and pedestrians of roadworks hazard ahead.
provide safe travel paths through the works area for the travelling public
including pedestrians, at all times, day or night, and in all weather conditions.
provide a safe work area for workers and road users.
Activities Requiring Traffic Management
Work zone traffic management is needed for a wide variety of activities on roads
and highways as follows:
2.3
(a)
Construction
• Roadway reconstruction or resurfacing
• Roadway widening projects
• Storm drains and sewers
• Replacement of public utilities
• Bridge deck replacement
(b)
Minor maintenance works
• shoulder repairs
• guardrail repair
• shoulder mowing
• pavement striping
• ditch cleaning
(c)
Major maintenance works
• pavement joint repair
• culvert repairs
• bridge repairs
(d)
(e)
Utility operations
Emergency situations such as vehicle breakdowns or road accidents
The Principles of Traffic Management at Work Zones
(a)
Make traffic safety an integral and high priority element of every project.
• Use geometries and traffic control devices that are comparable to
those of normal road situations.
• Prepare a traffic management plan that is easily understood by all
persons responsible for work zone traffic control.
5
(b)
Avoid inhibiting traffic flow as much as possible.
• Avoid reduced speed zoning except where required.
• Avoid frequent and abrupt changes in geometrics.
• Provide for the safe operation of work vehicles.
• Minimize work time to reduce exposure.
• Schedule work during off-peak periods.
(c)
Guide motorists in a clear and concise manner.
• Use adequate warning, delineation, and channelization to give
guidance for all light and weather conditions. expected during the
work activity.
• Remove inappropriate pavement markings.
• Use flagging only when other methods of traffic control are
inadequate.
(d)
Perform routine inspection of traffic control elements.
• Assign individuals trained in safe traffic control the responsibility for
safety at worksites.
• Make modifications to traffic controls or working conditions when
necessary.
• Monitor work sites under varying conditions of traffic volume, light,
and weather.
• Perform engineering analysis of all accidents in work zones.
• Analyse work zone accident records to guide officials in improving
work zone operations.
• Remove traffic control devices immediately when they are no longer
needed.
(e)
Give constant attention to roadside safety.
• Provide clear roadside recovery area as wide as practical.
• Use lightweight channelization devices, which will yield on impact.
• Provide appropriate barriers to protect workers and errant road
users.
• Store construction equipment, materials and debris in a manner,
which will minimize the opportunity for run-off-road vehicle impacts.
• Use latest technology / materials to provide advance information and
enhanced visibility to all road users.
6
3.0
STRATEGIES FOR EFFECTIVE IMPLEMENTATION OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
AT WORK ZONES
DESIGN PHASE
•
•
•
Road Design Engineers to prepare overall TCP design.
Road Design Engineers to prepare Bill of Quantities.
Road Safety Auditor to audit in RSA Stage 3.
PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE
•
•
•
Contractor to prepare TMP proposal for the project
Contractor appoints TMO.
Road Safety Auditor to audit the TMP in RSA Stage 4 Part 1.
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
•
•
•
SO/PD sets up TMWZ Monitoring Framework.
Contractor to establish TMT, ERT (if required), and prepare TCP
and TMSR.
Road Safety Auditor to audit Traffic Management during
construction.
7
The Traffic Management at Work Zones requires thorough planning and design as to
ensure a high and satisfactory level of safety is provided for all road users. A well thoughtout Traffic Management Plan (TMP) will reduce the number and severity of accidents, slow
down traffic and minimize public complaints.
One of the major aims of this Manual is to propose strategies for the effective
implementation of traffic management at work zones. The strategies involve the following:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
The preparation of conceptual “Traffic Control Plan (TCP)” for the entire project by
Road Design Engineers during the Detailed Engineering Design Stage.
The preparation of a Bill of Quantities for the TMWZ, which will be part of the Tender
Document.
The setting up of a framework to manage and monitor the TMWZ activities.
The preparation of Traffic Management Plan (TMP) for the Project by the Contractor
during the Pre-Construction Phase
The appointment of a Traffic Management Officer (TMO).
The setting up of the Traffic Management Team and the Emergency Response
Team where it is warranted.
The TMO to prepare Traffic Control Plans (TCP) for the local work zones and are
submitted through the Traffic Management Safety Reports (TMSR), at every three
(3) months interval or as instructed by the S.O.
The daily inspections, corrective actions and maintenance of the Work Zones by
TMO.
The Road Safety Auditor will audit the TMP at the RSA Stage 4 Part 1. In addition, all
TCPs for local work zones will be audited as they are submitted through the TMSR.
The above strategies outline the procedures for planning, designing and implementing the
Traffic Management Plans. It also outlines the roles and responsibilities of the persons
involved in the implementation of the Traffic Management at Work Zones.
The procedures and steps to be taken are as follows:
3.1
During the Detailed Engineering Design Phase
3.1.1
Design of the conceptual Traffic Control Plan (TCP)
Design of the conceptual Traffic Control Plan (TCP) by the Road Design Engineers.
(a) The Road Design Engineers must design a conceptual TCP appropriate for
the construction sequences of the facilities which they have designed for.
(b) At this level, the TCP must cover the overall project site.
(c) The designed TCP must be audited by the Road Safety Auditor during the
RSA Stage 3 Audit.
3.1.2
Costing of TCP in the Bill Of Quantities
(a)
The Road Authorities or the person/parties carrying out works on the road
(e.g. Developers) should allocate funds for the execution of traffic
management at work zones.
(b)
For the purpose of costing, Consultants and Contractors are to refer to the
requirements specified in the Chapter 7 of this Manual.
8
3.2
During Pre-Construction Phase
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
3.3
Within one (1) month of the site possession, the Contractor must come up with their
Traffic Management Plan of the project for the approval of the SO/PD. This TMP
shall be submitted for auditing by the Road Safety Auditor (RSA). This audit is
carried out in the RSA 4 Pt 1 (Verification and TMP Audit) Stage.
The Contractor to appoint certified Traffic Management Officer (TMO) within one (1)
month after site possession.
The TMP must be made known to the local authorities, local communities, and road
users well in advance of any construction works.
The TMP must also be made known to the JKR District and JKR State, especially if
it involves road/lane closure or major road diversion.
Before any planning on the Traffic Management Plan (TMP) commences, the
Contractor must visit the site for field checks and to collect inventory of the existing
facilities including existing structure, services and public facilities such as street
lighting, traffic light, bus and taxi stops and road furniture that may require removal
or relocation during the construction stage.
In addition, the Contractor should assess the existing road capacity, determine the
existing travel and distribution patterns and identify potential problems that might
arise due to temporary road diversions. The Contractor should also carry out
discussion with the local authorities on the effect of the construction works on the
existing traffic patterns and the occurrences of any local festivities / activities /
upgrading programs.
During the Construction Phase
3.3.1
Strategies for Execution of the TMP
For the execution of the TMP, a six-step strategy is proposed. These are:
(a)
STEP 1:
Set up a Monitoring Framework
(b)
STEP 2:
Set up Working Teams
(c)
STEP 3:
Design Localised TCPs for each Work Zone
(d)
STEP 4:
Use of Standardised Approaches
(e)
STEP 5:
Prepare the Traffic Management Safety Reports (TMSR)
(f)
STEP 6:
Audit of Traffic Management during construction
3.3.2
STEP 1- Set up Monitoring Framework
The first step in ensuring a successful implementation of the Traffic Management
Plan during the construction phase is to set up a framework where the Contractor,
the Supervising Engineers and the Client (Road Authorities) work together in
implementing the Traffic Management Plans. The SO/PD shall lead this team to
ensure smooth running of the strategies. The roles of the parties are as illustrated in
the FIGURE 3.1.
The Monitoring Framework shall be set up within one (1) month after the date of site
possession.
9
SO / PD
(include SO REPRESENTATIVE)
• Set up and manage the
Monitoring Framework
• Approve TMP/TCP
• Approve TMSR
ROAD SAFETY AUDITOR
• Audit Traffic
Management during
Construction
• Prepare Audit Report
•
•
•
•
•
•
CONTRACTOR
Prepare Overall
TMP/TCP and
endorsed by P.E
Appoints TMO
Implement TMP/TCP
Prepare TMSR
Daily Inspection twice
a day
Maintain Traffic
Management at Work
SUPERVISING ENGINEER /
CONSULTANT
• Verify TMP/TCP
• Verify TMSR
• Supervise Site
Zone
FIGURE 3.1:
3.3.3
FRAMEWORK TO MONITOR TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AT
WORK ZONE
STEP 2- Set up Working Teams
To ensure a smooth construction sequence without compromising public road
safety for pedestrians and other road users, the Contractor needs to set up two
distinct teams, each with their unique roles and responsibilities. They are the Traffic
Management Team (TMT) and the Emergency Response Team (ERT) as illustrated
in FIGURE 3.2
10
CONTRACTOR’s
MANAGEMENT TEAM
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
OFFICER (TMO)
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT
TEAM (TMT)
EMERGENCY
RESPONSE TEAM (ERT)
Note:
1. TMT is required for all road works
2. ERT is only required if its absence is anticipated to result in undue
delay/congestion during construction (such as high traffic volume, protocol road,
major diversion) and it has to be identified during the detail design stage.
FIGURE 3.2:
(a)
TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT TEAM AND EMERGENCY
RESPONSE TEAM
Traffic Management Team
The role of the Traffic Management Team (TMT) is to ensure that the Traffic
Control Plan is implemented in accordance with the approved plan. Their
duties include proper installation, maintenance and cleaning of Traffic
Control Devices (TCD). In addition, they will ensure that all lane closures
and traffic diversions are implemented in compliance with all traffic
management procedures as per the authority requirement.
The team is also responsible to ensure the safety and smooth traffic flow
through the period of road closure. The person-in-charge of the TMT must
regularly inspect the situation of traffic flow and update the SO/PD on the
prevailing traffic conditions. The team must be able to establish an effective
line of communication for emergencies and changes in circumstances.
There are occasions that may necessitate the reroute of traffic to opposite
traffic lanes in contra flow for activities such as the launching of bridge
beams, the construction of a bridge pier and at interchanges in the middle of
existing roadways.
Traffic management personnel should be present at site during the duration
of construction including weekends, public holidays, and under any weather
conditions.
Traffic management personnel should be equipped with complete PPE.
11
(b)
Emergency Response Team (ERT) – when warranted
The role of the ERT is to provide a 24-hour patrol for the full domain of the
construction zone. They will liaise with TMT, contractor, tow-truck operators,
traffic police and relevant parties in the event of a road accident, stalled
vehicles, landslides, ground failures and flash floods that may occur at any
time within the construction zone.
In addition, the ERT will report to the TMO on any incidence of poor
housekeeping by Contractors. They shall be on the lookout for inappropriate
or poor condition signboards and other TCD. Particular attention must be
given to public safety in areas of open excavations.
TMO should prepare an Emergency Response Plan (ERP) that will include
all likely events that may cause disruptions to the smooth flow of traffic at the
approach to and at the construction site. The Emergency Response Team is
responsible to implement the ERP. An orderly chain of command needs to
be established by the ERT to inform all parties of any emergencies and
enable the SO/PD and/or his representative to make well informed
decisions, including informing the Police and the media, to
overcome/mitigate the effects of the emergencies and minimize
inconvenience to road users. Organisation chart of ERT and a copy of ERP
are to be submitted to the SO/PD and District Engineer for their information
and record.
3.3.4
STEP 3- Design of Localised TCP for Each Work Zones
The Traffic Control Plans (TCP) are required for all Work Zones. It is the
responsibility of the TMO to prepare the TCPs. Before distributing to the parties
involved, the TCP must be vetted by the Supervision Engineers who will then verify
the designed TCP.
Each work zone will have a specific TCP with a specific reference number to it.
Whenever there is a change of traffic control on the site, this must be reflected in
the TCP being displayed. The TCP must also have specific Placement Date and
Removal Date. A copy of the endorsed TCP shall be forwarded to the S.O./PD for
approval and acceptance.
The Localised TCP have to be designed at least three months before the placement
dates.
12
3.3.5
STEP 4- Use of Standardised Approaches
This Manual provides a framework for the STANDARDISATION OF DESIGN of the
Traffic Management Plans (see Chapter 6).
The Work Zones are standardised based on the location and the speed of traffic on
the road. These will then translate into the various sizes of the Traffic Control
Zones. The sign faces are also standardised to feature different shapes for use on
the expressways and other roads.
The Manual also proposes standardisation on the use of Traffic Control Devices.
This will be based on the duration of the Construction Period of each Work Zone.
3.3.6
STEP 5- Preparation of the Traffic Management Safety Report
The Traffic Management Safety Reports (TMSR) is essential in the execution of the
project. These reports are to be submitted at 3-month or 6-month intervals to the
SO/PD, Supervision Engineers and the Road Safety Auditor. These reports are to
be prepared by the Traffic Management Officer. A more detailed requirement of the
report is laid out in Chapter 10.
3.3.7
STEP 6- Audit of Traffic Management During Construction
The TCPs shall be included in the TMSR. The Road Safety Auditor shall carry out
the audit of TCPs within two (2) weeks of receiving the TMSR. The audit will cover
TCPs in the TMSR as well as on site during implementation of the TCPs.
3.4
Responsibilities
3.4.1
Responsibilities of the SO/PD (Superintending Officer/Project Director)/
Representative
The SO/PD/ Representative must follow these procedures;
(a)
(b)
(c)
Be mindful of the Government’s responsibilities and legal implications of
providing, as far as practical, safe and convenient travelling conditions for
road users and safe working conditions for personnel and plant under their
control.
Ensure that the traffic safety personnel maintain and remove signs and
devices, carry out their works diligently in accordance to design Manuals and
procedures.
Be familiar with, and act in accordance with the provisions of this Manual
and all the appropriate legislation.
13
The duties of the SO/PD/Representative include the following:(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
3.4.2
Chair the Stage 4 Audit meetings to discuss the Road Safety Auditor
findings and make decisions based on the Auditor recommendations and
response by the Contractor.
Evaluate the financial, contractual and legal issues arising from
compliance/non-compliance to Auditor recommendations based on advice
from the SO/PD representative and Road Safety Auditor.
Set up and manage the framework to monitor the TMP activities.
Provide scope of Audit works to Road Safety Auditor via the Contractor
Call for commencement meeting to discuss scope of Audit works and
specific conditions and location of the construction site
Call for Stage 4 meetings to discuss Road Safety Auditor findings
Prepare minutes of Stage 4 meetings of Road Safety Auditor findings
Supervise the corrective/improvement measures as directed by the SO/PD.
Issue work approvals for the next stage of construction.
Liaison with the enforcement agencies such as PDRM on measures to
reduce traffic congestion.
Inform major road users including truckers, public transport, Keretapi Tanah
Melayu (KTM), Malaysia Airline System(MAS) Kargo, etc of any major
disruptions to major Federal Roads due to construction works.
Responsibilities of the Supervising Engineer
The Supervising Engineers shall be responsible for the overall implementation of
the Traffic Control Plans (TCP) during construction. The Supervising Engineers
shall vet through the TCP prepared by the Contractor.
Apart from the above, the Supervising Engineers are to carry out the following
duties:
(a)
Verification of the TCP
(b)
Monitoring the placements and removal of the Traffic Control Devices
(c)
Monitoring the operations of the Traffic Control Devices
(d)
Monitor the occurrences of road accidents within the work zones
(e)
Visiting the site to supervise and inspect the Work Zones during the
Construction Phase.
3.4.3
Responsibilities of the Contractor
The Contractor carrying out construction or maintenance operations on roads or
bridges will take due care and diligence to minimize the risk of injury to road users
or damages to their properties as a result of such operations. Actions should be
taken to warn the public of prevailing conditions and to guard, delineate, and, where
necessary, to illuminate works which may pose a hazard to traffic. The Contractor
shall take all necessary measures to minimize delays and detours which will
inconvenience motorists.
There is a legal requirement on the part of the Contractor to provide a safe working
environment for its employees and the travelling public through the work site.
14
The duties of the Contractor include:
(a)
To appoint a Road Safety Auditor prior to commencing the construction works
(b)
Provide scope of Audit works
(c)
Prepare the Traffic Management Plan (TMP) for the project endorsed by
Professional Engineer and submit to SO/PD, Local Authority, PDRM and
Road Safety Auditor
(d)
Provide construction program chart to Road Safety Auditor to enable Road
Safety Auditor prepare schedule of Stage 4 Audit works
(e)
Prepare response to Road Safety Auditor findings
(f)
Carry out corrective/improvement works as decided upon by the SO/PD
(g)
Inform/advise Road Safety Auditor of the next stage of Audit
(h)
Disseminate information on TMP to public via newspaper, radio, TV, traffic
signs, etc (Preferably 2 weeks in advance)
3.4.4
Responsibilities of the Traffic Management Officer (TMO)
The Traffic Management Officer is the Contractor’s representative responsible for all
matters related to the traffic management, safety of the travelling public and
construction workers within the limits of the construction works / Contract. He
supervises both the Traffic Management Team and Emergency Response Team.
The TMO must ensure the following:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
The Contractor’s responsibilities in providing safe and convenient travelling
conditions for road users and safe working environment for personnel and
plants under their control.
The personnel under their control are employees of the Contractor and should
at all times be courteous to the travelling public. Personnel should not allow
themselves to be provoked by members of the public and, by exercising
restraint; this will strengthen their position both then and at any subsequent
enquiry or legal proceedings if ever it arises.
The traffic controllers assigned to direct traffic or personnel employed to place,
maintain and remove signs and devices, are well-trained and fully aware of
their duties and responsibilities.
To act in accordance with the provisions and directives of, this guideline and
all the relevant acts.
The Traffic Management Officer is to provide evidence to the S.O. that he has the
necessary skills and qualification as stipulated in the Contract.
The duties of the TMO to include and not limited to:
(a)
Designing the TCPs for Localized Traffic Management Plan during
construction.
(b)
Monitoring the placements and removals of the Traffic Control Devices.
(c)
Monitoring the operations of the Traffic Control Devices.
(d)
Maintain the effectiveness of the Traffic Control Plans.
(e)
Analyzing the occurrences of road accidents within the work zones.
(f)
Preparing and displaying up-to-date TMP for inspection and audit.
(g)
Preparing the tri-monthly Traffic Management Safety Report (TMSR).
15
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
(m)
3.4.5
Prepare Emergency Response Plan (ERP) that shall include all
contingencies that can affect the smooth flow of traffic at the approach to
and within the construction site (e.g. floods, landslides, stalled vehicles,
major sporting events, etc.).
Oversee the performance and effectiveness of the Emergency Response
Team (ERT). This includes 24-hour patrol, liaison with PDRM, and local
authorities.
Give special attention to abnormal traffic operations such as contra flow,
bridge diversion, etc.
To ensure all permits given by the Local Authority(s) is valid.
Developing Standard Operating Procedures (S.O.P.).
Prepare and maintaining daily records.
Responsibilities of the Road Safety Auditor
The role of the Road Safety Auditor is to audit the TMP and the TCPs at the
approach to and within the construction site. This includes the observation of the
effectiveness of the TCPs and the traffic control devices employed during the day
and night. The duties of the Road Safety Auditor include:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Visiting the site (Preferably together with the Contractor and/or the Consultant)
Auditing the TCPs at the beginning of the construction to ensure workability
and suitability throughout the duration of the construction period.
The TCPs will be audited as they are submitted through the TMSR.
Auditing the Work Zones during the Construction Phase. This is normally
carried out every three months (Subject to request by SO/PD).
Preparing the Road Safety Audit reports and sending them directly to all the
relevant parties (JKR, Contractor and Consultant).
Presenting the findings of the Audit Report.
16
4.0
PLANNING OF TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT AT WORK ZONES
The development of work zone traffic management begins with the planning process. This
Section details the importance of the planning process and gives an overview of the steps
in the process with emphasis is on the relationship between planning and design.
4.1
The Planning Process
The overall purpose of the planning process is to select the most appropriate traffic
management strategy. The strategy of “Traffic Management at Work Zones” is the
basic scheme of moving traffic through or around a construction, or maintenance
activity. The type of work to be carried out is the most significant element of the
strategy to be considered, which includes length of work zone, duration of work,
number of lanes, width of lanes, speed control method and right-of-way control
method.
The planning process involves seven steps which are shown in FIGURE 4.1.
4.1.1
STEP 1: Assemble Data
The basic data required is a complete description of the work to be
performed which covers a wide range of activities such as:
(a)
(b)
(c)
Construction of new roadside drainage which may have no direct
disruption of traffic flow.
Adding a new lane, reconstructing a highway ramp, or resurfacing a
pavement can have extensive impact on traffic.
Replacing a bridge or culvert which may involve roadway closure and
detours with very extensive disruption to traffic.
TABLE 4.1 summarizes the basic data requirements. The basic information
required are described in item A of the table which will be sufficient for most
projects. The item B describes the requirement for detour routes or where
additional information is required to appraise various options available.
It is important that the designer of the Traffic Management Plans and his/her
team to visit the site for field check and gather information on the existing
facilities including existing structures, services and public facilities such as
street lighting, traffic light, bus and taxi stops and roadside furniture that may
require removal during the construction stages.
Data collection, assessment of existing road capacity with traffic movement
including the number of lanes, existing islands, medians, kerbs, geometry,
existing travel and distribution patterns. Identify potential problems that may
arise due to temporary road widening or diversions to be used by contractor.
Desktop studies of existing traffic data will also assist in the planning
processes.
17
Step 1
Assemble Data
Step 2
Determine Traffic and
Construction Duration Category
Step 3
Determine Extent of Roadway
Occupancy
Step 4
Identify Feasible Work Area
Types
Step 5
Impact Analysis
- Safety, Traffic Flow and Cost
- Analyze Volume/Capacity
Relationships (not for Temporary and
Short Term Diversions)
Step 6
Select Preferred Traffic
Management Plan
Step 7
Check for any mitigation required
Overall Traffic Management
Plan Proposal
FIGURE 4.1:
THE PLANNING PROCESS
18
TABLE 4.1: SUGGESTED DATA BASE
A.
Basic Information
•
Description of Construction Project
- Type of work
- Roadway encroachment should include the space required by
the work activities and equipment, the safety buffer required for
adequate work site protection and the physical space occupied
by the barricades or other traffic control devices.
- Limits of work
- Tentative work sequence and work programme
- Estimated cost
- Construction category
•
Traffic Data
- 24 hour volume counts
- Roadway geometrics
- Speed data
- Description of potential detour routes
B.
Additional Information
•
Roadway Data
- Right of way limitations
- Horizontal and vertical profiles
- Type and location of traffic control devices
- Adjacent lane use
•
Traffic Data
- Daily and seasonal volume variations
- Intersection and Interchange turning movement counts
- Volume of trucks
- Signal timing data
- Accident history
(Source: 7th MRC 2007– Draft on Traffic Management at Work Zones – An Interim Guidelines)
4.1.2
STEP 2: Select the Traffic and Construction Duration Categories
For the purpose of standardization, ease of strategy identification and
design, the Work Zones are categorised according to the speed profile and
duration of construction as shown in TABLE 4.2 and TABLE 4.3
respectively.
19
TABLE 4.2: TRAFFIC CATEGORIES
TRAFFIC CATEGORIES
ROAD CLASSIFICATION
URBAN
RURAL
EXPRESSWAY
SPEED PROFILE
SPEED
Low Speed
< 60 km/hr
High Speed
> 60 km/hr
Low Speed
< 70 km/hr
High Speed
> 70 km/hr
Low Speed
< 90 km/hr
High Speed
> 90 km/hr
(Source: 7th MRC 2007– Draft on Traffic Management at Work Zones – An Interim Guidelines)
TABLE 4.3: CONSTRUCTION DURATION CATEGORIES
CLASSIFICATION
DURATION
Temporary Lane Closure
< 1 Day
Short Term Diversion
> 1 Day
< 1 Month
Long Term Diversion
> 1 Month
(Source: 7th MRC 2007– Draft on Traffic Management at Work Zones – An Interim Guidelines)
4.1.3
STEP 3: Determine Extent of Roadway Occupancy
The type of construction will determine the degree to which the roadway will
be occupied and closed to normal traffic, the extent of which will be
determined by the following factors:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
The total project length from the start point until the end point.
The length of the occupied roadway at any one time and during the
24-hour period.
The portion of the roadway that will be closed to normal traffic.
The expected number of working days to complete the project.
The cross section of the road, including the ROW.
Each of the above factors is a function of the work zone strategy and has
some flexibility such that traffic disruption can be minimised. As a guide, the
number and width of lanes provided through the work zones should, where
possible, be the same as the existing roadway.
4.1.4
STEP 4: Identify Feasible Work Area Types
This serves to identify possible work area types such as:
(a)
Lane Narrowing
(b)
Lane Closure
(c)
Shared Right of Way / Contra Flow
(d)
Detour
(e)
Temporary Bypass
(f)
Intermittent Closure
(g)
Use of Shoulder or Median
20
Based on the extent of roadway occupancy, the cross-sectional
characteristics (lane width, shoulder width, right of way, etc.) and
considering the constraints imposed by regulations and policies, feasible
work area types can now be chosen. Typically, only a small number of work
area types will emerge as being feasible for a particular project, and in many
cases only one may be possible. Identification of these types in this early
stage of the planning process can significantly reduce the analysis effort in
subsequent steps.
4.1.5
STEP 5: Impact Analysis
The purpose of this step is to conduct impact assessment related to safety,
traffic flow and cost to evaluate in detail the extent of each impact due to the
construction activities. For the Temporary Lane Closure and Short Term
Diversions, there is no need to carry out the volume/capacity analysis.
For the Long Term Diversion the general level of roadway congestion should
also be identified. The purpose of this step is to analyse in detail and
investigate the volume/capacity relationships to allow a complete
consideration of each possible strategy.
This step will also determine the roadway capacities of the various work
zone strategies and to compare them to the anticipated traffic volumes.
When volume exceeds capacity, an estimate of queue length will also be
calculated. Depending on the length and duration of the queue, the strategy
may have to be abandoned unless additional measures can be taken to
increase capacity or reduce demand.
Such measures may include
restricting work to certain times, making signalization improvements,
removing parking, and diverting traffic to other facilities.
4.1.6
STEP 6: Select Preferred Traffic Management Plan
When all critical impacts are analysed, the most effective strategy will often
has less impact on all the measures.
4.1.7
STEP 7: Check for Mitigation Requirement
Finally, mitigation measures will be necessary for the preferred TMP to
minimise impact caused by the construction works. This complete analysis
should be carefully documented and used as input to the overall work zone
traffic control process.
21
4.2
The Traffic Study
Traffic Management Plan (TMP) requires thorough planning and design so as to ensure
that a good and satisfactory level of safety and mobility are provided for all road users
during construction.
In order to ensure the effectiveness of TMP during construction, a Traffic Study may need
to be carried out to ascertain the Level of Service (LOS). Therefore, it is necessary to know
when a Traffic Study is required. This is because all TMP’s will advertently worsen the LOS
due to the sudden change in traffic flow and waiting/queueing time.
For determination of the LOS and consideration of whether Traffic Study may need to be
carried out or otherwise, any of the following traffic conditions under TMP can be used as
criteria for its warrant.
(a) Traffic diversion to routes or junctions outside works limit within an extended
period of time
(b) Change of existing traffic light phasing
(c) Change of direction in traffic flow during construction period (Example: two way
flow becoming one way or vice versa)
(d) Several options or alternative routes which requires LOS to be determined
The above criteria to be applied, will also be considered together with the duration of TMP to
be implemented (recommended > 1 month) and size of project, all these to be ascertained
and decided by the S.O./P.D.
4.3
Performance Indicators
Whenever traffic study is carried out for a Traffic Management Plan, the results shown in
the report should include Delay, Queue Length, Travel time, Degree of Saturation and
Level of Service (LOS), whenever applicable.
For the analysis of an intersection, the performance indicators involved are Delay, Queue
Length, Degree of Saturation and Level of Service (LOS). The following tables show the
relationship between Delay, Degree of Saturation and Level of Service (LOS).
TABLE 4.4: LEVEL OF SERVICE BASED ON DELAY TIME (FOR INTERSECTIONS)
Level of
Service
Control delay per vehicle in seconds (d)
Signals
Sign Control
A
0 – 10.0
 10.0
B
> 10.0 - 20.0
> 10.0 - 15.0
C
> 20.0 - 35.0
> 15.0 - 25.0
D
> 35.0 - 55.0
> 25.0 - 35.0
E
> 55.0 - 80.0
> 35.0 - 50.0
F
> 80
> 50
(Source: Malaysian Highway Capacity Manual 2006, Highway Planning Unit, Ministry of Works)
Note:
v = volume of traffic
c = capacity of road
22
Queue Length is an important performance indicator at intersections to determine the
sufficiency of lengths of lane. This is extremely important when it involves a storage lane.
From the Queue Length parameters, it is also able to determine if the back-of-queue will
cause a probability of blockage to the upstream traffic and the probability of short lane
overflow.
For the analysis of a link, or more commonly known as mainline traffic, the performance
indicators involved are Density, Speed, Travel time, Delay and Level of Service (LOS).
Travel time is the time spent travelling from a point to another and is usually related to the
speed that a vehicle can travel at. Travel time can be used to calculate the delay and
subsequently measure the performance and Level of Service of a road.
Delay is defined as “The additional travel time experienced by a driver, passenger, or
pedestrian, which is the difference in the actual travel time as compared to the ideal travel
time.” Since the definition of “delay” depends on a hypothetical "ideal travel time," what
constitutes a delay then is not always directly measurable in the field and a judgement of an
acceptable “delay time” during construction and implementation of its TMP can only be
made at site, based on factors and conditions affecting the traffic flow.
For a Two-Lane Highways, the Level of Service is often related to Percentage (%) TimeSpent-Following and Average Travel Speed (km/h) as shown in the figure below.
TABLE 4.5 : LEVEL OF SERVICE (LOS) BASED ON PERCENTAGE (%) TIME-SPENTFOLLOWING AND AVERAGE TRAVEL SPEED (KM/H), FOR TWO-LANE HIGHWAY
LOS
PERCENTAGE TIME-SPENTFOLLOWING (%)
AVERAGE TRAVEL SPEED
(KM/H)
A
≤ 35
≥ 70
B
≤ 50
≥ 60
C
≤ 65
≥ 50
D
≤ 80
≥ 40
E
> 80
≥ 30
(Source: Malaysian Highway Capacity Manual 2011, Highway Planning Unit, Ministry of Works)
* LOS F applies whenever the flow rate exceeds the segment capacity
As for a MultiLane Highways, the Level of Service (LOS) can be related to Density and
Average Speed (km/h) which subsequently affects the travel time and delay.
The S.O./P.D. can ascertain for himself, based on either TABLE 4.4 (Intersections), TABLE
4.5 (Two -Lane Highway) or TABLE 4.6 (Multilane Highway), which is the prevalent LOS
under controlled traffic environment while the TMP is in progress, and take necessary
measures to address and improve the traffic flow condition.
A desirable LOS to be maintained would be status quo or its current LOS before TMP.
However, in view of traffic having to slow down in most road construction work zone, if not
all, this desirable LOS may not be attainable. Under such circumstances, then the S.O./P.D.
shall take all necessary measures to mitigate or arrest the apparent drop in LOS in order to
maintain an acceptable LOS, at worst that of LOS ‘D’ or LOS ‘E’. This may involve the
effective control of traffic by experienced flagmen, the rephrasing of permanent/temporary
traffic lights, opening up of more lanes or even rerouting traffic, if necessary.
23
TABLE 4.6 : LEVEL OF SERVICE (LOS) BASED ON DENSITY AND AVERAGE
SPEED (KM/H), FOR MULTILANE HIGHWAY
Base FreeLOS
Flow Speed
Criteria
A
B
C
D
E
(km/h)
110
Maximum density (pc/km/ln)
7
11
16
22
26
Average speed (km/h)
102.9 99.1 95.0 90.5
87.0
Maximum volume to capacity ratio (v/c)
0.31
0.47 0.66 0.87
1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/km/ln)
720
1090 1520 1990 2300
100
Maximum density (pc/km/ln)
7
11
16
22
26
Average speed (km/h)
95.7
93.6 91.3 87.3
84.6
Maximum volume to capacity ratio (v/c)
0.30
0.47 0.66 0.87
1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/km/ln)
670
1030 1460 1920 2200
90
Maximum density (pc/km/ln)
7
11
16
22
28
Average speed (km/h)
85.7
82.7 79.4 76.8
74.0
Maximum volume to capacity ratio (v/c)
0.29
0.43 0.60 0.80
1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/km/ln)
600
910 1270 1690 2100
80
Maximum density (pc/km/ln)
7
11
16
22
28
Average speed (km/h)
78.6
76.4 75.0 73.2
71.0
Maximum volume to capacity ratio (v/c)
0.28
0.42 0.60 0.81
1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/km/ln)
550
840 1200 1610 2000
70
Maximum density (pc/km/ln)
7
11
16
22
30
Average speed (km/h)
68.6
67.3 66.3 64.1
63.3
Maximum volume to capacity ratio (v/c)
0.25
0.39 0.56 0.74
1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/km/ln)
480
740 1060 1410 1900
60
Maximum density (pc/km/ln)
7
11
16
22
31
Average speed (km/h)
60.0
60.0 59.4 59.5
59.0
Maximum volume to capacity ratio (v/c)
0.23
0.37 0.53 0.73
1.00
Maximum service flow rate (pc/km/ln)
420
660
950 1310 1800
(Sources: Malaysian Highway Capacity Manual 2011, Highway Planning Unit, Ministry of Works.)
* Density is the primary determinant of LOS. LOS F is characterized by highly unstable and variable
traffic flow. Prediction of accurate flow rate, density, and speed at LOS F is difficult.
4.4
Emergency Response Team (ERT) Requirement
Requirement for ERT is on project basis and its inclusion in the contract, if necessary, shall
take into consideration the following criteria:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Protocol road.
Access to strategic and security location.
Major arterial and collector.
Urban area with minimum of 4 lanes and more than 10 km length
Rural area major collector with project length of more than 20 km.
24
5.0
DESIGNING A TRAFFIC
CONSTRUCTION)
MANAGEMENT
AT
TCP
Design Phase
Prepared by Design
Consultant
•
•
WORK
ZONES
(DURING
RSA STAGE 3
Completion Meeting &
Tender Invitation
BQ
Prepared by Design
Consultant
•
•
TMP
Pre-Construction Phase
Prepared by Contractor
RSA STAGE 4
PART 1
Where
Applicable
Not
Accepted
OBTAIN TMP
APPROVAL
•
•
•
•
TMSR
Construction Phase
Localised TCP
Prepared by TMO
Every 3 months
RSA
• Audit TMSR
• Audit Localised TCP
Where
Applicable
Not
Accepted
Traffic Management
Coordination Meeting by
SO/PD
END
FIGURE 5.1: SUMMARY OF WORKFLOW FOR DESIGNING A TRAFFIC
MANAGEMENT AT WORK ZONES
25
5.1
Different Types of Traffic Management Plans (TMP)
This Chapter discusses the design of Traffic Management Plans (TMP) including
details of the plan, typical layout and adapting typical layout to actual site
conditions. The types of Plans to be prepared for a road project are as follows:
(a) The Traffic Management Plan
(b) The Traffic Control Plan
The Traffic Management Plan (TMP) is a document to be prepared by the
Contractor prior to construction works. In this document, the Contractor will spell out
his approach to the management of the site during the construction period. Details
are as shown below. Most important are the details of planning (refer to Chapter 4)
and the Method Statement for the overall project length and duration of the project
implementation.
The Traffic Control Plans (TCPs) are drawings showing the use of the Traffic
Control Devices (TCDs) in the layout of the Work Zones. The TCPs shall be drawn
on scaled drawings of existing road layout showing construction sequences,
including detours, lane closure and U-turns. The design of the TCPs are detailed
out in this chapter.
The TCPs may range from a very detailed plan designed for specific projects, to
simply a reference to typical plans. The details of the TCPs depend on the
complexity of the project and on the volume of traffic interference brought about by
the work activity.
5.1.1
The Traffic Management Plan Proposal
Prior to any construction works, the TMP shall be tailored to and
implemented by stages according to the construction work sequence. The
TMP Proposal should be prepared and must be understood by responsible
personnel within one month after site possession.
The Traffic Management Proposal shall consist of the following information:
(a)
Project info
(b)
Detailed construction work programme
(c)
Method statement of traffic management by stages
(d)
Draft media press release (if required)
(e)
Existing road layout including photos (existing facilities, bus stop,
lanes, junctions and etc.)
(f)
TCPs that consists of the placement and type of traffic control
devices to be used in all work zone involved in the project as well as
details about the type of work zone to be implemented in each phase
of the work including:
(i)
Scaled drawings of the work zones
(ii)
A list of devices selected for installation
(iii)
Identification of special manpower needs such as flagmen
(iv) Endorsement by Professional Engineer.
(v)
Scaled drawings of construction sequence, including detours,
lane closure, U-turns
26
(vi)
(vii)
(g)
Identification of special needs such as night times delineation,
temporary signals, pedestrian crossing facilities, contra flow
along dual carriageways
Cross Section to show details of working area
Other details to be included in the Overall TMP design:
(i)
Existing rules and restrictions on/within the construction area,
if any.
(ii) The location of work (on roadway, shoulders, or sidewalks)
(iii) The number of lanes required for the work activity
(iv) Hazards created by the work activity within the recovery area
such as boulders, drains, pipe, headwalls, blunt ends of
guardrail, and sign supports
(v) Anticipated delays during the placement and removal
(preferably during low traffic volume periods)
(vi) Maximum length of work zone allowed by the road authority
(vii) Local traffic generators and attractors
Factors that should be considered in the Preparation of Overall TMP proposal
are shown in TABLE 5.1.
TABLE 5.1: FACTORS IN THE PREPARATION OF
OVERALL TMP PROPOSAL
Economics and community
commercial business districts
residential locations
recreation areas
shopping centres
railroad crossings
rural areas
Traffic
-
volumes
peak hours, including holiday and special event
pedestrians, bicycles and motorcycle traffic
large vehicles such as trucks and buses
speed of traffic, (Peak and off peak period)
capacity of roadway
traffic signal operation (effect on existing vehicle detectors)
bus stops and taxi stops
Maintenance of work zone site and TCD
reduced visibility and damage to devices during rain
proper drainage during heavy rain
maintenance of traffic control devices include cleaning and
cutting vegetation away from signs
Worker Provisions
parking of private vehicles
protection near travel way
flagmen
access to each part of work area and break area
(Source: 7th MRC 2007– Draft on Traffic Management at Work Zones – An
Interim Guidelines)
27
5.1.2
Traffic Control Plans
During the detailed engineering design phase, the Road Design Engineers
should design the Traffic Control Plans for the entire project length to suit the
sequence of work needed to construct the designed facilities. It will also be
used to take-off for the Bill of Quantities.
During construction, TCPs are to be designed by the TMO showing the
details of the TCDs to be installed in the Work Zones for any particular
location. TCPs should be prepared when there are changes in construction
stages/work areas during implementation of traffic management at work
zones in the construction area.
The TCPs must be endorsed by the Supervising Engineers and approved by
SO/PD/Local Authority (if required) before implementing the TCP at work
zones.
Approved TCP must be included in the Traffic Management Safety Report
(TMSR) for submission to SO/PD, Supervising Engineers and the Road
Safety Auditors.
5.1.3
Strategies for Best Design Practice of Traffic Control Plan
Best design practices of Traffic Control Plan are as follow:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
Development of the Traffic Management Plan starts during the
planning process. The planning process will generally specify the most
appropriate work zone type, the phases of work, and scheduling
considerations.
The work zone length shall be limited to a maximum of 5km in rural
condition and 2km in urban condition (not including surcharge work
length).
The spacing between each work zone shall not be less than the
maximum work zone length ( as per (b)).
The number of excavated areas shall not be more than four (4)
numbers and each area shall not exceed 200m in length (at any one
time) with an interval of not less than 200m.
Stage sequence of TCP should follow Work Programme of the project.
Construction staging should be re-examined to determine the
complexity of each stage, overlapping of stages, periods or work
activities that were overlooked and special problems expected.
TCP should be designed based on the existing road layout rather than
on the completed road layout.
The geometric standards of the new detour road should, as far as
possible, match the existing road. The number of lanes of the detour
road must match the number of lanes on the existing road.
If the existing walkway is closed for construction, temporary walkway
should be provided.
Selection of construction sequence should ensure that there will be
two-lane travelling lanes on a single carriageway to be maintained at
all time and also cater for stalled vehicles.
28
(k)
Every detail of TCP shall include the following:
(i) Legends that show the explanation of symbols/markings etc used
in the TCP.
(ii) Notes or explanation of standards and requirements that needs to
be adhered during the implementation of the TCP.
(iii) Cross-section to show details of working area and carriageway.
(l)
To ensure least disturbance to the road users, the existing number of
lanes should be maintained throughout the construction period.
(m) For existing lighted road, the intensity of the street lighting should be
maintained throughout the construction period.
(n) For single carriageway upgrading works, Work Areas on opposite side
of the road at the same location (chainage) are not allowed to proceed
simultaneously. They are only allowed at staggered locations.
5.2
Design of Work Zones
The design of the TCP must follow the basic concept of a typical work zone. A
typical work zone should have the following areas:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Advance Warning Area
Transition Area
Buffer Area
Work Area
Termination Area
In this Chapter, each of the “AREA” will be examined for one direction of travel in one time.
If the work activity affects more than one direction of travel, the same principles apply to
traffic in all directions.
FIGURE 5.2 illustrates the five areas of a traffic control zone to be discussed in this section.
FIGURE 5.2: AREAS IN WORK ZONE
29
5.2.1
5.2.2
Advance Warning Area
(a)
An advance warning area is necessary for all traffic control zones
because road users need to be made aware that they are
approaching the construction area. Before reaching the work area,
drivers should be given enough time to alter their driving patterns. The
advance warning area may vary from a series of signs with a
maximum of 2 km in advance of the work area.
(b)
When the work area, is entirely off the shoulder and the work does not
interfere with traffic, an advance warning sign may not be needed.
Advance warning sign should be used when any problem including
access to the work area or conflicts with the flow of traffic may be
anticipated.
(c)
Speed limit during construction shall be reduced gradually with a
maximum reduction of 20km/h from the existing speed limit, e.g from
90km/h to 70km/h, 80km/h to 60km/h. The speed reduction should
adhere to the final speed limit approved in the overall TMP.
(d)
The advance warning area, from the first sign to the start of the next
area, should be long enough to give the motorists adequate time to
respond to the changing conditions. For most operations, the advance
warning distance requirement for various road types are:
(i) 1 km to 2 km for highways
(ii) 500m for most rural roadways
(iii) at least 250m for urban roadways.
Transition Area
(a)
When work is performed
closure(s) is required. In
from the normal highway
around the work area.
transition length.
(b)
Traffic guidance cones may be used for Temporary Diversion.
(c)
The transition area should be clearly visible to drivers. The correct
driving path should be clearly marked with channelizing devices and
temporary road markings. Existing road markings need to be
removed and new yellow temporary road markings placed when they
are in conflict with the transition. Road marking arrows are useful in
transition areas.
(d)
With moving operations, the transition area moves with the work
area. A shadow vehicle may be used to warn and guide traffic into
the proper lane.
30
within one or more travelled lanes, lane
the transition area, traffic is channelized
lanes to the path required to move traffic
The transition area includes the taper
(e)
A taper is a series of channelizing devices and temporary road
markings placed at an angle to move traffic out of its normal path.
Three general types of tapers used in traffic control zones are:
(i) Lane closure tapers are those necessary for closing lanes of
moving traffic (sometimes referred to as channelizing tapers)
(ii) Contra-flow traffic tapers are those needed to control two-way
traffic where traffic required to alternately use a single lane
flagman is necessary for this operation
(iii) Shoulder closure tapers are those needed to close shoulder
areas.
(f)
Lane Closure Taper
(i)
If restricted sight distance is a problem, the taper should begin
well in advance of the obstruction such as on sharp vertical or
horizontal curves.
(ii) Generally, tapers should be lengthened, not shortened, to
increase their effectiveness. Observe traffic to see if the taper is
working correctly. Frequent use of brakes and evidence of skid
marks is an indication that either the taper is too short or the
advance warning is inadequate.
(g)
Contra-flow Traffic Taper
The contra-flow traffic taper is used in advance of a work area that
occupies part of a two-way road in such a way that the remainder of
the road is used alternately by traffic in either direction. In this
situation, the function of the taper is not to cause traffic to merge, but
rather to resolve the potential head-on conflict. A short taper is used
to cause traffic to slow down by giving the appearance of restricted
alignment. Drivers then have time to decide whether to proceed
cautiously past the workspace or wait for opposing traffic to clear.
Flagman on each side with walkie-talkie is usually employed to
assign the right-of-way in such situations to manage traffic flow.
(h)
Shoulder Closure Taper
When an improved shoulder is closed on a high-speed roadway, it
should be treated as a closure of a portion of the roadway, which
motorists may expect to use in an emergency. The work area on the
shoulder should be preceded by a taper that may be shorter than for
lane closures. If the shoulder is being used as a travel lane caused
by construction, a lane taper closure should be placed on the
shoulder.
31
5.2.3
5.2.4
Buffer Area
(a)
The buffer area is the open or unoccupied space between the
transition and work areas. With a moving operation, the buffer area is
the space between the shadow vehicle, if one is used, and the work
vehicle.
(b)
The buffer area provides a margin of safety for both traffic and
workers. If a driver does not see the advance warning or fails to
negotiate the transition, a buffer area provides room to stop before the
work area. It is therefore important for the buffer area to be free of
equipment, workers, materials, and workers’ vehicles.
(c)
Place channelizing devices along the edge of the buffer area.
Work Area
(a)
The work area is that portion of the roadway, which contains the work
activity and is closed to traffic and set aside for exclusive use by
workers, equipment, and construction materials. Work areas may
remain in fixed locations or may move as work progresses. An empty
buffer space may be included at the upstream end. The work area is
usually delineated by channelizing devices and shielded by barriers or
barriers with hoarding to exclude traffic and pedestrians.
(b)
Conflicts between traffic and the work activity or potential hazards
increase as:
(i) The work area gets closer to the travelled lanes.
(ii) Physical deterrents to normal operation exist, such as uneven
pavements, vehicles loading or unloading.
(iii) Speed and volume of traffic increases.
(iv) The change in travel path gets more complex, shifting traffic a
few meters in comparison with shifting traffic across the median
and into lanes normally used by opposing traffic.
(c)
Work areas that remain overnight have a greater need for delineation
than daytime operations.
(d)
Guidelines
(i)
Use traffic control devices to make the work area clearly visible
to traffic.
(ii) Place channelizing devices between the work area and the
travelled way with spacing and lateral clearance as shown in
TABLE 5.3. Devices placed on a tangent (along the work area)
to keep traffic out of a closed lane should be spaced in
accordance with the extent and type of activity, the speed limit,
vertical and horizontal alignment such that it is clearly visible that
the lane is closed. For low-speed roadways, a closer spacing
may be adopted.
32
(iii) Provide a safe entrance and exit for construction vehicles which
should be manned by flagman.
(iv) Protect mobile and moving operations with adequate warning on
the work and/or shadow vehicles.
(v) Flashing lights and flags should be considered on work vehicles
exposed to traffic.
(vi) Plastic barrier shall be used at excavation work area if depth is
less than 1m and must be interlocked.
(vii) Concrete barrier shall be used at excavation work with depth 1m
or more.
5.2.5
Termination Area
(a) The termination area provides a short distance for traffic to clear the
work area and to return to the normal traffic lanes. It extends from the
downstream end of the work area to the “PEMBINAAN TAMAT” sign. A
downstream taper may be placed within the termination area.
(b) For some minor work operations, such as single location utility or
maintenance repair, it may not be necessary to display a sign as it will
be obvious to drivers that they had passed the work area.
(c) There are occasions where the termination area could include a
transition. For example, if a taper were used to shift traffic into
opposing lanes around the work area, then the termination area should
have a taper to shift traffic back to its normal path. This taper would
then be in the transition area for the opposing direction of traffic. It is
advisable to use a buffer space between the tapers for opposing traffic.
(d) Avoid ‘gaps’ in the traffic control that may falsely indicate to drivers that
they had passed the work zone. For example, if the work area includes
intermittent activity throughout a 1 kilometre section, the drivers should
be reminded periodically that they are still in the work area.
33
TABLE 5.2: DISTANCE OF WORK ZONE
DISTANCE OF WORK ZONE (m)
ROAD
CLASSIFICATION
URBAN
RURAL
EXPRESSWAY
SPEED PROFILE
Low Speed (< 60 kph)
High Speed (> 60 kph)
Low Speed (< 70 kph)
High Speed (> 70 kph)
Low Speed (< 90 kph)
High Speed (> 90 kph)
ADVANCE
WARNING AREA
TRANSITION
AREA
BUFFER
AREA
250
400
350
500
1000
2000
100
150
100
150
250
300
50
100
110
150
150
220
WORK AREA
TERMINATION
AREA (MIN.)
Varies
15
30
15
30
15
30
*The road category and its functions can be referred to the latest Arahan Teknik (Jalan) ATJ 8/86: A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads
TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Traffic Guidance Cone
Traffic Guidance Cone
Traffic Super Cone
Temporary
Lane
Closure
TABLE 5.3: SPACING OF DEVICES
WORK ZONE
ADVANCE
TRANSITION BUFFER WORK
WARNING AREA
AREA
AREA
AREA
/
/
/
/
-
TERMINATION
AREA
-
Plastic Barrier
-
/
/
/
-
Concrete Barrier
-
/
/
/
-
Wooden Post for Delineator String
-
/
/
/
-
Flashing Light (Blinker)
-
/
/
/
-
34
SPACING OF
DEVICES
15 m
5m
5m
Interlocked
Lateral clearance to
excavate depth - 1 m
Interlocked
Lateral clearance to
excavate depth - 0.6 m
3m
Straight - 30 m c/c
Taper or curve - 10 m c/c
6.0
TYPICAL LAYOUTS OF THE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN
6.1
General
This chapter discusses the typical layout of the traffic management plan in
work zone. Each traffic control area in one work zone is different, with
variables such as speed, volume, location of work, pedestrians, and
intersections changing the needs for each area. The goal of work zone traffic
control is safety, and the key factor in effective traffic control in work zones is
application of proper judgements. The examples in this chapter are guides
showing how best to apply the standards.
For the purpose of standardization, ease of strategy identification and design,
it is proposed that the Work Zone types are divided into two, i.e.:
(a)
(b)
6.1.1
Traffic Category , and
Construction Duration Category
The Traffic Category
The Traffic Category will determine the length of the work zone. These
are illustrated in TABLE 4.2, FIGURE 6.1A and 6.1B.
6.1.2
The Construction Duration Category
The Construction Duration category will determine the type of the
Traffic Control Devices. These are illustrated in TABLE 6.2, FIGURE
6.2A and FIGURE 6.2B.
TABLE 6.2: THE CONSTRUCTION DURATION CATEGORIES
CONSTRUCTION DURATION CATEGORIES
CLASSIFICATION
DURATION
Temporary Lane closure
*Flagmen are always required during
temporary lane closure
Short Term Diversion
Long Term Diversion
< 1 Day
> 1 Day
< 1 Month
> 1 Month
(Source: 7th MRC 2007– Draft on Traffic Management at Work Zones – An Interim
Guidelines)
35
ADVANCE
ADVANCE WARNING
WARNING AREA
AREA
TRANSITION AREA
BUFFER
AREA
WORK AREA
TERMINATION
AREA
URBAN
Low Speed
High Speed
250m
400m
100m
150m
50m
100m
varies
varies
15m
30m
RURAL
Low Speed
High Speed
350m
500m
100m
150m
110m
150m
varies
varies
15m
30m
EXPRESSWAY
Low Speed
High Speed
1000m
2000m
250m
300m
150m
220m
varies
varies
15m
30m
*The road category and its functions can be referred to the latest Arahan Teknik (Jalan) ATJ 8/86: A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads
FIGURE 6.1A: LENGTH OF AREAS IN WORK ZONE FOR TEMPORARY LANE CLOSURE
36
ADVANCE WARNING AREA
TRANSITION AREA
BUFFER
AREA
WORK AREA
TERMINATION AREA
URBAN
Low Speed
High Speed
250m
400m
100m
150m
50m
100m
varies
varies
50m
75m
15m
30m
RURAL
Low Speed
High Speed
350m
500m
100m
150m
110m
150m
varies
varies
50m
75m
15m
30m
EXPRESSWAY
Low Speed
High Speed
1000m
2000m
250m
300m
150m
220m
varies
varies
125m
150m
15m
30m
*The road category and its functions can be referred to the latest Arahan Teknik (Jalan) ATJ 8/86: A Guide on Geometric Design of Roads
*Taper length of termination area is half of the termination area based on lateral shift of 1m/s
FIGURE 6.1B: LENGTH OF AREAS IN WORK ZONE FOR ROAD DIVERSION
37
ADVANCE WARNING AREA
Full set of signages:
1. Advance warning sign
2. Road works sign
3. Speed limit sign
4. Part of lane closed to
traffic sign
TRANSITION AREA
1. Keep left/right
signs
2. Guide cones
3. Flagman
4. Flashing arrow &
blinkers (for
night works)
BUFFER
AREA
WORK AREA
1. Traffic Guidance cones
2. Blinkers (for night
works)
TERMINATION
AREA
1. ‘Pembinaan
Tamat’ sign
2. Blinkers (for
night works)
(*Notes:
For three (3) lanes/direction road and above , the signages to be installed on both sides)
FIGURE 6.2A: THE CHOICE OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES (TEMPORARY LANE CLOSURE)
38
ADVANCE WARNING AREA
SHORT TERM
DIVERSION
LONG TERM
DIVERSION
TRANSITION AREA
BUFFER
AREA
WORK AREA
TERMINATION AREA
Full set of signages:
1. Advance warning sign
2. Road works sign
3. Speed limit signs
4. Detour sign
1. Keep left/right
signs
2. Plastic barriers
3. Flashing arrow &
blinkers
1. Road works signs (work
1. Chevron
area) & speed signs
2. Plastic/concrete barriers
3. Blinkers
delineator signs
2. Plastic barriers
3. Flashing arrow &
blinkers
Full set of signages:
1. Advance warning sign
2. Road works sign
3. Speed limit signs
4. Detour sign
1. Keep left/right
signs
2. Plastic barriers
3. Flashing arrow &
blinkers
4. Delineator on
barriers/
delineator string
1. Road works signs (work
area) & speed signs
2. Plastic/concrete barriers
3. Blinkers & delineator on
barriers/delineator string
1. Chevron
delineator signs
2. Plastic barriers
3. Flashing arrow &
blinkers
4. Delineator on
barriers/delineat
or string
(*Notes: For three (3) lanes/direction road and above , the signages to be installed on both sides)
FIGURE 6.2B: THE CHOICE OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES (ROAD DIVERSION)
39
“PEMBINAAN
TAMAT” sign
“PEMBINAAN
TAMAT” sign
6.2
Sign Arrangements
It is the intention of the Manual to standardize the application of the temporary
signs in the Work Zones. This is to ensure that drivers’ familiarize and comply
with the TMP proposal. It is recommended that a uniform arrangement of
signs be adopted throughout the work area. The proposed arrangement of
signs is in FIGURE 6.3. Advance warning area length, taper length and
spacing of devices are given in TABLE 5.3.
.
The detailed signing of each area is as follows:
6.2.1
Advance Warning Area (See FIGURE 6.4)
(a)
Sign 1 – Advance Warning Sign
This sign gives an advance warning to the motorists of a work
area ahead. It should also identify the Road Authority
responsible for the work. This is usually a “worded” sign. This
sign should be installed as the first sign of advance warning
area. The distance from Transition Area is equal to length of
the advance warning area.
(b)
Sign 2 – Road Works Sign
This sign also provides advance warning to the motorists of a
work area ahead. This is usually a “symbol” sign. This sign
should be installed as the second sign, that is after the
identification sign.
(c)
Sign 3 – Speed Limit Sign
This is the Speed sign indicating the first “step-down” speed for
the motorists. The speed step-down should not exceed
20km/hr. This sign should be installed as the third sign that is
after Information sign.
(d)
Sign 4 – Part of Lane Closed to Traffic Sign/ Detour Sign
(Symbol Only)
This sign provides information to the motorists of what to
expect ahead and what manoeuvres he will need to make.
This is usually a “symbol” sign. This sign should be installed
as the fourth sign that is after Speed sign. Part of lane closed
to traffic sign is for lane closure whereas detour sign is for
road diversion.
(e)
Sign 5 – Speed Limit Sign
This is the Speed sign indicating the second “step-down”
speed for the motorists. This sign should be installed as fifth
sign that is after sign 4.
40
6.2.2
Transition Area (See FIGURE 6.5).
(a)
Sign 6,7 & 8 – Keep Left/Right Sign
These signs should be placed at the Transition Area. Sign 6
should be installed at the beginning of the Transition Area.
Sign 7 is placed at the middle of the Transition Area. Sign 8 is
placed at the end of the Transition Area. It is advisable to
install all the Keep Left/Right Sign on high posts.
* The number of “Keep Left/Right Sign” in the Transition Area
can be more if the conditions at the site demand it.
6.2.3
Buffer And Work Area (See FIGURE 6.6).
(a)
Sign 9 & 11 – Speed Limit Sign
This is the Speed Limit Sign informing the motorists the safe
speed to drive through the Work Area. This sign 9 should be
installed at the beginning of the Work Area. It is advisable to
install the Speed Limit Sign on high posts. This sign is
repeated for Sign 11. This sign should be placed about 100m –
200m after Sign 10.
(b)
Sign 10 & 12 – Road Works Sign (Work Area)
This is the Road Works Sign (Work Area) reminding the
motorists driving through the Work Area. This sign 10 should
be installed at 50m – 100m into the Work Area. It is advisable
to install this sign on high posts. This sign is repeated for Sign
12. This sign should be placed about 100m – 200m after Sign
11.
* The number of “Speed Limit Sign” and “Road Works Sign
(Work Area)’’in the Work Area can be more if the work area is
longer and the conditions at the site warrant it. These signs
should be installed alternately at 200m spacing.
6.2.4
Termination Area (See FIGURE 6.7).
(a)
Sign 13,14 & 15 – Chevron Delineator Sign
These signs should be placed in the Termination Area upon
the occurrence of road diversion. Sign 13 should be installed at
the beginning of the Termination Area where the transition
begins. Sign 14 is placed at the middle of the taper. Sign 15 is
placed at the end of the taper. It is advisable to install all the
Chevron Delineator sign on high posts.
(b)
Sign 16 – “PEMBINAAN TAMAT” Sign
Installed at the point beyond the Termination Area where traffic
is no longer affected.
41
ADVANCE WARNING AREA
USE
1st Sign
2nd Sign
3rd Sign
4th Sign
5th Sign
Advance warning
sign
Road works sign
Speed limit sign
Detour sign
Speed limit sign
TRANSITION AREA
BUFFER
AREA
WORK AREA
TERMINATION AREA
USE
USE
USE
USE
Keep left/
right sign
Road work signs
(work area)
and
Speed limit signs
Chevron
delineator signs
‘“PEMBINAAN
TAMAT” sign
(*Notes: For three (3) lanes/direction road and above , the signages to be installed on both sides)
FIGURE 6.3: SIGN ARRANGEMENTS
42
Sign 1
Sign 2
Sign 3
Sign 4
ADVANCE WARNING AREA
Sign 5
1st Sign2nd Sign3rd Sign4th Sign5th Sign-
Advance Warning Sign
Road Works Sign
Speed Limit Sign
Detour Sign
Speed Limit Sign
KEEP LEFT/RIGHT SIGN at the start of Transition Area to
be placed on high post
(*Notes: For three (3) lanes/direction road and above , the signages to be installed on both sides)
FIGURE 6.4: SIGN ARRANGEMENTS FOR ADVANCE WARNING AREA
43
Sign 6
Sign 7
Sign 8
KEEP LEFT/RIGHT SIGNS at the Transition Area To be placed on high post
- The numbers of signs can be increase if needed
TRANSITION
AREA
(*Notes: For three (3) lanes/direction road and above , the signages to be installed on both sides)
FIGURE 6.5: SIGN ARRANGEMENTS FOR TRANSITION AREA
44
Sign 9
The number of “Speed Limit Signs” and “Road
Works Sign(Work Area)’’ in the Work Area can be
more if the work area is longer and the conditions
at the site warrant it. These signs should be
installed alternately at 200m spacing.
BUFFER
AREA
Sign 10
Sign 11
WORK AREA
(*Notes: For three (3) lanes/direction road and above , the signages to be installed on both sides)
FIGURE 6.6: SIGN ARRANGEMENTS FOR WORK AREA
45
Sign 12
Sign 13
Sign 14
CHEVRON DELINEATOR SIGNS and
“PEMBINAAN TAMAT” SIGN at the Termination
Area
- To be placed on high post
- The numbers of signs can be increase if needed
Sign 15
TERMINATION AREA
(*Notes: For three (3) lanes/direction road and above , the signages to be installed on both sides)
FIGURE 6.7: SIGN ARRANGEMENTS FOR TERMINATION AREA
46
Sign 16
Sign 1
Sign 2
Sign 3
Sign 4
Sign 5
ADVANCE WARNING AREA
Sign 6,7,8
TRANSITION AREA
Sign 9
BUFFER
AREA
Sign 10
Sign 11
WORK AREA
Sign 12
Sign 13,14,15
TERMINATION AREA
(*Notes: For three (3) lanes/direction road and above , the signages to be installed on both sides)
FIGURE 6.8: OVERALL SIGN ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE TYPICAL WORK ZONE
47
Sign 16
6.3
Modification of Typical Layouts
Plans contained in the Guidelines are called “typical applications.” In this
respect, they represent the layouts for the general situations found in the field.
When unusual conditions are found, the typical layouts must be adapted to
the particular roadway and worksite configuration. Furthermore, these typical
layouts are minimum requirements. When needed, either additional device
may be used to supplement the layout, or the sign spacing and taper lengths
can be increased to give drivers additional response time or shortened for
low-speed situations. When difficult situations or unusually hazardous
conditions are encountered, a higher-type treatment than that shown as
typical may be required.
The types of modifications that may be desirable or needed include the
following:
(a) Additional devices
(i) Temporary Signage
(ii) Temporary Road Marking
(iii) Temporary Management Equipment
(b) Upgrading of devices
(i) improved pavement markings or raised pavement markers
(ii) larger signs
(iii) higher type channelizing devices
(iv) barriers in place of channelizing devices
(v) variable message signs
(c)
Improved geometrics at detours or crossovers
(a) Increased distances
longer work zone
(b) Lighting and Delineation
(i) Flashing lights (Blinker)
(ii) Beacon Light
(iii) Flashing Arrow
(iv) Chevron Light
(v) Traffic Baton Light used by Flagman
(vi) Delineator string
(vii) Delineator on Barrier
(viii) Temporary Lighting
6.4
Consideration of Parameters of Typical Layouts
The following list defines the basic parameters and the range of their
characteristics:
(a)
Type of facility
(i)
two-lane
(ii) multilane, undivided
(iii) multilane, divided
(iv) intersection
(v) interchange
48
(b)
Regional and traffic characteristics
(i) rural/urban
(ii) low speed/high speed
(iii) low volume/high volume
(c) Work activity duration
(i)
short or long term
(ii) slow or fast moving
(iii) intermittent or continuous
(d) Worksite location
(i)
in right-of-way
(ii) on shoulder
(iii) in road
(e) Closure configuration
(i)
shoulder closed
(ii) lane or lanes closed
(iii) shoulder used as travel lane
(iv) roadway closed
(v) crossover and/or contra flow
(vi) on-site detour (bypass)
(vii) off-site detour
When making modifications to the typical solutions it is best to establish a set
of plans, which covers the range of conditions commonly found rather than a
plan for every possible combination of parameter values.
6.5
Considerations to Modifying the Typical Layouts
Typical applications may be modified to suit the conditions of a particular work
area.
On many of the typical applications, the existing pavement markings have
been either marked or changed to indicate those that should be modified for
long-term projects. If the project is short-term, such as 1-day maintenance
operations, the pavement markings will not need to be removed and replaced
although guidance should be provided with other channelizing devices.
6.6
Typical Application Layouts
FIGURES 6.8 to 6.12 show typical traffic control devices that are required for
various types of Work Zones.
49
7.0
TAKING OFF QUANTITIES
7.1
Objective
The objective of this chapter is to provide a guideline and also examples on
taking off quantities for the items specified in the standard BQ for Traffic
Management during construction. The estimation procedures will be a basis
for the engineers coordinating the design process to estimate the costs of
the Traffic Management so that adequate funds can be allocated to provide
for proper traffic management during construction.
7.2
Practices In Estimating BQ For Traffic Management
Due to the many problems faced and the poor quality provided by the
contractors on Traffic Management through the previous procedure, the
Traffic Management Costs has been taken out from the Preliminaries Bill
and now exists as a separate bill on its own. All the quantities for the items
specified in the Bill will be Provisional Quantities except for the Traffic
Management Plan and Safety Report that will be priced as Lump Sum.
Through this procedure, the detailed items, materials and quantities to be
provided on site are specified in the bill.
7.3
Taking Off Quantities
For the estimation of the quantities for Traffic Control Devices (TCD) used in
Traffic Management during construction, the overall Traffic Control Plan
(TCP) during Design Phase can be used as a basis for the type of Traffic
Control Devices (TCDs) and Temporary Signs to be installed.
The estimations 7.3.1 to 7.3.3 are based on assumptions made for each
case study.
55
7.3.1
Example of Case Study 1: Short/Long Term Works Where Traffic
Is Detour (Rural Low Speed) (Refer Figure 6.10)
7.3.1.1 Assumptions:(a) There is no street lighting in the contract area.
(b) 2 km length of construction areas.
(c) The construction area shall be segregated from the traffic
way from commencement of work to completion time to
prevent uncontrolled disruption to the traffic movements.
Continuous interlocking barriers shall be used to
segregate the working areas from the traffic way.
(d) The excavation area with 1m deep or more (work area)
shall be carried out at not more than 200m length at one
time at 2 location along the 2 km.
(e) There will be 1 traffic diversion at every 2 km. The length
of temporary traffic diversion is assumed to be 30m (to be
checked) length.
(f) The traffic diversion costs exclude the earthworks and
pavement costs. It comprises cost only for TCD and
temporary road markings.
(g) For estimation purposes, the temporary signs and Traffic
Control Devices (TCD) quantities are based on per work
area applications. For example, if the total work area
are 2 locations, the quantities to be installed is multiplied
by 2.
(h) The quantities do not take into consideration the
percentage of losses and damages.
7.3.1.2 Estimation on BQ Items
(a) Concrete Barrier
Transition Area
= 100m + 100m
= 200m
Excavation Area with 1m deep
or more
=200m×2 location
= 400m
Total
= 200m + 400m
= 600m
Length of Concrete Barrier
= 1m
So, number of Concrete Barrier
= 600m ÷ 1m
= 600 nos.
56
(b)
(c)
Plastic Barrier
Buffer Area
= 110m + 110m
= 220m
Work Area less than 1m deep
= 2000m – 400m
= 1600m
Total
= 220m + 1600m
= 1820m
Length of Plastic Barrier
= 1m
So, number of Concrete Barrier
= 1820m ÷ 1m
= 1820 nos.
Plastic Hoarding
Plastic Hoarding on barriers shall be placed at work
area where the view of activities is to be blocked.
(d)
Total length of work area
= 200m + 200m
= 400m
Length of Plastic Hoarding
= 1m
So, number of Plastic Hoarding
= 400m ÷ 1m
= 400 nos.
Delineator String
Transition Area
= 100m + 115m
= 215m
Buffer Area
= 110m + 110m
= 220m
Work Area
= 2000m
Total area for Delineator String installation
= 215m + 220m + 2000m
= 2435m
1 roll of Delineator String = 50m
Number of Delineator String = 2435m ÷ 50m
= 49 rolls
57
(e)
Flashing Light (Blinkers)
(i)
At Transition & Termination Area
= 100m + 115m
= 215m
Spacing of devices = 10m c/c (Refer Table
5.3)
So, number of Flashing Light (Blinkers)
= 215m ÷ 10m
= 22 nos.
(ii) At Work Area
At Buffer Area
Total at straight stretch
= 2000m
=110m+ 110m
= 220m
=2000m+ 220m
= 2220m
Spacing of devices = 30m c/c (Refer Table 5.3)
So, number of Flashing Light (Blinkers)
= 2220m ÷ 30m
= 74 nos.
Total number of Flashing Light (Blinkers)
= 22 nos. + 74 nos.
= 94 nos.
(f)
Beacon Light
To be placed at the start of a specific work area. The
number of beacon lights needed.:At the specific work site
(g)
= 1 nos. x 2 way = 2 nos.
Flashing Arrow
To be placed at Transition Area in Work Zone.
The number of Flashing Arrow = 2 nos.
58
(h)
Temporary Signs
Size of temporary signs involved:
T.1(Advance Warning Sign)
T.2(Road Works Sign)
T.3(Speed Limit Sign)
T.6(Detour Sign)
T.7(Keep Left/Right Sign)
T.1(Road Works Sign
(Work Area)
T.11a(Chevron)
T.11b(Chevron)
T.18e(Warning Sign)
= 1.524m × 1.829m = 2.79m2
= 1.219m × 0.914m = 1.11m2
= 1.219m × 0.914m = 1.11m2
= 1.219m × 0.914m = 1.11m2
= 0.914m × 0.750m = 0.69 m2
= 0.914m × 0.914m = 0.84 m2
= 0.900m x 0.750m = 0.68m
= 0.900m x 0.750m = 0.68m
= 0.800m × 1.200m = 0.96 m2
ITEM
UNIT
QUANTITY
a) Not exceeding 1m2
i) T.7(Keep Left/Right Sign)
ii) T.17 (Road Works Sign
(Work Area))
ii) T.18e (Warning Sign)
iii) T.11a(Chevron)
iv) T.11a(Chevron)
nos.
nos.
6
5
nos.
Nos.
Nos.
2
3
3
b) 1-2 m2
i) T.2 (Road Works Sign)
ii) T.3 (Speed Limit Sign)
iii) T.6 (Detour Sign)
nos.
nos.
nos.
2
9
4
nos.
2
c)
(i)
2-3 m2
i) T.1(Advance Warning Sign)
Road Markings
(i)
(i)
Wide continuous line
= (15m + 100m + 110m + 2000m + 110m +
100m + 15m) × 2 side
= 4900m
Wide intermittent line
= 15m + 100m + 110m + 2000m + 110m + 100m
+ 15m
= 2450m
59
7.3.2
Example of Case Study 2: Temporary Diversion at Intersection of
Single Carriageway (Urban Low Speed) (Refer Figure 6.11)
7.3.2.1 Assumptions:(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
There is no street lighting in the contract area.
Work area is 100m length during night time work.
The construction area shall be segregated from the
traffic way from commencement of work to completion
time to prevent uncontrolled disruption to the traffic
movements. Traffic Guidance Cones shall be used to
segregate the working areas from the traffic way.
The traffic diversion costs exclude the earthworks and
pavement costs. It comprises cost only for Traffic
Control Devices (TCD).
For estimation purposes, the TCD quantities are based
on per work area application. For example, if the total
work area is 2 locations, the quantities to be installed
are multiplied by 2.
The quantities do not take into consideration the
percentage of losses and damages.
7.3.2.2 Estimation on BQ items
(a)
Traffic Guidance Cone
(i) Transition Area
= 100m + 100m
= 200m
Spacing of devices = 5m (Refer Table 5.3)
So, number of Traffic Guidance Cone
= 200m ÷ 5m
= 40 nos.
(ii) At straight stretch
= 50m + 100m
= 150m
Spacing of devices = 15m (Refer Table 5.3)
So, number of Traffic Guidance Cone
= 150m ÷ 15m
= 10 nos.
Total number of Traffic Guidance Cone
= 40 nos. + 10 nos.
= 50 nos.
60
(b)
Flashing Light (Blinkers)
(i)
At Transition Area
= 100m + 100m
= 200m
Spacing of devices = 10m c/c (Refer Table 5.3)
So, number of Flashing Light (Blinkers)
= 200m ÷ 10m = 20 nos.
(ii) At straight stretch
= 50m + 100m
= 150m
Spacing of devices = 30m c/c (Refer Table 5.3)
So, number of Flashing Light (Blinkers)
= 150m ÷ 30m
= 5 nos.
Total number of Flashing Light (Blinkers)
= 20 nos. + 5 nos.
= 25 nos.
(c)
Flashing Arrow
To be placed at Transition Area in Work Zone.
The number of Flashing Arrow = 1 nos.
(d)
Temporary Signs
Size of temporary signs involved:
T.1(Advance Warning Sign)
T.2(Road Works Sign)
T.3(Speed Limit Sign)
T.6(Detour Sign)
T.7(Keep Left/Right Sign)
T.18e(Warning Sign)
= 1.524m × 1.829m = 2.79m2
= 1.219m × 0.914m = 1.11m2
= 1.219m × 0.914m = 1.11m2
= 1.219m × 0.914m = 1.11m2
= 0.914m × 0.750m = 0.69 m2
= 0.800m × 1.200m = 0.96 m2
ITEM
UNIT
QUANTITY
a) Not exceeding 1m2
i) T.7(Keep Left/Right Sign)
ii) T.18e (Warning Sign)
nos.
nos.
4
3
b) 1-2 m2
i) T.2 (Road Works Sign)
ii) T.3 (Speed Limit Sign)
iii) T.5 (Road Narrow Sign)
nos.
nos.
nos.
3
6
3
nos.
3
c)
2-3 m2
i) T.1(Advance Warning Sign)
61
7.3.3
Example of Case Study 3: Short/Long Term Works Where Traffic
Is Detour on Bridge (Rural High Speed) (Refer Figure 6.12)
7.3.3.1 Assumptions:(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
There is no street lighting in the contract area.
Work area is 100m length.
Assume 10m lateral shift with ratio of 1:20.
The construction area shall be segregated from the
traffic way from commencement of work to completion
time to prevent uncontrolled disruption to the traffic
movements. Continuous interlocking barriers shall be
used to segregate the working areas from the traffic
way.
The traffic diversion costs exclude the earthworks and
pavement costs. It comprises cost only for Traffic
Control Devices (TCD) and temporary road markings.
The quantities do not take into consideration the
percentage of losses and damages.
7.3.3.2 Estimation on BQ items
(a)
Concrete Barrier
To be used where excavation on the road side is 1m
deep or more (Refer to Application Requirement in Part
Two : Temporary Traffic Control Devices).
Transition & Termination Area
= 200m + 200m
= 400m
Buffer Area
= 150m + 150m
= 300m
Total length
× 2 side
= (400m + 300m)
= 1400m
Length of Concrete Barrier
= 1m
So, number of Concrete Barrier
= 1400m ÷ 1m
= 1400 nos.
(b) Delineator String
Total length for Delineator String installation
= (200m + 150m +150m + 200m) × 2 side
= 1400m
1 roll of Delineator String = 50m
Number of Delineator String
62
= 1400m ÷ 50m
= 28 rolls
(c) Flashing Light (Blinkers)
(i) At Transition & Termination Area
= (200m + 200m) × 2 side
= 800m
Spacing of devices = 10m c/c (Refer Table 5.3)
So, number of Flashing Light (Blinkers)
= 800m ÷ 10m = 80 nos.
(ii) At straight stretch = (150m + 150m) × 2 side
= 600m
Spacing of devices = 30m c/c (Refer Table 5.3)
So, number of Flashing Light (Blinkers)
= 600m ÷ 30m = 20 nos.
Total
number of Flashing Light (Blinkers)
= 80 nos. + 20 nos.
= 100 nos.
(d) Beacon Light
To be placed at the start of a specific work area. The
number of beacon lights needed:At the specific work site
= 1 nos. x 2 way = 2 nos.
(e) Flashing Arrow
To be placed at Transition Area in Work Zone.
The number of Flashing Arrow = 2 nos.
(f) Temporary Signs
Size of temporary signs involved:
T.1(Advance Warning Sign)
T.2(Road Works Sign)
T.3(Speed Limit Sign)
T.6(Detour Sign)
T.7(Keep Left/Right Sign)
T.11a(Chevron)
T.11b(Chevron)
T.12(Vertical Panel Sign)
T.18e(Warning Sign)
63
= 1.524m × 1.829m = 2.79m2
= 1.219m × 0.914m = 1.11m2
= 1.219m × 0.914m = 1.11m2
= 1.219m × 0.914m = 1.11m2
= 0.914m × 0.750m = 0.69 m2
= 0.900m x 0.750m = 0.68m
= 0.900m x 0.750m = 0.68m
= 0.900m × 0.300m = 0.27m2
= 0.800m × 1.200m = 0.96 m2
ITEM
UNIT
QUANTITY
a) Not exceeding 1m2
i) T.7(Keep Left/Right Sign)
ii) T.12 (Vertical Panel Sign)
ii) T.18e (Warning Sign)
iii) T.11a(Chevron)
iv) T.11a(Chevron)
nos.
nos.
nos.
Nos.
Nos.
3
4
2
6
6
b) 1-2 m2
i) T.2 (Road Works Sign)
ii) T.3 (Speed Limit Sign)
iii) T.6 (Detour Sign)
nos.
nos.
nos.
2
4
4
nos.
2
c)
(g)
2-3 m2
i) T.1(Advance Warning Sign)
Road Markings
(i)
(ii)
Wide continuous line
= (30m + 200m + 150m + 30m + 150m + 200m +
30m) × 2 side
= 1580m
Wide intermittent line
= 30m + 200m + 150m + 30m + 150m + 200m +
30m
= 790m
64
8.0
PLACEMENT AND REMOVAL OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
This Chapter discusses the important aspects of the process of placing and removal
of traffic control devices in work zones including its preparation, the order of device
placement, the treatment of existing signs, and the use of “shadow” or protection
vehicles.
8.1
Preparation for Placement Process
The placement, modification, and removal of traffic control devices for road
construction and maintenance operations can be enhanced by adequate
preparations. This is particularly important because of the hazard associated
with these activities. The installation and removal of work zone traffic control
devices create situations that are often far more hazardous than the operation
when the traffic control devices are already installed. These hazards are often
greater than those during the work activity because:
(a) Workers placing advanced warning and channelizing devices must be in
the roadway at points of high conflict without the full protection of the
devices being placed.
(b) The placement operation constitutes an unexpected situation for the
motorists as they are confronted with a roadway partially closed and with
partial traffic control devices.
The inherent danger of these operations can be lessened by using techniques
that emphasize safety. Also, to reduce exposure to such hazards, the
installation should be done as quickly as possible. To this end, several
elements must be considered before the setting up of the traffic control zone.
8.1.2
Coordination with Affected Groups
Advance time coordination should be done with all affected
organizations and groups (but not limited to) such as:
(a)
Police
(b)
Traffic Department of affected Local Council
(c)
Emergency services such as the fire dept, hospitals, etc.
(d)
Media platform (news, social, etc.)
(e)
Businesses and industries
(f)
Public transportation,
(g)
Residents and Residents’ Representatives
Coordination prior to the placement of the traffic controls at a site
greatly improves the safety and efficiency of the installation. The
coordination includes the following (but not limited to) considerations:
(a) Advance publicity
(b) Selection of the day and time-of-day for the setting up
(c) Analysis of traffic volumes
(d) Selection of crew work hours
(e) Consideration of emergency requirements in case of utility
breakdown, road accidents, etc.
8.1.3
Inventory and Storage
All traffic control devices required for the placement and maintenance
of the zone should be on-hand and in good condition. Also, special
equipment, trailers, and trucks should all be operating properly and
safely.
65
Devices maintained in inventory need to be formally organized to
assure that all items are actually in stock and can be rapidly retrieved.
Traffic control devices need to be stored properly to avoid marring,
and all devices need to be kept clean.
All mechanical and electrical elements and equipment require routine
maintenance to assure that they will function properly. Devices should
be inspected carefully when they are returned to inventory. All devices
found to be non-standard or in poor condition should be replaced,
modified, or repaired. Equipment for the roadway work zone must be
in good operating condition, otherwise there will be occurrences of
breakdowns, delays, and increased site occupancy time.
Good practice suggests that devices be marked to identify ownership.
The name and phone number of the owner may be shown on the nonreflective surface of the barricades. This procedure pinpoints
responsibility and minimizes “borrowing.”
Standard inventory
packages of organized traffic control devices can be established for
activities by pre-packaging and ensuring checklists for each activity
and location.
8.1.4
Training and Instruction
All Traffic Management Personnel should be trained for their tasks,
with particular emphasis on safety. In addition, to ensure that all
Traffic Management Personnel know their installation assignments,
and to assure an efficient and speedy operation, the supervisor should
review the installation process with his crew before going into the field.
If either a new or different procedure is to be used, or if new people
are in the team, these instructions are essential. In some cases, a
rehearsal on an abandoned segment of roadway may be desirable.
8.2
Placement
8.2.1
Placement Sequence
Devices are installed in the direction that traffic moves that is, moving
“downstream”. The first device placed is the first advance warning
sign. The installation then proceeds with the:(a)
Advance warning area
(b)
Transition area
(c)
Buffer area
(d)
Work area
(e)
Termination area
If traffic in both directions will be affected, such as with work in the
centre lanes, the devices can be placed in both directions at the same
time, starting at each end farthest from the work area. Alternately one
direction can be installed before the other.
When one direction of traffic will be directed into opposing traffic
lanes, the signs, devices, and pavement markings for the opposing
traffic should be placed first. It is essential to channelize opposing
traffic out of its lane before moving the oncoming traffic into the lane.
66
When all signs and devices are placed for opposing traffic, the devices
for the oncoming direction can then be set up.
When signs or channelizing devices are to be installed and removed
several times during the work operation, a spot should be painted
where each device is located. This way the installation can be
repeated quickly and properly. The devices should either be stored off
the roadway, out of sight, or transported to another location.
Channelizing devices should not be stored on the shoulder of the
roadway, as this would appear to be a shoulder closure.
High-level warning devices, flagmen, or flashing vehicle lights should
be used to warn the road users of the presence of workers. Flashing
arrow panels are valuable to assist the workers during placement or
removal of channelizing devices for lane closures.
8.2.2
Placement Procedure
Work vehicles should park in a safe location to unload teams and
devices. Locations such as these should be the priority;
(a)
At kerbs
(b)
On shoulder
(c)
On side street
The work vehicle may serve as the advance warning device by using
its flashing/rotating lights while the first warning signs are being
placed. To protect the teams, the device truck should be located
upstream of the teams. This can be awkward, however, if the signs
are unloaded from the rear of the truck.
On high-speed roads, a “backup,” “shadow,” or “protection,” vehicle
should be used. This vehicle should first be positioned on the shoulder
some 30 meters or more behind the device truck when the first signs
are placed. The shadow vehicle uses special lights or a flashing arrow
panel to warn traffic. When the team needs to work on the roadway,
the shadow vehicle is moved into the travelled lane. Truck mounted
attenuators are desirable for these vehicles.
8.2.3
Placing Channelizing Devices
When closing a lane, tapers are laid out in a straight line starting at the
shoulder. Each channelizing device is then placed in sequence
moving downstream. When placed by hand, the devices should be
moved out from the shoulder with the worker looking towards traffic as
he moves into the lane to place the device. When channelizing tapers
are installed, each device is placed 30cm further into the lane that is
being closed.
8.2.4
Lateral Position
For some closures, traffic doesn’t have to be excluded from the entire
width of the lane to establish a safe workspace. Under these
circumstances, the work area channelizing devices should be placed a
few meters back from the lane line as to:
67
(a) Reduce the chances of the devices being hit
(b) Provide increased lateral clearance, thereby increasing capacity
8.2.5
Cone Placement
Cones may be placed either by workers on foot or from a moving
vehicle. When working from a vehicle, the truck should be equipped
with a suitable worker platform and railing. On high-speed roadways, a
shadow vehicle should be used to protect the team which is working
from the back of the truck.
8.2.6
Expressway Lane Closures
Expressway lane closures should be more carefully carried out and
are categorised into two types. “Exterior” lanes are those with a
shoulder along one edge. “Interior” lanes, such as the centre lane of a
three lane roadway, are bordered by lanes on both sides.
8.2.7
Exterior Lane Closures
The protection vehicle travels along the shoulder or exterior lane if no
shoulder is available. It is equipped with a warning light and a flashing
arrow panel. The protection vehicle then stops in a blocking position at
least 30m upstream while the first warning sign is located. This
operation is repeated for all warning signs -- first for one side, then the
other side of the roadway.
When all signs are in place, channelization devices are then placed.
The protection vehicle gradually encroaches upon the exterior lane as
the workers install the taper in front of the protection vehicle. Finally,
the protection vehicle is positioned in the closed lane while the work
area channelization is installed.
8.2.8
Interior or Center Lane Closures
When work is necessary on an interior or center lane, the
recommended procedure is to also close the adjacent exterior lane to
avoid an “island” closure. In locations where, due to traffic volume or
road geometrics it must be carried around both sides of an interior
lane work space, the preferred procedure is to first close an exterior
lane upstream from the work space, particularly for high-speed
conditions. Next, the interior lane traffic is channelized into the
previously closed exterior lane.
Warning signs are placed on both sides of the approach warning area.
The exterior lane is then closed as described above to create an
“empty” work space.
To continue the setup, the protection vehicle moves carefully into the
closed exterior lane and workers complete the exterior lane
channelization and closing taper. The shadow vehicle then moves to
the downstream end of the closed exterior lane and blocks the
68
adjacent center lane. The taper which moves traffic from the interior
lane to the previously closed exterior lane is placed, and work area
channelization is established on both sides of the closed center lane.
In the final configuration, the shadow vehicle can be moved into the
work area behind the taper. Traffic may now flow around either side of
the work area.
8.3
Modification and Removal
Where possible, traffic control area should be removed by picking up the
devices in a reverse sequence to that used for installation. This requires
moving backwards or upstream through the zone.
With no shoulders, the removal of advance warning signs is made in the
downstream direction.
Where extensive modifications to the traffic control area are required, as
when switching a closure from one side of the roadway to the other, it may be
necessary to remove the entire zone and then re-install it in the new
configuration.
Portable concrete barriers require special care and planning to place and
remove. Normally the lane next to the barrier must be closed while the
barriers are placed or moved. This operation should be scheduled to cause
as little disruption as possible.
8.4
Special Equipment and Techniques
Some Maintenance Agencies may have special equipment to facilitate and
expedite the placement process, such as, trucks with racks in which signs are
loaded in the reverse sequence to that needed; that is, the last sign put on is
the first one to be taken off.
Special traffic control vehicles should be available for placement,
maintenance and removal of traffic control zone devices and signs.
These vehicles should be employed to:
(a) Carry devices to worksites.
(b) Facilitate handling.
(c) Help to organize and protect signs and devices.
(d) Cater for emergency situations.
Special features of these traffic control vehicles may include;
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
Appropriate colour (orange)
Flashing/rotating lights or beacons
Flashing arrow panels
Sign racks
Cone chutes
Power lift tailgates
Worker platform and protective railing
Variable Message Signs
Crash cushions on shadow vehicles
69
9.0
MAINTENANCE OF TRAFFIC CONTROL ZONES
Traffic control zones should be maintained so that they remain as effective as when
first installed. Documentation of maintenance and inspections is necessary in the
event of lawsuits resulting from accidents or other grievances suffered by an injured
party. This Chapter will explain the types of inspections and maintenance required
and methods to document inspections and actions taken.
9.1
Inspection and Maintenance Program
Once the traffic control zone is established, it is important that it continues to
function effectively. The traffic control devices must be maintained as it was
installed or modified to ensure the motorists are not misled with unnecessary
changes to the work zone shapes and sizes.
Maintenance is needed to service the traffic control devices and make
corrections required by any combination of the following factors:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
9.1.1
Traffic accidents
Device displacement by;
(i) vehicular contact
(ii) slip stream from trucks
(iii) workers
(iv) wind
Damage caused by construction activities
Weather damage
Malfunctions and burn outs
Physical deterioration
Dust, dirt, grime and bitumen over spray.
(i)
on sign faces
(ii)
on barriers or cones
(iii) on reflectorized rails or string delineators
Dirt and debris on roadway.
Vandalism and theft.
Elements of an Inspection Program
A comprehensive inspection and maintenance program should include
the following elements.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
(i)
A formalized plan
Defined inspection procedures
A form to record the findings of the field inspection
A repair program
An adequate inventory of devices for emergency replacements
or repairs
Day and night review of the marking and traffic control devices
along the travel path through the work zones
Procedures to assure that specified repairs are made
Formal documentation of inspections and repairs
Identification of possible causes of accidents and skid marks
The inspector will need to make decisions during the inspection. He
must exercise judgement in establishing appropriate practices. As
deficiencies are observed, the following choices are available:
70
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Make on-the-spot corrections
Call for emergency repairs (radio or phone)
Instruct the work crew to make routine repairs during the next
work day
Schedule deferrable corrective actions, such as sign cleaning
A key element of the program is the procedure that ensures that the
required maintenance is performed. Corrective action should be fully
documented with date, time and action taken.
9.2
Inspection Procedures
9.2.1
Responsibility
On construction projects, the contractor should designate a Traffic
Management Officer (TMO) who should be responsible for traffic
control design, installation, maintainance and routine inspections.
Less frequent but additional periodic inspections should be performed
by senior staff of the contractor (typically his superintendent), the
Superintending Engineer and the Road Authority (the resident
engineer and/or the traffic engineer).
Lines of communication and responsibility must be clearly established
between the person conducting routine inspections and senior
contractor or agency personnel. This communication is especially
important between those in control of routine maintenance activities
and those with greater authority. Effective communication ensures that
urgent problems can be brought promptly to the attention of officials
who can respond immediately.
9.2.2
Frequency
Factors must be considered.
(a) Project size and duration
To determine the frequency of inspections, the following Degree of
liability
(a) Severity of hazards
(b) Frequency at which damage occurs
(c) Number of deficiencies observed during previous inspections.
(d) Traffic volumes and speed.
Traffic controls left in place overnight should he inspected during
hours of darkness at the same frequency as during the daylight hours.
Inspections should also be carried out during adverse weather
conditions to ensure safety requirements are met and adequate road
drainage is maintained during the construction period.
71
9.2.3
Documentation
Documentation is an essential part of the traffic control maintenance
function. It is necessary for good planning and for project accounting.
Documentation serves to:
(a) Ensure the integrity of the project traffic control; and
(b) Provide a means of
(i) identifying the maintenance needed
(ii) providing a tool for getting maintenance started
(iii) checking to see that maintenance is done
(iv) documenting that maintenance was done
Well maintained traffic control maintenance records
substantial support for the project in the following ways.
9.2.4
provide
(a)
The records aid in the evaluation of the effectiveness of the
planned and modified traffic control installation.
(b)
Traffic control maintenance records provide evidence of a proper
traffic control installation in the event of a lawsuit arising from an
accident at the worksite.
Record Keeping
Record keeping begins with an inventory of traffic control devices
located in both the shop and field. With this information, future
material needs can be estimated based on planned projects and
anticipated damages and thefts. Costs can be budgeted, and needed
material can be purchased (or fabricated) prior to beginning work.
Good record keeping procedures suggest that the time and location of
the installation and removal of traffic control devices be noted.
Although this record keeping can be time consuming for a moving
maintenance operation, significant traffic control actions taken by the
field crew should be recorded. These records should include:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Starting and ending time of work
Location of work,
Names of personnel,
Types of equipment used, and
Any changes in temporary or permanent regulatory devices
Major projects will require more detailed record keeping since they
may involve greater amounts of funds from the contract BQ, and
longer distances and time of physical exposure with resulting potential
danger to the worksite employees and the motorists.
Several methods of recording traffic controls are available. These
include:
(a)
Photographs either keyed to a diary or containing a brief
description of
(i)
Date
(ii)
Time
(iii)
Location with GPS co-ordinates if possible.
(iv)
Direction, and
(v)
Photographer’s name.
72
(b)
Videotaping of work zone drive-through can also be used to
document the placement and condition of traffic control devices.
(c)
Special notes on construction plans (preferably the traffic
control plan sheet); and
(d)
Diary entries of times, location and names of individuals (when
known) involved in the;
(i)
installation,
(ii)
change, and
(iii)
removal of traffic control devices.
Work orders also serve as a reference, and should be keyed to the
diary when used. When the maintenance inspection process reveals a
condition that requires correction, the documentation should include:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Description of the correction needed, when it was noted, and
by whom;
Corrections made or deferred and why;
Replacements made or deferred and why; and
Any other actions needed.
Each agency should have general checklist for different types of
operations and conditions. These can be modified to meet the
requirements of an individual worksite. Inspection sheets should be
developed for major projects from the general checklists and schedule
guidelines. For typical worksites, standard inspection sheets can be
prepared and used. An example for the inspection checklist may be
referred in Appendix A.
9.3
Training and Equipment Needs
9.3.1
Training
Several elements should be considered in preparing for and performing traffic
control zone inspections and maintenance. Personnel designated to perform
these tasks must understand the general traffic control process, have a deep
appreciation for safety, and be trained in device maintenance procedures.
Training should include:
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
Proper cleaning methods for the various types of equipment and
reflective materials.
Maintenance techniques for mechanical and electrical equipment,
Proper placement and ballasting of traffic control devices
Methods to check sign reflectivity,
Knowledge of the hazard potential of various types of situations
Solutions that may be used to solve various problems.
Situations requiring special technical assistance (such as hazardous
materials), and procedure to be followed in securing such assistance,
and
Documentation techniques.
73
9.3.2
Personnel, Equipment and Materials
Sufficient equipment and materials should be readily available to perform the
required tasks. Usually, a dedicated vehicle will be needed to keep all the
required material on-hand. The following items may be needed :
(a)
Communications equipment
(i)
Two-way radio
(b)
Safety equipment for personnel safety and emergency situations
(i)
flashing warning lights or beacons
(ii)
spot/flood lights
(iii) flares
(iv) first aid kit
(v)
safety helmet
(vi) high visibility / reflective vests
(c)
Tools and hardware for on the spot repairs
(i) hammers
(ii) screwdrivers
(iii) pliers and wrenches (crescent)
(iv) wrecking bar
(v) shovel
(vi) saw
(vii) nails, nuts, bolts and washers
(viii) tape measure
(ix) knife
(d)
Spare parts and materials
(i) batteries
(ii) bulbs
(iii) fuel
(iv) sandbags
(v) posts
(vi) hardware
(vii) wire and rope
(viii) pavement marking tape
(ix) reflective tape
(x) washing materials
(e)
Spare devices
(i) plastic barriers
(ii) cones
(iii) temporary signs (A-shape)
(iv) flashing light (blinkers)
(f)
Reference materials
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
Traffic Control Plan
inspection forms and checklist
logbook
pencils
accident guidelines and report forms
emergency procedures and telephone number
74
10.0
REPORTS
To ensure proper adherence to the standards and specifications and also to ensure
adequate implementation, there must be constant reporting and checking carried out
at the work zones.
Based on the scope of activities required, the documents and reporting requirements
are as follows:
(a)
(b)
10.1
The Traffic Management Plan (TMP)
Traffic Management Safety Report (TMSR)
The Traffic Management Plan
The Traffic Management Plan is a document to be prepared by the
Contractor’s Engineer. The document should spell out the Contractor’s
proposal on how he wants to manage the traffic on site during the course of
construction. The report must be verified by a Profession Engineer.
The format of the Proposal should include the following items:
(a)
Project Information
This section should include:
(i) Introduction of project
(ii) Summary of project
(iii) Location plan
(b)
Detailed Construction Work Programme
(c)
Method Statement of Traffic Management by Construction
Sequences
The construction sequences and method statements are outlined in
this section. The proposed Traffic Management designs are shown
here.
(d)
Public Notification
In this section, the Contractor should list down the media he intends to
use to notify the public about the project.
(e)
Existing Facilities
The Contractor must carry out a detailed survey of the existing
facilities along the project route. This is to be presented in this
proposal based on the chainages and the use of photos.
(f)
Traffic Control Plan
The TCPs designed by the Contractor should be shown here. It should
consists of the placement and type of traffic control devices to be used
in all work zones involved in the project as well as details about the
type of work zones to be implemented in each phase of the work. The
following are to be produced:
(i) Scaled drawings of the control zones
(ii) A list of devices selected for installation
(iii) Identification of special manpower needs such as flagmen
(iv) Scaled drawings of construction stages, including detours, lane
closure, U-turns
(v) Placement and Removal dates
75
(vi) Identification of special needs such as night time delineation,
temporary signals, pedestrian crossing facilities, contra flow
along dual carriageways
(g)
10.2
Additional Details
Additional details required are as follows:
(i) Organization Chart
(ii) Emergency Response Plan (ERP)
(iii) Detailed Temporary Warning Signs
Traffic Management Safety Reports (TMSR)
The Traffic Management Safety Reports (TMSR) is an essential document in the
execution of the project. These reports are to be submitted at 3 monthly intervals to
the S.O., the Supervision Engineers and the Road Safety Auditor. These reports are
to be prepared by the Traffic Management Officer (TMO) and shall include the
following:
(a) TCPs prepared and enforced on the ground
(b) TCPs for the next three months’ work
(c) Estimated duration of each TCP (Placement dates and expected Removal
dates) are required.
(d) Accident occurences and its analysis.
(e) Performance Indicators
A suggested format for the TMSR is as shown below:
(a) Introduction
(i) Objective of the TMSR report
(ii) Objective of the Traffic Management Plans
(iii) Photos of the site
(iv) Schedule of the TMSR reports for the project
(b) Background of Project
(i) Project details
(ii) Traffic data
(iii) Strip map
(iv) Construction Program
(v) The importance of the road
(vi) The conditions of the road and surrounding area
(c) Project Contractor’s Site Organisation
(i) Organization chart of the project
(ii) TMT and ERT organization
(iii) List the tasks and responsibilities of each member of the TMT and ERT
(d) Work Progress and Traffic Control Plan
(i) Construction Progress and TCPs for the last 3 months
• Give details of the work done and the TCPs
• Records of workers, traffic control devices and inventories used
(ii) Construction Schedule and TCPs for the next 3 months
• Give details of the work to be carried out and the TCPs proposed
• Records of workers, traffic control devices and inventories to be used
(iii) Photos of site where TCPs are to be applied
76
(e) Photos during the operation of the Traffic Control Plans
Provide photos of the TMWZ for the last 3 months
(f) Methods of Assessing Performance of TCPs
The Contractor should propose suitable methods of assessment
• Acceptable methods are; Degree of Congestion, Queue Length, Travel
Time, Number of Accidents, Number of Complaints, and other quantifiable
items
• “Before” and “After” data should be collected
(g) Emergency Response Plan (ERP) and Emergency Response Team (ERT)
(i) Emergency Response Plan (ERP)
• Give details of the plan and show “alternative route”
(ii) Emergency Response Team (ERT)
• Give details of the Organization Chart and “Line of
Communication”
(h) Records of Public Complaints
Provide records of public complaints through media, letters, newspapers, etc
(i) Damage to Vehicles
Provide records and photos of vehicles experiencing problems within the
Work Zones
(j) Accident Analyses
(i) Provide records of accidents within Work Zones during the last 3 months
• Give detail of dates, time, collision diagram, location and damages
and TCP used. Show photos.
(ii) Provide records of accidents within the Project Work Zones from the start
of project.
• Give details of dates, time, collision diagram, location and
damages and TCP used. Show photos.
(iii) Provide accidents summary and trend.
(k) Evaluation
(i) Evaluate the effectiveness of the TCPs during the last 3 months
(ii) Highlight main issues for the next 3 months
(iii) Propose steps to upgrade the situations
(iv) Alert JKR on the issues which are sensitive and propose mitigations
(l) Recommendations
(i) Provide recommendations for actions to reduce accidents and public
complaints.
(ii) Provide recommendations on how to improve the conditions at site.
77
PART TWO
TEMPORARY TRAFFIC
CONTROL DEVICES
78
PART TWO: TEMPORARY TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
1.0
GENERAL
Traffic control devices are markers, signages, channelizing and signal devices. They are
used to inform, warn, guide, or regulate traffic movement and control vehicle speeds. Traffic
control devices also provide important information to users about detours and traffic delays.
2.0
CATEGORY OF TRAFFIC CONTROL DEVICES
Traffic control devices are categorized based on their functions such as guidance, warning
signs and channelization. They are Temporary Signage, Temporary Road Marking and
Temporary Management Equipment consisting of items as follows:2.1
Temporary Signage
Temporary signage shall be rectangular shaped traffic signs with fluorescent orange
background and the type of signs shall be in accordance with the accompanying
illustrations.
2.2.1
There are 22 types of temporary signs listed in the table below:
Item
T.1
T.2
T.3
T.4a
T.4b
T.4c
T.4d
T.5a
T.5b
T.6a
T.6b
T.6c
T.6d
T.7a
T.7b
T.8
T.9a
T.9b
T.10a
T.10b
T.11a
T.11b
T.12
T.13
T.14a
T.14b
T.15
Description
Advance Warning Sign
Road Works Sign
Speed Limit Sign
Part of Lane Closed to Traffic Sign
Part of Lane Closed to Traffic Sign
Part of Lane Closed to Traffic Sign
Part of Lane Closed to Traffic Sign
Road Narrow Sign
Road Narrow Sign
Detour Sign
Detour Sign
Detour Sign
Detour Sign
Keep Left Sign
Keep Right Sign
Double Arrow Sign
Sharp Deviation Sign
Sharp Deviation Sign
Left Bend Sign
Right Bend Sign
Chevron Delineator Sign
Chevron Delineator Sign
Vertical Panel Sign
Material Piled by Roadside Sign
“Stop” Sign
‘Go’ Sign
‘Awas’ Sign
79
Page
81
82
82
83
83
84
84
87
87
88
88
89
89
90
90
91
91
91
92
92
93
93
93
94
94
94
95
Item
T.16
T.17
T.18a
T.18b
T.18c
T.18d
T.18e
T.19
T.20a
T.20b
T.21a
T.21b
T.21c
2.2.2
Description
Danger Signs In Construction Areas
Road Works Sign (Work Area)
Warning Sign
“Symbol flagger”
Warning Sign
“LAMPU ISYARAT DIHADAPAN”
Warning Sign
“JENTERA DIHADAPAN”
Warning Sign
“LENCONGAN DIHADAPAN”
Warning Sign
“PEMBINAAN TAMAT"
Information Sign
Directional Sign
Directional Sign
Apologetic Sign
“ HARAP MAAF KESULITAN AMAT DIKESALI”
Apologetic Sign
“ KESABARAN ANDA AMAT DIHARGAI”
Apologetic Sign
“ KERJASAMA ANDA AMAT DIHARGAI”
Page
95
96
96
97
97
98
98
99
100
100
101
102
102
Height and Lateral Clearance of Temporary Signage
Minimum height and lateral clearance for signs attached to posts are shown
in Figure 2.1. Signs on portable supports should be at least 0.3m away from
the roadway. Signage locations and mounting heights may be adjusted to
those above the minimum requirements to obtain good visibility.
2.2
Temporary Road Marking
Temporary road markings shall consist of continuous or intermittent lines, letters,
arrows, symbols or figures. The markings shall be yellow in colour laid to the
dimensions and at the locations shown in the Traffic Management Plan (TMP).
The temporary road marking shall either be of paint or thermoplastic material
depending on the duration of the temporary works. The road marking paint shall be
used for temporary road markings for less than 30 days construction period.
The thermoplastic material used shall be of the hot-applied thermoplastics and set
on laying for temporary Work Zones of more than 30 days construction period. It is
also recommended to be used in road with high traffic density.
80
2.3
Temporary Management Equipment
In addition to temporary signs, other forms of temporary management equipment
shall be used for guiding, warning and channelizing of traffic throughout the work
zone.
2.3.1
Type of Traffic Management Equipment
There are various types of Traffic Management Equipment listed in the table
below:
Item
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
2.3.2
Description
Traffic Guidance Cone
Traffic Super Cone
Plastic Barrier
Concrete Barrier
Plastic Hoarding
Delineator String
Flashing Light (Blinker)
Flashing Arrow
Chevron Light
Variable Messaging System (VMS)
Delineator on Barrier
Traffic Control Paddle
Traffic Baton Light
Page
112
112
113
114
115
116
116
117
118
119
120
121
121
Application Requirements
2.3.2.1 Traffic Guidance Cone
(a) Traffic guidance cones shall be used at Buffer Area, Work
Area and Termination Area during temporary lane closure or
road diversion of less than 24 hours duration. Blinkers must be
installed on traffic guidance cones at the required spacing
during lane closure or road diversion at night.
(b) Traffic guidance cones shall be at 15m spacing throughout
Traffic Control Zones.
2.3.2.2 Traffic Super Cone
(a) Traffic super cones shall be used for tapering at the Transition
Area during lane closure or road diversion with a spacing of
5m.
2.3.2.3 Plastic Barrier
(a) Serve as channelizing and guiding device to road users rather
than as a safety barrier that can contain vehicle when hit.
(b) The barrier shall be used at excavation work area if depth
is less than 1m. Minimum 1m lateral clearance to be
104
provided from edge of barrier to the excavated area and
concrete barrier to be used if otherwise.
(c) Plastic barriers shall be arranged in alternate colours of red
and white and must be interlocked.
2.3.2.4 Concrete Barrier
(a)
Serve as safety barrier to road users and shall be used at
excavation work with depth 1m or more and a minimum
0.6m lateral clearance to be provided from edge of
barrier to the excavated area.
(b)
Concrete barriers shall also be placed at the following
critical locations:
(i) Replacing an existing permanent safety feature that
has been removed such as guardrails, bridge railings,
median barrier etc.
(ii) Located close to rigid objects such as sheet piling,
bridge structures, stockpiles etc.
(iii) Sharp and dangerous corners.
(iv) Flood prone areas.
(v) Slope failure or sinkhole and if there are any visible
hazards that can cause dangers to the public such as
heavy machineries.
(c)
Concrete barriers shall be arranged in alternate colours of
black and yellow and must be interlocked.
2.3.2.5 Plastic Hoarding
(a)
Plastic hoardings on barriers shall be placed at work area where
the view of activities is to be blocked. This is to prevent
distraction to the traffic.
2.3.2.6 Delineator string
(a)
Delineator string shall be installed along Work Area next to a
road.
(b) Delineator string shall be installed with minimum height 1m
from the ground level and mounted to wooden post (25mm x
25mm) with 3m spacing interval.
105
2.3.2.7 Flashing Light (Blinker)
(a)
Blinkers shall be installed on traffic guidance cones, barriers
or hoardings every 30m c/c at straight and 10m c/c at taper or
curve to allow drivers enough time to alter their driving pattern.
2.3.2.8 Beacon Light
(a) During normal daytime maintenance operations, the functions
of flashing beacons are adequately provided for by the lighting
equipment on maintenance vehicles, either emergency flasher,
the rotating dome light, or both. However, at locations where
the daytime maintenance activity requires an obstruction to
remain in the roadway at night, flashing beacons may be
installed at the point of hazard.
(b) Beacon Light may be operated singly or in groups containing
more than one unit and they are brighter than blinker lights.
2.3.2.9 Flashing Arrow
(a) Flashing arrow shall be installed at Transition Area for tapering
(with 3 nos. of arrow signboard and can be combined with
chevron light when necessary) during night lane closure.
2.3.2.10 Chevron Light
(a) Chevron lights shall be installed at Transition Area for
tapering (min 3 nos.) and can be combined with flashing
arrow during night lane closure.
2.3.2.11 Variable Messaging System (VMS)
(a) The VMS shall be installed at a max. distance of 500m before
any work area which involves frequent change of information
to the road user.
(b) VMS to be fully operational at all times and necessary backup
power supply to be provided to ensure its continuous
operation.
2.3.2.12 Delineators on Barrier
(a) Delineators shall be installed at every interlocked plastic and
concrete barrier. Fluorescent Orange reflective sheeting shall be
visible to the traffic.
(b) To be installed at the front centre of barrier at minimum 750mm
height from ground level.
106
2.3.2.13
Robotic Flagman
(a) Robotic flagman shall be able to work for a duration of 24
hours operation.
(b)
The location to be installed is immediately within the Transition
Area.
(a) Robotic flagman shall be deployed for both the short term and
long term at work area.
2.3.2.14 Traffic Control Paddle
(a) Traffic control paddle shall be used by flagman to control traffic
during daytime operations.
(b) Method of using traffic control paddle to be the same as flagging
method.
(c) Flagger Guidelines
(i)
For short work areas where both ends can be seen at the
same time, only one flagger is needed. Both directions of
traffic must be able to see the flagger and to recognize the
person as a flagger. If this is not possible with one flagger,
use two.
(ii) Flaggers should be visible, always face traffic and be
prepared to warn workers to get out of the way if necessary.
Do not allow other workers to gather near the flagger. During
lunch or other breaks, flaggers should leave their station so
that drivers will know that the flaggers are not on duty and
not think they are shirking their duties whilst having their
lunch or break if flaggers act otherwise.
(iii) Whenever a flagger is on duty, the advance flagger sign
should be displayed to traffic. When a flagger is not on duty,
remove or cover the sign.
(iv) Flaggers may use either a red, 600mm square flag or
600mm diameter circular Stop-Go paddle. (see Figures 2.2
and 2.3).
(v) Flagger for flagging has to be an experienced/trained person
so as not to cause any inconvenience to the traffic flow. It is
advisable that the flagger be given proper courses on
flagging procedures.
107
(d) Flagging Procedures
(i)
To Stop Traffic
The flagger shall face traffic and extend the flag
horizontally across the traffic lane in a stationary position
so that the full area of the flag is visible hanging below the
staff. For greater emphasis, the free arm may be raised
with the palm towards the approaching traffic. (Figure 2.2).
(ii) Traffic to Proceed.
The flagger shall stand parallel to the traffic movement
and with flag and arm lowered from view of the driver, then
motion traffic ahead with his free arm. Flags shall not be
used to signal traffic to proceed. (Figure 2.2).
(iii) To Slow Traffic
Where it is desired to alert or slow down traffic by means
of flagging, the flagger shall face traffic and slowly wave
the flag in a sweeping motion of the extended arm from the
shoulder level to straight down without raising the arm
above a horizontal position. (Figure 2.2).
2.3.2.15 Traffic Baton Light
(a) Traffic baton light shall be used by flagman to control traffic
during night time operations.
(b) Method of using traffic baton light to be the same as flagging
method in 2.3.2.14(d) of this guidelines.
2.3.2.16
Traffic Management Deployment Team (TMDT) Lorry
(a) Lorry shall be provided by the Contractor for setting up and
maintaining traffic control devices for day and night operations.
(b) The lorry shall be a minimum 1 tonne lorry with cargo hood and
grill. The lorry shall be white in colour.
(c) TMDT lorry shall be used to ferry workers and/or traffic
management devices.
108
2.3.2.17
Roof Mounted LED Arrow Light (Accessories for TMDT Lorry)
(a) The LED arrow light shall be mounted on TMDT lorry rooftop
with collapsible holder to secure the arrow light board during
operations.
(b) LED arrow light shall be used when the TMDT lorry carries out
its duty at work area.
2.3.2.18
Emergency Response Team (ERT) Lorry
(a) The lorry shall be a minimum 1 tonne lorry with cargo hood. The
lorry shall be white in colour.
(b) ERT lorry shall be provided by the Contractor to the Traffic ERT
for patrolling and attending to emergency needs and situations
for day and night operations.
(c) The response time to reach affected area and initiate necessary
action shall not be more than 30 minutes.
(d) ERT lorry vehicle is strictly for the use of ERT personnel only
and its use to ferry workers is strictly prohibited.
2.3.2.19
Emergency Response Team (ERT) Equipment
(a) The Contractor shall provide the following ERT equipment
which shall either be in the ERT lorry at all times or properly
stored away and ready to be moved and used at any time, as
and when required:
(b) Equipment inside the ERT lorry shall be stored properly at all
times to ease the handling and installation process when
attending to emergency needs and situations.
(c) All ERT equipment shall be well maintained throughout the
project duration to ensure that they are in good working
condition.
109
APPENDIX
APPENDIX A
BORANG PEMERIKSAAN RUTIN ZON KERJA
Projek
:
Kontraktor
:
Lokasi Tapak
:
Nama TMO
:
1 ZON A - KAWASAN AMARAN AWAL (ADVANCE WARNING AREA )
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
ii. Papan Tanda Amaran Awal (AWAS)
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
iii.
Papan Tanda Orang Bekerja
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
iv. Papan Tanda Lorong Sempit
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
v. Papan Tanda Had Laju
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
vi. Papan Tanda Anak panah
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
vii. Penanda Garisan Jalan Sementara
G1 G2
viii. Keadaan Jalan
J1
J3
J4
i.
Papan Tanda Pemberitahuan
J2
2 ZON B - KAWASAN PERALIHAN (TRANSITION AREA )
A1
A2
A3
ii. Arrow Flasher / Chevron light
K1
K2
K3
iii. Blinkers (Selang 10m)
B1
B2
B3
iv. Reflective Disc / Delineator String
C1
C2
v. Plastic Barrier
D1 D2 D3 D4
D5 D6
vi. Concrete Barrier
E1
E2
E3
E5
vii. Kon Keselamatan
F1
F2
F3
viii. Pengawal Bendera
H1 H2 H3
ix. Robotic Flagman
I1
i.
Papan Tanda Anak panah (3 Bilangan)
x. Penanda Garisan Jalan Sementara
G1 G2
xi. Keadaan Jalan
J1
J2
J3
A4
A5
A6
Masa
:
CATATAN
C.A.R. 1/ 2
CATATAN
C.A.R. 1/ 2
CATATAN
C.A.R. 1/ 2
B4
E4
E6
J4
A1
A2
A3
A4
ii. Blinkers
B1
B2
B3
B4
iii. Reflective Disc / Delineator String
C1
C2
iv. Plastic Barrier
D1 D2 D3 D4
D5 D6
v. Concrete Barrier
E1
E2
E3
E5
vi. Kon Keselamatan
F1
F2
F3
vii. Penanda Garisan Jalan Sementara
G1 G2
viii. Pengawal Bendera
H1 H2 H3
ix. Keadaan Jalan
J1
J2
J3
x. Shadow Vehicle
L1
L2
L3
Papan Tanda (Orang Bekerja / Had Laju)
:
A7
3 ZON C - KAWASAN KELEGAAN (BUFFER AREA )
i.
Tarikh
E4
A5
J4
A-1
A6
E6
A7
.
4 ZON D - KAWASAN KERJA (WORK AREA )
A1
A2
A3
A4
ii. Blinkers
B1
B2
B3
B4
iii. Reflective Disc / Delineator String
C1
C2
iv. Plastic Barrier
D1 D2 D3 D4
D5 D6
v. Concrete Barrier
E1
E5
vi. Penanda Garisan Jalan Sementara
G1 G2
vii. Keadaan Jalan
J1
i.
Papan Tanda (Orang Bekerja / Had Laju)
E2
J2
E3
E4
J3
J4
A5
A6
Papan Tanda Mohon Maaf
A1
A2
A3
A4
A5
A6
A7
: C.A.R. = Permintaan Tindakan Pembetulan (Corrective Action Request)
C.A.R. 1 = Tindakan pembetulan diambil dalam masa 24 jam.
C.A.R. 2 = Tindakan pembetulan diambil dalam masa 2-5 hari.
Cc
:
Pasukan Projek (JKR)
Resident Engineer (RE)
Jurutera Projek
:
Ya
Disediakan Oleh Pegawai Pengurusan Trafik (TMO) :
Nama
Tarikh
:
:
Disemak oleh Pengurus Projek (PM) :
Nama
Tarikh
:
:
Diambil Tindakan Oleh TMO :
Nama
Tarikh
:
:
A-2
CATATAN
C.A.R. 1/ 2
E6
Nota
Maklumat tambahan / gambar dilampirkan
C.A.R. 1/ 2
A7
5 ZON E - KAWASAN TAMAT (TERMINATION AREA )
i.
CATATAN
Tidak
BUTIRAN KETIDAKPATUHAN PENGURUSAN TRAFIK
PERALATAN TRAFIK
KOD
Papan Tanda
A
Blinkers
B
Reflector Disc
C
Plastic Barrier
D
Concrete Barrier
E
Kon Keselamatan
F
Penanda Garisan Jalan
Sementara
G
Pengawal Bendera
H
Robotic Flagman
I
Keadaan Jalan
J
Arrow Flasher
K
Shadow Vehicle
L
NO
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
1
2
3
4
1
2
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
4
5
6
1
2
3
1
2
1
2
3
1
1
2
3
4
1
2
3
1
2
3
KETIDAKPATUHAN PENGURUSAN TRAFIK
Rosak
Pudar / Tidak jelas
Tidak mencukupi
Jatuh / Bengkok
Tidak dapat dilihat / Tersembunyi
Tidak mengikut spesifikasi
Lokasi tidak betul
Rosak
Tidak berfungsi
Tidak beroperasi dengan betul
Tidak dipasang dengan jarak yang betul
Tidak dipasang dengan jarak yang betul
Tidak memantul cahaya
Pemasangan tidak berselang-seli (warna putih & merah)
Rosak
Sampah / habuk di antara barrier / kotor
Reflective plate tiada / tidak mencukupi
Tidak diisi dengan air / Air tidak mencukupi
Tidak disusun dengan betul
Pemasangan tidak berselang-seli (warna kuning & hitam)
Rosak
Sampah / habuk di antara barrier / kotor
Reflective plate tiada / tidak mencukupi
Tidak disusun dengan betul
Tiada concrete barrier di lokasi kritikal (pengorekan dalam di sebelah jalan,
selekoh tajam, pengasingan kerja falsework / scaffold , kawasan berisiko banjir
dan rigid structure
Sampah / habuk di antara kon keselamatan / kotor
Reflective strip tiada / tidak mencukupi dan/atau berat tidak mencukupi dan/atau
rosak
Tidak disusun dengan betul
Pudar / mengelirukan
penanda garisan jalan sedia ada yang tidak digunakan tidak dipadam
Pengawal Bendera tidak dilengkapi dengan pakaian seragam
Tiada Pengawal Bendera di laluan masuk tapak / penutupan jalan / lencongan
jalan
Pengawal Bendera tidak dilengkapi dengan wisel dan bendera / baton light
Tidak berfungsi
Jalan berlubang / permukaan jalan tidak rata
Kotor disebabkan oleh lumpur / tanah dari tapak projek
Jalan sempit / lebar jalan tidak mencukupi
Lampu jalan tidak berfungsi / kawasan gelap
Tidak berfungsi
Rosak
Tidak mengikut spesifikasi
Tidak disediakan
Tidak diletakkan dengan betul
Kenderaan tidak dilengkapi / tidak berfungsi mengikut keperluan
A-3
APPENDIX B: COLOUR CODE FOR TRAFFIC SIGN
The following colour code has been established and identified by JKR as being appropriate for
use in conveying traffic control information
Note:
The colours coded below are used for road furniture, other than traffic sign faces, such as road
markings, traffic signal and traffic sign posts, guardrails, kerbs and so on, and should be of gloss
finish paint or, of higher quality material.
–
–
–
–
Yellow
White
Black
Orange
No 356 British Standard 381C (Golden Yellow)
Part 1 clause 1.3.2 and 1.3.3 British Standard 873
Part 1 clause 1.3.2 and 1.3.3 British Standard 873
British Standard 0.004
Note:
The colours used for all traffic sign faces should be comparable to that formed by the chromaticity
coordinates, and should be of retro-reflective material.
Chromaticity Coordinates
1
2
3
4
COLOUR
x
y
x
y
x
y
x
y
White
0.303
0.300
0.368
0.366
0.340
0.393
0.274
0.329
Yellow
0.498
0.412
0.557
0.442
0.479
0.520
0.438
0.472
Orange
0.558
0.352
0.636
0.364
0.570
0.429
0.506
0.404
Green
0.026
0.399
0.166
0.364
0.286
0.446
0.207
0.771
Red
0.648
0.351
0.735
0.265
0.629
0.281
0.565
0.346
Blue
0.140
0.035
0.244
0.210
0.190
0.255
0.065
0.216
Brown
0.430
0.340
0.610
0.390
0.550
0.450
0.430
0.390
0.387
0.610
0.369
0.546
0.428
0.496
0.460
0.540
0.497
0.520
0.446
0.483
0.512
0.421
0.557
0.442
0.583
0.416
0.535
0.400
0.595
0.351
0.645
0.355
Fluorescent
Yellow Green
Fluorescent
Yellow
Fluorescent
Orange
Source: ASTM D4956-09: Standard Specification for Retro-reflective Sheeting
for Traffic Control
B-1