DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
Contents 目錄
Compulsory Part 必修部分
C1.
Business Environment 營商環境
C2.
Management 管理
C3.
Accounting 會計
C4.
Personal Finance 個人理財
Elective Part – Accounting 選修部分 - 會計
A1.
Financial Accounting 財務會計
A2.
Cost Accounting 成本會計
Elective Part - Business Management 選修部分 - 商業管理
B1.
Financial Management 財務管理
B2.
Human Resources 人力資源
B3.
Marketing 市場營銷
1
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
Contents 目錄
C1.
Business Environment 營商環境
C1-1.
C1-2.
C1-3.
C1-5.
C1-6.
C1-7.
C1-8.
C1-9.
Hong Kong Business Environment – Characteristics of HK Economy
Hong Kong Business Environment – Factors affect business decisions
Hong Kong Business Environment
– Globalization & Multinational corporation
Hong Kong Business Environment
– CEPA, WTO, APEC, World bank, IMF
Forms of Business Ownership
Forms of Business Ownership – Types of partner in partnership
Forms of Business Ownership – Joint venture
Forms of Business Ownership – Franchise
Business Ethnics, Social responsibilities and Stakeholders
C1-1.
C1-2.
C1-3.
C1-4.
C1-5.
C1-6.
C1-7.
C1-8.
C1-9.
香港的營商環境 – 香港經濟的特徵
香港的營商環境 – 影響商業決定的因素
香港的營商環境 – 全球一體化 及 跨國公司
香港的營商環境 – CEPA, WTO, APEC, 世界銀行、國際貨幣基金
企業擁有權類型
企業擁有權類型 – 合夥的不同合夥人
企業擁有權類型 – 合營企業
企業擁有權類型 – 特許經營
商業道德、社會責任 及 持份者
C1-4.
2
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
Contents 目錄
C2.
Management 管理
C2-1.
C2-2.
C2-3.
C2-4.
C2-5.
C2-6.
C2-7.
C2-8.
C2-9.
C2-10.
C2-11.
C2-12.
C2-13.
Management Functions – Importance of management
Management Functions – Planning
Management Functions – Organizing
Management Functions – Leading
Management Functions – Controlling
Effective Management – Division of work
Effective Management – Unity of command
Effective Management – Unity of direction
Effective Management – Authority & responsibility
Effective Management – Management by objectives (MBO)
Key business functions
Small and Medium Entreprises (SMEs)
Entrepreneur
C2-1.
C2-2.
C2-3.
C2-4.
C2-5.
C2-6.
C2-7.
C2-8.
C2-9.
C2-10.
C2-11.
C2-12.
C2-13.
管理功能 – 管理的重要性
管理功能 – 計劃
管理功能 – 組織
管理功能 – 領導
管理功能 – 控制
有效管理 – 分工
有效管理 – 統一命令
有效管理 – 統一方向
有效管理 – 權力及責任
有效管理 – 目標管理 (MBO)
主要商業功能
中小型企業 (中小企)
企業家
3
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
Contents 目錄
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-1.
C3-2.
C3-3.
C3-4.
C3-5.
C3-6.
C3-7.
C3-8.
C3-9.
C3-10.
C3-11.
C3-12.
C3-13.
C3-14.
C3-15.
C3-16.
C3-17.
C3-18.
C3-19.
Purposes and Role of Accounting
Accounting equation
Accounting cycle
Books of original entry
Double entry system
Cost of goods sold
Cash discount & Trade discount
Gross profit & Net profit
Posting to Ledger
Trial balance
Income statement
Statement of financial position
Balance of cash at bank account
Capital balance
Real, Nominal, Personal accounts
Uses of financial statements
Limitations of financial statements
Accounting principles and conventions
Basic ratio analysis
C3-1.
C3-2.
C3-3.
C3-4.
C3-5.
C3-6.
C3-7.
C3-8.
C3-9.
C3-10.
C3-11.
C3-12.
C3-13.
C3-14.
C3-15.
C3-16.
C3-17.
C3-18.
C3-19.
會計的目的及角色
會計等式
會計循環
原始分錄簿
複式記帳法
銷貨成本
現金折扣 及 貿易折扣
毛利 及 淨利
過帳至分類帳
試算表
損益表
財務狀況表/資產負債表
銀行存款結餘
資本結餘
實帳戶、虛帳戶、人名帳戶
財務報表的使用
財務報表的限制
會計原則及慣例
基礎比率分析
4
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
Contents 目錄
C4.
Personal Finance 個人理財
C4-1.
C4-2.
C4-3.
C4-4.
C4-5.
Time Value of Money
Consumer Credit
Personal Financial Planning and Investment
Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF)
Stock Trading as an Investment
C4-1.
C4-2.
C4-3.
C4-4.
C4-5.
金錢的時間值
消費者信貸
策畫個人理財及投資
強制性公積金 (MPF)
以證券交易作投資
5
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
Contents 目錄
A1.
Financial Accounting 財務會計
A1-1.
A1-2.
A1-3.
A1-4.
A1-5.
A1-6.
A1-7.
A1-8.
A1-9.
A1-10.
A1-11.
A1-12.
A1-13.
A1-14.
Books of Original Entry and Types of Ledgers
Cash accounting vs. Accrual accounting
Bad debts and allowance for doubtful accounts
Capital expenditure and revenue expenditures
Depreciation
Determine value of inventory
Financial statements of sole proprietorship
Accounting for partnership
Accounting for limited company
Control System – Bank reconciliation statement
Control System – Correction of errors
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)
Financial Analysis
Incomplete Records
A1-1.
A1-2.
A1-3.
A1-4.
A1-5.
A1-6.
A1-7.
A1-8.
A1-9.
A1-10.
A1-11.
A1-12.
A1-13.
A1-14.
原始分錄帳簿及分類帳類別
現金會計與應計會計基礎
壞帳與呆帳準備
資本支出 與 收益支出
折舊
計算存貨值
獨資經營的財務報表
合夥會計
有限公司會計
控制系統 - 銀行往來調節表
控制系統 - 錯誤更正
公認會計原則 (GAAP)
財務報表分析
不完整會計紀錄
6
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
Contents 目錄
A2.
Cost Accounting 成本會計
A2-1.
A2-2.
A2-3.
A2-4.
Cost Classification, Concepts and Terminology
Marginal and Absorption Costing
Cost Accounting for Decision-making
Cost-volume profit analysis
A2-1.
A2-2.
A2-3.
A2-4.
成本分類、概念及詞彙
邊際成本與吸收成本計算法
成本會計在決策中的功能
本量利分析法
B1.
Financial Management 財務管理
B1-1.
B1-2.
B1-3.
B1-4.
B1-5.
B1-6.
Financial analysis
Budgeting
Source of Financing
Capital Investment Appraisal
Working Capital Management
Risk Management
B1-1.
B1-2.
B1-3.
B1-4.
B1-5.
B1-6.
財務分析
預算編製
融資方式
資本投資評估
營運資本管理
風險管理
7
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
Contents 目錄
B2.
Human Resources 人力資源
B2-1.
B2-2.
B2-3.
B2-4.
B2-5.
B2-6.
Functions of HR Management – Manpower planning
Functions of HR Management – Staffing
Functions of HR Management – Performance appraisal
Functions of HR Management – Reward management
Functions of HR Management – Training and development
Development of a Quality Workforce
B2-1.
B2-2.
B2-3.
B2-4.
B2-5.
B2-6.
人力資源管理的功能
人力資源管理的功能
人力資源管理的功能
人力資源管理的功能
人力資源管理的功能
發展優質人力
B3.
Marketing 市場營銷
B3-1.
B3-2.
B3-3.
B3-4.
B3-5.
B3-6.
B3-7.
B3-8.
Role of Marketing
Marketing Research
Customer Behaviour
Marketing Strategies for Goods and Services – Target markets
Marketing Strategies for Goods and Services – Marketing mix
Marketing Strategies for Goods and Services – Service
Marketing Strategies for Goods and Services – e-Marketing Strategies
Marketing Strategies for Goods and Services
– Customer relationship management (CRM)
B3-1.
B3-2.
B3-3.
B3-4.
B3-5.
B3-6.
B3-7.
B3-8.
市場營銷的角色
市場研究
顧客行為
產品與服務的市場營銷策略
產品與服務的市場營銷策略
產品與服務的市場營銷策略
產品與服務的市場營銷策略
產品與服務的市場營銷策略
8
–
–
–
–
–
人力規劃
員工編制
員工考績
報酬管理
培訓和發展
–
–
–
–
–
目標市場
市場營銷組合
服務
電子市場營銷策略
顧客關係管理
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-1.
C1-2.
C1-3.
Business Environment 營商環境
C1-5.
C1-6.
C1-7.
C1-8.
C1-9.
Hong Kong Business Environment – Characteristics of HK Economy
Hong Kong Business Environment – Factors affect business decisions
Hong Kong Business Environment
– Globalization & Multinational corporation
Hong Kong Business Environment
– CEPA, WTO, APEC, World bank, IMF
Forms of Business Ownership
Forms of Business Ownership – Types of partner in partnership
Forms of Business Ownership – Joint venture
Forms of Business Ownership – Franchise
Business Ethnics, Social responsibilities and Stakeholders
C1-1.
C1-2.
C1-3.
C1-4.
C1-5.
C1-6.
C1-7.
C1-8.
C1-9.
香港的營商環境 – 香港經濟的特徵
香港的營商環境 – 影響商業決定的因素
香港的營商環境 – 全球一體化 及 跨國公司
香港的營商環境 – CEPA, WTO, APEC, 世界銀行、國際貨幣基金
企業擁有權類型
企業擁有權類型 – 合夥的不同合夥人
企業擁有權類型 – 合營企業
企業擁有權類型 – 特許經營
商業道德、社會責任 及 持份者
C1-4.
9
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-1.
Business Environment 營商環境
Hong Kong Business Environment – Characteristics of HK Economy
香港的營商環境 – 香港經濟的特徵
1.
Simple taxation
lower tax rates
no inheritance tax, no capital gains tax and no GST (General Sales Tax)
or VAT (Value added Tax : is levied on the price of a product or service at each stage of
production)
2a.
Concentration on tertiary industry
In Hong Kong 2019
4 Key industries
% share of value added in GDP (% share)
Financial service
21.2%
Trading and Logistics
19.8%
Professional Services and Other Producer Services
11.9%
Tourism
3.6%
Reliance on external trade and maintain no trade barriers on imports
In Hong Kong 2019
employment of import and export trade : 439,050
exports of merchanting and trade-related services : US $39.7 billion
The main origin and destination of Hong Kong’s re-exports of goods are Mainland China
Many goods originating in Hong Kong exported to Mainland are tariff-free
Hong Kong is NOT the largest trading partner of the Mainland, while US and EU are the largest
trading partner of the Mainland
2b.
2c.
2d.
2e.
3a.
3b.
HK Government does not control the inflows and outflows of capital
Hong Kong is an offshore Renmibi Business Centre of Mainland China
4.
Other Hong Kong’s favourable factors
well-developed infrastructure
quality human resources
well-established legal system to protect investment
geographical advantages
10
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-1.
Business Environment 營商環境
Hong Kong Business Environment – Characteristics of HK Economy
香港的營商環境 – 香港經濟的特徵
1.
簡單稅制
較低稅率
沒有遺產稅、資產增值稅、商品及服務稅或增值稅 (其於商品和服務的增值而徵稅)
2a.
2c.
2d.
2e.
集中於第三級產業
香港 2019 年
四大主要行業
增加價值佔本地生產總值的百分比 (所佔百分比)
金融服務
21.2%
貿易及物流
19.8%
專業服務及其他工商業支援服務
11.9%
旅遊
3.6%
倚賴對外貿易及沒有對進口設置貿易障礙
香港 2019 年
進出口貿易的就業人口 : 43 萬 9050
商貿服務及貿易相關服務出口 : 397 億美元
中國內地是香港商品轉口的主要來源地和目的地
很多以香港為原產地的貨物出口到內地不需繳付關稅
香港不是內地最大的貿易夥伴，相反，美國和歐盟是中國最大的貿易夥伴
3a.
3b.
香港政府不會操控資本進出
香港是中國內地的離岸人民幣業務中心
4.
其他香港有利因素
優良的基建設施
人才質素優勢
完善法制，保障投資
地區優勢
2b.
11
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-1.
Business Environment 營商環境
Hong Kong Business Environment – Characteristics of HK Economy
香港的營商環境 – 香港經濟的特徵
Remarks 備註 :
Type of industry 產業的種類
Primary industry
extract natural resources
Secondary industry
manufacture and assemble goods
Tertiary industry
provide services
第一級產業
開發天然資源
第二級產業
生產及組合商品
第三級產業
提供服務
香港是中國內地的離岸人民幣業務中心
2003 年以前
人民幣在中國境外流通的都是以非官方形式進行
2003 年 11 月 香港提供人民幣清算業務
2004 年 2 月
香港銀行正式開辦人民幣業務 :
個人人民幣存款、兌換、匯款及信用卡業務
2007 年
開放融資業務，包括特定機構可以在香港發行人民幣計價債券
2009 年
開辦人民幣結算業務，香港成為跨境貿易人民幣結算試點
2010 年
開放承做財富管理業務，
包括人民幣計價基金、股票、保單、結構型商品
2011 年
開放香港企業 (外商) 可用人民幣在境外直接投資及結算
開放人民幣合格境外機構投資人 :
即給予合資格境外機構投資者，如基金公司、券商，
可用人民幣投資大陸股票或債市
2012 年
開放香港非居民辦理個人人民幣業務，
及香港銀行可直接放款人民幣至深圳前海特區
2013 年
推出人民幣香港銀行同業拆款定價機制
2020 年
澳門的行政長官於施政報告中提到，澳門將設立跨境人民幣結算中心
推動金融機構拓展人民幣金融產品；推動人民幣在葡語國家的使用
繼續爭取更多政策措施支持澳門建設葡語國家人民幣清算中心
12
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-2.
Business Environment 營商環境
Hong Kong Business Environment – Factors affect business decisions
香港的營商環境 – 影響商業決定的因素
1.
economic
business cycle
general price level / Consumer Price Index
market size and potential
income and consumption power of target customers
exchange rate
interest rate level
employment rate e.g. ease of hiring a particular professionals
2.
technological
higher technological level  lower cost, more reliable
payment platform, network security, internet coverage
3.
physical
transportation system
communication infrastructure
climatic condition
air quality (good air quality can attract tourist, foreign employees, foreign investment,
lower the employee’s medical costs and enhance labour productivity)
4.
social
demographic structure / population structure : sex / gender, age and race distribution,
language used
living habits
general social concern e.g. better work-life balance
5.
cultural
education level distribution
cultural difference of target customers
tastes and preferences of his target customers
6.
political
government policies
e.g. immigration / visa policy : recognition of BNO, SAR passport
government subsidize one particular sector
political stability
the relationship between Hong Kong and travellers’ home countries
war, coup, riot, terrorist attacks
issue of government travel warning
cross-strait direct link policy
13
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-2.
Business Environment 營商環境
Hong Kong Business Environment – Factors affect business decisions
香港的營商環境 – 影響商業決定的因素
7.
legal
license regulation
e.g. hotel licensing, restaurant licensing, school registration :
Fire Service Ordinance, building ordinance
regulations related to visa requirement
increase the minimum wage rate
the number of people participating in group gatherings in any public places is restricted
because of the spread of COVID-19
labour law
8.
competitive
operation of other competitors and competition in the industry
substitutes and degree of substitution
ease of entry into the industry
14
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-2.
1.
經濟
-
Business Environment 營商環境
Hong Kong Business Environment – Factors affect business decisions
香港的營商環境 – 影響商業決定的因素
經濟週期
物價水平 / 消費物價指數
市場的規模和潛力
目標顧客的收入和消費力
匯率
利率水平
就業率 例 : 招聘某一專業的容易度
2.
科技
高科技程度  降低成本、可靠
付款平台、網絡安全、互聯網覆蓋
3.
自然地理
交通系統
通訊設施
氣候條件
空氣質素 (好的空氣質素可吸引旅客、外國員工、外國投資、降低員工醫療開支、
提升員工生產力)
4.
社會
-
人口結構 : 性別、年齡及種族分佈
所用的語言
生活習慣
普遍社會期望 例 : 工作與生活的平衡
5.
文化
教育程度分佈
目標顧客的文化差異
目標顧客的口味和喜好
6.
政治
政府政策
例 : 入境/簽證政策 : 英國公民 (海外)、特區護照的承認
政府津貼某一行業
政治穩定
香港與旅客國家的關係
戰爭、政變、暴亂、恐佈襲擊
政府發出旅遊警告
海峽兩岸直航政策
15
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-2.
Business Environment 營商環境
Hong Kong Business Environment – Factors affect business decisions
香港的營商環境 – 影響商業決定的因素
7.
法律
發牌制度
例 : 酒店牌照規例、餐廳牌照規例、學校註冊 : 消防條例、建築條例
有關簽證要求的規例
最低工資水平上調
因 2019 冠狀病毒擴散，公眾地方羣組聚集的人數受到限制
勞工法例
8.
競爭
其他對手的營運情況及行業競爭
替代品及替代程度
加入行業的難度
16
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-3.
1.
Business Environment 營商環境
Hong Kong Business Environment
– Globalization & Multinational corporation
香港的營商環境 – 全球一體化 及 跨國公司
Globalization 全球一體化
More option on factor of production (labour, land, capital)  lower the cost
More buyers and more sellers  intensifies competition
多左生產要素 (勞工、土地、資本) 的選擇  降低成本
多左買家、多左賣家  競爭加劇
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
17
promotes free trade and international trade
facilitates specialization / outsourcing the production process
 lower the production cost
enables people to enjoy a wider variety of goods and services
 enable global sourcing  lower the production cost
 intensifies global competition
reduce information cost  intensifies global competition
facilitate transfer of technology between different countries
 enhance the production process  lower the production cost
 intensifies global competition
more sources of capital
增進自由貿易及國際貿易
促進專門化 / 外判生產工序
 降低生產成本
讓人們享用更多種類的產品及服務
 可以全球採購  降低生產成本
 令環球競爭加劇
降低資訊成本  令環球競爭加劇
促進國與國之間的科技轉移
 優化生產程序  降低生產成本
 令環球競爭加劇
更多資金來源
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-3.
2.
本地市場已飽和
本地市場競爭激烈
透過規模經濟達致成本優勢
擴展市場，增加銷售收益 / 擴大市場
分散市場/風險
延長產品生命周期
建立品牌認知
Why managing a multinational corporation is more challenging
管理一家跨國公司會較挑戰性
a.
require varying management practices to cope with different environments, e.g. cultural,
social, political etc.
b.
more difficult to coordinate and control various business functions, e.g. production,
marketing, finance, purchasing, human resource, etc
c.
different government regulations and restrictions on trade and investment, etc.
d.
difficulties in managing money flows of different currencies
a.
b.
c.
d/
18
在多於一個國家營運 [“營運” : 不只是在其他國家集資]
未必於證券交易所上市，可能只是獨資公司
未必會有很多僱員
[微型跨國企業 : 新牛頓國際貿易(天津)有限公司
出口 38 國家和地區、年出口 5000 萬元、只有 21 位員工]
Reason of domestic company  multinational corporation 由本地公司  跨國公司的理由
a.
domestic market is saturated
b.
domestic market is too competitive
c.
to achieve cost advantage through economies of scale
d.
to expand market and increase sales revenue / increase the market base
e.
to diversify markets / risks
f.
to extend product life cycle
g.
to build up brand name awareness
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
4.
Hong Kong Business Environment
– Globalization & Multinational corporation
香港的營商環境 – 全球一體化 及 跨國公司
Multinational corporation 跨國公司
a.
operate in more than one countries [“operate” : not just raising capital in other countries]
b.
may NOT listed on the stock market, may be just a sole proprietorship
c.
may NOT have many employees
[micro-multinational : New Newton International Trading (Tianjin) Co., Ltd.
Export to 38 countries or regions, annual export amount : 50 million dollar, only 21 staff]
a.
b.
c.
3.
Business Environment 營商環境
需要不同的管理措施以應付不同的環境，例如文化、社會、政治等
較難協調和控制各種企業功能，例如生產、營銷、財務、採購、人力資源等
各地政府對貿易和投資等有不同的條例和限制
對於管理不同貨幣的資金流動
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-4.
Business Environment 營商環境
Hong Kong Business Environment
– CEPA, WTO, APEC, World Bank, IMF
香港的營商環境
– CEPA, WTO, APEC、世界銀行、國際貨幣基金組織
CEPA (Closer Economic Partnership Arrangement 內地與香港關於建立更緊密經貿關係的安排)
a.
Trade in goods
All goods of Hong Kong origin can enjoy zero tariff preference upon importation into the
Mainland is accompanied by a Certificate of Origin.
b.
Trade in services
Hong Kong service suppliers enjoy preferential treatment in entering into the Mainland market in
various service areas.
Professional bodies of Hong Kong and regulatory authorities in the Mainland have also signed a
number of agreements or arrangements on mutual recognition of professional qualification.
c.
Investment
Hong Kong investors enjoy preferential treatment in non-services sectors in the Mainland.
d.
Economic and Technical Cooperation
Both sides agreed to enhance cooperation in 22 areas to cater for the trend and support the
development and cooperation, as well as to facilitate and promote trade and investment between
the two places.
a.
貨物貿易
符合原產地標準並附有原產地證書的香港原產貨物，進口內地時均可享有零關稅優惠
b.
服務貿易
香港服務提供者在多個服務領域可享有優惠待遇進入內地市場。
香港的專業團體和內地規管機構亦已簽署了多項專業資格互認的協議或安排。
c.
投資
香港投資者在內地的非服務業享有優惠待遇
d.
經濟技術合作
雙方同意在 22 個範疇加強合作，配合和支持兩地業界發展和合作，以及便利和促進兩地
貿易和投資。
19
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-4.
Business Environment 營商環境
Hong Kong Business Environment
– CEPA, WTO, APEC, World Bank, IMF
香港的營商環境
– CEPA, WTO, APEC、世界銀行、國際貨幣基金組織
WTO (World Trade Organization 世界貿易組織)
a.
164 members (including China; Hong Kong, China; Macao, China)
b.
regulates and facilitates international trade between nations
c.
provide a forum for negotiation aimed at reducing obstacles to international trade
d.
settle disputes among its members regarding the interpretation of trade agreements
e.
monitor and review the trade policies of its members
f.
provide technical assistance and support to the less developed member countries
g.
help developing countries develop the infrastructure needed to expand their trade
h.
decisions made by WTO are binding on all members
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
h.
20
164 位成員 (包括中國、中國香港、中國澳門)
負責監督成員經濟體之間的各種貿易協議得到執行
為減少國際貿易障礙提供討論平台
排解成員之間因詮釋貿易協議而引致的糾紛
監察及審視成員的貿易政策
為較落後的會員國提供技術協助及支援
協助發展中國家建設基建以拓展貿易
世界貿易組織的決定對所有會員均具有約束性
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-4.
Business Environment 營商環境
Hong Kong Business Environment
– CEPA, WTO, APEC, World Bank, IMF
香港的營商環境
– CEPA, WTO, APEC、世界銀行、國際貨幣基金組織
APEC (Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation 亞太經濟合作組織)
a
21 members :
Australia; Brunei Darussalam; Canada; Chile; Chinese Taipei;
Hong Kong, China; Indonesia; Japan; Malaysia; Mexico; New Zealand;
Papua New Guinea; People’s Republic of China, Peru, Republic of Korea,
Russia, Singapore, Thailand, The Philippines, The United State, Viet Nam
b.
Primary goal is to support sustainable economic growth and prosperity in the Asia-Pacific region
c.
APEC encourages cooperation on trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region through highlevel government-to-government dialogues
a.
b.
c.
21 位成員 :
澳大利亞、汶萊、加拿大、智利、台北、中國香港、印尼、日本、
馬來西亞、墨西哥、新西蘭、巴布亞新畿內亞、中華人民共和國、
秘魯、大韓民國、俄羅斯、新加坡、泰國、菲律賓、美國、越南
首要目標是支持亞太地區可持續的經濟成長及繁榮
亞太經濟合作組織透過政府與政府之間的高層對話，
鼓勵亞太地區的貿易和投資方面的合作
World Bank 世界銀行
to provide financial assistance (loans and subsidies) and technical assistance to developing
countries for trade development
為發展中國家提供財政上的援助 (貸款及津貼) 及技術上的援助，以助發展貿易
IMF (International Monetary Fund 國際貨幣基金組織)
190 members (including China; Hong Kong, China; Macao, China)
primary mission is to ensure the stability of the international monetary system – the system of
exchange rates and international payments that enables countries and their citizens to transact
with each other
190 位成員 (包括中國、中國香港、中國澳門)
首要任務是確保國際金融系統穩定 – 匯率及國際支付系統，
使各國及其人民可以互相交易
21
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
Business Environment 營商環境
C1.
C1-5.




Forms of Business Ownership 企業擁有權類型
Sole proprietorship (1 owner)
獨資 (1 個擁有者)
Partnership (2 ~ 20 owners)
合夥 (2 ~ 20 個擁有者)
(professional partnership can have more than 20 partners)
(專業合夥可以有超過 20 名合夥人)
Private limited company (1 ~ 50 owners)
私人有限公司 (1 ~ 50 個擁有者)
Public limited company (1 ~  owners)
公眾有限公司 (1 ~  個擁有者)
Setup cost 成立成本 :
=<<
Legal entity 法律地位 :
✓: 及 
✗: 及 
Limited liability 有限債務 :
✓: 及 
✗: 及 
Disclose financial status 公開財政狀況 :
✓:
✗:, 及
Tax 稅率
-
 及  : 7.5% on assessable profits up to $2 million;
and 15% on any part of assessable profits over $2 million
不超過$200 萬的應評稅利潤 – 7.5%；及
應評稅利潤中超過$200 萬的部分 – 15%
-
 及  : 8.25% on assessable profits up to $2 million;
and 16.5% on any part of assessable profits over $2 million
不超過$200 萬的應評稅利潤 – 8.25%；及
應評稅利潤中超過$200 萬的部分 – 16.5%
Ownership transfer 擁有權轉讓 :




Ease of fund-raising 集資容易度 :
>>>
impossible 不可能
all partners agree 所有合夥人同意
board of directors agree 董事會同意
transfer freely in the secondary market
於次級市場自由轉讓
Separation of ownership and management 擁有權和管理分開 : , 
22
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-5.

23
Business Environment 營商環境
Forms of Business Ownership 企業擁有權類型
Public enterprise 公營企業
a.
Government Department 政府部門
(Water supplies department 水務局、Fire services department 消防處)
Civil servant 公務員
b.
Public corporation 公營機構 (Ocean Park, Post office 海洋公園、郵政局)
i.
owned by the government but run as a private enterprise
ii.
set up and bound by legislation
iii. self-financing, the government is only responsible for the set-up cost
iv. usually provides public services, e.g. public utilities
v.
the government will not be involved in the daily operations, although it retains the
power of governance
vi. managed by board of directors appointed by government
i.
政府擁有，但以私營企業方式經營
ii.
由法例成立及規管
iii. 自負盈虧，政府只負責開創成本
iv. 通常提供公眾服務，如公用事業
v.
政府不干預日常運作，但擁有管治權
vi. 政府任命的董事會管理
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-5.
Business Environment 營商環境
Forms of Business Ownership 企業擁有權類型
When a limited company have profit, who get the return first
當一間有限公司有盈利，誰先得到回報
1.
Debenture owner (creditor)
fixed interest rate
has redemption obligation
no voting right
power of control will not be diluted
market price is fluctuate
interest expense is tax-deductible
債券持有人 (債權人)
固定利率
有贖回的義務
沒有投票權
控制權沒有被攤薄
市價是波動的
利息支出是可扣稅
2.
Preference shareholder
no return when loss in company
receive fixed rate of return
when gain in company
no voting right
power of control will not be diluted
優先股股東
當公司虧損時沒有回報
當公司盈利時收取固定回報率
Ordinary shareholder
普通股股東
3.
-
沒有投票權
控制權沒有被攤薄
When a limited company go bankruptcy, who claim first? 當一間有限公司破產，誰可先得到錢？
1.
Liquidator
2.
Employee & government
3.
Debenture owner
4.
Preferred shareholders
5.
Ordinary shareholders
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
24
清盤人
員工及政府
債券持有人
優先股股東
普通股股東
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-5.
Business Environment 營商環境
Forms of Business Ownership 企業擁有權類型
Partnership > Sole proprietorship 合夥
1.
share of risk / workload
2.
more sources of capital
3.
more expertise / innovative ideas
> 獨資
分散風險/工作量
更多資本來源
更多專業知識/創新的意念
Sole proprietorship > Partnership 獨資 > 合夥
1.
has more flexibility in decision making
2.
enjoys all profits: no need to share with partners
3.
easier to set up
決策較具彈性
獨享利潤 : 不須與合夥人分攤
更容易成立
Sole proprietorship or partnership > Limited company 獨資或合夥 > 有限公司
1.
lower setup cost
較低成立成本
2.
lower profit tax rate
較低利得稅稅率
3.
no need to separate the ownership and management 擁有權和管理無需分開
Private limited company > Public limited company 私人有限公司 > 公眾有限公司
1.
lower setup cost
較低成立成本
2.
no need to disclose financial status
無需公開財務狀況
3.
no risk to be taken over
沒有被收購的風險
Limited company > Sole proprietorship or partnership
有限公司 > 獨資或合夥
1.
limited liability
有限負債
2.
wider source of capital
資金來源較廣泛
3.
separate legal entity
獨立法人
4.
continuity
延續性
5.
can issue debentures
可以發行債券
(only government and limited company can issue debentures 只有政府和有限公司可發行債券)
25
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-5.
Business Environment 營商環境
Forms of Business Ownership 企業擁有權類型
課外資料 :
Setup cost 成立成本:
Sole proprietorship & Partnership 獨資 和 合夥 :
Business registration Certificate 商業登記證
Fee 登記費 : HK$2000 per year 每年
Levy 徵費 : HK$250 per year 每年
Total 總數 : HK$2250 per year 每年
(However, in many fiscal year, the fee is waived, so the total is only $250)
(但有不少財政年度會免登記費，所以不少財政年度的總數只是$250)
Private limited company 私人有限公司
Business registration Certificate 商業登記證
Fee 登記費 : HK$2000 per year 每年
Levy 徵費 : HK$250 per year 每年
Total 總數 : HK$2250 per year 每年
(However, in many fiscal year, the fee is waived, so the total is only $250)
(但有不少財政年度會免登記費，所以不少財政年度的總數只是$250)
And also go to Company Registry to register the company,
fee : HK$1545 (the first time) + HK$105 per year
另外還要到 公司註冊處申請 註冊成立公司，
費用: HK$1545 (首次) + 每年 HK$105
26
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-6.
Business Environment 營商環境
Forms of Business Ownership – Types of partner in partnership
企業擁有權類型 – 合夥的不同合夥人
General partnership only have general partners
Limited partnership have general partner(s) and limited partner(s) at the same time
a.
General partners
unlimited liability
must have at least 1 general partner in a partnership
may or may not take part in management of partnership
can have different ratio in profit sharing
decisions made by a partner are legally binding for all partners
b.
Limited partner
limited liability
does not take part in the management of partnership
c.
Nominal partner
no investment and ownership
does not take part in the management of partnership
no need to bear liabilities
contributions:
1.
Provide professional advice
2.
Enhance reputation of the business
3.
Strengthen business linkage
Ownership transfer:
Case 1:
general partner withdraw / transfer, all partners agree, partnership dissolve
Case 2:
general partner die, partnership dissolve
Case 3:
limited partner withdraw  impossible
Case 4:
limited partner die, partnership is still carry forward
27
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-6.
Business Environment 營商環境
Forms of Business Ownership – Types of partner in partnership
企業擁有權類型 – 合夥的不同合夥人
普通合夥只有普通合夥人
有限合夥則同時擁有普通合夥人及有限合夥人
a.
普通合夥人
無限債務
於合夥中，至少有一位普通合夥人
可以參與 及 可以不參與 合夥的管理
利潤分享可以以不同的比例
個別合夥人的決定對所有合夥人均在法律上具約束力
b.
有限合夥人
有限債務
不會參與合夥的管理
c.
名義合夥人
沒有投資及擁有權
不會參與合夥的管理
沒有必要承擔債務責任
貢獻:
1.
提供專業意見
2.
增加生意的聲譽
3.
增強商業上的連繫
所有權轉讓 :
個案 1 :
普通合夥人退股/轉讓，所有合夥人同意，合夥解散
個案 2 :
普通合夥人死亡，合夥解散
個案 3 :
有限合夥人退股  不可能
個案 4 :
有限合夥人死亡，合夥繼續
28
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-7.
Business Environment 營商環境
Forms of Business Ownership – Joint venture
企業擁有權類型 – 合營企業
(…. In January 2021, the Company (MTR) awarded the tender for The Southside Package 5 to a consortium formed by
New World Development Company Limited, Empire Development Hong Kong (BVI) Limited, CSI Properties Limited and
Lai Sun Development Company Limited...)
(… 於 2021 年 1 月，公司(港鐵)批出「港島南岸」第五期物業發展項目，由新世界發展有限公司、Empire
Development Hong Kong (BVI) Limited、CSI Properties Limited 及麗新發展有限公司合組之財團成功投得。 …)
Joint ventures 合營企業
a.
2 or more businesses form a new business entity to carry out joint project(s)
b.
no need to share profit equally
c.
is an entity independent from all its partners
a.
兩個或多個企業，為一(些)合作項目建立的一個新企業個體
b.
無需平分利潤
c.
是一家獨立於其所有夥伴之外的個體
Difference from partnership 與合夥的分別
joint venture will normally be dissolved when the joint project is completed
while partnership operation has no definite time limit
合營企業在合作項目完成後，通常便解散
而合夥營運沒有確切的時限
Advantages 好處:
a.
more capital / resources can be contributed by joint venture partners
b.
business risks and liabilities can be shared among joint venture partners
c.
easier entry into new market: joint venture partners know local market well / have local
connections
d.
can bring in expertise and technology / goodwill of different joint venture partners
e.
can enjoy economies of scale
a.
合營者可提供更多資金/資源
b.
企業風險和債務可由合營者分擔
c.
較易進入新市場 : 合營者熟悉本地市場 / 有本地人脈關係
d.
可引入不同合營者的專業知識及技術 / 信譽
e.
可享規模經濟
Disadvantages 壞處:
a.
less autonomy in operation and management
b.
has to share profit with partner
c.
no control over proprietary technology; higher risk of leaking
d.
conflict with partners
a.
在營運和管理上較少自主
b.
需與夥伴攤分利潤
c.
不能掌管獨有的技術，泄露的風險較高
d.
與夥伴的衝突
29
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-8.
Business Environment 營商環境
Forms of Business Ownership – Franchise
企業擁有權類型 – 特許經營
Roles: franchisor vs. franchisee (franchised shop)
1.
franchisor allows the franchisee to sell its goods or services.
2.
franchisee pays a franchise fee to the franchisor.
3.
franchisee operates under the authorization of franchisor
4.
example : 7-11, HAZUKIDO, happy lemon, Ilsa Laundry, …
角色: 特許權擁有人 vs. 特許權使用人 (特許經營商店)
1.
特許權擁有人受權特許權使用人出售其貨品及服務
2.
特許權擁有人收取特許權使用人特許經營費。
3.
特許權使用人在特許權擁有人的授權下運作
4.
例子 : 7-11、八月堂、快樂檸檬、伊莎洗衣、…
franchisor 特許權擁有人
1.
Advantages:
a.
expansion of the chain at a lower cost
b.
easy to set up branches in a short period of time
c.
stable income: receive franchise fees regularly and share franchisees’ profits
d.
for foreign franchisor: easy access to the Hong Kong market: franchisees are more familiar
with the local business environment
2.
Disadvantages
a.
Franchisee may set up his own business to become a competitor.
b.
It is difficult to wholly control the operation style of franchisee(s).
c.
If a franchisee manages his business poorly, the reputation of the whole franchise business
will be affected.
1.
好處:
a.
以較低成本擴展業務
b.
容易在短時間內設立分店
c.
固定收入 : 定期收到特許權使用費及分攤特許權使用人的利潤
d.
對於海外特許權擁有人 : 容易進入香港市場 : 特許權使用人較熟悉本港的營商環境
2.
壞處:
a.
特許權使用人可能會自立門戶，成為競爭者。
b.
難以完全控制特許權使用人的經營方式。
c.
如一特許權使用人經營不善，會影響特許權企業整體的聲譽。
30
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-8.
Business Environment 營商環境
Forms of Business Ownership – Franchise
企業擁有權類型 – 特許經營
franchisee (franchised shop) 特許權使用人 (特許經營商店)
1.
criteria to assess the franchisor
a.
franchisor’s reputation
b.
restrictions and obligations
c.
initial joining fee and royalty
d.
support and assistance offered, e.g. promotion and training
e.
franchisor’s positioning and strategies match own expectation and desire
2.
Advantages:
a.
benefit from the goodwill of the franchisor’s brand name
b.
obtain management and operations support
c.
receiving training and advise from the franchisor
d.
set up a new business more quickly
e.
shared advertising and promotion efforts
f.
steady supply of inventory
3.
Disadvantages:
a.
limited autonomy : e.g. need to follow the standards and guidelines stipulated in
the franchise agreement
b.
need to pay royalties to the franchisor even when making a loss
c.
subject to the success and failure / reputation of the franchisor
d.
business will be affected by any adverse performance of other members of the group
1.
評核特許經營權擁有人的準則
a.
特許經營權擁有人的商譽
b.
限制及責任
c.
加盟費及特許經營權使用費
d.
支援和協助，例如推廣及培訓
e.
特許經營權擁有人的定位及策略是否切合自己的期望和要求
2.
好處:
a.
從特許權擁有人的品牌商譽中獲益
b.
獲得業務管理及經營上的支援
c.
得到特許權擁有人的培訓和意見
d.
更快開設新企業
e.
共享分擔廣告和推廣的功效
f.
貨源的穩定供應
3.
壞處:
a.
有限自主 : 例如需要遵守特許經營協議訂立的準則和指引
b.
即使經營虧損也須支付特許權使用費予特許權擁有人
c.
受到特許權擁有人的成敗 / 聲譽影響
d.
業務會受其他成員表現欠佳而受到影響
31
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-9.
Business Environment 營商環境
Business Ethnics, Social responsibilities and Stakeholders
商業道德、社會責任 及 持份者
Stakeholder 持份者 :
a party which would be affected by the decisions made by the company
e.g. employees, suppliers, distributors, government, public, customers, creditor, competitor,
investor
會受公司決策所影響的一方
例︰僱員、供應商、經銷商、政府、公眾、顧客、債主、競爭者、投資者
Business ethics 商業道德 :
are a set of principles, values and beliefs, which govern business behaviour, decisions or actions
that conforms to generally accepted norms.
will enhance the public image of a business
not follow business ethics is still legal
company MAY compile a code of ethics to provides rules and standards for employees
-
32
是一套原則，價值及理念以規範商業操守、決策或活動，使之符合一般公認的標準。
可提升企業的公眾形象
不跟隨商業道德仍然是合法的
公司 可以 編製道德守則 為僱員提供規則和標準
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-9.
Business Environment 營商環境
Business Ethnics, Social responsibilities and Stakeholders
商業道德、社會責任 及 持份者
Social responsibility 社會責任
employees 僱員
a.
improve the working environment of its employees
b.
allow staff to work from home when there are adverse weather conditions
c.
provide training and development opportunities for its employees
d.
provide a fair and reasonable remuneration to the staff
a.
b.
c.
d.
改善員工工作環境
允許員工在惡劣天氣情況下在家工作
為僱員提供培訓和發展的機會
向員工提供公平合理的報酬
distributors (Producer) / supplier 供應商 (直接是生產者) / 經銷商
make the payment to suppliers timely
準時付款給供應商
Government 政府
pay taxes to the government on time
準時向政府繳稅
public 公眾
a.
encourage employees to participate in voluntary work to serve the community.
b.
use recycled materials to produce toys
c.
donate toys to orphanages
d.
a publisher allows the public to read its books online free of charge during the spread of
COVID-19
e.
sponsor community activities
f.
develop new technology to help reduce gas emissions.
g.
concern for environmental protection, e.g. use environmentally friendly packing
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
g.
33
鼓勵員工參與義務工作以服務社會。
使用回收材料製造玩具。
損贈玩具予孤兒院
一家出版社於 2019 冠狀病毒病擴散下讓公眾經互聯網免費閱讀其書本
贊助社區活動
發展新科技以助減少氣體排放。
關注環保，選用環保的包裝
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-9.
Business Environment 營商環境
Business Ethnics, Social responsibilities and Stakeholders
商業道德、社會責任 及 持份者
Social responsibility 社會責任
customers 顧客
a.
assure the quality of product
b.
fair or ethnical pricing, e.g. discounted prices for seniors
c.
set the price in line with current social or economic condition
d.
concern for customers’ health when developing product
e.g. provide low-fat, low-salt, low-sugar or high-fibre food
a.
b.
c.
d.
確保產品的質素
公平或合乎道德的定價，例如長者優惠價格
訂價時合乎當時社會及經濟情況
產品發展時關注顧客健康，例如提供低脂、低鹽、低糖或高纖的食物
creditor 債主
pay interest and principal to creditors on time
準持向債權人繳付利息及清還本金
competitor 競爭者
promote a healthy competition atmosphere by emphasizing the major advantages of the
products / services that are unique to each other.
促進健康的競爭氣氛，各自強調產品/服務有的主要優勢
investor 投資者
a.
provide detailed and accurate financial information
b.
enhance transparency of company strategies
a.
b.
34
提供詳盡而準確的財務資料
提高公司策略的透明度
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C1.
C1-9.
Business Environment 營商環境
Business Ethnics, Social responsibilities and Stakeholders
商業道德、社會責任 及 持份者
Arguments for social responsibility
1.
Meet public expectation
2.
Improve company image
3.
Attract the customers who are also concerned about social responsibility
支持社會責任的論據
1.
符合公眾期望
2.
改善公司形象
3.
吸引同樣關注社會責任的顧客
Arguments against social responsibility
1.
the company has already contributed the society of providing jobs and products/services which
are beneficial to the society
2.
the company has already paid tax on their profits which could be allocated by the government to
provide / support various social services
3.
the company does not have expertise in providing social services
4.
the company thinks it is enough to comply with the law.
5.
objections from stakeholders, e.g. shareholders of the company may object spending extra
resources on CSR (corporate social responsibility) which might lower their returns on investment
反對社會責任的論據
1.
公司已透過提供職位和產品/服務來貢獻社會，為社會帶來利益
2.
公司已為盈利繳稅，政府可把該稅項收益用作提供/支援各項社會服務
3.
公司在提供社會服務方面沒有專才
4.
公司認為遵守法律已經足夠
5.
其他持份者的反對，例如公司股東可能會反對在企業社會責任上使用額外資源，減低他們
的投資回報
35
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C2.
Management 管理
C2-1.
C2-2.
C2-3.
C2-4.
C2-5.
C2-6.
C2-7.
C2-8.
C2-9.
C2-10.
C2-11.
C2-12.
C2-13.
Management Functions – Importance of management
Management Functions – Planning
Management Functions – Organizing
Management Functions – Leading
Management Functions – Controlling
Effective Management – Division of work
Effective Management – Unity of command
Effective Management – Unity of direction
Effective Management – Authority & responsibility
Effective Management – Management by objectives (MBO)
Key business functions
Small and Medium Entreprises (SMEs)
Entrepreneur
C2-1.
C2-2.
C2-3.
C2-4.
C2-5.
C2-6.
C2-7.
C2-8.
C2-9.
C2-10.
C2-11.
C2-12.
C2-13.
管理功能 – 管理的重要性
管理功能 – 計劃
管理功能 – 組織
管理功能 – 領導
管理功能 – 控制
有效管理 – 分工
有效管理 – 統一命令
有效管理 – 統一方向
有效管理 – 權力及責任
有效管理 – 目標管理 (MBO)
主要商業功能
中小型企業 (中小企)
企業家
36
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C2.
C2-1.
Management 管理
Management Functions – Importance of management
管理功能 – 管理的重要性
Importance of effective management
establish sound organizational structure
help staff achieve the goal of the business effectively
improve staff morale
enhance operational efficiency
enhance the efficient use of resources of the business
有效管理重要性
建立健全的組織架構
協助員工有效達到企業目標
提升員工士氣
促進營運效率
促使企業有效率地運用資源
-
Process : Planning  Organizing  Leading / Directing  Controlling
1.
set the goal (Planning)
establish a platform to provide a low price and sufficient materials for DSE student to
learn over half of subjects in 10 years
2.
SWOT analysis (Planning)
strength: many years of teaching experiences;
weakness: lack of capital;
opportunity : online teaching is not popular;
threat : the competitor will attack us
3.
evaluating alternatives (Planning)
through YouTube, recording DVD
4.
formulate the action plan (Planning)
recording teaching material of 8 subjects in YouTube
5.
arrange working schedule (Planning)
attack maths in the first year, and at the first months of first year, we will prepare …
6.
deploy the resources and manpower (Organizing)
purchase the recording and teaching tools,
Herman is responsible for teaching and cow cow is responsible for designing
7.
implement the action plan (Leading / Directing)
start to prepare and design teaching materials,
and record and release the videos
8.
Controlling the results and providing feedback (Controlling)
evaluate which series of videos meet the expected number of views,
fine-tune the focus of work
-
過程
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
37
: 計劃  組織  領導 /
設定目標 (計)
強弱機危分析 (計)
評估可行方案 (計)
制訂行動方案 (計)
安排工作日程 (計)
調配資源和人手 (組)
執行行動方案 (領)
控制成果及給予反饋 (控)
指導  控制
(10 年內，製造一個價格低廉、內容足以協助 DSE 學生學習一半以上學科的學習平台)
(強:多年教學經驗、弱:缺乏資本、機:網上教學未普及、危:子姪會黎攪事)
(通過 YouTube、錄製 DVD)
(於 YouTube 拍攝 8 科的教學內容)
(第一年會攻數學，第一年的第一個月先做….)
(購買拍攝和教學的工員，Herman 負責教學、牛牛負責設計)
(開始預備及設計教材、拍攝及發布影片)
(哪些影片系列會到達期望的觀看次數，微調工作的重心)
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C2.
C2-2.
Management 管理
Management Functions – Planning 管理功能 – 計劃
Planning
decide the objectives of the enterprise
-
characteristics of target / SMART goal
1.
measurable
the goal should specify a quantified amount
2.
time-bound
the goal should specify the targeted timeframe
counter examples: as soon as possible
3.
specific
more specific definition on some terms
e.g. the most successful education platform
successful means highest number of subscribers OR highest number of views
OR highest watching time OR highest number of video released?
4.
realistic / challenging but attainable
counter examples: new company capture 50% market share in short time period
-
reasons of setting target / SMART goal
1.
to help capture opportunities and deal with challenges
2.
to provide direction to his staff
3.
to provide standards for monitoring work progress
計畫
決定企業目標
-
目標 / (SMART)目標 的特徵
1.
可量度
目標應有具體指定的數量
2.
時限
目標應指定完成時限
反例子 : 盡快
3.
具體/明確
對某些字眼應有明確的定義
e.g. 最成功的教學平台
成功是指 最多訂閱人數 還是 最多觀看次數
還是 最多觀看時數 還是 最多影片發佈?
4.
可行/有挑戰性但可達到的
反例子 : 新公司短時間內佔據一半市場份額
-
訂立目標 / (SMART)目標 的原因
1.
有助摘取機遇和應對挑戰
2.
為員工提供工作方向
3.
為監察工作進度提供標準
38
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C2.
C2-3.
Management 管理
Management Functions – Organizing 管理功能 – 組織
Departmentalization 劃分不同部門 –
(a) by function 按功能
marketing department, accounting and finance department, logistic department,
human resources department
市場部、會計及財務部、物流部、人力資源部
advantages 好處:
1.
increase efficiency through specialization
2.
allow centralized control in the company
3.
enhance learning and development of functional skills
4.
reduce resource duplications
5.
reduce administrative costs
6.
ensure consistency in decision-making
1.
專職分工可提升效率
2.
公司可作中央控制
3.
加強學習和發展功能的技能
4.
減少資源重疊
5.
減低行政成本
6.
確保決策一致
(b)
by product 按產品
home appliances department, digital product department, office equipment department,
家電部、數碼產品部、辦公室設備部
advantages 好處
1.
ensure better customer service
2.
determine the unprofitable products more easily
3.
assist in development of all around managerial talent
4.
is more flexible to add a new product line
1.
確保更好的顧客服務
2.
更容易發現沒有盈利能力的產品
3.
可幫助發展全能型的管理人才
4.
加產品線時會更加彈性
(c)
by location 按地區
Hong Kong, China department, Macau, China department, Mainland China department
中國香港部門、中國澳門部門、中國內地部門
advantages 好處
1.
ensure the strategies are fit for the culture of different locations
2.
determine the unprofitable geographical segment more easily
3.
assist in development of all around managerial talent
4.
is more flexible to enter a new geographical segment
1.
確保策略是切合不同地區的文化
2.
更容易發現沒有盈利能力的地區分部
3.
可幫助發展全能型的管理人才
4.
加地區分部時會更加彈性
39
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C2.
C2-3.
Management 管理
Management Functions – Organizing 管理功能 – 組織
Organization 架構
Tall 高架式
1. narrower span of control
2. more levels of management / more layers
3. longer decision-making process
4. less responsive to market changes
Flat 扁平式
1. wider span of control
2. fewer levels of management / fewer layers
3. shorter decision-making process
4. more responsive to market changes
5. increase management flexibility
6. improve communication
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
控制幅度較窄
管理階層層數較多 / 較多階層
決策過程較長
較緩慢回應市場轉變
控制幅度較闊
管理階層層數較少 / 較少階層
決策過程較短
較迅速回應市場轉變
提高管理彈性
改善溝通
Fall organization 扁平式架構
General Manager
總經理
Marketing Officer
市場主任
-
40
Sales Officer
銷售主任
Accounting Officer
會計主任
Finance Officer
財務主任
Human Resources
Officer 人力資源
主任
Logistics Officer
物流主任
Public relations
Officer公關主任
Span of control of the General Manager is 7.
總經理的控制幅度是 7
1 level of management / 2 layers
1 層管理層 / 2 個階層
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C2.
C2-3.
Management 管理
Management Functions – Organizing 管理功能 – 組織
Tall organization 高架式架構
General Manager
總經理
Deputy Manager
副經理A
Deputy Manager
副經理B
Deputy Manager
副經理C
Marketing
Officer市場主任
Accounting
officer會計主任
Human resource
officer人力資源
主任
Sales Officer銷售
主任
Finance officer財
務主任
Logistics officer
物流主任
Public relations
officer公關主任
-
-
Span of control of the General Manager is 3.
總經理的控制幅度是 3
Span of control of the Deputy Manager A is 2.
副經理 A 的控制幅度是 2
General Manager has line authority over the Deputy Manager A,
but has no line authority over Accounting officer
總經理對副經理 A 有直線職權，但對會計主任沒有直線職權
2 levels of management / 3 layers
2 層管理層 / 3 個階層
Factors affecting the span of control
1.
cost
2.
abilities of the managers
3.
uniformity and clarity of company plans
4.
existence of sound and objective performance standards
5.
pace of change of the business environment
決定控制幅度的因素
1.
成本
2.
經理的能力
3.
公司計劃的一致性和清晰度
4.
表現標準是否客觀穩當
5.
營商環境轉變的速度
41
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C2.
C2-4.
Management 管理
Management Functions – Leading 管理功能 – 領導
Leadership styles 領導風格
(a) Autocratic 獨裁
i.
centralizes power and decision-making in manager himself
ii.
gives orders, assigns tasks and duties without consulting the employees
iii. takes full authority and assumes full responsibility
iv. advantage:
enhance operational efficiency
v.
disadvantages:
1.
employees’ job satisfaction and commitment would be lowered
2.
quality of decision-making depends on manager’s capabilities
i.
中央集權，經理自行決策
ii.
在沒有徵詢員工意見下，發指令、安排工作及任務
iii. 取得全部權力亦假設負上全部責任
iv. 好處:
提高營運效率
v.
壞處:
1.
員工的工作滿足感和承擔較低
2.
決策質素取決於經理的能力
(b)
Laissez faire 自由放任
i.
passes on the responsibility for decision-making to his subordinates and takes a minimum
of initiative in administration
ii.
gives no direction and allows the group to establish its own goals and work out its own
problems
iii. is suitable for the work requires a high level of creativity
i.
將決策的責任下放給屬下，在管理上採取最小的主動性
ii.
沒有給予方向，容許團隊訂下自己的目標及處理自己的問題
iii. 適合工作要求高階的創意
(c)
Participative / democratic 參與 / 民主
i.
is characterized by consultation with the subordinates and their participation in the
formulation of plans and policies
ii.
encourages subordinates’ participation in decision-making
iii. advantages:
1.
widen managers’ exposure
2.
strengthen staff support for business policies
3.
improve mutual understanding between management and staff
iv. disadvantage:
longer decision-making process
i.
特色是與下屬協商及在下屬的參與下制定計劃和政策
ii.
鼓勵下屬參與決策
iii. 好處:
1.
擴闊管理人員的視野
2.
加強員工對企業政策的支持
3.
促進管理層和員工的相互了解
iv. 壞處:
更長的決策過程
42
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C2.
C2-5.
Management 管理
Management Functions – Controlling 管理功能 – 控制
Controlling:
ensures the activities are in line with the plan
控制:
確保行動與計劃一致
Control process:
Steps:
1.
set performance standards
2.
measure actual performance
3.
compare actual performance with the standards
4.
take corrective actions
控制過程
步驟 :
1.
制定表現標準
2.
量度實際表現
3.
比較實際表現與標準
4.
採取改善措施
43
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C2.
Management 管理
C2-6 ~ C2-10
Effective Management
Division of work
Unity of command
Unity of direction
Authority & responsibility
Management by objectives (MBO)
44
有效管理
分工
統一命令
統一方向
權力及責任
目標管理 (MBO)
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C2.
C2-6.
Management 管理
Effective Management – Division of work 有效管理 – 分工
Advantages 優點 :
1.
higher productivity and efficiency / practice makes perfect:
e.g. work faster and make fewer mistakes
2.
facilitates automation: e.g. use of machines and equipment
3.
time-saving: e.g. simplified training, saves time in switching from task to task
4.
facilitate supervision: e.g. each worker only concentrates on a specialized task
1.
生產力和效率更高 / 熟能生巧 : 例如可使工序更快完成和減少錯誤
2.
促進自動化 : 例如使用機器和設備
3.
節省時間 : 例如簡化培訓、節省切換工序所需的時間
4.
有助監督 : 例如每名員工專注一專門工作
C2-7.
-
Effective Management – Unity of command 有效管理 – 統一命令
each subordinate receives orders from and directly reports to one supervisor only
每名下屬只 聽命於及直接報告 同一名上司
Advantages 優點 :
1.
less confusions in work
減少工作混亂
2.
problems arise if the principle is violated
若違反原則會出現的問題
a.
contradictory instructions will cause confusion to the subordinates
b.
unclear chain-of-command / line of authority will cause conflicts between the managers
a.
矛盾的指示會令下屬混亂
b.
不清晰的命令鏈 / 權力線會引致經理之間的衝突
C2-8.
-
Effective Management – Unity of direction 有效管理 – 統一方向
employees working on the same project have the same goal
為同一項目工作的員工都有相同目標
Advantages 優點 :
1.
create coherence among employees to achieve the same objectives
2.
avoid management confusions / conflicts among different departments
3.
help to build up team spirit
1.
凝聚員工達成相同目標
2.
避免部門之間的管理產生混亂/衝突
3.
有助建立團隊精神
45
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C2.
C2-9.
Management 管理
Effective Management – Authority & responsibility
有效管理 – 權力及責任
Authority and responsibility 權力及責任
Authority is the right to direct and make decisions
For a job position, responsibility should be balanced with authority
Authority and responsibility of managers increase progressively from low-level to top-level
職權是指揮及決策的權力
工作崗位的責任應與權力平衡
管理人員的權力和責任由低層至高層遞增
Delegation 授權
is the assigning of authority and responsibility of work from the superior to the subordinates
授權是指上司把與工作有關的權力和責任交予下屬
advantages 好處 :
a.
increase subordinates’ job satisfaction
b.
provides training opportunities for subordinates
c.
allows superiors to focus on important task
a.
提高下屬的工作滿足感
b.
為下屬提供培訓機會
c.
讓上司專注於重要的工作
Line authority vs. Staff authority 直線職權 vs. 幕僚職權
Line authority 直線職權
reflects superior-subordinate relationships characterized by the power of decision-making
於主管-部屬反影出的關係，是擁有決策的權力
Staff authority 幕僚職權
is the provision of advice and other services to line managers but do not have any authority
over them
為直線管理者提供意見和其他服務，但沒有任何高於他們的權力
46
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C2.
C2-9.
Management 管理
Effective Management – Authority & responsibility
有效管理 – 權力及責任
Conceptual skill vs. Interpersonal skill vs. Technical skill
概念能力 vs. 人際技巧 vs. 專門技術
Senior management 高層管理
to think creatively and to analyze and understand complicated and abstract ideas in order to
perform management functions such as planning and organizing
to formulate company strategies and policies and hence mainly concerned with the business
environment, etc.
conceptual skill and decision-making skill are relatively more important
具創意思考，並能分析及理解複雜和抽象意念，從而執行計劃及組織等管理功能
製訂公司策略和政策，主要涉及營商環境等，
概念能力和決策技巧較為重要
Middle management 中層管理
to oversee implementation of policies, rules and regulations and hence mainly concerned with
motivating staff
interpersonal skill is relatively more important
監察政策與規章的推行，主要涉及員工激勵等，
人際關係技巧較為重要
First level management / Front-line management 前線管理
to meet day-to-day operational needs and hence mainly concerned with the training and coaching
of staff
technical skills are relatively more important
處理日常營運需要，主要涉及員工培訓和指導等
專業技巧較為重要
47
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C2.
Management 管理
C2-10. Effective Management – Management by objectives (MBO)
有效管理 – 目標管理 (MBO)
-
the superiors and the subordinates set the firm’s objectives together
主管與下屬共同制定企業的目標
Procedures 步驟
1.
set objectives for the action plan
2.
formulate the action plan
3.
implement the action plan
4.
evaluate the result of the action plan
1.
訂定行動計劃目標
2.
編定行動計劃
3.
執行行動計劃
4.
評估行動計劃成效
Advantages 好處
1.
subordinates are more committed as they have better understanding of the firm’s objectives
2.
enhance the subordinates’ job satisfaction / staff morale
3.
improve communication between management and staff
4.
help to enhance coordination between different levels
5.
enhance monitoring of staff performance to reduce work delays
1.
下屬更了解企業的目標，工作更投入
2.
增強下屬的工作滿足感 / 員工士氣
3.
改善管理層與員工之間的溝通
4.
有助加強不同職級之間的協調
5.
有助監察員工表現，使減少工作延誤
Disadvantages 壞處
1.
time-consuming
2.
increased workloads of superiors and subordinates
3.
relatively more paper work and administrative work
4.
higher demand on superior’s interpersonal skills
1.
費時
2.
主管與下屬的工作量增加
3.
較多文書及行政工作
4.
上司須具備較佳的人際技巧
48
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C2.
Management 管理
C2-11. Key business functions 主要商業功能

human resources management 人力資源管理
a.
design a performance appraisal system
b.
develop the skills and talents of staff
c.
pay bonus to salespersons
d.
set up staff’s compensation system
a.
設計工作評核系統
b.
發展員工技能與天賦
c.
支付花紅予售貨員
d.
設立員工報酬制度

financial management 財務管理
a.
make investment decisions
b.
formulate debt collection policy
c.
prepare the budget
d.
seek the source of fund
a.
作投資決定
b.
制定收帳政策
c.
編製預算
d.
尋求資金來源

operations management 營運管理
a.
assign jobs to the factory workers
b.
set up the assembly lines for the plant
c.
control product quality / reduce the number of defective items
i.
inventory management
ensure a reasonable stock level to avoid wear and tear from over-storage
ii.
revision of design of the production process
locate and correct the problem that leads to the defect
iii. quality control
set standards to ensure goods provided are of high quality
a.
指派工廠工人的工作
b.
建立廠房的生產線
c.
控制貨物品質 / 減低次貨的數量
i.
存貨管理
確保存貨量適中，以免存貨過多，導致損耗及毀壞
ii.
修訂生產過程規劃
找出並修正引致次貨的問題
iii. 品質控制
訂下標準，以確保所提供的產品皆屬高品質
49
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C2.
Management 管理
C2-11. Key business functions 主要商業功能

marketing management 市場營銷管理
a.
conduct surveys on customer needs
b.
decide the price of the product
c.
project the demand for the products
d.
identify and create market opportunities
e.
determine market position
f.
select target market
g.
execute marketing strategies (4Ps)
h.
manage customer relationship
a.
調查顧客需要
b.
訂定產品價格
c.
預測產品的需求
d.
判斷及製造市場機會
e.
定立市場定位
f.
選擇目標市場
g.
執行市場策略 (4P)
h.
管理客戶關係

information management 資訊管理
a.
design a file storage system for the training records of the HR department
b.
assist HR department to store personal data, handle payroll, take attendance and facilitate
staff placement
c.
assist the marketing department to process market research data
a.
為人力資源部門的培訓紀錄，設計檔案儲存系統
b.
協助人力資源部門貯存人事資料、處理工資、收集出勤記錄及促進員工的崗位安置
c.
協助市場營銷部門處理市場研究數據

risk management 風險管理
a.
identify the possible risks the business is exposed to
b.
formulate risk management strategies to manage the risks
c.
help businesses to transfer risks through insurance
d.
provide source of capital for businesses through insurance
a.
找出企業可能面對的風險
b.
制訂風險管理策略以管理風險
c.
通過保險來為企業轉移風險
d.
通過保險為企業提供資金來源
50
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C2.
Management 管理
C2-12. Small and Medium Entreprises (SMEs) 中小型企業 (中小企)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
51
manufacturing enterprises which employ fewer than 100 persons &
non-manufacturing enterprises which employ fewer than 50 persons
340 000 SMEs in HK (98% of the total number of enterprises) provided 1.2 million job
opportunities (45% of total employment excluding civil service)
聘用少於 100 名員工的製造業公司 及
聘用少於 50 名員工的非製造業公司
香港有超過 34 萬家中小企，提供 120 萬就業機會 (佔總就業人數 (公務員除外) 的 45%)
create employment : contribute a majority of employment opportunity in HK
widen the variety of products offered
/ provide innovative products and services
/ provide specialized products and services to cater for customers’ needs
promote competition
often provide products and services that complement large companies
cover market segments which are not served by large companies
characteristics:
a.
managed by owner
b.
limited capital
c.
mainly local operations
d.
responsive to market changes
創造就業 : 為香港提供大量的就業機會
拓闊產品種類 / 提供創新的產品和服務 / 提供專門的產品和服務以迎合顧客需要
促進競爭
為大公司補充地提供貨物及服務
涵蓋大型企業未能服務的市場區隔
特性:
a.
由東主管理
b.
資金有限
c.
主要在本地經營
d.
迅速回應市場轉變
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C2.
Management 管理
C2-12. Small and Medium Entreprises (SMEs) 中小型企業 (中小企)
Factors critical to the success of SMEs
1.
a promising business opportunity, e.g. appropriate sector, favorable industry environment
2.
an appropriate ownership structure, e.g. avoid fragmented ownership
3.
a good business plan, especially contingency plan
4.
adequate financing, especially liquidity
5.
effective management, e.g. sensitive to environmental change, able to retain good employees
中小企成功的關鍵因素 :
1.
良好的商機，例如適切的界別、有利的行業環境
2.
適切的擁有權結構，例如避免割裂的擁有權
3.
良好的企業計劃，尤其是應變計劃
4.
足夠的資金，特別是變現能力
5.
有效的管理，例如對環境轉變敏銳、留住優秀員工
Reasons of failure of SME
1.
lack of management experience and skills
2.
lack of capital / insufficient fund to sustain
3.
limited/narrow customer base / business scope / product line
4.
lack of specialization
5.
failure to control operating expenses
6.
failure to identify and respond to changing social, economic, and other environmental conditions
7.
lack of experience in marketing product/service
8.
cannot enjoy economies of scale
9.
keen competition among the large number of SMEs
中小企失敗的原因 :
1.
欠缺管理經驗和技巧
2.
欠缺資本 / 資金作持續發展
3.
有限 / 狹窄的顧客網絡 / 業務範圍 / 產品線
4.
欠缺專職分工
5.
未能控制營運開支
6.
未能界定和回應社會、經濟及其他環境條件的轉變
7.
欠缺營銷產品 / 服務的經驗
8.
未能享有規模經濟
9.
中小企眾多，競爭激烈
52
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C2.
Management 管理
C2-13. Entrepreneur 企業家
Characteristics 特性
1.
ready to receive innovative ideas
2.
persist in order to actualize goals
3.
ambitious to initiate change
4.
willing to accept challenges
5.
strong desire to achieve
6.
earn profits by taking business risk
7.
accept failures as an integral part of business success
8.
help to promote economic growth
9.
promote innovations (new products / new markets)
10. promote market competition by introducing new products and services to customers
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
53
樂於接受創新意念
堅持實踐目標
勇於推動改革
勇於接受挑戰
渴望獲取成就
要承擔風險以賺取利潤
接受失敗是企業成功不可或缺的部分
協助促進經濟增長
推動創新 (新產品/新市場)
為消費者引入新產品和服務，從而促進市場競爭
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-1.
C3-2.
C3-3.
C3-4.
C3-5.
C3-6.
C3-7.
C3-8.
C3-9.
C3-10.
C3-11.
C3-12.
C3-13.
C3-14.
C3-15.
C3-16.
C3-17.
C3-18.
C3-19.
Purposes and Role of Accounting
Accounting equation
Accounting cycle
Books of original entry
Double entries system
Cost of goods sold
Cash discount & Trade discount
Gross profit & Net profit
Posting to Ledger
Trial balance
Income statement
Statement of financial position
Balance of cash at bank account
Capital balance
Real, Nominal, Personal accounts
Uses of financial statements
Limitations of financial statements
Accounting principles and conventions
Basic ratio analysis
C3-1.
C3-2.
C3-3.
C3-4.
C3-5.
C3-6.
C3-7.
C3-8.
C3-9.
C3-10.
C3-11.
C3-12.
C3-13.
C3-14.
C3-15.
C3-16.
C3-17.
C3-18.
C3-19.
會計的目的及角色
會計等式
會計循環
原始分錄簿
複式記帳法
銷貨成本
現金折扣 及 貿易折扣
毛利 及 淨利
過帳至分類帳
試算表
損益表
財務狀況表/資產負債表
銀行存款結餘
資本結餘
實帳戶、虛帳戶、人名帳戶
財務報表的使用
財務報表的限制
會計原則及慣例
基礎比率分析
54
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
C3-1.
Accounting 會計
Purposes and Role of Accounting 會計的目的及角色
Accounting functions 會計的功能
1.
recording
recording business transactions
2.
classifying
classifying business transactions
3.
summarizing
summarizing business transactions
4.
communicating communicating the performance of the business to different stakeholders
1.
2.
3.
4.
55
記錄
分類
歸納
溝通
-
記錄企業的交易
把企業交易分類
歸納企業交易
向不同持分者傳遞企業表現資訊
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
C3-2.
Accounting 會計
Accounting equation 會計等式
Assets = Capital + Liabilities
資產 = 資本 + 負債 ……(1)
Current Assets + Non-current Asset = Capital + Current Liabilities + Non-current Liabilities
流動資產 + 非流動資產 = 資本 + 流動負債 + 非流動負債 ……(2)
Working capital = Current Asset – Current Liabilities
營運資金 = 流動資產 – 流動負債
……(3)
(2)
Current Assets + Non-current Asset = Capital + Current liabilities + Non-current liabilities
流動資產 + 非流動資產 = 資本 + 流動負債 + 非流動負債
[Current Assets – Current Liabilities] + Non-current Asset = Capital + Non-current liabilities
[流動資產 – 流動負債] + 非流動資產 = 資本 + 非流動負債
Working capital + Non-current Asset = Capital + Non-current liabilities
營運資金 + 非流動資產 = 資本 + 非流動負債 ……(4)
Assets = Capital + Liabilities + Revenues – Expenses
資產 = 資本 + 負債 + 收益 – 費用 ……(5)
Debit 借
Assets + Expenses
資產 + 費用
*
=
=
Credit 貸
Capital + Liabilities + Revenues
資本 + 負債 + 收益
Current asset = asset is to be sold within 12 months
Current liabilities = debts or obligations that are due to be paid to creditors within 12 months
流動資產 = 將會在 12 個月內出售的資產
流動負債 = 將會在 12 個月內償還的債務
56
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
Accounting 會計
C3.
C3-2.
Accounting equation 會計等式
Non-current assets
非流動資產
Machinery
Office equipment
Furniture and fixtures
Motor vehicles
Current assets
流動資產
Inventory
Fixed deposit (6-month)
Trade receivables
Rental deposit
Accounts receivables / Debtor
Cash at bank
Non-current liabilities
非流動負債
Current liabilities
流動負債
Bank loan (> 12 months)
Loan from XX Company
Financed by
資金來源
Capital as at [Date]
Net profit
Drawing
Expenses
費用
Salaries
Depreciation
Sundry expenses
Utilities expenses
Rent and rates
Loss on disposal
Carriage outwards
Discounts allowed
Other operating expenses
Income
收益
Net Sales
銷貨淨額
Cost of goods sold
銷貨成本
Interest on loan
Discounts received
Assets
Sales
Returns inwards
Purchase
Carriage inwards
Returns outwards
Donations to charities
Stock loss
Debit 借方
資產
Expenses
Returns inwards
Purchase
Carriage inwards
Donations to charities
Stock loss
57
Trade payable
Account payable / Creditor
Bank overdraft
Bank loan (< 12 months)
費用
銷貨退回
購貨
購貨運費
慈善捐贈
存貨損失
機器
辦公室設備
傢具及裝置
汽車
存貨
定期存款 (6 個月)
應收貨款
租金按金
應收帳款 / 債務人
銀行存款
銀行貸款 (> 12 個月)
來自 XX 公司的貸款
應付貨款
應付帳款 / 債權人
銀行透支
銀行貸款 (< 12 個月)
資本，[日期]
純利
提用
薪金
折舊
雜費
水電費
租金及差餉
變賣損失
銷貨運費
銷貨折扣
其他營業費用
貸款利息
購貨折扣
銷貨
銷貨退回
購貨
購貨運費
購貨退出
慈善捐贈
存貨損失
Credit 貸方
Liabilities
負債
Capital
資本
Income
收益
Sales
銷貨
Returns outwards
購貨退出
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
C3-3.
Accounting 會計
Accounting cycle 會計循環
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
record transactions in journal / day books / original entry
post entries to the ledger accounts
prepare a trial balance
make balance day adjustments / period-end adjustments
prepare an adjusted trial balance
prepare closing entries (expense, revenue  Net profit)
prepare financial statement
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
在 日記簿 / 原始分錄帳 記錄交易
過帳至分類帳戶
編製試算表
期末調整
編製週整後試算表
編製結帳分錄 (費用、收益  淨利)
編製財務報表
58
(recording)
(classifying)
(summarizing)
(summarizing)
(summarizing)
(summarizing)
(communicating)
(記錄)
(分類)
(歸納)
(歸納)
(歸納)
(歸納)
(溝通)
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
C3-4.
Accounting 會計
Books of original entry 原始分錄簿
Cash book
transaction by using cash at bank / cash
cash drawings for personal use by proprietor
現金簿
用銀行存款/現金完成的交易
東主提用現金作私人用途
Purchase day book / Purchase journal
purchase of goods on credit
購貨簿 / 購貨帳戶
賒購貨品
Sales day book / Sales journal
sales on credit
銷貨簿 / 銷貨帳戶
賒銷
Return outwards day book
received a credit note for goods returned
購貨退出簿
收到有關貨品退貨的貸項通知書
Returns inwards day book
received a debit note for goods returned
銷貨退回簿
收到有關貨品退貨的借項通知書
The General Journal / The Journal
introduction of office premises as capital
purchase of non-current assets on credit
普通日記簿 / 日記簿
注入辦公室物業作為資本
賒購非流動資產
*
*
59
Credit note : reduce account payables
Debit note: reduce account receivables
貸項通知書 : 應付帳款減少
借項通知書 : 應收帳款減少
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
C3-5.
Accounting 會計
Double entry system 複式記帳法
Journal 日記簿
Transactions 交易內容
Office equipment ($10) introduced by
the owner into the business
Office equipment
東主向企業注入辦公室設備
($10)。
A firm acquired a set of office
equipment ($2) by paying owner’s
personal cheques.
東主以個人支票支付商號所購買的
辦公室設備 ($2)。
Owner introduce his motor van of $4
into the firm.
東主將他的汽車 ($4) 注入商號。
辦公室設備
Dr
借
$10
Capital
$10
$10
$10
資本
Office equipment
$2
Capital
$2
$2
辦公室設備
$2
資本
Motor car
$4
Capital
$4
$4
汽車
$4
資本
The owner introduced cash ($30) into
the business.
東主為商號注入現金 ($30)。
Cash
Goods purchased in cash $6.
Purchases
$30
Capital
$30
$30
現金
$30
資本
$6
Cash
以現金$6 購入貨品。
購貨
Receive a cheque of $7 from a
customer.
收到客戶支票 $7。
Bank
Cash ($4) deposited into the bank
account.
將現金 ($4) 存入銀行戶口。
Bank
$6
$6
$6
現金
$7
Trade receivables
$7
$7
銀行存款
$7
應收貨款
$4
Cash
$4
$4
銀行存款
$4
現金
Cash ($2) withdraw from the bank
account.
將現金 ($2) 從銀行戶口提出。
Cash
Receiving a loan of $6 in cash.
Cash
$2
Bank
$2
$2
現金
$2
銀行存款
$6
Bank loan
收到貸款$6 現金。
現金
A debtor paid his debts by cheque
($5)
債務以支票償還債務 ($5)。
Bank
$6
$6
$6
銀行貸款
$5
Account receivables
© by Herman Yeung
$5
$5
銀行存款
應收帳款
60
Cr
貸
$5
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
C3-5.
Accounting 會計
Double entry system 複式記帳法
Journal 日記簿
Transactions 交易內容
Received cash ($7) from a customer
as settlement of his account.
收取客戶現金 ($7)，結清其帳戶。
Dr
借
$7
Cash
Account receivables
$7
$7
現金
$7
應收帳款
Paying office expenses of $3 in cash.
Office expense
$3
Cash
以現金支付辧公室費用 $3。
$3
$3
辦公室費用
$3
現金
Buying office equipment for $4 and
paying vendor 3 months later
購入辧公室設備 $4，並於 3 個月
後償付賣家。
Purchase an office equipment ($8) for
office use in cash.
以現金購置辦公室設備 ($8)。
Office equipment
Machinery bought with price ($2)
settled two months later.
購入機器並於兩個月後支付機價。
Machinery
$4
Account payables
$4
$4
辦公室設備
$4
應付帳款
Office equipment
$8
Cash
$8
$8
辦公室設備
$8
現金
$2
Account payables
$2
$2
機器
$2
應付帳款
The proprietor draws cash $2 from
his private savings account to settle
the amount owed to a creditor of the
business.
東主從私人儲蓄戶口提取現金
$2，以償付企業某債權人的欠款
Inventories (Cost = $2, Selling price
= $5) withdrawn for owner’s private
use.
提取存貨 (成本 = $2、售價 = $5)
供東主作私人用途。
Accounts Payable
Settled a trade debt ($5) by cheque.
Trade payables
$2
Capital
$2
$2
應付帳款
$2
資本
Drawing
$2
Purchases
$2
$2
提用
$2
購貨
$5
Bank
以支票 ($5) 結貨欠
$5
$5
應付貨款
$5
銀行存款
Purchased stationery for office use on
credit ($2).
賒購辦公室用的文具 ($2)。
Stationery expenses
Paid sundry expenses $5 in cash.
Sundry expenses
以現金支付雜費 $5。
雜費
$2
Accounts payables
$2
$2
文具費用
$2
應付帳款
$5
Cash
© by Herman Yeung
$5
$5
現金
61
Cr
貸
$5
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
C3-5.
Accounting 會計
Double entry system 複式記帳法
Journal 日記簿
Transactions 交易內容
Received interest ($1) on bank
deposit.
收到銀行存款利息 ($1)。
Dr
借
$1
Bank
Interest income
$1
$1
銀行存款
$1
利息收益
Received commission ($3) by cheque
from client.
從顧客收取佣金支票 ($3)。
Bank
$3
Commission income
$3
$3
銀行存款
$3
佣金收益
A cash refund for the overpayment of
motor expenses ($3) was received.
收到多付汽車費用的現金退款
($3)。
Received a bank loan of $10 via the
bank account.
經銀行戶口收取銀行貸款$10。
Cash
Owner drew a personal cheque to pay
an electricity bill ($8) for her
business.
東主以個人支票支付企業的電費
($8)。
Owner repaid a bank loan ($5) for the
firm by his personal cheque,
東主以其私人支票為商號償還銀行
貸款 ($5)。
Trade payables ($3) are repaid using
a bank overdraft facility.
使用銀行透支服務以償還應付貨款
($3)。
Sales ($7) proceed deposited into the
business’s bank account.
把銷貨款項 ($7) 入企業的的銀行
戶口
Goods ($3) sold to customers on
credit.
向顧客賒銷 ($3)。
Electricity expenses
$3
Motor expenses
$3
$3
現金
$3
汽車費用
Bank
$10
Bank loan
$10
$10
銀行存款
$10
銀行貸款
$8
Capital
$8
$8
電費
$8
資本
Bank loan
$5
Capital
$5
$5
銀行貨款
$5
資本
Trade payables
$3
Bank overdraft
$3
$3
應付帳款
$3
銀行透支
Bank
$7
Sales
$7
$7
銀行存款
$7
銷貨
Trade receivables
$3
Sales
$3
$3
應收貨款
$3
銷貨
Returned goods to suppliers ($3)
Account payables
$3
Returns outwards
退貨予供應商 ($3)
© by Herman Yeung
$3
$3
應付帳款
購貨退出
62
Cr
貸
$3
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
C3-5.
Accounting 會計
Double entry system 複式記帳法
Journal 日記簿
Transactions 交易內容
Goods ($3) returned by a customer.
Returns Inwards
接收顧客退還 ($3) 的貨品。
銷貨退回
Dr
借
$3
Account receivables
$3
$3
$3
應收帳款
Paid carriage expenses ($2) for
delivering goods to customers in
cash.
以現金支付送貨予客戶的運費
($2)。
Sold the office furniture of the firm
on credit (Cost:$10, selling price:$8)
賒銷商號的辦公室傢具 (成本:
$10、售價$8)
Goods ($2) donated to a non-profit
making organization
捐贈貨物($2)予非牟利機構。
63
Carriage outwards
$2
Cash
$2
$2
銷貨運費
現金
Account receivables
Loss on disposal of asset
Office furniture
應收帳款
資產處理損失
辦公室傢具
Donation to charities
Purchases
慈善捐贈
購貨
© by Herman Yeung
Cr
貸
$2
$8
$2
$10
$8
$2
$10
$2
$2
$2
$2
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
C3-6.
C3-7.
C3-8.
Accounting 會計
Cost of goods sold 銷貨成本
Cash discount & Trade discount 現金折扣 及 貿易折扣
Gross profit & Net profit 毛利 及 淨利
HY Company 靴文公司
Income statement for the year ended 31 March, 2046 損益表 截至 2046 年 3 月 31 日止年度
$
Sales 銷貨
Less : Return inwards 銷貨退回
Net sales 淨銷貨
Less 減: Cost of goods sold 銷貨成本
Opening inventory 期初存貨
Add 加: Purchases 購貨
Carriage inwards 購貨運費
Less 減: Returns outwards 購貨退出
Closing inventory 期末存貨
Gross profit 毛利
Add 加: Other revenues 其他收入
Discount received 購貨折扣
Less 減: Expense 費用
Discount allowed 銷貨折扣
Carriage outwards 銷貨運費
Rental expenses 租金費用
Electricity expenses 電力費用
Sundry expenses 雜費
Salaries 薪金
Net Profit 淨利
64
© by Herman Yeung
50
150
100
300
50
100
$
1100
100
1000
150
850
80
80
50
85
15
30
170
350
500
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3-7.
Cash discount & Trade discount 現金折扣 及 貿易折扣
買得多而平 –
早還錢而平 –
Trade discount 貿易折扣
Cash discount 現金折扣
 Discount received / allowed 購貨折扣 / 銷貨折扣
e.g. On 1 January, 2047, Company A buy 100 units of goods from Company B at $10 each, less 20%
trade discount.
Cash discount of 10% would be allowed for settlement within 15 days.
Finally, Company A pay the payment on 14 January, 2047.
2047 年 1 月 1 日，甲公司向乙公司購買 100 件貨品，每件$10，扣減 20%貿易折扣。
若 15 日內還款，可獲 10%現金折扣。
最後，甲公司於 2047 年 1 月 14 日繳清貨款。
A Company
1 Jan, 2047
Purchase
800
Trade payable
14 Jan, 2047
甲公司
2017 年 1 月 1 日
800
Trade payable
Bank
Discount received
800
購貨
800
720
80
800
應付貨款
2017 年 1 月 14 日
800
應付貨款
720
80
銀行存款
購貨折扣
Company B
1 Jan, 2047
14 Jan, 2047
乙公司
2017 年 1 月 1 日
Trade receivable
Sales
800
Bank
Discount allowed
Trade receivable
720
80
應收貨款
800
800
800
800
銷貨
2017 年 1 月 14 日
720
80
銀行存款
銷貨折扣
應收貨款
65
© by Herman Yeung
80
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
C3-9.
2047
Jan 1
Accounting 會計
Posting to Ledger 過帳至分類帳
Office equipment ($10) introduced by the owner into the business
東主向企業注入辦公室設備 ($10)。
2047
Jan 1
Office equipment
1月1日
辦公室設備
Dr 借
$
10
Capital
10
10
10
資本
2047
Jan 1
Capital
2047
2047
1月1日
2047
66
Office equipment
$
2047
10
$
資本
Cr 貸
$
Capital
2047
Jan 1
$
$
Office equipment
辦公室設備
$
2047
10
$
資本
2047
1月1日
© by Herman Yeung
10
$
$
辦公室設備
10
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
C3-9.
2047
Jan 2
Accounting 會計
Posting to Ledger 過帳至分類帳
Sell office equipment ($3) on credit.
將辦公室設備 ($3) 賒銷。
2047
Jan 2
Account receivables
1月2日
應收帳款
Dr 借
$
3
Office equipment
3
3
3
辦公室設備
2047
Jan 1
2047
Jan 2
Capital
Office equipment
2047
2047
1月1日
2047
1月2日
2047
67
Cr 貸
$
Office equipment
$
2047
10 Jan 2
$
Account receviables
Account receivables
$
2047
3
$
Capital
2047
Jan 1
資本
辦公室設備
$
2047
10 1 月 2 日
辦公室設備
應收帳款
$
2047
3
$
資本
2047
1月1日
© by Herman Yeung
3
$
$
Office equipment
10
$
3
應收帳款
$
$
辦公室設備
10
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
C3-9.
2047
Jan 1
2047
1月1日
Accounting 會計
Posting to Ledger 過帳至分類帳
Capital
資本
Office equipment
$
2047
10 Jan 2
辦公室設備
$
2047
10 1 月 2 日
$
Account receviables
3
$
3
應收帳款
Balance off the account as at 31 December 2047.
為此帳戶作 2047 年 12 月 31 日的結平。
2047
Jan 1
2047
1月1日
2048
Jan 1
2048
1月1日
*
68
Capital
資本
Balance b/d
承上結餘
Office equipment
$
2047
10 Jan 2
Dec 31
辦公室設備
$
2047
10 1 月 2 日
12 月 31 日
$
Account receviables
Balance c/d
3
7
$
3
7
應收帳款
結餘轉下
Office equipment
$
2048
7
$
辦公室設備
$
2048
7
$
b/d = brought down = brought forwards = b/f
c/d = carried down = carried forwards = c/f
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-10. Trial balance 試算表
Main purpose of preparing a trial balance : check the arithmetical accuracy of bookkeeping entries
編製試算表的主要目的是 : 檢視簿記記帳的算術準確度
Demo
The following balances were obtained from his books of BCD Company as at 31 December 2046:
Capital, 1 January 2046
Net profit, 1 January 2046
Bank overdraft
Furniture
Sales
Purchases
Returns inwards
Returns outwards
Discounts received
Operating expenses
$
120 000
40 000
173 400
204 000
396 200
20 400
1 800
1 500
2 100
507 000
BCD Company
Trial balance as at 31 December 2016
Dr
$
Capital, 1 January 2046
Net profit, 1 January 2046
Bank overdraft
Furniture
204 000
Sales
Purchases
20 400
Returns inwards
1 800
Returns outwards
Discounts received
Operating expenses
507 000
733 200
69
© by Herman Yeung
Cr
$
120 000
40 000
173 400
396 200
1 500
2 100
733 200
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-10. Trial balance 試算表
示範
2046 年 12 月 31 日，商號 BCD 公司的帳冊有以下結餘 :
$
120 000
40 000
173 400
204 000
396 200
20 400
1 800
1 500
2 100
507 000
資本，2046 年 1 月 1 日
淨利，2046 年 1 月 1 日
銀行透支
傢具
銷貨
購貨
銷貨退回
購貨退出
購貨折扣
營業費用
BCD 公司
試算表
2046 年 12 月 31 日
借方
$
資本，2046 年 1 月 1 日
淨利，2046 年 1 月 1 日
銀行透支
傢具
銷貨
購貨
銷貨退回
購貨退出
購貨折扣
營業費用
貸方
$
120 000
40 000
173 400
204 000
396 200
20 400
1 800
1 500
2 100
507 000
733 200
733 200
The reasons of “total of debit balances is not equal to total of credit balances of the trial balance”
“試算表中，借方結餘總和與貸方結餘總和不相等” 的理由
1.
one or more account balance(s) is missing from a trial balance
2.
one or more ledger balance(s) in the trial balance is/are wrong
1.
試算表內遺漏了一項或多項帳戶結餘
2.
試算表內一項或多項帳戶結餘出錯
70
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-10. Trial balance 試算表
Errors not revealed by a trial balance
不會在試算表中顯露出來的錯誤:
1.
[完全]遺漏錯誤
error of (complete) omission
e.g. Goods ($3 000) sold to customers Peter on credit.
向顧客 彼得 賒購 $3000 貨品。
NO ENTRY 沒有記帳
2.
error of complete reversal (of the entries) 分錄完全倒轉錯誤
e.g. Goods ($3 000) sold to customers Peter on credit.
向顧客 彼得 賒購 $3000 貨品。
Sales
銷貨
3.
$3 000
Trade receivables – Peter
$3 000
應收貨款 – 彼得
error of commission
$3 000
$3 000
帳名調亂錯誤
e.g. Goods ($3 000) sold to customers Peter on credit.
向顧客 彼得 賒購 $3000 貨品。
Trade receivables – Mary
Sales
應收貨款 – 瑪麗
銷貨
4.
error of principle
$3 000
$3 000
$3 000
$3 000
原則性錯誤
e.g. Company paid $3 000 for the tenancy deposit by cheque.
公司以 $3 000 支票支付租金按金
Rental expense
$3 000
Bank
$3 000
$3 000
租金支出
$3 000
銀行存款
71
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-10. Trial balance 試算表
Errors not revealed by a trial balance
不會在試算表中顯露出來的錯誤:
5.
compensating errors 抵銷性錯誤
e.g. bank interest revenue $100, electricity expenses $250.
銀行利息收入 $100、電力費用 $250。
Cash
$100
Bank interest revenue
$200
Electricity expenses
$350
Cash
$250
現金
$100
銀行利息收入
$200
電費
$350
現金
$250
6.
error of original entry
e.g. bank interest revenue $123.
銀行利息收入 $123。
原始分錄錯誤
Cash
$132
Bank interest revenue
$132
$132
現金
$132
銀行利息收入
72
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-11. Income statement 損益表
Sample 1:
ABC Company
Income statement for the year ended 31 December 2046
$
Sales
Less: Returns inwards
Net Sales
Less: Cost of goods sold
Opening inventory
Add:
Purchases
Carriage inwards
Less:
Returns outwards
Less:
Gross Profit
Closing inventory
Add:
45 000
90 000
2 100
137 100
4 400
132 700
3 800
Other revenues
Discount received
Bank interest revenue
3 000
1 000
Expense
Salaries
Rent and rates
Sundry expenses
Carriage outwards
Discount allowed
Net Profit
$
188 000
5 500
182 500
128 900
53 600
4 000
57 600
Less:
73
21 000
20 000
2 000
1 900
2 700
© by Herman Yeung
47 600
10 000
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-11. Income statement 損益表
樣本一:
ABC 公司
損益表
截至 2046 年 12 月 31 日止年度
$
銷貨
減 :
銷貨退回
銷貨淨額
減 :
銷貨成本
期初存貨
加 :
購貨
購貨運費
減 :
購貨退出
減 :
期末存貨
45 000
90 000
2 100
137 100
4 400
132 700
3 800
毛利
加:
減 :
其他收入
購貨折扣
銀行利息收入
3 000
1 000
費用
薪金
租金及差餉
雜費
銷貨運費
銷貨折扣
21 000
20 000
2 000
1 900
2 700
淨利
74
© by Herman Yeung
$
188 000
5 500
182 500
128 900
53 600
4 000
57 600
47 600
10 000
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-11. Income statement 損益表
Sample 2 (No Opening inventory & Net loss):
XYZ Company
Income statement for the year ended 31 December 2047
$
Sales
Less: Returns inwards
Net Sales
Less: Cost of goods sold
Purchases
Add:
Carriage inwards
Less:
Returns outwards
Less:
Gross Profit
Closing inventory
Add:
Less:
45 000
2 100
47 100
4 400
42 700
3 800
Other revenues
Discount received
Bank interest revenue
3 000
1 000
Expense
Salaries
Rent and rates
Sundry expenses
Carriage outwards
Discount allowed
31 000
20 000
2 000
1 900
2 700
Net loss
75
© by Herman Yeung
$
88 000
5 500
82 500
38 900
43 600
4 000
47 600
57 600
(10 000)
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-11. Income statement 損益表
樣本二 (沒有期初存貨 及 淨損失):
XYZ 公司
損益表
截至 2047 年 12 月 31 日止年度
$
銷貨
減 :
銷貨退回
銷貨淨額
減 :
銷貨成本
購貨
加 :
購貨運費
減 :
購貨退出
減 :
期末存貨
45 000
2 100
47 100
4 400
42 700
3 800
毛利
加:
減 :
其他收入
購貨折扣
銀行利息收入
3 000
1 000
費用
薪金
租金及差餉
雜費
銷貨運費
銷貨折扣
31 000
20 000
2 000
1 900
2 700
淨損失
76
© by Herman Yeung
$
88 000
5 500
82 500
38 900
43 600
4 000
47 600
57 600
(10 000)
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-12. Statement of financial position 財務狀況表/資產負債表
A statement of financial position is a statement of the outstanding balances after the preparation of the
profit and loss account.
The non-current assets (fixed assets) / current assets show in the statement of financial position
are arranged in order of liquidity,
with the least liquid assets coming first and the most liquid assets coming last.
Characteristics of non-current assets (fixed assets)
they are long-term in nature and can benefit the business for more than one year
they are material in amount
they have physical substance
they are acquired for use in the operations of the business and not for resale
財務狀況表/資產負債表是一份列表，顯示損益帳結平後的各項結餘
財務狀況表中 非流動資產 (固定資產) / 流動資產 的排序是根據其流動性
流動性最低的資產放在首位，流動性最高的資產放在最後
非流動資產 (固定資產) 的主要特性 :
可長期使用並能令企業獲益多過一年
價值高昂 / 金額巨大
有實物本體
購置的目的是為企業營運自用而非為轉售
77
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-12. Statement of financial position 財務狀況表/資產負債表
Sample 1:
FGH Company
Statement of financial position as at 31 December 2047
$
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
Non-current assets
Furniture and fixtures
Equipment
Machinery
Motor vehicles
Current assets
Inventory
Rental deposit
Fixed deposit (6-month)
Accounts receivable
Cash at bank
TOTAL ASSETS
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000
11 000
Capital, 1 January 2047 (balancing figure)
Add: Net profit
18 000
45 000
63 000
12 000
13 000
25 000
Non-current liabilities
Bank loan
14 000
Current liabilities
Accounts payable
Bank overdraft
TOTAL CAPITAL AND LIABILITIES
78
$
15 000
9 000
© by Herman Yeung
24 000
63 000
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-12. Statement of financial position 財務狀況表/資產負債表
樣本一:
FGH 公司
2047 年 12 月 31 日財務狀況表
非流動資產
家具及裝置
設備
機器
汽車
流動資產
存貨
租金按金
定期存款 (6 個月)
應收帳款
銀行存款
總資產
$
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000
11 000
非流動負債
銀行貸款
79
18 000
45 000
63 000
12 000
13 000
25 000
資本，2047 年 1 月 1 日 (結平數目)
加 : 淨利
流動負債
應付帳款
銀行透支
資本及負債總額
$
14 000
15 000
9 000
© by Herman Yeung
24 000
63 000
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-12. Statement of financial position 財務狀況表/資產負債表
Sample 2:
FGH Company
Statement of financial position as at 31 December 2047
$
Non-current assets
Furniture and fixtures
Equipment
Machinery
Motor vehicles
Current assets
Inventory
Rental deposit
Fixed deposit (6-month)
Account receivable
Cash at bank
Less: Current liabilities
Account payable
Bank overdraft
Working capital
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
18 000
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000
11 000
45 000
(15 000)
(9 000)
21 000
Less: Non-current liabilities
Bank loan
(14 000)
25 000
Financed by
Capital as at 1 January 2047
Add: Net profit
80
$
12 000
13 000
25 000
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-12. Statement of financial position 財務狀況表/資產負債表
樣本二:
FGH 公司
2047 年 12 月 31 日財務狀況表
$
非流動資產
家具及裝置
設備
機器
汽車
流動資產
存貨
租金按金
定期存款 (6 個月)
應收帳款
銀行存款
減 : 流動負債
應付帳款
銀行透支
營運資金
3 000
4 000
5 000
6 000
18 000
7 000
8 000
9 000
10 000
11 000
45 000
(15 000)
(9 000)
21 000
減 : 非流動負債
銀行貸款
(14 000)
25 000
資金來源
資本，2047 年 1 月 1 日
加 : 純利
81
$
12 000
13 000
25 000
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-13. Balance of cash at bank account 銀行存款結餘
C3-14. Capital balance 資本結餘
Sample 1 樣本一:
Sales
Purchases
Discounts allowed
Discounts received
Rental income
Electricity expenses
Cash and bank
Accounts receivables
Accounts payables
Office equipment
Inventory (1 January 2046)
Inventory (31 December 2046)
Capital (1 January 2046)
Capital (31 December 2046)
銷貨
購貨
銷貨折扣
購貨折扣
租金收入
電費
現金及銀行存款
應收帳款
應付帳款
辦公室設備
存貨 (2046 年 1 月 1 日)
存貨 (2046 年 12 月 31 日)
資本 (2046 年 1 月 1 日)
資本 (2046 年 12 月 31 日)
$
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
I
J
K
L
?
??
Net Profit 淨利 = A – (K + B – L) – C + D + E – F
31 December 2046
Asset = Liability + Capital
資產 = 負債 + 資本
G + H + J + L = I + ??
?? = G + H + J + L – I
? + Net Profit 淨利 = ??
? + A – (K + B – L) – C + D + E – F = G + H + J + L – I
? + A – (K + B) – C + D + E – F = G + H + J – I
Sample 2 樣本二:
Ending capital = Beginning capital + introduction of capital + net profit – drawing
期末資本 = 期初資本 + 注資 + 淨利 – 提用
82
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-15. Real, Nominal, Personal accounts 實帳戶、虛帳戶、人名帳戶
Real account 實帳戶
record of the amount of asset, liability, or owner’s equity at a precise moment in time.
e.g.: cash, cash at bank, inventory, trade receivables, office premises, equipment, trade payables,
bank loan
於一特定時刻，記錄資產、負債或東主產權的金額
例 : 現金、銀行存款、存貨、應收貨款、辦公室物業、設備、應付貨款、銀行貸款
Nominal account 虛帳戶
summarize a business’s revenue and expenses over a period of time
e.g. sales, purchases, salaries, return outwards, return inwards, discounts received,
discount alllowed
於一特定時段內，總結業務的收益和支出
例 : 銷貨、購貨、薪金、購貨退出、銷貨退回、購貨折扣、銷貨折扣
Personal account 人名帳
a person is someone that can hold assets in its name, borrow in its name
e.g. creditors, debtors, shareholders
personal account is also belongs to real account
人名是利用名字持有資產、利用名字借入的人
例: 債權人、債務人、股東
人名帳亦是屬於實帳戶
83
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-16. Uses of financial statements 財務報表的使用
1.
6.
evaluate business performance
decide whether the firm is worth investing in
Creditors:
understand the liquidity and solvency of the firm
assess the repayment ability of the firm
Trade Creditors: decide whether to sell goods to the company on credit
Managers:
facilitate business planning
reallocate the resources of the firm
Employees:
assess their remuneration level and job security
assess the prospects of the company
Government:
compute the profit tax payable to the company
1.
投資者:
2.
債權人:
3.
4.
購貨債權人:
管理人員:
5.
僱員:
6.
政府:
2.
3.
4.
5.
Investors:
評估企業業績
幫助決定公司是否值得投資
理解公司的變現能力和償債能力
幫助評估公司還款能力
決定是否賒銷貨物予公司
協助企業制定計劃
幫助重新調配公司資源
評估薪金水平和職業保障
評估公司的前景
計算公司的應繳利得稅額
C3-17. Limitations of financial statements 財務報表的限制
1.
2.
3.
4.
information is mostly quantitative
data relate to past events only
different use of accounting methods and policies makes intra-company comparison difficult
neglect of time value of money hinders users to do inter-period comparison of the company
1.
2.
3.
4.
資料大都是量化的
數據只與過往事件有關
不同的會計方法及政策增加跨公司對比的難度
忽視金錢的時間值，令用家難以為公司作跨年度的對比
84
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-18. Accounting principles and conventions 會計原則及慣例

business entity 企業個體
a.
a business is considered as a separate entity distinguishable from its owner and from all
other entities.
b.
a separate set of accounting records is maintained for the business and the financial
statements represent the financial position and results of operations of the business only.
a.
企業應視作一個獨立個體並與其東主或其他企業個體分開。
b.
每家公司應設立一套獨立的會計記錄，而財務表亦只表達該公司的財政狀況和經營
成果。
e.g. owner take stock for his own uses 東主取貨自用 ($100)
Drawing 提用
$100
Purchases 購貨
i.
ii.
$100
Drawings account so as to decrease the capital amount
提用帳，以減少其資本
Purchases account so as to avoid overstating the cost of goods sold
購貨帳，以避免誇大銷貨成本

going concern 繼續經營
a.
when preparing accounts, a firm is assumed to continue operational existence for the
foreseeable future and has no intention to liquidate or reduce significantly the scale of
operation.
b.
all assets are valued at cost in the financial statement
c.
if company decided to close, assets are valued at liquidation value / net realizable value.
d.
liquidation value is the likely price of an asset when it is allowed insufficient time to sell on
the open market, thereby reducing its exposure to potential buyers. Liquidation value is
typically lower than fair market value.
a.
在編製會計帳目時，假設公司在可見的未來會繼續營運，並沒有清盤的意圖，亦不
會熕著縮小運作規模。
b.
在財務報表中，所有資產都按成本計值。
c.
若公司決定結業，資產就按清算值計值 / 變現淨值計值。
d.
清算值是指在沒有足夠時間於公開市場售賣時，即不能在潛在買家有足夠曝光下，
資產的可能價格。 清算值一般較市價為低。

historical cost 歷史成本
a.
assets should be recorded at their cost of acquisition or production
subsequent changes in their market values are to be ignored
a.
資產應以購置或生產成本入帳
毋需理會隨後的市價轉變
85
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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-18. Accounting principles and conventions 會計原則及慣例

consistency 一貫性
the accounting treatment of similar items should be the same in an accounting period and
from one period to another
the accounting treatment should not be changed unless a change in accounting treatment is
necessary or will give a more accurate view of a business
example of accounting treatment : depreciation method
在同一會計年度內及年度與年度間，相同項目的會計處理方法應相同
會計處理方法不能改變，除非改變會計處理方法是必須或更能反映企業的實況
會計處理方法例子 : 折舊方法

accrual 應計觀念
revenues and expenses are recognized when they are earned or incurred and are included in
the financial statements of that year
收益及費用應在賺得及產生時確認，並計入該年度的財務報表內
86
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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C3.
Accounting 會計
C3-19. Basic ratio analysis 基礎比率分析
Liquidity ratios 流動資產比率

Current ratio (Working capital ratio)

Currentasset

:1
Currentliabilities
(working capital = current asset – current liabilities)
(營運資金 = 流動資產 – 流動負債)

Quick test ratio (Liquid test ratio / Acid test ratio)
Current asset  inventory

:1
Current liabilities

流動比率 (營運資金比率)
流動資產

:1
流動負債
速動測驗比率 (酸性測驗比率)

流動資產  存貨
:1
流動負債
Profitability ratios 盈利能力比率


Gross profit ratio (Gross profit margin)
Gross profit

 100%
Sales

Net profit ratio (Net profit margin)

淨利率
淨利

 100 %
銷貨

運用資金報酬率
淨利

 100%
平均運用資金



Net profit
 100%
Sales
Return on capital employed
Net Profit

 100 %
Average capital employed
毛利率
毛利
 100%
銷貨
Reference 備註:
1.
Current ratio : ability to meet short-term obligations
流動比率 : 短期內清還欠款的能力
2.
if current ratio is too high, it might imply its inability of using available resources to grasp
investment opportunity
若流動比率太高，或許意味該公司未能善用其已有資源，捕捉投資機會
3.
Quick ratio : ability to pay immediate debt
速動比率 : 即時清償欠款的能力
4.
Liquid asset = cash on hand or an asset that can be readily converted to cash
速動資產 = 手上持有的現金 或 可迅速轉換現金的資產
5.
if current ratio = a : 1, where a < 1, then there are not sufficient liquid assets to meet its
immediate debts.
若流動比率 = a : 1，其中 a < 1，則公司沒有足夠的速動資產應付即時債務
6.
if the difference between quick test ratio and current ratio is too high, then it is too much capital
is tied up in stock / inventory.
若速動比率與流動比率的差距太大，則存貨太多，令大量資金積壓。
87
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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C4.
Personal Finance 個人理財
C4-1.
C4-2.
C4-3.
C4-4.
C4-5.
Time Value of Money
Consumer Credit
Personal Financial Planning and Investment
Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF)
Stock Trading as an Investment
C4-1.
C4-2.
C4-3.
C4-4.
C4-5.
金錢的時間值
消費者信貸
策畫個人理財及投資
強制性公積金 (MPF)
以證券交易作投資
88
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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C4.
C4-1.
Personal Finance 個人理財
Time Value of Money 金錢的時間值
Deposit (Compounded interest) 存款 (複利息)
1.
Example
a.
$100, 4% per annum compounded annually, 3 year
$100，年息 4 厘，每年一結，3 年
The Amount 本利和 = $100(1+4%)3 = $112.5
Interest 利息 = $112.5 – $100 = $12.5
b.
2.
$200, 12% per annum compounded monthly, 2 year
$200，年息 12 厘，每月一結，2 年
The Amount 本利和 = $200(1+1%)24 = $253.9
Interest 利息 = $253.9 – $200 = $53.9
Effective rate of return is the rate of interest on an investment annually
實際回報率是指每年投資所帶來的利率
e.g. 12% per annum / annual interest rate of 12%, compounded monthly
年利率 12 厘，每月一結
Nominal rate of return 名義回報率 = 12%
Effective rate of return 實際回報率 = (1+1%)12 – 1 = 12.68%
e.g. 12% per annum / annual interest rate of 12%, compounded quarterly
年利率 12 厘，每季一結
Nominal rate of return 名義回報率 = 12%
Effective rate of return 實際回報率 = (1+3%)4 – 1 = 12.55%
Bonds 債券 (e.g. 5 years bonds)
1.
par value 面值 : $100
2.
purchase price < par value : subscribe at a discount
purchase price > par value : subsribe at a premium
e.g. at a premium of 9%  purchase price = $109 (interest rate = 5%)
at a discount of 4%  purchase price = $96 (interest rate = 2%)
認購價 < 面值: 以折扣價認購
認購價 > 面值: 以溢價認購
e.g. 以 9%溢價  認購價 = $109 (利率 = 5%)
以 6%折扣價  認購價 = $94 (利率 = 2%)
3.
market value = trading price of bonds in secondary market
市值 = 於第二市場，債券的價格
4.
rate of return = return / cost of investment x 100%
回報率 = 回報 / 投資成本 x 100%
e.g. at a premium of 9%  purchase price = $109 (interest rate = 5%)
以 9%溢價  認購價 = $109 (利率 = 5%)
Rate of return in the first year = $5/$109  100% = 4.59%
首年的回報率= $5/$109  100% = 4.59%
89
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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C4.
C4-1.
Personal Finance 個人理財
Time Value of Money 金錢的時間值
Annual flat rate of Instalment loan 私人分期貸款的每年平息
e.g. Personal instalment loan plan : $12 000
私人分期貸款計劃 : $12 000
End of Year
年終
1
2
3
4
5
Total 總額
Repayment Amount
還款金額
$
3 000
3 000
3 000
3 000
3 000
15 000
15000  12000
 100%
12000
Annual flat rate 每年平息 
 5%
5
e.g. $100 000, flat rate = 10%, 8 years, instalment each year
$100,000, 平息 = 10 厘，8 年，每年供款
Interest 利息 = $100 000 x 10% x 8 = $80 000
Instalment each year 每年供款 = ($100 000 + $80 000) / 8 = $22 500
Present value & future value 現值 與 未來值
Discount rate = 8%
貼現率 = 8%
Value in 2041
於 2041 年時的價值
Value in 2042
於 2042 年時的價值
Value in 2043
於 2043 年時的價值
Value in 2044
於 2044 年時的價值
90
OR
或
Cost of capital is 8% per annum.
資金成本為每年 8%。
$100 in 2041
$100 in 2042
$100 in 2043
$100 in 2044
$100
$100 / 1.08
$100 / 1.082
$100 / 1.083
$100  1.08
$100
$100 / 1.08
$100 / 1.082
$100  1.082
$100  1.08
$100
$100 / 1.08
$100  1.083
$100  1.082
$100  1.08
$100
© by Herman Yeung
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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C4.
C4-1.
Personal Finance 個人理財
Time Value of Money 金錢的時間值
Net present value & discount rate 淨現值 與 貼現率
e.g. Let discount rate = 6%
設貼現率 = 6%
Year 0 第 0 年
Year 1 第 1 年
Year 2 第 2 年
Year 3 第 3 年
Year 4 第 4 年
$
–100
20
25
30
40
Net present value 淨現值
$20
$25
$30
$40
 $100 



 $2.01
1.06 1.06 2 1.06 3 1.06 4
e.g. Buy $120 000 machine,
Useful life = 6 year
Return $25 000 each year
6 years later, the scrap value of the machine is $5 000
Discount rate = 5%
買 $120 000 機器，
使用年期 = 6 年
每年 $25 000 回報
6 年後，機器殘值為 $5 000
貼現率 = 5%
Net present value 淨現值
$25000 $25000 $25000 $25000 $25000 $30000
 $120000 





1.05
1.05 2
1.05 3
1.05 4
1.05 5
1.05 6
 $10623
91
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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C4.
C4-1.
Personal Finance 個人理財
Time Value of Money 金錢的時間值
Present value & time-weighted cost 現值 與 折現後成本
Mortgage plan 按揭計劃
Plan A:
Deposit, payable on 1 January 2047
Instalments, payable at the end of 2047
end of 2048
end of 2049
Plan B:
Instalments, payable at the
計劃 A
首期，2047 年 1 月 1 日繳付
分期，
2047 年底繳付
2048 年底繳付
2049 年底繳付
計劃 B
分期，
2047 年底繳付
2048 年底繳付
2049 年底繳付
2050 年底繳付
$10 000
$10 000
$10 000
$10 000
end of 2047
end of 2048
end of 2049
end of 2050
$7 000
$12 000
$12 000
$12 000
$10 000
$10 000
$10 000
$10 000
$7 000
$12 000
$12 000
$12 000
Cost of capital is 8% per annum.
資金成本為每年 8%。
-
92
Present value at 1 January 2047
2047 年 1 月 1 日的現值
$10000 $10000 $10000
Plan A 計劃 A :  $10000 


 $35771
1.08
1.08 2
1.083
$7000 $12000 $12000 $12000
Plan B 計劃 B : 



 $35116
1.08
1.08 2
1.083
1.08 4
© by Herman Yeung
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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
Personal Finance 個人理財
C4.
C4-1.
Time Value of Money 金錢的時間值
Present value of an annuity of $1 for 12 periods 以 12 期計每$1 年金的現值
Interest of 1% per month on the outstanding principal payable at the end of each month,
present value of an annuity of $1 for 12 periods is 11.255
利息按尚欠本金每月計算 1%，以 12 期計每$1 年金的現值為 11.255。
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1











 11.255
1.01 1.012 1.013 1.014 1.015 1.016 1.017 1.018 1.019 1.0110 1.0111 1.0112
-
meaning 意義
Monthly interest = 1%,
Loan = $11.255,
Monthly instalment = $1,
Date 日期
1 Jan
1 Feb
1 Mar
1 Apr
1 May
1 June
1 July
1 August
1 Sept
1 October
1 November
1 December
31 December
93
月息 = 1%
貸款 = $11.255
月供 = $1
Interest 利息
Instalment 供款
$0.11255
$0.1036755
$0.0947123
$0.0856594
$0.0765160
$0.0672811
$0.0579539
$0.0485335
$0.0390188
$0.0294090
$0.0197031
$0.0099001
$1
$1
$1
$1
$1
$1
$1
$1
$1
$1
$1
$1
© by Herman Yeung
Outstanding 餘額
$11.255
$10.36755
$9.4712255
$8.5659378
$7.6515971
$6.7281131
$5.7953942
$4.8533482
$3.9018817
$2.9409005
$1.9703095
$0.9900126
$0
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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C4.
C4-1.
Personal Finance 個人理財
Time Value of Money 金錢的時間值
Future value 未來值
Mortgage plan 按揭計劃
Plan A:
Deposit, payable on 1 January 2047
Instalments, payable at the end of 2047
end of 2048
end of 2049
Plan B:
Instalments, payable at the
計劃 A
首期，2047 年 1 月 1 日繳付
分期，
2047 年底繳付
2048 年底繳付
2049 年底繳付
計劃 B
分期，
2047 年底繳付
2048 年底繳付
2049 年底繳付
2050 年底繳付
$10 000
$10 000
$10 000
$10 000
end of 2047
end of 2048
end of 2049
end of 2050
$7 000
$12 000
$12 000
$12 000
$10 000
$10 000
$10 000
$10 000
$7 000
$12 000
$12 000
$12 000
Cost of capital is 8% per annum.
資金成本為每年 8%。
-
Future value at 31 December 2050
2050 年 12 月 31 日的未來值
Plan A 計劃 A :  $10000  1.084  $10000  1.083  $10000  1.082  $10000  1.08  $48666
Plan B 計劃 B :  $7000  1.083  $12000  1.082  $12000  1.08  $12000  $47775
94
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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C4.
C4-2.
Personal Finance 個人理財
Consumer Credit 消費者信貸
Bank overdraft 銀行透支
a kind of short-term loan, the amount withdrawn from bank account is higher than the account
balance
properties:
a.
no fixed repayment schedule
b.
its interest is usually charged on a daily basis,
so it can save interest relative to personal loans
c.
collateral is usually not required
d.
if you haven’t use bank overdraft, no interest will be charged (but have administrative fee)
comparison
a.
bank overdraft : credit limit = $100 000, 12% per annum
use $100 000 credit at 1 May, 2046, and repay the outstanding at 31 May 2046
Interest expense = $100 000  1% = $1 000
b.
personal instalment loan : $60 000, 1 year, flat rate = 4%
monthly instalment = $60 000  1.04/12 = $5 200
Interest expense = $60 000  0.04 = $2 400
c.
personal loan : $60 000, 1 year, annual interest rate = 6%, compounded monthly
Annual nominal interest rate = 6%
Annual effective interest rate = (1.00512 – 1)  100% = 6.17%
Interest expense = $60 000 (1.00512 – 1) = $3700.7
是一種短期貸款，從銀行戶口提取的金額較戶口結餘為高
特性:
a.
沒有固定還款期
b.
利息通常按日計算，所以相對私人貸款可節省利息
c.
通常毋須抵押
d.
若您沒有使用銀行透支，無需支付利息 (但需行政費)
比較:
a.
銀行貨款 : 信用額度 = $100 000，年息 12%
於 2046 年 5 月 1 日使用 $100 000 的信用，及於 2046 年 5 月 31 日償還結欠
利息支出 = $100 000  1% = $1 000
b.
私人分期貸款 : $60 000，一年期，平息 = 4%
月供 = $60 000  1.04/12 = $5 200
利息支出 = $60 000  0.04 = $2 400
c.
私人貸款 : $60 000，一年期，年利率 = 6%，每月複息計算
名義年利率 = 6%
實際年利率 = (1.00512 – 1)  100% = 6.17%
利息支出 = $60 000 (1.00512 – 1) = $3700.7
95
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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C4.
C4-2.
Personal Finance 個人理財
Consumer Credit 消費者信貸
Mortgage loans 按揭貸款
a.
raise funds to buy real estate
b.
example
down payment : 30% of the value of property
mortgage loan : 70% of the value of property
interest rate : prime rate  ? % , HIBOR rate  ? %
(HIBOR = Hong Kong Interbank Offered Rate)
(Both are floating rate)
mortgage period : 20 years
c.
minimum down payment is setted by law
d.
maximum mortgage period is 30 years or lower
depends on the age of applicants, age of property, type of property and use of property
a.
為購買房地產而籌集資金
b.
例子
首期 : 物業價值的 30%
按揭 : 物業價值的 70%
利率 : 最優惠利率  ? % 、香港銀行同業拆息  ? %
(兩者皆是浮動利率)
按揭年期 : 20 年
c.
最高按揭成數是由法律規定
d.
最高按揭年期是 30 年或更低
要視乎申請人的年齡、物業樓齡、物業種類及物業的用途
96
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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C4.
C4-2.
Personal Finance 個人理財
Consumer Credit 消費者信貸
Importance of maintaining a good personal credit record
維持良好個人信貸紀錄的重要性
a.
lower the cost of loans
b.
increase the chance of getting loans
c.
higher credit limit
a.
減低貸款成本
b.
增加獲批貨款的機會
c.
更高的信貸額
Factors to approve client’s application for a credit card
批核客戶申請信用卡的因素
a.
record of repayment
b.
level of outstanding debts
c.
record of bankruptcy
d.
employment status
a.
還款記錄
b.
尚欠債務水平
c.
破產記錄
d.
就業狀況
Reasons of bank prefer issue credit card to applicants with good personal credit records
銀行傾向發卡給個人信貸紀錄良好的申請人 之原因
a.
higher chance of collecting debt on time
b.
lower default risk
a.
準時收取欠款機會較高
b.
較低違約風險
97
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DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C4.
C4-2.
Personal Finance 個人理財
Consumer Credit 消費者信貸
Credit Card 信用咭
信用卡戶口月結單 STATEMENT OF CREDIT CARD ACCOUNT
客戶名稱 Customer Name :
陳大文 Chan Tai Man
客戶郵寄地址 Customer Address : Rm XXX, XX House, XX Estate, KLN
戶口號碼 Account Number
信用卡類別 Card Type
白金咭 Platinum
結單日 Statement Date
31/3/2047
到期還款日 Payment Due Date
27/4/2047
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
98
1234-5678-9012-3456
信用限額 Credit Limit
HKD 100,000
總結欠 Statement Balance
HKD 37,400
最低還款額 Minimum Payment
HKD 1,496
2047 年 3 月的簽帳會於要於 27/4/2047 前償還，則不會收取任何利息。
即 3 月 1 日簽的帳可享有 58 天免息還款期。
27/4/2047 前，最少要償還 HKD 1,496，但餘額會即時計算利息(年息超過 30 厘)。
銀行如何賺錢？
陳大文 於 3 月 1 日 在 ABC 金行 簽帳 HKD 37,400
ABC 金行 2 日後收到當中的 97% (HKD 36,278)
銀行收取差價 HKD 1,122 作為
提供給陳大文 (HKD 37,400) 58 日免息還款期的利益 及 信用咭積分的好處
如果陳大文於 27/4/2047 無法全數償還，
銀行會再賺取手續費及逾期還款的利息
陳大文有何得益？
defer payment
safety (no need to carry large amount of cash)
convenience (worldwide acceptance)
privileges (enjoy discounts, special gift, cash dollar)
延遲付款
安全 (無需攜帶大量現金)
方便 (世界通行)
優惠 (可享折扣、特別禮品、信用咭積分)
ABC 金行如何得益？
金行可以得到一些 沒有現金但有信用咭 的客戶
從而賺取一些本來賺不到的生意
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C4.
C4-3.
Personal Finance 個人理財
Personal Financial Planning and Investment 策畫個人理財及投資
Current deposit vs. saving deposit vs. fixed deposit 往來存款 vs. 儲蓄存款 vs. 定期存款
Type of Account 戶口類型
Current deposit 往來存款
Saving deposit 儲蓄存款
Time deposit (1 month) 定期存款 (1 個月)
Interest rate ($1 million deposit) 利率 ($100 萬存款)
0.0000 %
0.0010 %
0.0100 %
Bondholders vs. shareholders 債券持有人 vs. 股東
Bondholder 債券持有人
No voting rights
Creditor of company
if company liquidated :
Bondholder > Preferred
shareholder > Ordinary
shareholder
Receive fixed amount of
interest at regular intervals
Guarantee receipt of principal
upon maturity
沒有投票權
公司的債權人
若公司倒閉，債券持有人 >
優先股股東 > 普通股股東
定期收取定額的利息
肯定可以到期日取回本金
Ordinary Shareholder 普通股股東
Have voting rights
Owner of company
if company liquidated :
Bondholder > Preferred
shareholder > Ordinary
shareholder
May receive variable
dividend when company have
profit
-
有投票權
公司的擁有人
若公司倒閉，債券持有人 >
優先股股東 > 普通股股東
當公司有利潤，有可能收取
不定額股息
Preferred Shareholder 優先股股東
No voting rights
Owner of company
if company liquidated :
Bondholder > Preferred
shareholder > Ordinary
shareholder
May receive fixed amount of
dividend if company have
profit which is prior to
ordinary shareholder
沒有投票權
公司的擁有人
若公司倒閉，債券持有人 >
優先股股東 > 普通股股東
當公司有利潤，有可能收取
定額股息，比普通股更先收
到股息
Warrants 認股證 (窩輪)
-
The conversion price per share of this warrant is $12.00 and the conversion ratio is 1 : 1.
The market prices on a certain day before the conversion deadline are as follows:
Case 1:
Market price per share
:
$15.00
Market price per warrant
:
$3.50
Case 2:
Market price per share
Market price per warrant
:
:
$11.00
$0.10
認股權的每股認購價為$12.00，而認購股票比率則為 1:1。
在行使認股權期限前某一天的收市價資料如下 :
個案 1
每股股票市價
:
$15.00
每張認股權證市價
:
$3.50
個案 2
99
每股股票市價
每張認股權證市價
:
:
$11.00
$0.10
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C4.
C4-3.
Personal Financial Planning and Investment 策畫個人理財及投資
Risk and Return 風險與回報
Risk = standard deviation
Return = expected value
Stock number
股票編號
04239
00700
00002
00066
00293
Personal Finance 個人理財
風險 = 標準差
回報 = 期望值
Company name
公司名稱
HKGB IBOND* 2311
政府債券 2311
Tencent Holding Ltd
騰訊控股
CLP Holding Ltd
中電控股
MTR Corporation
港鐵公司
Cathay Pacific Company
國泰航空
Stock price
股價
Expected Return (1 year)
期望回報 (1 年)
Standard deviation
標準差
$103
2%
0.1%
$470
15%
30%
$75
5%
5%
$42
10%
10%
$7
1%
30%
* iBond = 通脹掛鈎債券
-
100
high risk high return 高風險高回報
Case study 個案研究 : 00293
risks can be diversified by using investment portfolio
可以通過利用投資組合來分散風險
Risk (descending order) 風險 (由高至低)
1.
Derivatives: e.g. warrants, futures and options
2.
‘Third-liners’ listed on the Growth Enterprise Market
3.
Blue chips (constituent stocks of the Hang Seng Index)
4.
Mutal Funds
5.
Public utilities
6.
commercial papers
7.
Bonds
8.
iBonds
9.
Fixed deposit
10. Saving deposit
1.
衍生工具 : 例如 認股證、期貨、期權 (可以輸到負數)
2.
創業板上市的「三線股」
3.
藍籌 (恆生指數成分股)
4.
互惠基金
5.
公用股
6.
商業票據
7.
債券
8.
通脹掛鈎債券
9.
定期存款
10. 儲蓄存款
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C4.
C4-3.
Personal Finance 個人理財
Personal Financial Planning and Investment 策畫個人理財及投資
The importance of personal financial planning at different life stages.
人生不同階段作個人理財計畫的重要性
Young people : create and accumulated wealth
Parents : arrange for children’s education fees
40 to 60 years old : insure on earning ability
Retired people : plan for medical expenses
pay daily expenses to maintain living
meet contingencies, e.g. urgent medical expenses
estate planning, e.g. funeral expenses
年輕人 : 創造及累積財富
家長 : 安排子女教育費用
40 至 60 歲 : 為賺錢能力投保
退休人士 :
計劃醫療開支
支付日常開支，以維持她的生活
應付突發需要，例如緊急醫療費用
遺產分配，例如殮葬費用
Rights and responsibilities of individual investors and consumers of financial services
作為個人投資者和金融服務消費者的權利和責任
1.
right to ask for rationale behind an investment recommendation made by a broker or bank
2.
right to file a complaint in Securities and Futures Commission
3.
duty to understand the terms of a contract before signing it
4.
duty to monitor activities on own account by checking account statements, transaction documents
5.
duty to understand the characteristics and the risks of the investment instruments involved
1.
查詢經紀或銀行所提出投資建議背後理念的權利
2.
向證券及期貨事務監察委員會提出投訴的權利
3.
於簽訂合約前瞭解合約條款的責任
4.
檢查帳戶報表及交易文件，以監察個人戶口活動的責任
5.
了解投資工具所涉及的特性和風險之責任
101
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C4.
C4-4.
-
Personal Finance 個人理財
Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) 強制性公積金 (MPF)
Coverage : employees and self-employed persons aged 18 to 64
Working period is more than 60 days (except catering and construction)
Employees in catering and construction are required to join MPF even the working period is less
than 60 days
Employees can choose to make extra voluntary contributions in addition to the regular mandatory
contributions
When changing jobs, MPF scheme members can transfer their accrued benefits to another MPF
trustee
Employee Choice Arrangement (ECA) allows employees to transfer the MPF derived from the
employees’ mandatory contributions in their contribution accounts to an MPF scheme of their
own choice once a year.
Employees cannot transfer the MPF derived from the employer’s mandatory contributions under
current employment. Such MPF must be retained in the original scheme until cessation of
employment.
Employers must continue to make contributions (both the employer’s and the employee’s
portions) to the employer’s original scheme, instead of the employee’s newly chosen scheme,
even after the employees had exercised the right of transfer under ECA
涵蓋範圍 : 年滿 18 歳至 64 歲的僱員或自僱人士
工作期要多於 60 天 (飲食和建造業除外)
飲食和建造業的員工即使工作期少於 60 天，仍須參加 MPF
除了定期強制性供款外，僱員還可選擇額外自願性供款
當轉職時，強積金計劃成員可轉移其累算權益往另一強積金受託人
「強積金半自由行」，讓僱員可每年一次，選擇將供款帳戶內的僱員強制性供款所累積的
強積金，轉移至自選的強積金計劃
現職期間，僱主強制性供款所累積的強積金是不可轉移的。須待僱員離職後才可轉移
即使行使了「僱員自選安排」的轉移權，僱主仍須繼續將隨後的新供款 (包括僱主及僱員
部分) 存入原計劃內，而不是僱員所揀選的新計劃
-
-
Monthly Relevant Income
< $7 100
$7 100 to $30 000
> $30 000
Employer’s Mandatory Contribution
Relevant income  5%
Relevant income  5%
$1 500
Employee’s Mandatory Contribution
No contribution is required
Relevant income  5%
$1 500
每月有關入息
< $7 100
$7 100 至 $30 000
> $30 000
僱主強制性供款
有關入息  5%
有關入息  5%
$1 500
僱員強制性供款
無須供款
有關入息  5%
$1 500
102
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C4.
C4-4.
-
Personal Finance 個人理財
Mandatory Provident Fund (MPF) 強制性公積金 (MPF)
Exempt Persons
1.
employees and self-employed persons who are under 18 or over 65 years of age
2.
domestic employees
3.
self-employed hawkers
4.
people covered by statutory pension or provident fund schemes (welfare for civil servant
before Year 2000)
5.
members of occupational retirement schemes (ORSO) which have been granted MPF
exemption certificates
6.
overseas persons who enter Hong Kong under section 11 of the immigration Ordinance for
the purpose of employment for not more than 13 months, or who are covered by overseas
retirement schemes
7.
employees of the European Union Office of the European Commission in Hong Kong
獲豁免人士
1.
未滿 18 歲或年屆 65 歲的僱員及自僱人士
2.
家務僱員
3.
自僱小販
4.
受法定退休計劃或公積金 (2000 年前公務員的福利) 計劃保障的人士
5.
獲發強積金豁免證明書的職業退休計劃 (ORSO) 的成員
6.
獲准按照《入境條例》第 11 條來港工作不超過 13 個月或受海外退休計劃保障的海
外人士
7.
駐港區洲聯盟屬下歐洲委員會辦事處的僱員
-
103
Accrued benefits will be paid 可提取累算權益
1.
reach the age of 65;
2.
early retirement at age 60 or above;
3.
permanent departure from Hong Kong;
4.
total incapacity;
5.
terminal illness;
6.
a small balance of $5,000 or less, and as at the date of the claim, at least 12 months have
elapsed since the latest contribution day in respect of the member; or
7.
death (the accrued benefits will be regarded as part of the member's estate to be claimed by
the personal representative of the estate)
1.
年滿 65 歲
2.
年滿 60 歲並提早退休
3.
永久離開香港
4.
完全喪失行為能力
5.
罹患末期疾病
6.
帳戶結餘不超過$5,000，而提出申索的日期與該成員最近的供款日相距至少 12 個月
7.
死亡（累算權益將成為成員遺產的一部分，可由遺產代理人申索）
。
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C4.
C4-5.
Personal Finance 個人理財
Stock Trading as an Investment 以證券交易作投資
Money market vs. Capital market vs. Equity market vs. Bond market vs. Futures market
貨幣市場 vs. 資本市場 vs. 股票市場 vs. 債券市場 vs. 期貨市場
money market is the trade in short-term debt (< 1 year)
capital market includes the trade in both stocks and bonds
equity market is the trade of stocks
bond market is the trade of bonds
futures market is the trade of futures e.g. hang seng index futures
貨幣市場是短期貸款的交易 (< 1 年)
資本市場包括股票和債券的交易
股票市場是股票交易
債券市場是債券交易
期貨市場是期貨交易，例 恆指期貨 (期指)
Factors affecting share prices
1.
general economic condition
2.
political factors
3.
interest rate
4.
industry prospects
5.
company performance
6.
dividend policy
7.
speculation
影響股票價格的因素
整體經濟情況
政治因素
利率
行業前景
公司表現
派息政策
投機活動
‘Blue chips’ vs. ‘Third-liners’ 藍籌 vs. 三線股
104
-
Volatility of stock prices
Turnover of stock trading
Risk associated
-
股價波幅
股票成交額
涉及風險
Third liners
Larger
Smaller
Higher
Blue Chips
Smaller
Larger
Lower
三線股
藍籌股
較大
較小
較高
較小
較大
較低
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C4.
C4-5.
Personal Finance 個人理財
Stock Trading as an Investment 以證券交易作投資
The platforms of stock trading in HK 香港的證券交易平台
1.
Main Board 主板 (17953 stocks in Year 2021)
Financial requirement (satisfy one of the following tests)
a.
Profit test
Three-year aggregate profit  HK$50m, of which
Year 1 + Year 2  HK$30m
Year 3  HK$20m
Market capitalization  HK$500m
b.
Market capitalization / revenue test
Latest year’s revenue  HK$500m
Market capitalization  HK$4000m
c.
Market capitalization / revenue / cash flow test
Latest year’s revenue  HK$500m
Market capitalization  HK$2000m
Positive 3-year aggregate operating cash flow  HK$100m
Minimum 25% public float (can be reduced to 15% if market capitalization at the time of listing
> HK$10,000 m)
3-year management continuity
1-year ownership continuity
Minimum 300 shareholders
財務要求 (符合以下其中一項測試)
a.
盈利測試
三年累計盈利  HK$5000 萬
首兩年盈利  HK$3000 萬
上市前 1 年盈利  HK$2000 萬
市值  HK$5 億
b.
市值/收入測試
最近一年收入  HK$5 億
市值  HK$40 億
c.
市值/收入/現金流量測試
最近一年收入  HK$5 億
市值  HK$20 億
經營業務有現金流入，前三年營業現金流合計  HK$1 億
最低公眾持股量為 25% (如上市時市值> HK$100 億可減至 15%)
管理層最近 3 年不變
擁有權和控制權最近 1 年不變
至少 300 名股東
105
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
C4.
C4-5.
Personal Finance 個人理財
Stock Trading as an Investment 以證券交易作投資
The platforms of stock trading in HK
香港的證券交易平台
2.
Growth Enterprise Market (GEM)
創業板 (359 stocks in Year 2021)
Financial requirement
財務要求
Positive 2-year aggregate operating cash flow  HK$30m
Market capitalization  HK$150m
經營業務有現金流入，前兩年營業現金流合計  HK$3000 萬
市值  HK$1.5 億
Minimum 25% public float (can be reduced to 15% if market capitalization at the time of listing
>HK$10,000m)
2-Year management continuity
1-Year ownership continuity
Minimum 100 shareholders
最低公眾持股量為 25% (如上市時市值> HK$100 億可減至 15%)
管理層最近 2 年不變
擁有權和控制權最近 1 年不變
至少 100 名股東
Index in stock market
股票市場的指數
1.
Hang Seng Index (HSI)
恆生指數 (80 stocks in Yr 2022)
it measures the performance of the largest and most liquid companies listed in HK
it serves as a benchmark of the general performance of the Hong Kong stock market
it can use to compare performance of the Hong Kong stock market over time
it can use to compare performance among different stock markets
它量度香港市值最大和成交最活躍的上市公司的表現
它是香港股票市場整體表現的指標
它可以用來比較香港股票市場不同時段的表現
它可以用來比較不同股票市場的表現
sub index
分類指數
a.
Hang Seng Finance Index
恆生金融分類指數
b.
Hang Seng Utilities Index
恆生公用事業分類指數
c.
Hang Seng Properties Index
恆生地產分類指數
d.. Hang Seng Commerce and Industry Index 恆生工商業分類指數
2.
Hang Seng China Enterprises Index
恆生國企指數
3.
Hang Seng China-Affiliated Corporations Index
恆生紅籌指數
4.
Hang Seng TECH Index
恆生科技指數
5.
Growth enterprise Index
創業板指數
106
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
A1.
Financial Accounting 財務會計
A1-1.
A1-2.
A1-3.
A1-4.
A1-5.
A1-6.
A1-7.
A1-8.
A1-9.
A1-10.
A1-11.
A1-12.
A1-13.
A1-14.
Books of Original Entry and Types of Ledgers
Cash accounting vs. Accrual accounting
Bad debts and allowance for doubtful accounts
Capital expenditure and revenue expenditures
Depreciation
Determine value of inventory
Financial statements of sole proprietorship
Accounting for partnership
Accounting for limited company
Control System – Bank reconciliation statement
Control System – Correction of errors
Generally Accepted Accounting Principles (GAAP)
Financial Analysis
Incomplete Records
A1-1.
A1-2.
A1-3.
A1-4.
A1-5.
A1-6.
A1-7.
A1-8.
A1-9.
A1-10.
A1-11.
A1-12.
A1-13.
A1-14.
原始分錄帳簿及分類帳類別
現金會計與應計會計基礎
壞帳與呆帳準備
資本支出 與 收益支出
折舊
計算存貨值
獨資經營的財務報表
合夥會計
有限公司會計
控制系統 - 銀行往來調節表
控制系統 - 錯誤更正
公認會計原則 (GAAP)
財務報表分析
不完整會計紀錄
107
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
A1.
A1-1.
Financial Accounting 財務會計
Books of Original Entry and Types of Ledgers
原始分錄帳簿及分類帳類別
Books of Original Entry 原始分錄帳
Cash book
transaction by using cash at bank / cash
cash drawings for personal use by proprietor
現金簿
用銀行存款/現金完成的交易
東主提用現金作私人用途
Purchase day book / Purchase journal
purchase of goods on credit
購貨簿 / 購貨帳戶
賒購貨品
Sales day book / Sales journal
sales of goods on credit
銷貨簿 / 銷貨帳戶
賒銷貨品
Return outwards day book
received a credit note for goods returned
購貨退出簿
收到有關貨品退貨的貸項通知書
Returns inwards day book
received a debit note for goods returned
銷貨退回簿
收到有關貨品退貨的借項通知書
The General Journal / The Journal
introduction of office premises as capital
purchase of non-current assets on credit
普通日記簿 / 日記簿
注入辦公室物業作為資本
賒購非流動資產
*
*
Credit note : reduce account payables
Debit note: reduce account receivables
貸項通知書 : 應付帳款減少
借項通知書 : 應收帳款減少
Function of keeping books of original entry 開立原始分錄帳簿的功能
1.
segregation of duties which could reduce frauds
2.
classification of the transactions so as to facilitate the postings to the ledger accounts
1.
職責劃分，可減少舞弊
2.
將交易分類，方便過帳至分類帳帳戶
108
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
A1.
A1-1.
Financial Accounting 財務會計
Books of Original Entry and Types of Ledgers
原始分錄帳簿及分類帳類別
Accounts Payable vs. Accrued Expenses 應付帳款 vs. 應付費用
1.
Accounts payable : is the amount that the company has to pay in the short term to the creditors.
Accrued expenses: is a term used in accounting where the expense is recorded in the books
before it is paid for.
應付帳款 : 是一筆公司要於短期內支付給債權人的款項
應付費用 : 是會計中的名詞指出費用已於帳簿中記錄但未支付的項目
2.
Account payables : only has records that are due to the creditors
Accrued expenses: rent, wages, bank loan’s interest – basically where payments are made
monthly
應付帳款 : 債權人才會引起的記錄
應付費用 : 租金、工資、銀行貸款利息 – 基本上每月會支付的款項
Ledger 分類帳
Cash book
Cash
Bank
現金簿
現金
銀行存款
Purchase Ledger
Trade payables – A company
Trade payables – B company
應付帳款分類帳
應付貨款 – 甲公司
應付貨款 – 乙公司
Sales Ledger
Trade receivables – C company
Trade receivables – D company
應收帳款分類帳
應收貨款 – 丙公司
應收貨款 – 丁公司
General Ledger
Returns inwards
Returns outwards
Purchase
Sales
Interest receivable
… (not include cash, bank)
總分類帳
銷貨退回
購貨退出
購貨
銷貨
應收利息
… (不包括 現金、銀行存款)
109
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
A1.
A1-2.
Financial Accounting 財務會計
Cash accounting vs. Accrual accounting
現金會計 與 應計會計 基礎
Summary of the receipts and payments of ABC Company for the year ended 31 December 2046:
ABC 公司截至 2046 年 12 月 31 日止年度的收支彙總列示如下:
Subscriptions
Bar debtors
$
A
C
會費
應收酒吧帳款
$
A
C
Bar creditors
Wages and salaries
Bar operating expenses
$
B
D
E
應付酒吧帳款
工資與薪金
酒吧營業費用
$
B
D
E
Some of the company’s balances as 31 December were as follows:
12 月 31 日該公司部分帳戶的餘額如下:
Subscriptions in arrears
Subscriptions in advance
Bar debtors
Bar creditors
Wages and salaries prepaid
Bar operating expenses owing
2045
$
F
H
J
L
N
Q
2046
$
G
I
K
M
P
R
應收會費
預收會費
應收酒吧帳款
應付酒吧帳款
預付工資與薪金
應付酒吧營業費用
2045
$
F
H
J
L
N
Q
2046
$
G
I
K
M
P
R
Bar sales 酒吧銷售 ($C – $J + $K)
Purchases 購貨 ($B – $L + $M)
Wages and salaries 工資和薪金 ($D + $N – $P)
Subscriptions 會費 ($A + $H + $G – $F – $I)
Bar operating expenses 酒吧營業費用 ($E – $Q + $R)
110
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
A1.
A1-3.
Financial Accounting 財務會計
Bad debts and allowance for doubtful accounts 壞帳 與 呆帳準備
Workings for doubtful accounts:
Balance b/d
Balance c/d (*)
Increase / decrease in allowance (Cr./Dr.)
(*)
Age of accounts receivable
1 – 30 days
31 – 60 days
Over 60 days
(figure in last year)
(figure in this year)
(difference)
Estimated doubtful debts
1%
3%
10%
Increase in allowance for doubtful debts recorded
Bad debts / Profit and loss / Income summary
Allowance for doubtful debts
Decrease in allowance for doubtful debts recorded
Allowance for doubtful debts
Bad debts / Profit and loss / Income summary
Write off the bad debt
Bad debts / Profit and loss / Income summary
Account receivable
呆帳準備的草算:
承上結餘
(上年的數字)
結餘轉下 (*)
(今年的數字)
呆帳準備增加/減少 (貸記/借記) (差額)
(*)
應收帳款帳齡
1 – 30 日
31 – 60 日
60 日以上
預計呆帳
1%
3%
10%
記錄呆帳準備增加
壞帳/損益帳
呆帳準備
記錄呆帳準備減少
呆帳準備
壞帳/損益帳
撇銷呆帳
壞帳/損益帳
應收帳款
111
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
A1.
A1-3.
Financial Accounting 財務會計
Bad debts and allowance for doubtful accounts 壞帳 與 呆帳準備
Income statement - Decrease in allowance for doubtful debts recorded
…
Gross profit
$100 000
Add: Bad debts / Reduction in bad debts
$10 000
$110 000
Income statement - Increase in allowance for doubtful debts recorded
…
Gross profit
$100 000
Deduct: Bad debts / Increase in bad debts
$10 000
$90 000
損益表 - 記錄呆帳準備減少
…
毛利
加 : 壞帳 / 壞帳減少
$100 000
$10 000
$110 000
損益表 - 記錄呆帳準備增加
…
毛利
減 : 壞帳 / 壞帳增加
$100 000
$10 000
$90 000
Statement of financial position 財務狀況表
Trade receivables = $100 000
Allowance for doubtful debts = $1 000
…
Current assets
Trade receivables, net ($100 000 – $1 000)
$99 000
應收貨款 = $100 000
呆帳準備 = $1 000
…
流動資產
應收貨款，淨值 ($100 000 – $1 000)
112
$99 000
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
A1.
A1-4.
Financial Accounting 財務會計
Capital expenditure & revenue expenditure 資本支出 與 收益支出
If the work brings improvement to business efficiency, therefore it should be capitalized.
若工作可以改善商業效率，這開支就要資本化。
Purchasing price of the machine
Trade-in value of the old equipment
Legal fees related to the purchase
Machine installation and adaptation
Testing of new machine
Delivery charge
Insurance fee on transportation
Installation of anti-theft systems
Painting of company logo on newly purchased vehicles
Capitalized
Capitalized
Capitalized
Capitalized
Capitalized
Capitalized
Capitalized
Capitalized
Capitalized
Maintenance fee
Initial training for operators
Repair cost for accidental damage during installation
Replacement of worn out tyres
Annual premium on motor insurance policies
Cost for the lubricants to be used with the machine
Annual licence fee
Expense
Expense
Expense
Expense
Expense
Expense
Expense
機器的購入價
舊機器的易新價值
有關購買交易的法律費用
安裝及調校機器
新機器的測試
運費
運送途中保險費
安裝防盜系統
為新購入的車輛髹上公司標誌
資本化
資本化
資本化
資本化
資本化
資本化
資本化
資本化
資本化
保養費
操作員的基礎訓練
安裝期間意外損毀的修理成本
更換舊輪胎
汽車保險年費
機器所用到的機油成本
牌照年費
開支
開支
開支
開支
開支
開支
開支
113
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
A1.
A1-5.
Financial Accounting 財務會計
Depreciation 折舊
Causes 成因:
1.
physical wear and tear
2.
obsolescence
3.
inadequacy
4.
passage of time
5.
depletion
破爛 / 損耗 / 磨損
陳廢、過時
不敷用
陳舊
耗減
Methods 方法:
1.
Straight line method
30% per annum on cost
OR 3 years
直線法
按成本每年計算 30%折舊
或 3 年期
Cost
成本
Machinery
(purchased in 1st
Apr, 2046)
機器 (2046 年 4
月 1 日購買)
Machinery
(purchased in 1st
Apr, 2046)
機器 (2046 年 4
月 1 日購買)
$240
$240
(residual
value 殘
值=$30)
31 Dec 2046
31 Dec 2047
31 Dec 2048
Depreciation expense 折舊費用
$240*30%*9/12
$240*30%
$240*30%
= $54
= $72
= $72
Accumulative depreciation 設備累積折舊
$240*30%*9/12
$54 + $72
$126 + $72
= $54
= $126
= $198
$(240 – 30)*9/12
$(240 – 30) / 3
$(240 – 30) / 3
/3
= $70
= $70
= $52.5
Accumulative depreciation 設備累積折舊
$(240 – 30)*9/12
$52.5 + $70
$122.5 + $70
/3
= $122.5
= $192.5
= $52.5
31 Dec 2049
$240 – $198
= $42
$240
$(210 – 192.5)
= $17.5
$210
* 即使有 residual value 殘值，計算 depreciation 折舊費用 時，都是用 cost 成本。
Double entries 複式記帳法 (31 Dec 2047)
Depreciation expense
Accumulated depreciation – Equipment
折舊費用
設備累積折舊
$72
$72
$72
$72
Statement of financial position 財務狀況表 (31 Dec 2047)
Non-current assets
Machinery
$240
Less: Accumulated depreciation
$126
$114
非流動資產
機器
$240
減: 累積折舊
$126
$114
114
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
A1.
A1-5.
Financial Accounting 財務會計
Depreciation 折舊
Methods 方法:
2.
Reducing balance method
20% per annum
Cost 成
本
Machinery
(purchased in 1st
Jan, 2046)
機器 (2046 年 1
月 1 日購買)
Machinery
(purchased in 1st
Mar, 2046)
機器 (2046 年 3
月 1 日購買)
$300
$300
(residual
value 殘
值
=$150)
餘額遞減法
每年計算 20%
31 Dec 2046
31 Dec 2047
31 Dec 2048
31 Dec 2049
Depreciation expense 折舊費用
$(300 –
$(300 –
$300*20%
$(300 – 108)*20%
60)*20%
146.4)*20%
= $60
= $38.4
= $48
= $30.72
Accumulative depreciation 設備累積折舊
$300*20%
$60 + $48
$108 + $38.4
$146.4 + $30.72
= $60
= $108
= $146.4
=$177.12
$(300 –
$300*20%*10/12
$(300 – 100)*20%
50)*20%
$10
= $50
= $40
= $50
Accumulative depreciation 設備累積折舊
$300*20%
$50 + $50
$100 + $40
$150
= $50
= $100
= $140
Advantage 優點:
a.
even allocation of total fixed asset usage costs (depreciation and maintenance)
b.
appropriate matching of cost with benefits derived
a.
固定資產的使用成本總額 (折舊費用及維修支出) 可平均攤銷
b.
成本與相關收益的恰當配銷
3.
Based on the usage
Expected total production hours = 4000 hours
Cost = $20 000, no residual value
Date of purchase = 1st Jan, 2046
Year
年度
2046
2047
2048
Actual production hours
實際生產時數
1000
1500
3000
根據使用量計算
預期總生產時間= 4000 小時
成本 = $20 000，沒有殘值
購買日期 = 2046 年 1 月 1 日
Annual depreciation expenses
年度折舊費用
$5 000
$7 500
$7 500*
** residual value = scrap value = salvage value 殘值
115
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung
DSE BAFS 企會財 – All-in-one note (2024 年或以前)
A1.
A1-5.
Financial Accounting 財務會計
Depreciation 折舊
Sales of non-current assets 非流動資產的售賣
Cost 成本 = $140, residual value 殘值 = $20
Straight line method, 4 years 直線法 (4 年期)
Date of purchase 購買日期 : 1 Jan 2046
Date of sales 售賣日期 : 30 Apr 2047
Selling price (on credit) 售價 (賒銷) (a) $112 (b) $76
31 Dec 2046
Depreciation expense
Accumulated depreciation – Equipment
折舊費用
設備累積折舊
30 Apr 2047
Depreciation expense ($30*4/12)
Accumulated depreciation – Equipment
折舊費用 ($30*4/12)
設備累積折舊
(a) part
Accumulated depreciation – Equipment
Account receivable / Debtors
Equipment
Gain on disposal
設備累積折舊
應收帳款
設備
變賣收益
(b) part
Accumulated depreciation – Equipment
Account receivable / Debtors
Loss on disposal
Equipment
設備累積折舊
應收帳款
變賣損失
設備
116
$30
$30
$30
$30
$10
$10
$10
$10
$40
$112
$140
$12
$40
$112
$140
$12
$40
$76
$24
$140
$40
$76
$24
$140
© by Herman Yeung
www.youtube.com/HermanYeung