P EN
D R AW I N G
A N I L L U S T R AT E D T R
E
AT I S E
P E N
AN
I
BY
D R AW I N G
LLU STRATED
C H A R LES
OR ER
IN ST R T O R I
IN S TR T O R
RA IN
F
M
LY
UC
IN
UC
IN
P EN
D
LLU
W
1
BATES
G U
B
D
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MAGINNI
IN
OSTO N A R ITE
S TRAT O
G, B
T REATISE
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A RT S C H O O L
C T U RA L C L U B
C O VV L E S
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8 9 9
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D CO
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PA NY
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C o I> Y IRJ G H T
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BAT E S
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LD
C O MP A NY
8 99
—
TH
P R I N TBD A T
E E x BR E T ?
Bo s T O N
P R ES S
A C "N
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WLEDGMENT
T o l\ I r D av i d A G regg a n d t o M r B e r t
ra m G G o od h u e w h o h av e ge n e ro u s l y m ade
s pec i al d rawi n gs fo r t h i s l i t tl e b o o k a n d to
t h e P u b l i s h e r s w h have co u rteo u s l y al l o wed
m e t o m a ke u s e o f i l l u s t ra t i o n s ow n ed b y
the m m y t ha n k s a n d m y co rd i al a c k n o w l
e d m e n t s are d ue
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T E N T S
S tyl e
i n P e n D raw i n g
II
M a te r i al s
III
T ech n i q u e
IV
Val u e s
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P r ac t i ca l P ro b l e m s
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A rc h i t ec tu r a l D r aw i n g
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N a t u re a n d s o c o n t e n t s i t s el f w i t h a p a r t i al
s t a t e m e n t addres s i n g t h i s t o t h e i m agi n a t i o n
fo r t h e fu l l a n d p erfec t m e a n i n g T h i s i n ad
eq u a t i o n a n d t h e a r t i fici a l adj u s t m e n t s w h i c h
i t i n v o l v e s a re to l e r a te d b y r i gh t o f w h a t 1 3
k n o w n a s a rt i s t i c co n v e n t i o n a n d a s eac h a r t
ha s it s o w n p a r t i cu l a r l i m i ta t i o n s s o eac h h as
i t s o w n p ar t i cu l a r co n ve n ti o n s S cu l p tu re r e
p ro du ce s t he fo r m s o f N a t u re b u t d i scard s t h e
c o l o r Wi t h o u t a n y s h o c k t o o u r i dea s o f v er i ty
P a i n t i n g gi v e s u s t h e co l o r b u t n o t t h e t h i rd
d i m e n s i o n a nd w e a re s a t i s fied ; a n d A rc h i
t ec t u r e i s p u r ely co n v e n t i o n a l s i n ce i t d o e s
n o t eve n ai m a t t h e i m i t a t i o n o f n at u r a l fo rm
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s u c h b ro ad co nv e n t i o n s a s t ha t w i t h wh i c h we D f
a re i m m ed i a te l y co n ce r n ed
the art of Pen
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I n t h i s m ed i u m N a tu re s va ri e ty
o f c o l o r wh e n n o t p o s it iv e l y ig n o r e d l S s u g
ge s ted b y m e a n s o fs h a r p b l ac k l i n es o fv a r y in g
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p r i m a ri l y fo r i t s r ep re s e n ta t i o n u p o n a rb i t rary
b o u n da r y l i n es T h ere is o f c o u rs e n o a u
t h o r it y I n N a t u r e fo r a p o s i t i v e o u tl i n e
we
fe r e n ce i n c o l o r of
s e e o bj ec ts o n l y b y t h e d i f
t h e o t he r o bj ec t s b e h i n d a n d a ro u n d t h e m
T h e tec h n i cal cap a c i ty o f t h e p e n a n d i n k
m ed i u m h owev e r d o e s n o t p ro vi d e a val u e
co rres p o n d i n g t o ev e r y n at u ral o n e s o t h a t a
b ro a d i n te r p re ta ti o n h a s t o b e a do p ted w h i c h
e l i m i n a te s t h e l es s p o s i t i v e v a l u es ; a n d t h a t
fo r m m ay n o t l i kew i s e b e s acr i fi ced t h e o u t
l i n e b ec o m es n ece s s a r y t h a t l i gh t o bj ec t s m ay
s ta n d r el i ev e d a gai n s t l i gh t T h i s o u tl i n e i s
t h e m o s t ch ar a c te r i s ti c a s i t is t h e m o s t i n d i s
p e n s ab l e o f t h e co n ve n t i o n s o f l i n e d r a w i n g
T o s ee k t o ab o l i s h i t o n l y i n vo l ve s a r es o r t t o
exp ed i e n t s n o l e s s a rti fic i al a n d t h e r es u l ts o f
al l s u c h a t te m p ts d ep e n de n t a s t h e y n eces s a ri l y
a re u p o n el ab o r a t i o n o f co l o r a n d a ge n e r al
i n d i r ec t n es s o f m e th o d l ac k s o m e o f t h e b es t
c h a r a c te ri s t i cs o f p e n d ra wi n g
M o r e fr e
q u e n tl y h o wev e r a n el ab o r a te c o l o r sc h e m e is
m e rel y a s t r a i n i n g a t t h e t ech n i ca l l i m i t a t i o n s
o f t h e p e n i n a n e fTo r t t o r e nd e r t h e g r e a te s t
p o s s i bl e n u m b e r o f v al u es
I t m ay b e w o r th wh i l e t o i n qu i re wh e th e r
exce l l e n c e i n p e n d raw i n g co n s i s t s i n t h u s d i s
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S i der
I t is a r ecogn i z ed p r i n c i p l e t h a t eve r y m e
d iu m o f a r t exp res s i o n S h o u l d b e t re a ted w i t h
d u e r eg ar d t o i t s n a tu re a n d p r o p er t i es T h e
s c u l p t o r v ar i e s h is tec h n i q u e a cco r d i n g a s h e
wo r k s i n wo o d g ra n i t e o r m a rb l e t h e p ai n te r
h a n dl e s h i s wa te r c o l o r i n q u i te a n o t h e r m a n
n e r t h a n t h a t h e wo u l d e m p l o y o n a n o i l p a i n t
i ng o ft h e s a m e s u bj ec t ; a n d th e a rc h i tec t w i t h
t h e s u b tl e s e n s e o f t h e c r a fts m a n ca r r i e s t h i s
p r i n c i p l e t o s u c h a fi n e i s s u e a s t o i m p ar t a n
i n d i v i d u a l exp re s s i o n ev e n t o p a r t i cu l a r w o o d s
H e k n ow s t h a t w ha t m ay b e a n a d m i r a b l e d e
s i g n w h e n execu ted i n b r a s s m ay b e a v e ry b ad
o n e i n w ro u gh t i ro n a n d i s s u r e t o b e a n a b
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w h i c h i t h a s b ee n o b ta i n ed ; a n d i n p r o p o r t i o n
a s i t d o e s th i s i t m ay c l a i m t o p o s s es s th a t
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PEN DRAWING
p o s e wha t m i gh t p ro pe rl y b e cal l ed n a t u ral
co n v e n ti o n s ; a n d wh i l e m i sgu i ded a m b i t i o n
m ay se t th es e co n v e n t i o n s as i d e t o h a m m e r o u t
e fie c t s fro m a n u n w i l l i n g m ed i u m t h e t ri u m p h
i s o n l y m ech a n i ca l ; A r t d o es n o t l i e t ha t w a y
O u gh t th e p e n t lie n t o b e p e rs u ade d I n to t h e
r o v m c e o f t he b ru s ii 9
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o f o i l E v e n ift h e c h u rch o rga n b e th e gra n d
c s t a n d m os t co m p re he n s i ve o f m u s i cal in s t r u
m e n ts we m ay s t i l l b e p e r m i t ted t o ch e ri s h o u r
p i a n o E ac h h as it s o w n s p h e re i t s o w n r e a
s o n fo r b ei n g S o o f th e p e n
t h e p i ccol o
fl u te o f t h e a r ti s t i c o rch es t ra L e t i t p i p e it s
h i gh t reb l e a s m e r ri l y a s i t m a y b u t d o n o t
co e rce i t i n to m i m i c k i n g t h e b as s o o n
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to l d m e th a t h e was a l m o s t afra i d t o h a n d l e
the pen
I t i s s o fearfu l l y d i rec t h e sa i d
H e u n d e rs to o d t h e i n s t ru m e n t ce r t a i n l y fo r
i f t h e re i s o n e c ha rac te ri s t i c m o re t h a n a n o t h e r
wh i c h s h o u l d d i s t i n gu i s h p e n m e t h o d s i t i s D i
T h e n a t u re o f t h e p e n s ee m s t o
re c t n e ss
m a rk a s i ts p ecu l i a r fu n c t i o n t h a t o f p i c k i n g
o u t t h e real l y V i tal fea tu re s o f a s u bj ec t P e n
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6
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s wi ft s tro ke s o f I t wh e reas t h e t ed i o u s l ab o r
n o t t o s p ea k o f t h e ac tu al tec h n i ca l d i ffic u l t i e s
e n co u n t e red i n a t te m p t i n g s u c h a n e ffec t o f
co l o r w i t h p e n a n d i n k i n d i ca tes t h a t w e a re
fo rc i n g t h e m ed i u m
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cal l y i m p o s s i bl e t o rep ro d u ce w i t h t h e p e n t h e
l o w v al u e s w h i c h m ay b e o b ta i n ed w i t h th e
b ru s h ; a nd i t i s u n w i s e t o a t te m p t i t T h e
way fo r e x a m p l e i n w h i ch M r J o s ep h P e n
n el l h a n d l es h i s p e n as co m p a red w i t h t h a t i n
w h i ch h e h a n dl e s h i s b ru s h i s mo s t i n s t ru c t iv e
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t h e i n s t r u m e n t T h e s t u de n t w i l l fi n d i t m o s t
p r o fi t a b l e to s tu d y t h e wo r k o f t h i s m a s te rl y
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m a t te r o f m e th o ds T h e p u r p o s e o ft h is ch ap
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t h e s tu de n t by l i m i t i n g i t t h a n t o c h o o s e fo r
h i m I t w o u l d b e adv i s ab l e fo r h i m t o b e
c o m e a cq u a i n ted wi t h t h e v a ri o u s m a te ri al s
t h a t I m a y h av e o cc a s i o n t o m e n t i o n ( al l of
t h e m ar e m o re o r l es s e m p l o ye d b y t h e p r o m i
n e n t p e n m e n ) a n d a p a r ti a l i t y fo r p ar t i cu l a r
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h owev e r t h a t i t i s eas i l y p o s s i bl e t o exagge r a te
t h e i n t ri n s i c v al u e s o f p e n s a n d p a p er s ; I n
fac t t h e b egi n n e r i n v ari ab l y exp ec ts t o o m u c h
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av e rage s i z e N e i t h er o f t h e s e two p o s s es s es
t h e s e n s i t i v e n es s o f t h o s e p re v i o u s l y m e n
t io n e d b u t fo r wo rk d e m a n d i n g m o re o r l es s
u n i fo rm i ty o f l i n e t h ey w i l l be fo u n d m o r e
s a t i s fac t o ry T h e s m al l e r p o i n ts are l i ab l e
t o l ead o n e i n to t h e q u agm i re o f fin ic a l n e s s
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t h ere I s n o t h i n g ab o u t th e c o a rs e
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l i n e p e n m a y b e m e n ti o n ed t h o u gh I t h a s o n l y
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wh i ch p aral l e l l i n es m a y b e m ad e wi t h o n e
s t ro ke R a th e r i n tere s t i n g e ffec ts ca n b e o b
t a in e d w i t h i t b u t o n t h e w h o l e i t i s m o s t v al
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5
eas y t o h a n d l e R eed p e n s Wh i c h h av e s o m e
wh a t s i m i l a r v i rtu e s a re n ow l i t t l e e m p l o y ed
a n d ca n n o t b e b ou gh t T h e y h av e to b e cu t
fro m t h e n a tu ral reed a n d u s ed w h i l e fres h
F o r m a n y u se s i n d eco ra t i v e d raw i n g o n e o f
t h e m o s t s a ti s fac to ry i n s t r u m e n t s is t h e gl as s
p e n w h i c h gi ve s a n ab s o l u te l y u n i fo r m l i n e
T h e p o i n t b e i n g rea l l y t h e e n d o f a t h i n t u b e
t h e s t ro ke m a y b e m ade i n a n y d i rec t i o n a
m o s t u n i q u e ch a rac te ri s t i c i n a p e n I t h a s
h owever t h e d i sadva n tages o f b e i n g fri ab l e a n d
exp e n s iv e ; a n d as i t n eed s to b e kep t cl ea n
t h e p a te n t wate r p ro o f i n k s h o u l d n o t b e u s ed
wi t h i t u n l es s a bs o l u tel y n eces sa r y A fl a t
p i ece o f co rk o r r u b b e r s h o u l d b e p l aced i n
s i de t h e i n k b o t tl e w h e n t h i s p e n i s u sed o t h er
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ATERIALS
x
7
h o t p re s s ed
p ap e r a ffo r d s
a n o t he r excel l e n t s u rface a n d p o s s es s es s o m e
adva n tage s o ver t h e B ri s to l b o ard I t co m es
i n s h ee t s o f v ar i o u s S i z es wh i c h m ay b e e i th e r
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T ack i n g w i l l b e s a t i s fac to ry e n o u gh ift h e d raw
i n g i s s m al l a n d is to b e co m p l e ted i n a few
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h o u rs ; o t h e r wi s e t h e p ap e r i s s u re t o h u m p
u p es p ec i al l y i f th e weath e r b e da m p T he
p ro c es s o f s t re tch i n g i s a s fo l l ow s : F o l d u p th e
edges o f t h e S h ee t al l aro u n d fo rm i n g a m a rgi n
ab o u t a n i n c h w i de A fte r m o i s te n i n g th e p a
pe r t h o ro ugh l y Wi t h a d a m p s p o n ge cov e r t h e
u n de r s i d e o ft h is t u r n ed u p m a r g in w it h p h o to
grap h i c p as t e o r s t ro n g m u c i l age D u r i n g t h i s
o p e rat i o n th e s hee t wi l l h ave s o fte n ed a n d
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i t fi rm l y w i t h t h e fi n ge rs s t re tch i n g t h e p ap e r
ge n t l y a t t h e sa m e t i m e
A s t h i s es s e n ti al
p a r t o f t h e p roces s m u s t b e p er fo rm ed qu i ckl y
a n a s s i s ta n t I s req u i s i te w h e n t h e s h ee t 1 3 l a rge
C are sh o u l d b e tak e n t h a t t h e pap er i s n o t
s t rai ne d t o o m u ch as i t i s t h e n l i kel y t o bu r s t
wh e n i t aga i n co n t rac ts
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col o r d raw i n g W h a t m a n s co l d “p res s ed p a
p e r h as s o m e ad va n tage s a s a p e n s u rface
S l i g h tl y ro u gh i s h I n tex tu re i t gi v e s a n i n te r
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A p ecu l i a r p ap e r w h i c h h as c o n s i de rab l e
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1
PEN DRAWING
8
vo gu e es p ec i al l y i n F ra n ce a n d E ngl a n d 1 3
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wh a t is k n o w n a s cl ay b o a rd
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i s c o m p o s ed o f C h i n a c l a y gr a i n ed i n v a ri o u s
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fi n e b l ack l i n es wh i c h g i v e a g ra y to n e t o th e
p ape r d a rke r o r l i gh te r a cco r d i n g t o t he c h a r
a c te r o f t h e p a t ter n
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m i ddl e t i n t fo r t h e d r a w i n g B y l igh tl y s c rap
i n g w i th a S ha rp p e n k n i fe o r sc r a tc h e r b efo re
o r a fte r t h e p e n wo rk i s d o n e a m o re d e l i ca te
g r ay t o n e m a y b e o b ta i n ed w h i l e v i go ro u s
s c rap i n g w i l l p r o du c e a n a b s o l u t e wh i te W i th
th e p e n w o r k a d d e d it w il l b e s ee n t ha t a go o d
m a n y v al u es a r e p o s s i b l e ; a n d i f t h e d r a w i ng
b e n o t r ed u ced m o re t h a n o n e t h i rd i t w i l l
p ri n t exce l l e n tl y T h e gra i n ru n n i n g a s i t
d o es i n s t r a i gh t l i n es o ffe rs a go o d dea l o f o b
s t ru c t i o n t o t h e p e n h ow ev e r s o t h a t a real l y
go o d l i n e is i m p o s s i b l e
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i ts t ra n s p are n cy w h i c h o bv i a te s t h e n eces s i ty
o f r e d rawi n g a fte r a p rel i m i n a ry s ke tc h h as
bee n wo rk ed u p i n p e n c i l O v er t h e p e n c i l
s tu dy a s h ee t o f t h e l e t te r p a p e r is p l a ced o n
w h i ch t h e fi n a l d raw i n g m a y b e m ade w i t h
m u ch del i be ra t i o n
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C H A P TE R
I II
T E C H N I QU E
T h e fi rs t req u i re m e n t o f a go o d p e n tech
n i qu e is a go o d I n d i v i d u a l L i n e a l i n e o f
fe el i n g a n d q u a l i ty I t i s u s u al l y a s u r p r i s e
t o t h e b egi n n e r t o b e m ad e awa re t h a t t h e in
d i v i d u al l i n e i s a t h i n g o f co n s eq u e n ce a
s u rp r i s e d u e w i th o u t do u b t to t h e ap p a re n tl y
care l es s m e t h o d s o f s o m e s u cces s fu l i l l u s t r a
t o rs I t i s t o b e b o r n e i n m i n d h ow ev e r
th a t s o m e i l l u s t ra to rs are s u cces s fu l i n s p i te
o f t h e i r tech n i q u e r a th e r t h a n b ecau s e o f i t ;
a n d a l s o t h a t t h e ap p a r e n tl y free a n d eas y
m a n n e r o f s o m e a d m i r ab l e t ec h n i c i a n s i s i n
r eal i ty ve ry m u c h s tu d i ed v e ry de l i b era te
a n d n o t a t al l t o b e co n fo u n d ed w i t h t he
u n s o p h i s t i cated s c ri b b l i n g o f t h e b egi n n e r
T h e s tu d e n t is ap t t o fi n d i t j u s t a b o u t a s
e a s y t o d raw l i ke M r P e n n el l as t o w ri te l i k e
M r "i p l i n g T h e bes t way t o acq u i re s u c h
a s u p e r b fr eedo m is t o b e v e ry v e r y care fu l
a n d p a i n s t a k i n g T o ap p rec i at e h o w b eau t i
fu l t h e i n d i v i d u al l i n e m ay b e o n e h a s b u t t o
o b s e rv e t h e r i c h d eco ra t i ve s t ro k e o f H o wa rd
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l i n es i n t h i s d rawi n g as i n t ha t p rev i o u s l y
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o f t h e s u n l i gh t wh i c h i s h i gh i n t h e h eave n s
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L ES L I E
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B re n n a n F i g 1 5
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T E C H N I QU E
33
we l l t o s tu d y t h i s c are fu l l y fo r i t s m a rv e l l o u s
b e a u ty o f l i n e T h e re is l i t tl e h a tch i n g a n d
ye t t h e t o n e s are deep a n d r i c h T h e wa l l
to n e w i l l b e fo u n d t o b e m ade u p s i m i l a rl y t o
“
A and H i n F ig 1 2 The to ne B i n
t h e s a m e F i gu re i s m ad e u p o fl in e s w h i c h a re
t h i n a t t h e e n d s a n d b i g i n t h e m i dd l e fi t t i ng
i n t o each o t h e r i rregu l arl y a n d i m p a rt i n g a
t ex tu re s o m ew ha t d i ffe re n t fro m t ha t o b t a i n ed
b y t h e a b ru p t e n d i n g o f th e s t ro k es o f A
T h i s m e t h o d i s al s o e m p l o yed b y B re n n a n
a n d I S a v e ry e ffec t i ve o n e A go o d exa m p l e
o f t h e u s e o f t h i s c h arac te r o fl in e (u n k n i t ted
h o wev e r ) i s t h e d raw i n g b y M r L es l i e W i l l
s o n F i g 1 6 T h e i rregu l a r l i n e
C h as
go o d p o s s i b i l i t i e s fo r t ex tu re a n d t h e wavy
c h a r a c te r o f D
i s m o s t e ffect i ve i n t h e
r e n de ri n g o f s had ows g i vi n g a ce r ta i n v i b ra
t i o n t o t h e a t m o s p h e re
E a n d F su g
ge s t a fre e r m e t h o d o f r e n de ri n g a t o n e ; w h i l e
G s h o ws a s c ri b b l i n g l i n e t ha t i s s o m e
t i m e s e m p l o y ed t o ad va n tage T h e v e ry in
t e r e s t in
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wi t h a h o ri z o n ta l l i n e h av i n g a s i m i l a r re t u r n
s tro k e a s m ay b e n o t i ce d w h ere t h e re n de ri n g
e n d s T h e re a re t i m es w h e n a n i rres p o n s i b l e
s o r t o f l i n e i s p o s i t i ve l y d es i rab l e s a y fo r
ro ugh fo regro u n d s u gge s t i o n o r fo r free i n g
t h e p i c tu r e a t t h e edge s
I h av e i n va ri a b l y fo u n d t h a t wh a t p r e s e n ts
th e c h i e f d i ffi cu l t y to t h e s tu de n t o f p e n a n d
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PEN DRAWING
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D R A W I N G F R O M P H O TO G R A P H
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i n k is t h e m a n age m e n t o f t h e O u t l i n e W h e n
i t is real i z ed t h at b y m e re o u t l i n e o n e m ay
exp res s t h e t ex tu re o f a co a t o r a t r ee o r a wal l
w i t h o u t a n y re n de r i n g w h a tev e r i t w i l l b e s ee n
t h a t n o t h i n g i n p e n d r aw i n g i s r ea l l y o f s o
m uc h i m p o rta n ce N o t i ce fo r exa m p l e t h e
w o n de rfu l d raw i ng o f t h e d o g i n F i g 34
A ga i n i f a c o n n ec ted l i n e h ad b ee n u s ed t o
de fi n e t h e co r n er s o f R a il t o n s b u t t res s e s i n
F i g 7 a l l th e t ex tu r e wo u l d h av e b ee n de
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Ou t /m e
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T E C H N I QU E
5
s tro y ed I n s t ead o f t h i s h e h a s u s ed a b r o ke n
o u tl i n e s o m e t i m es o m i t t i n g i t al to g e th e r fo r
a co n s i de r a b l e s p ace O n th e l edges to o t h e
l i n e s ar e b ro ke n I n R i co s d r aw i n g F i g I I
a l l t h e o u t l i n e s m ay b e o b s e rved to h ave a
b r e a k h e re an d t h e r e T h i s b r o ke n l i n e is p a r
fec t i ve i n o u t do o r s u bj ec t s a s i t
t ic u l a r l y e f
hel p s t o s ugges t s u n l i t a t m o s p h ere a s w el l a s
t ex tu re
A rc h i tec tu ra l o u tl i n e s h owev e r a re n o t
p ar t i cu l a rl y s u b tl e ; i t is w h e n w e co m e t o
r e n d e r a n y th i n g w i t h v agu e b o u n d a r i es s u c h
as fo l i age o r cl o ud s fo r exam p l e t h a t t h e c h i ef
d i ffic u l t i e s a re e n co u n te red
F o l i a ge is a n
i m p o r t a n t el e m e n t o f l a n d s cap e d r aw i n g a n d
des e r v e s m o re t h a n p as s i n g c o n s i de ra t i o n T o
m a k e a s u cces s fu l r e n d e ri n g o f a t ree i n p e n
a n d i n k t h e t re e m u s t b e fi rs t we l l d raw n i n p e n
c i l I t i s ab s o l u t e l y i m p o s s i b l e t o o b ta i n s u c h
a c h a r m i n g e ffec t o f fo l i a ge a s t h a t s h o w n i n
M r P e n n e l l s s k e tc h F i g 1 8 w i t h o u t th e
m o s t p a i n s ta k i n g p rep ara t i o n i n p en c i l T h e
s u cces s o f t h i s r es u l t is n o t a t t ri b u t a b l e m e re
ly to the di f
fe re n ce i n t ex tu re s n o r t o t h e d i
rec t i o n o r c h a rac te r o f t h e l i n e ; i t i s fi rs t o f
al l a m a t te r o f go o d d raw i n g T h e o u t l i n e
s h o u l d b e free a n d s u b tl e s o a s to s u g g e s t
t h e edges o f l eafage a n d t h e h o l es n e a r t h e
edges s h o u l d b e acce n ted o t he rwi s e t h ey w i l l
b e l o s t a n d t h e t r e e w i l l l o o k s o l i d a n d c h ar
ac t e rl e ss
O b s e r ve i n t h e sa m e d rawi n g h ow
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TECH
N
I QU E
39
toge t h e r T h i s
is a n excel l e n t
e x a m p l e fo r
s tu d y a s i s al s o
t he p o rtrai t by
R a ffa el l i F i g
22
T h e t ex
tu res i n th e l a t
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For
t h e exp res s i o n
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V i erge a r e in
comparable
T h e a r c h it e c
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M r G regg I n
F i g 50 I S we l l
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D A NT A N
PEN DRAWING
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R A FF A E LL I
b e r t R a il t o n s ad m i rab l e d raw i n gs o f o l d E n g
l i s h h o u s e s (I reco m m e n d t h e s t u d y o f M r
R a il t o n s wo rk w i th a go o d d eal o f r es e r
v a t i o n h o w ev e r W h i l e i t i s ad m i rab l e i n
res p ec t o f tex tu re s a n d fas c i n a t i n g i n it s co l
o r t h e va l u es a re l i kel y to b e m o s t u n r e a l
’
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T E C H N I QU E
a n d t h e m a n n e r i s m s a re s o p ro n o u n ced a n d
s o ti r e s o m e t h a t I rega r d i t a s m u c h i n fer i o r
t o t h a t o f M r P e n n el l w h o s e a rch i tec tu re a l
w ay s app ea r r a t l eas t t o h ave b ee n h o n es tl y
d r aw n o n t h e s p o t )
T h e h a t s I n F i g 1 0 a r e m e r el y s u gge s t i o n s
t o t h e s tu d e n t I n t h e s tu d y o f e l e m e n ta r y
co m b i n a t i o n s o fl in e I n exp res s i n g t ex tu re s
A s t h e m ec h a n i c a l p ro ces s e s o f R e p r o d u c
t i o n h av e m u c h t o do w i th d et e r m i n i n g p e n
m et h o ds t h ey b eco m e i m p o r ta n t fac to r s fo r
co n s i d e ra ti o n W h i l e t h e i r wayw ar d n es s a n d
.
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i n flex i b i l i ty are th e ca u s e o f n o l i t t l e d i s t res s
t o t h e i l l u s tra to r t h e l i m i ta t i o n s o f p ro ce s s e s
ca n n o t b e s ai d o n t h e w h o l e t o m ak e fo r in
fe r io r s ta n da rd s i n drawi n g as w i l l b e s ee n b y
th e fo l l o wi n g ru l e s wh i c h t h e y i m p o s e an d fo r
w h i c h a s t r i c t regard w i l l b e fo u n d m o s t a d v is
ab l e
F i rs t : M ak e each l i n e cl ea r a n d d i s t i n c t
D o n o t p atc h u p a weak l i n e o r l eav e o n e wh i c h
h a s b ee n b ro k e n o r b l u rred b y r u b b i n g fo r h ow
ev e r h arm l es s o r eve n i n te re s t i n g i t m a y s ee m
i n yo u r o r i gi n al i t w i l l a l m o s t ce rta i n l y b e
n ei t h e r i n t h e rep ro d u c ti o n W h e n y o u m ake
m i s take s e ras e th e o ffe n s i v e pa r t c o m p l e t e II
o r i f y o u a re wo rki n g o n B ri s t o l bo a r d a n d
t h e a rea o f u n sa ti s fac to ri n e s s b e co n s i d e rab l e
p a s te a fres h p i ece o f pape r o ve r i t a n d r e
d raw
A im fo r
S eco n d : "eep y o u r wo rk o p e n
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D r a aw
PEN DRAWING
42
eco n o m y o f l i n e I f a s h ad ow ca n b e re n d e r ed
w i t h twe n ty s t ro k e s d o n o t c ro wd i n fo r ty a s
y o u w i l l e n d a n ge r it s t ra n s p are n cy R e m e m
b er th a t i n r ep ro d u c t i o n t h e l i n es te n d t o
t h i ck e n a n d s o t o cro wd o u t t h e l i gh t b e twee n
t h em T h i s i s s o d i s t res s i n gl y t r u e o f n ew s
p ap e r r ep ro du c ti o n t h a t in d rawi n gs fo r t h i s
p u rp o s e t h e l i n es h av e t o b e ge n e r al l y v e r y
th i n s h a rp a n d wel l ap ar t T h e ab o v e ru l e
s h o u l d be pa rt i c u l a rl y r ega r ded i n a l l cas e s
w he re t h e d raw i n g i s t o b e s u bj ec t t o m u ch
r edu c t i o n
T h e degre e o fr e d u c t io n o f w h i c h
p e n d raw i n gs ar e s u s cep ti b l e i s n o t a s is co m
m o n l y s u p p o s ed s u bj ec t t o ru l e
I t al l de
p e n ds o n th e s cal e o f t h e t ech n i q u e
T h i rd : H av e t h e val u es few a n d p o s i t i v e
I t i s n eces s ary t o keep t h e gr a y t o n es p re t ty
d i s t i n c t t o p rev e n t th e rel a t i o n o f va l u e s b e i n g
i nj u red fo r wh i l e th e gra y t o n es da rke n I n
p r o p o rt i o n t o t h e degre e o f redu c t i o n t h e
bl ack s ca n n o t of co u rs e gro w b l ac ke r
A
gra y t o n e w h i c h m ay b e l i gh t a n d d el i ca te i n
t h e o ri gi n al w i l l es p ec i al l y ifit b e cl o s e l y k n i t
da rke n a n d t h i ck e n i n t h e p r i n t i n g T h es e
r u l e s a re m o s t s t ri c t l y t o b e o b s erv ed wh e n
d raw i n g fo r t h e ch eap e r c l as ses o f p u b l i c a t i o n s
F o r b o o k a n d m agaz i n e w o rk h o wev e r w h e re
t h e p l a te s a re t o u ch ed u p b y t h e e n grav e r a n d
t h e v al u es i n a m e a s u re re s to red t h e th i rd ru l e
is n o t s o arb i t ra ry
N eve rth el es s t h e b egi n
n er wh o h as am b i t i o n s i n t h i s d i rec t i o n w i l l
.
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,
T E C H N I QU E
d o we l l n o t t o p u t d i fficu l ti es i n h i s ow n w a y
b y s u b m i t t i n g wo r k n o t d i rec tl y p ri n ta b l e
T h ere a re a n u m b e r o f m o re o r l es s fa n ci fu l
exp ed i e n t s e m p l o yed i n m o der n p e n wo rk
w h i c h m ay b e n o ted h e re a n d w h i c h are i l l u s
t ra t ed i n F i g
T he s tu de n t i s advi sed
10
h o wev er t o re s o r t t o t he m a s l i t tl e a s p o s s i
b l e n o t o n l y b eca u s e h e i s l i a b l e t o m ak e in
j u d i c i o u s u s e o f t h e m b u t b ecau s e i t i s w i se r
fo r h i m t o cu l t i va t e t h e l es s m e re t r i c i o u s p o s
s ib il it ie s o f t h e i n s t ru m e n t
S p a t te r wo rk
i s a m ean s o f o b tai n i n g a
del i cat e p r i n t a b l e t o n e co n s i s t i n g o f in n u m e r
abl e l i tt l e d o t s o f i n k s p a t te red o n t h e p ap e r
T h e p ro ces s i s a s fo l l ow s : C a r efu l l y co ver
w i t h a s h ee t o f p ap e r al l t h e d r aw i n g excep t
t h e p o rt i o n w h i c h i s t o b e s pa t te r ed t h e n take
a to o t h b ru s h m o i s te n t h e e n d s o f t h e b r i s tl e s
co n s i s te n t l y w i th i n k h o l d t h e b r u s h b ack
d o w n wa rd s i n th e l e ft h a n d a n d w i t h a wo o de n
m a tch o r to o th p i c k ru b t h e b ri s tl es t ow a r d
you s o t h a t th e i n k w i l l s p ray o v er t h e pap e r
P a rt i cu l a r ca re m u s t b e tak e n t h a t t h e b ru s h
i s n o t s o l o ad ed w i t h i n k t h a t i t w i l l s p a t te r
i n b l o t s I t i s wel l t h e refo r e t o t r y i t fi r s t
o n a ro u gh s he e t o f p a p e r t o r e m ov e a n y s u
l
e rf
uous i nk
I
f
t
h
e
sp
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t
te
r
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n
g
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s
wel
l
d
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n
e
p
i t gi v es a ve ry del i ca t e to n e o f i n tere s t i n g
tex t u re b u t i f n o t cl eve rl y em p l oy ed a n d e s
e c ia l l
i
f
t
h
e
r
e
be
a
l
a
rge
a
rea
o fit i t i s v e r y
p
y
l i kel y to l o o k o u t o f c ha r ac te r wi t h t h e l i n e
p o r ti o n s o f t h e d rawi n g
.
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E x p ed ier
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PEN DRAWING
'
44
A m e t h o d s o m e t i m es e m p l o yed t o gi v e
a
s o ft b l ac k e ffec t i s t o m o i s t e n t h e l o be o f t h e
t h u m b l i gh tl y w i t h i n k a n d p res s i t u p o n t h e
p ap e r T h e s e r i es o f l i n e s o f t h e s k i n m a k e
a n i m p re s s i o n t ha t ca n b e rep ro d u ced b y t h e
o rd i n a ry l i n e p ro ce s s es A s i n t h e c a s e o f
s pa t te r w o rk s u p e r flu o u s i n k m u s t b e l o o ked
a fte r b e fo re in a k in g th e i m p re s s i o n s o a s to
av oi d l eav i n g h a rd edges T h u m b m a rk i ngs
l e n d t h e m s e l v e s t o th e re n de ri ng o f d ark
s m o k e a n d t h e l i ke w h e re th e edges r eq u i re
t o b e s o ft a n d v agu e a n d t h e fre e d i rec t i o n o f
t h e l i n e s i m p a r t a fee l i n g o f m o v e m e n t
I n teres t i n g e ffec t s o f tex tu re a re s o m e t i m es
i n t r o du ced i n t o p e n d raw i n gs b y o b ta i n i n g
t h e I m p res s i o n o f a ca n vas gr a i n T o p ro du ce
t h i s i t I s n ec es sa r y t h a t t h e d rawi n g b e m ad e
o n fa i rl y t h i n pap e r T h e mot/u: op er a nd i I s a s
fo l l ow s P l ace th e d raw i n g o v e r a p i ece o f
m o ii n t e d ca n v as o f t h e des i red co a rs e n es s o f
gra i n a n d h o l d i n g I t fi rm l y ru b a l i t h og r ap h i c
c ra y o n v i go ro u sl y o ve r t h e s u rface o f th e
p ap e r T h e g r a i n o f t h e ca n va s wi l l b e fo u n d
t o b e c l ea rl y re p ro du ce d a n d a s t h e cr a y o n i s
ab s o l u tel y b l ac k t h e e ffec t 1 3 cap a b l e o f r ep ro
d u c t i o n b y t h e o r d i n a r y p h o t og ra p h i c p ro c
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C S S CS
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PEN DRAWING
te n t w i t h a n a tu ra l e ffec t
o fl i h t a n d s h ad e
N
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towe r fr o m t h e r i gh t t h e r es t o f t h e w a l l s b e
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gray w i t h o u t s acri fic i n g t h e s u n ny l o o k s u c h
a s c he m e w o u l d b e l i kel y t o p r o d u ce a l ab o r ed
e ffec t T w o a l te r n a t i ve s c h e m e s r ead i l y s u g
ges t t h e m s el ve s : F i r s t t o m a ke t h e a r c h w a y
t h e p ri n c i p a l d a rk th e wal l s l i gh t w i t h a l i gh t
h al f t o n e fo r t h e r o o f a n d a da r ke r e ffec t fo r
t h e t r ees o n th e r i gh t O r s ec o n d to m a ke
th e s e t rees th e m s e l v e s t h e p ri n ci p a l d ar k a s
s u gges t ed b y t h e p h o tograp h a l l ow i n g t h e m
t o co u n t ag a i n s t t h e g r ay o f t h e r o o f a n d t h e
i v y o f t h e t o we r T h i s l a t te r s c h e m e i s t h a t
wh i c h h a s b ee n ad o p ted i n t h e s ke tc h F i g 38
I t wi l l b e n o t i ced t h a t t h e trees a r e n o t
n ea rl y s o d ark a s i n t h e p h o to g rap h I f t h ey
we re t h ey wo u l d b e o ve rp o we r i n g I n s o l a r ge
a n a rea o f w h i te I t w as t h o u gh t b e t te r al s o
t o c h a n ge t h e d i rec t i o n o f t h e l i gh t s o t h a t th e
da rk i vy i n s tead o f act i n g co n t rad i c to ri l y to
t h e e ffec t m i gh t l e n d c h arac te r t o t h e s h aded
s i de T h e l o we r p o r t i o n o f t h e n e a re r to we r
was t o n ed i n p a rtl y t o q u a l i fy t h e v e rt i cal l i n e
o f t h e t owe r wh i c h wo u l d h ave b ee n u n p l e a s
a n t i f t h e s h a d i n g we re u n i fo r m a n d p ar tl y t o
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te n t i o n h o weve r to co n vey t h e i m p re s s i o n
t h a t a n y l i b e r t i es m ay b e take n w i th a s u bj ec t
i n o rde r t o p e r s u ad e i t i n to a p art i cu l a r s ch e m e
o f c o m p o s i t i o n ; a n d i n t h i s v e ry i n s ta n ce a n
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PEN DRAWING
co ve red a p o s i t i o n fo r h i s ca m era w h i c h w o u l d
have o b v i a te d th e n eces s i ty fo r a n y c ha nge
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t h i n g we h av e to
d e te r m i n e i s wh e re
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t h e p i c tu r e o fte n
l i es I n a fo r egro u n d b u i l d i n g o r I f t h e s t reet
b e m e r e l y a s e t t i n g fo r t h e r ep res e n tat i o n o f
s o m e i n c i d e n t i n a gro u p o f fo regro u n d fig
u res I n e i t h e r cas e t h e e m p h a s i s s h o u l d b e
pl aced i n t h e fo regro u n d t h e di s ta n t v a n i s h i n g
l i n e s o f t h e s t r e e t b e i n g re n de red m o re o r l e s s
vagu el y I n t h e p res e n t s u bj ec t h oweve r t h e
co n ve r g i n g s k y a n d s t ree t l i n es a r e b ro ke n b y
t h e q u a i n t c l o ck to we r T h i s a n d t h e bu i l d i n gs
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i m p o r ta n t e l e m e n t s o f t h e p i c tu re T h e n ea r e r
b u i l d i n gs p res e n t n o t h i n g i n t r i n s i ca l l y i n ter
es t i ng a n d t h e refo r e s e r v e n o b e t te r p u rp o s e
t h a n t o l ead t h e e ye t o t h e ce n tre o f i n te re s t
W h a tev e r a c tu al v al u es t h es e i n te r m ed i at e
b u i l d i n gs hav e t ha t w i l l h i n d er t h e i r u s e fu l
n es s i n t h i s r ega r d c a n t h e refo re b e ch a n ged
o r ac tu a l l y i g n o r ed w i t h o u t a ffec t i n g th e in
t e r it y o f t h e s ke tc h o r cau s i n g a n y p a n gs o f
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T h e b u i l d i n g o n t h e ex t r e m e l eft s h o ws v ery
s t ro n g co n t r a s ts o f c o l o r i n t h e b l ac k s h ad o w
o f t h e eav e s a n d o f t h e s h o p fro n t b el o w
T h e s e co n t ras ts co m i n g a s t h e y d o a t t h e edge
o f t h e p i c t u re a re b ad T h ey wo u l d ac t l i ke
a s h o wy fra m e o n a del i ca t e d r a wi n g keep i n g
t h e ey e fro m t h e r eal s u bj ect I t m ay b e o b
e c t e d h o weve r t h a t i t i s n atu ra l t h a t t h e co n
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t r a s t s s h o u l d b e s t ro nge r i n t h e fo r eg r o u n d
Y e s ; b u t i n l o o k i n g s t rai gh t a t t h e cl o c k to we r
o n e d o e s n o t s ee a n y s u c h d a r k s had o w a t t h e
t o p o f t h e v e ry u n i n teres ti n g b u i l d i n g i n t h e
l eft fo regro u n d T h e ca m e ra s aw i t b ecau se
t h e c a m e r a w i t h i ts h u n d red e yes s ee s eve ry
th i n g a n d d o e s n o t i n te res t i ts el f ab ou t a n y
o n e th i n g i n pa rt i cu l ar B es i d es i f t h e keep e r
o f t h e s h o p h ad t h e b ad ta s te t o p a i n t i t da rk
we a r e n o t b o u n d t o m ake a reco rd o f th e fac t ;
n o r n eed w e as su m e t h a t i t was d o n e o u t o f
r ega rd t o th e p i c to r i a l p o s s i b i l i t i es o f t h e
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fa i t h fu l l y as w e m ay t h e v a l u es o f t h e cl o c k
t o we r a n d i t s i m m ed i a t e s u rro u n d i n gs a n d to
d i s reg a rd t h e d i s co rda n t el e m e n t s a n d we h ave
n o h es i ta t i o n i n s el ec t i n g fo r p ri n ci p al e m p h a
s is i n o u r d raw i n g
F i g 4 0 t h e s h ado w u n d e r
t h e p roj ec t i n g b u i l d i n g T h i s d ar k a cce n t w i l l
co u n t b r i l l i a n tl y a ga i n s t t h e fo r egro u n d a n d
th e wal l s o f t h e b u i l d i n gs w h i c h w e w i l l t r ea t
b ro ad l y a s i f wh i t e I gn o r i n g t h e s l i gh t d i ffe r
e n c e s I n va l u e s h ow n I n t h e p h o tograph
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exp re s s a s n earl y as w e c a n t h e i r i n te r es t i ng
vari a t i o n s o f tex t u re T h e b u i l d i n gs o n t h e
r i gh t a r e t o o b l ac k i n th e p h o tog r ap h a n d
t h es e as wel l a s t h e s h a d o w t h ro w n ac ro s s t h e
s t ree t we w i l l co n s i d e rab l y l i gh te n A fte r
s o m e e x p e ri m e n t we fi n d t h a t th e b u i l d i n g o n
t h e e x t re m e l eft i s a n u i s a n ce a n d w e o m i t i t
E ve n t h e n t h e o n e wi th t h e b al co n y n ex t to
i t re qu i res t o b e t o n ed d o w n i n i t s s t ro n g
va l u es a n d s o t h e s h a do ws h ere a re m ade
m u c h l igh t er t h e w al l s b ei n g k ep t w h i te I t
w i l l b e fo u n d t h a t a ny t h i n g l i k e a s t ro n g e m
p h as i s o f t h e p roj ec t i n g eave s o f t h e b u i l d i n g
wo u l d d e t rac t fro m t h e e ffec t o f th e to we r s o
t h a t t h e s h adow u n d e r t h e eav e s is t h e r efo r e
m ad e graye r t h a n i n th e p h o t o grap h w h i l e
t h a t o f t h e b al co n y b e l o w i s m ade s tro n ge r
th an th e S h ado w o f t h e eav es b u t i s l i gh te n ed
a t t h e edge o f t h e d raw i n g to t h ro w t h e e m
p has i s t o wa rd t h e ce n t re
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70
P E N
DRAWING
T o a dd i n te r e s t t o t h e p i c tu r e a n d m o r e
e s p ec i a l l y t o gi v e l i fe t o t h e s h ad ows s ever a l
figu r es a re i n t r o d u ced I t w i l l b e n o t i ced t ha t
th e ca r t i s i n s e r ted a t t h e fo cal p o i n t o f t h e
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h a s n o t q u i te k ep t p ace w i t h th a t fo r ge n e r a l
i l l u s t ra t i o n s i n c e a b ackwa rd gl a n ce ov e r t h e
p r o fes s i o n al m ag a z i n es e n co u rage s a feel i n g o f
co m p a r a t i v e co m p l ace n cy T h a t s o h i gh a
s ta n d a r d o r s o a rt i s t i c a c h a r a c te r i s n o t o b s e r v
a b l e in a rc h i tec tu ral a s i n ge n e ra l i l l u s t rat i o n
i s I t h i n k n o t d i fficu l t to exp l a i n V e ry few
o f t h e c l ev e r a rc h i tec tu ra l d rau gh t s m e n a re
i l l u s t r a to r s b y p ro fe s s i o n F ew e ve n o f t h o se
w h o a re ge n e r a l l y k n o w n as i l l u s t r a to rs are
a n y t h i n g m o re
I s h o u l d p e rh ap s s a y a n y
t h i n g [err
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M r P e n n el l w h o wo u l d ap pea r t o as s u m e I n
h is b o o k o n d raw i n g th a t t h e p o i n t o f V i ew o f
t h e a rc h i tec t i s n o r m al l y p i c t o ri al s eem s a t a
l o s s t o e x p l a i n w h y M r R o be r t B l u m fo r in
s ta n ce ca n i l l u s t ra te a n a rc h i tec tu ral s u bj ec t
m o re a rt i s t i cal l y t h a n a n y o f t h e d rau g h t s m e n
i n t h e p ro fe s s i o n
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tec tu r e t ha t i t co u n ts a m o n g i t s m em b e r s i n
t h i s co u n t ry s u c h m e n a s M r B G G o o d hu e
a n d M r W i l so n E y re Jr a n d i n E n gl a n d
s u c h t h o ro u gh ar t i s t s a s M r P re n t i ce a n d
M r E r n es t G eo rge
m e n k n o w n eve n t o
d i s ti n c ti o n fo r t h ei r s k i l l a l o n g l i n es o f p u r el y
a r ch i tec tu ral p rac ti ce y e t a n y o n e o f w h o m
wo u l d I ve n tu re t o say ca u s e co n s i de ra b l e d is
p l ace m e n t d i d h e i n v ade t h e r a n k s o f m agaz i n e
i l l u s t ra t o rs M o r eo ve r (a n d t h e s u gges ti o n
i s n o t u n k i n d l y o ffered ) we re th e a rch i tec ts
a n d th e i l l u s t r a to r s 't o c h a nge p l ac es a r c h it e c
tu re wo u l d s u ffer m o s t by t h e p r o ces s
T h a t t h e ave rage a r c h i tec t s h o u l d b e in
cap ab l e o f ar t i s t i ca l l y i l l u s t r a t i n g h i s o w n d e
S i gn o u gh t I t h i n k t o b e l es s a n o cc a s i o n fo r
s u r r I s e t h a n t h a t few p a i n te rs w h o s e p o i n t o f
p
V i ew i s e s s e n t i al l y p i c t o ri al
ca n m ake eve n a
t o l erab l e i n te rp re ta ti o n i n l i n e o f t h e i r o w n
p ai n t i ngs B e i t re m e m b e r e d th a t t h e p i ct u r e s
m ade b y t h e a rch i tec t a re s el do m t h e r eco r ds
o f ac tu al i t i es T h e b u i l d i n gs t h e m se l v e s a re
m e rel y co n te m p l a ted a n d th e i l l u s t r a t i o n s
a re wo rked u p fro m geo m e t r i cal el ev a t i o n s
i n t h e o ffi ce v e r y v e r y fa r fr o m N a tu re
M o r eo ve r t h e s u bj ec ts are n o t i n fr eq u e n t l y
s u c h a s l e n d t h e m s el ves w i t h a n i l l grace t o
p i c tu res q u e i l l u s t ra t i o n T h e s t ru c tu re t o b e
dep i c ted m ay fo r i n s ta n ce b e a h eav y cu b i ca l
m as s w i t h a bal d u n i n t e r es t i n g s ky l i n e ; o r i t
fice b u i l d i n g i m p o s s i b l e t o
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ARCH ITECTURAL DRAWING
73
r eco n ci l e w i th n a t u ral acce s s o ri e s e i th e r i n p i c
t o r ia l s cal e o r i n co m p o s i ti o n
T h e s e n a t u r al
to o t h e d rau gh ts m a n m u s t w i t h
c c e s s o r ie s
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a n o ccas i o n al reco u rs e to h i s p ho tograp h a l
b u m evo l v e o u t o f h i s i n n e r co n s c i o u s n es s
W h e n i t i s fu rt h e r co n s i de red th a t s u c h s t ru e
t u re s eve n wh e n ac tu al i t i e s are u n co m p r o m i s
in g l y s t i f
f a n d i m m ac u l at e i n t h e i r n ew n es s
p r e s e n t i n g ab s o l u tel y n o n e o ft h o s e i n teres t i n g
acc i de n t s s o d ea r to th e ar t i s t a n d p er h a ps w i t h
n o t h i n g wh a tev e r ab o u t t h e m o f p i c tu res q u e
s u gges t i o n we h av e a p ro b l e m p res en ted wh i c h
i s s o m ewh a t a n al ogo u s t o t ha t p res e n ted b y
t h e s c u lp t u re s q u e p o s s i b i l i t i es o f fas h i o n abl e
t ro u s er i n g
T h a t wi t h s u ch u n i n s p i ri n g co n
d it io n s a rc h i tec tu ral i l l u s t ra t i o n do es n o t de
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s o l i t tl e o f t h e a r t ific ia l it y o f t h e fa s h i o n p l ate
a fte r al l a n d t h a t t h e b e t te r pa r t o f i t a t l eas t
i s n ot m o re u n wo r th y t h a n figu r e i l l u s t ra t i o n
wo u l d b e we re i t d en i ed t h e i n val u ab l e a i d o f
t h e l i v i n g m odel S o m u c h b y way o f ap o l og y
T h e a rc h i tec t u ral pe rs p ect i v e h o weve r I s TI
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n o t t o b e regard ed p u re l y fro m t h e p i c to ri al g gy;
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p o i n t o f V i ew I t i s a n i l l u s t r a t i o n fi rs t a V e
p i c t u re a fte rwa r d s a n d a l m o s t i n va ri ab l y deal s
w i t h a n i nd i v i d u a l b u i l d i n g w h i c h i s t h e e s
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P E N
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fo re b e m ad e a m ere fo i l fo r i n te r e s t i n g p i c
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acces s o ri es o r i n te re s t i n g b i t s o f s t r ee t l i fe m ay
b e add ed t o gi v e i t a n a p p r o p r i a te s e t t i n g ;
b u t t h e r es u l t m u s t c l earl y r e a d B u i l d i n g
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l i n g o f p ar t i cu l a r s u bj ec ts m ay b e fo u n d i n
t h e c h a ract e r o f t h e a rc h i tec tu re i ts el f T h e
i l l u s t ra t o r o u gh t t o e n t e r i n to t h e s p i r i t o f t h e
d es i gn e r o u gh t t o fee l j u s t w h a t n a t u ra l a c
c e s s o r ie s l e n d t h e m s el ve s m o s t h ar m o n i o u sl y
t o t h i s o r t h a t p a r t i cu l a r ty p e I f t h e a rc h i
tec t u re b e q u a i n t a n d p i c t u res q u e i t m u s t n o t
h ave p ro s a i c s u rro u n d i n gs I f o n t h e o t h e r
h a n d i t b e fo rm a l o r m o n u m e n tal t h e ch a r
ac te r a n d s ca l e o f t h e acce s s o r i es s h o u l d b e
acco rd i n gl y s e ri o u s a n d d i gn i fi ed T h e t e n
d e r i n g o u gh t a l s o t o v a ry w i th t h e s u bj ec t
a free p i c t u res q u e m a n n er fo r t h e o n e a m o r e
s t u d i ed a n d res p o n s i b l e h a n dl i n g fo r t h e o t h e r
T ec h n i q u e i s t h e l a n gu age Of a r t a n d a s t i ff
p o m p o u s p h ras e o l o gy w i l l acco rd i l l w i t h a
s t o ry o f q u a i n t h u m o r o r p a t h o s wh i l e t h e
h o m el y d i c t i o n t ha t m i gh t a n s we r v e ry we l l
wo u l d b e s u re t o s tru ggl e a t a d i s a dv a n tage
wi t h t h e s ta te l y m ea n i n gs a n d d i p l o m a t i c s u b
t l e t ie s o f a s t a te d o cu m e n t
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A R C H I T E C T U R A L D R AW I N G
I t w o u l d b e we l l fo r t h e s tu de n t
75
befo r e
v e n tu r i n g u p o n wh o l e s u bj ec t s to l ea r n t o
re n de r d e ta i l s s u c h a s w i n d ows co r n i ces e tc
W i n d o ws are a m o s t i m p o rta n t fea tu re o f t h e
a rch i tec t u ra l d raw i n g a n d t h e b egi n n er m u s t
s t u d y t h e m carefu l l y exp e ri m e n t i n g fo r t h e
m e t h o d w h i c h w i l l b e s t rep res e n t t he i r gl as s y
s u rface s N o m a te ri al giv e s s u c h p l ay o fl ig h t
a n d s h ad e a s gl as s do es O n e w i n dow 1 3 n ev e r
ab s o l u tel y l i ke a n o t h e r ; s o t h a t w h i l e a cer ta i n
u n i fo r m i t y i n th e i r v a l tie m ay b e req u i red fo r
b read t h o f e ffec t i n t h e d raw i n g o f a b u i l d i n g
t h ere i s p l e n t y o f o p p o r tu n i ty fo r i n c i d e n ta l
va r i e ty i n t h e i r t rea t m e n t
A few p rac t i ca l h i n t s o n t h e re n deri n g o f
w i n do ws m ay p rov e s erv i ceab l e A l way s e m
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l i n e o f s as h a s i n F i g 4 1
I n m as o n ry b u i l d
i n gs t h e fra m e a n d s as h ca n b e gi v e n t h e i r
p ro p e r v al u es t h e a rea o f wo o d b e i n g t rea ted
b ro ad l y w i t h o u t r egard to t h e i n d i v i du a l
m e m b e rs T h e w o o d m a y h o wev e r b e l eft
w h i t e i f r eq u i red a s wo u l d b e t h e cas e i n C o
l o n ia l d es i g n s
I n e i t h e r c as e t h e da r k s h ado w
w h i c h t h e s as h cas t s o n t h e gl a s s s h o u l d b e
s ugge s ted i f t h e s cal e o f t h e d rawi n g b e s u c h
a s t o p er m i t o f i t D o n o t try t o s h o w t o o
m uc h O n e i s a p t t o m ake a fu s s y e ffec t i f
fo r i n s ta n ce o n e i n s i s t s o n a l wa y s s had i n g t h e
s o ffi t o f t h e m as o n r y o pe n i n g e s p ec i a l l y i f t h e
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DRAWING
s cal e o f t h e d raw i n g b e s m al l
B es i d es a w h i te
s o ffi t i s n o t a fa l s e b u t m e rel y a fo rce d v al u e
a s i n s t r o n g su n
l i gh t t h e r e flec te d
l i gh t i s c o n s i de ra
bl e I f th e fra m e
b e l eft w h i te h o w
e v e r t h e s o ffi t
o u gh t to b e s h aded
o t h erw i s e i t w i l l
b e d i ffi cu l t t o k eep
t h e v a l u es d i s t i n c t
I n r e s p e c t o fw o o d
e m b u i l d i n gs t h e re
i s n o n eed t o a l
way s co m p l e te t h e
m o u l d i n gs o f th e
arc h i t rav e N o t i ce
i n F ig 4 1 that i n
t h e w i n do w wi t h
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t h e m ou l d i ngs
h av e b ee n ca rr i ed r o u n d th e t o p t o gi v e c o l o r
b u t t h a t i n th e o t h e r t h ey a re m e rel y s ugge s ted
a t t h e c o r n e rs s o a s t o a v o i d co n fu s i o n C are
s h o u l d b e ta ke n t o av o i d m ech a n i ca l r e n deri n g
o f t h e m u n t i n s F o r t h e gl a s s i ts el f a u n i
fo r m l y fla t to n e i s t o b e av o i ded T h e t o n es
s h o u l d s o fte n vagu el y I t wi l l b e fo u n d t o o
t h a t i t is n o t adv i s ab l e t o h a v e a s t r o ng da r k
e ffec t a t t h e t o p o f t h e w i n d ow a n d a n o t h e r a t
t h e b o t to m ; o n e s h o u l d p r e d o m in a t e f
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i t T o o b ta i n fo r t h i s
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t h a n i t I n th e gab l e
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to n e o f t h e ro o f i s
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m a y co u n t m o re em
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a s i n t h e cas e o f a
b u i l d i n g w i t h dar k L
r o o fa n d l i gh t wal l s i n
w h i c h cas e t h e s h ado w
m ay b e graye r t h a n
t h e l o wer p o rt i o n o f
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t h e ro o f a s i n B i n
Fig 44
B u t t h e b eg i n n e r
s h o u l d n o t y e t h u rry
o n t o wh o l e s u bj ec ts FI G 2 G E O R G E F N E WT O N
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A c h u rc h p o r ch a s i n
F i g 3 5 o r a d o r m e r w i t h it s s h a do w cas t o n
a ro o f a s i n F i g 4 3 wi l l b e j u s t a s b e n e fic i al
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A R C H I T E C T U R A L D R AW I N G
79
w i l l a ffo rd q u i te a s go o d a n o p p o r t u n i ty fo r
t es t i n g h is k n o w l e d g e o f t h e p r i n c i p l es o f
p e n d raw i n g w i t h t h e
a dded a dva n tage t h a t
e i t h er o f t h e s u bj ec t s
m e n ti o ned can be
m a p p ed o u t i n a few
m i n u tes a n d t h a t a
fa i l u r e o r two t h e r e
fo r e w i l l n o t p ro v e s o
d i s co u ragi n g a s i f a
m o r e i n t r i ca te s u bj ec t
h ad t o b e r e d raw n I
h av e k n o w n p ro m i s
i n g b egi n n e r s to g i v e
u p pe n a n d i n k d r a w
i n g I n d es p ai r becau s e
t h ey fo u n d t h e m s el ve s
u n e q u a l t o s u bj e c t s
wh ich wo u l d h ave
p r e s e n ted n o t a few
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l e t h i m s ee k co n s o l a
t i o n a n d e n co u rage m e n t i n t h e t h o u gh t th a t
we re p e n d rawi n g s o m e t h i n g to b e m as te red
i n a wee k o r a m o n t h t h e re w o u l d b e s mal l
m e ri t i n t h e acco m p l i s h m e n t
I t i s a c o m m o n fau l t o f s tu de n ts t o d i ve
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PEN DRAWING
i n to t h e p i c tu re u n t h i n k i n gl y b egi n n i ng a n y
Ge e r l wh ere
w i t h o u t t h e vagu es t p l a n o f a ge n e ra l
Sys e m
e ffec t w h e re as i t i s o f t h e u t m o s t i m p o r ta n ce
t h a t ev ery s tro k e o f t h e p e n b e m ad e w i t h in
t e l l i e n t r eg a rd t o t h e u l t i m a te r es u l t
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fo l l o w i n g ge n eral m e t h o d w i l l b e fo u n d v a l u a
ble
P e n ci l t h e o u tl i n e o f t h e e n t i re s u bj ec t b e
fo r e b egi n n i n g t h e p e n wo r k I t w i l l n o t d o
t o s t a r t o n t h e re n d er i n g as s o o n a s th e b u i l d
i n g a l o n e is p e n cil l ed o u t l eav i n g t h e acce s
s o r i e s t o b e pu t I n as o n e go e s a l o n g
The
adj ace n t b u i l d i n gs t h e fo l i age a n d ev e n th e
figu res m u s t b e d raw n
care fu l l y d raw n
b e fo re t h e p e n i s ta ke n u p T h e w h ol e su b
e c t fr o m th e v ery b egi n n i n g s h o u l d b e u n de r
j
co n tro l a n d t o t h a t e n d i t b eco m e s n eces s ar y
t o hav e al l t h e e l e m en t s o f I t p re arra n ged
N ex t s c h e m e o u t th e v al u es
Th i s is th e
t i m e t o d o t h e t h i n k i ng D o n o t s tar t ou t
r a s h l y a s s o o n a s ev e ry th i n g i s o u t l i n ed i n
p e n ci l co n fide n t I n t h e b el i ef t h a t al l Wi n do ws
fo r i n s t a n ce a re da rk a n d t h a t yo u m a y a s
wel l m ak e t h e m s o a t o n ce a n d b e d o n e w i t h
t h e m T h i s w i l l b e o n l y to co u r t d i s as te r
B es i des al l w i n dows a re n o t da r k ; t h ey m ay
b e v e r y l i gh t i n d eed T h e co l o r val u e o f
n o t h i n g i s a b s o l u t e A s hado w m ay s ee m a l
m o s t b l a ck t i l l a figu r e p as s e s i n to i t w h e n i t
m a y b eco m e q u i te gray b y co m pari s o n S o a
w i n d o w w i th t h e s u n s h i n i n g fu l l u p o n i t o r
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A R CH I T E C T U R A L D R AW I N G
81
eve n o n e i n s h ade o n w h i c h a re flected l igh t
i s ca s t m ay b e b ri l l i a n tl y l i gh t u n t i l th e n ex t
i n s t a n t a c l o u d sh ad o w i s re flec te d i n i t m a k
i n g i t de n s el y b l ac k A rra n ge t he va l u es
t h e r efo re w i t h re fe ren ce t o o n e ge n era l e ffec t
d ec i d i n g fi rs t o f al l o n th e d i rec t i o n o f th e
l i gh t S h o u l d th i s b e s u c h a s t o th ro w l arge
a re a s o f s h ado w t h es e m as s e s o f gray w i l l b e
i m p o rta n t el e m e n t s i n t h e co l o r sc he m e A n
exce l l e n t way to s tu d y val u es i s t o m ake a
t rac i n g pap e r co p y o f t h e l i n e d raw i n g a n d t o
exp e r i m e n t o n t h i s fo r t h e co l o r w i t h c h arco al
m a k i n g s ev e ral s k e tc h e s i f n eces s a r y A fte r
h a v i n g d e te rm i n ed o n a s at i s fac to ry s ch em e
p u t fix a t ifo n t h e ro ug h s ke tch a n d keep i t i n
s i gh t O th erw i s e o n e is l i ab l e e s p ec i al l y i f
t h e s u bj ec t i s a n i n t ri ca t e o n e t o b e l ed as t r ay
b y l i t tl e o p p o r tu n i t i e s fo r i n te r es t i n g e ffec ts
h e re a n d t h e re o n l y t o d i sco ve r wh e n t o o l at e
t h a t th es e e ffec t s d o n o t h a n g t oge t h e r a n d
t h a t t h e d r a w i n g h as l o s t it s b read t h T h e
ro u gh s ke tch i s to t h e d rau gh t s m a n wh a t m a n
u sc r i t n o te s are to t h e l ec t u re r
p
D o n o t b e o ve r c o n s c i o u s o f d e ta i l
It
i s a co m m o n wea k n es s o f t h e a r c h i tectu ra l
d rau gh ts m a n t o b e to o s op h i s t i cated i n h i s
p i c t o ri al i l l u s t rat i o n
H e k n o ws s o m u c h
ab o u t t h e b u i l d i n g t ha t n o m a t te r h o w m a n y
t h o u sa n d y a r d s away fro m i t h e m ay s ta n d h e
wi l l se e t h i n gs t h a t wo u l d n o t rev e a l th e m
s el ve s to a n o t h e r w i t h t h e a s s i s ta n ce o f a fie l d
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PEN DRAWING
82
gl a s s H e is co n s c i o u s o f t h e fa c t th at t h e r e
a re j u s t s o m a n y b r i c k co u r s e s to th e fo o t
th a t t h e cl a p b o a rd s a re l a i d j u s t s o m a n y
i n ch es t o th e wea t h e r t h a t th e re a re j u s t s o
m a n y m o u l d i n gs i n t h e b el t co u rs e
that
eve ry th i n g i n ge n e ral i s v e ry v ery m a t h e
m a t ic a l
T h i s is n o t b ec a u s e h is p o i n t o f
v i ew i s to o bi
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s ees t h e w lool e bu ild ing L e t h i m t ry to t h i n k
b ro ad l y o f t h i n gs E v e n s h o u l d h e s u cceed
i n fo rge t t i n g s o m e o f t h es e fa ct i t i o u s de t a i l s
t h e r es u l t w i l l s t i l l b e s t i ff e n o ugh s o h ar d is
i t t o r e adj u s t o n e s a t t i tu d e a fte r m a n i p u l a t i n g
t h e T S q u are I s t ro n g l y reco m m e n d a s a n
i n val u ab l e a i d t o ward s u c h a r e a dj u s t m e n t th e
h ab i t o f s k e tch i n g fro m N a t u re
fro m t h e
figu r e d u r i n g t h e w i n te r ev e n i n gs a n d o u t o f
d o o rs I n s u m m e r
T h e b egi n n e r i s ap t t o fi n d h i s e ffec ts a t
fi rs t ra th e r h a rd a n d m ech a n i cal a t t h e b es t
b ecau s e h e h as n o t y e t a t ta i n ed th a t fr ee
d o m o f h a n d l i n g w h i c h i g n o res u n i m p o r ta n t
d e ta i l s s u gges t s rat h er t ha n s t a t es g i v e s I n
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d i ffere n t i a te s tex tu re s A go o d p a r t o f t h e
u n p l ea sa n t n es s o f e ffec t w i l l u n do u b ted l y b e
fo u n d t o b e du e t o a m i s t a k e n r ega r d fo r
accu r a cy o f s t a t e m e n t i n d i v i d u a l m o u l d i n gs
b e i n g l i n ed in a s d e l i b e r a te l y a s i n t h e geo
m e t r i cal o ffice d raw i n gs a n d n o t a n egg n o r a
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A R C H I T E C T U R A L D R AW I N G
83
d ar t s l i gh t ed T a ke fo r exa m p l e th e c a s e of
a n o l d C o l o n i a l b u i l d i n g w i t h i t s w h i t e co r
n i ce o r a n y b u i l d i ng w i t h w h i te t ri m m i n gs
S ee t h e e f
e l eva t i o n
fec t o f s u c h a o n e i n a n
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wh e r e a l l t h e de t a i l is d r a w n a s i n A F i g
n ece s
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s ar y to exp r e s s t h i s de tai l h a s m ade th e co r
n i ce d a r k e r t h a n t h e r es t o f t h e d r aw i n g a n d
ye t t h i s is q u i te t h e r eve r s e o f t h e v a l u e wh i ch
i t wo u l d h av e i n t h e a c t u al b u i l d i n g s e e B
T o o b t a i n t h e t ru e v a l u e t h e d i ffe r e n t m o u l d
i n gs wh i ch m a k e u p t h e co r n i ce s h o u l d b e
m e r e l y s u gges ted W h e r e i t i s n o t a q u e s t i o n
o f l o ca l c o l o r h o wev e r t h i s m a t te r o f el i m i n a
t i o n i s l a rge l y s u bj ec t to t h e ex i ge n ci e s o f r e
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t i n c t p o i n t s o f v i ew a re n o t i cea b l e ; t h e o n e
dem a n d i n g a real i s t i c t h e o t h e r a p u r e l y co n
ve n t i o n al a r t T h e l ogi c o f t h e fi r s t i s t h a t
a l l go o d p i c to r i a l a r t i s e s s e n t i al l y d eco ra t i v e ;
t ha t o f t h e s eco n d th a t t h e d eco r a t i v e s u bj ec t
m u s t b e d es i g n ed i n o rga n i c r e l a ti o n to t h e
s pace w h i c h i t I s t o o cc u p y a n d b e s o tre a ted
th at th e d e s i g n w i l l p r i m a r i l y fu l fil a p u rel y
o r n a m e n tal fu n c ti o n T h a t i s to s a y w ha t
eve r o f d ra m a t i c o r l i te ra ry i n te res t t h e d eco
r a t iv e des i g n m ay p o s s e s s m u s t b e
as i t w e re
wo v e n i n to i t s o t h a t t h e ge n e ral e ffec t s h a l l
p l ea s e a s i n s ta n t l y as d i rec tl y a n d a s i nd e
p e n d e n tl y o f t h e m ea n i n g a s th e pa t te r n o f
a n O r i e n tal r u g T h e fo rm e r i t w i l l b e s ee n
i s a n i m i ta t i ve t h e l at te r a n i n v e n t i ve a r t I n
th e o n e t h e e l e m en ts o f th e s u bj ec t a re re n
d e re d w i t h al l p o s s i b l e ii a t u r a l is m ; wh i l e i n
th e o th e r e ffec ts o f a t m o s p h e re a n d t h e acc i
de n tal p l ay o fl ig h t a n d s h ade are sac ri ficed t o
a co n v e n t i o n a l re n deri n g b y w h i c h t h e d es i gn
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1 07
i s kep t fl a t u p o n t h e p ap e r o r wal l O n e
r ep r es e n ts t h e p o i n t o f V i ew o f t h e p ai n te r a n d
t h e p i c to r i a l i l l u s t ra to r t h e o t h e r t h a t o f th e
d es i g n e r a n d t h e a rc h i tec t T h e s eco n d o r
co n ve n t i o n a l i d ea h a s n o w co m e t o b e w i del y
a ccep ted a s a t r u e bas i c p r i n c i p l e i n deco ra t i v e
art
T h e i de a i s n o t b y a n y m ea n s n ov e l ; i t ha s Tb N
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a n es e a r t ; b u t i t s g en es i s w a s n o t I n J apa n
T h e i m m ed i a t e i n s p i r a t i o n o f t h e n ew D eco ra
t i v e s ch o o l a s far a s i t i s co n ce rn e d w i t h t h e
dec o r a ti o n o f bo o k s a t l eas t was fo u n d i n t he
a r t o f D ii r e r H o l bei n a n d t h e G e r m a n e u
grave r s o f t h e s i x tee n t h ce n tu r y
i n t ere s t i n
w h i c h p er i o d h a s b ee n l a te l y s o s t i m u l a ted b y
t h e A rt s a n d C raft s m o ve m en t i n E n gl a n d
T h i s m o v e m e n t wh i c h m ay fai rl y b e rega rded
a s o n e o f t h e m o s t p o we rfu l i n flu e n ce s i n l a t
te r day a rt wa s b egu n w i t h t h e ai m o f res to r
i n g t h o s e h eal t h y co n d i t i o n s w h i c h o b ta i n ed
b efo re t h e a r ti s t a n d t h e c rafts m a n ca m e t o b e
two d i s t i n c t a n d ve r y m u ch e x t r a n g e d wo rk
e r s T h e a c t i v i ti e s O f t h e m o vem e n t we re a t
fi rs t m o re d i rec tl y co n ce r n ed w i t h t h e a r t o f
go o d b o o k m a k i n g wh i c h fr u c t ifie d i n th e fa
m o u s "e l m s co t t P res s (a n i n s t i t u t i o n wh i c h
w h i l e n ece s s a ri l y u n d e m o c ra t i c h as exe r ted a
t re m e n d o u s i n flu e n ce o n m o d e r n p ri n t i n g )
a n d t o day t h e re i s s ca r cel y a n y s p h e re o f ih
d u s t r ia l a r t w h i c h h as n o t b ee n i n fl u e n ced by
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fo r I t a v i g o r o u s V i ta l i ty ; a n d p e rh ap s th e o n l y
s e ri o u s c r i t i c i s m w h i c h h a s b ee n d i rec ted aga i n s t
i t is t h a t i t e n co u rages a rch a i c c ru d i t i es o f tec h
n i q u e w h i c h i g n o re t h e h i gh deve l o p m e n t o f
t h e r ep ro du c t i v e p ro ces s e s o f th e p rese n t day ;
a n d m o reo v e r t h a t i t s sy m p at h i es te n d to wa rds
m ed i aeva l l i fe a n d feel i n g W h i l e s u c h a c r i t
ic is m m i gh t r eas o n ab l y b e s u gges ted by t h e
w o rk o f s o m e o f i t s i n d i v i d u al adh e re n t s i t
d o e s n o t t o u ch i n t h e l eas t t h e es s e n t i al p ri n
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arch i tec t r a t h e r de s p i s es t h e m ec ha n i cal l y p er
fe c t b r i c k (ve ry m u c h to t h e s u rp r i s e o f th e
m a n u fac t u r e r ) a n d t h o ugh t h e ca m e ra ca n r e
co rd m o re t h a h t h e p en c i l o r t h e b r u s h ye t
t h e a r t i s t i s n o t t r y i n g t o s e e m o re th a n h e
eve r d i d b efo re T h e re a re to o m a n y dec
w h i l e v ery d i s ti n c tl y
o r a t iv e i l l u s tra to rs wh o
co n fes s i n g t h e i r i n deb ted n e s s to o l d exam p l es
a re y e t p erfec tl y ecl ec t i c a n d i n d i v i d u al b o th
i n t h e c h o i ce a n d d e v e l o p m e n t o f m o t i ve
T ak e fo r exa m p l e t h e v e r y m od er n s u bj ec t
o f t h e cycl i s t b y M r A B F ro s t F i g 6 1
T h e r e a re no a rch a i s m s i n i t w h a tev e r T h e
d r aw i n g i s a s n atu ral i s ti c a n d j u s t a s ca r efu l a s
i f i t we re des i gn ed fo r a p i c tu re T h e s had
o ws t o o a re cas t gi v i ng a n e ffec t o f s tro n g
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PEN DRAWING
t h o s e c a rt o o n s w h i c h a r e dev o i d o f p h ys i ca l
cari c a tu re (a n d t h e y are ge n eral l y fre e fr o m
t h i s ) we s e e a t a gl a n ce t h a t i t is t h e p o l i t i ca l
a n d n o t t h e p e r s o n a l rel a t i o n s o f t h e p ers o n a:
th a t a re r ep re s e n ted ; w h ereas i n t h e n a tu ral
is t ic c a r to o n s o f P u ck fo r exa m p l e o n e c a n n o t
r es i s t t h e feel i ng t h a t p e r s o n al i t i e s are b e i n g
r o u gh l y h a n d l ed
A c h i ef p ri n c i p l e i n al l deco ra t i v e d es i g n
a n d t re a t m e n t i s t h a t o f R el a t i o n I ft h e s p a ce
t o b e o r n a m e n ted b e a b o o k p age t h e des i gn
a n d t r e a t m e n t m u s t b e s u c h a s t o har m o n i z e
w i t h t h e p ri n t i n g T h e typ e m u s t b e c o n s id
e r ed a s a n e l e m e n t i n t h e de s i gn a n d a s t he
e ffec t o f a p age o f t yp e i s b ro ad a n d u n i fo rm l y
fl a t t h e o r n a m e n t m u s t b e m ad e t o co u n t a s
b ro a d a n d fl a t l i k ew i s e T h e sam e p r i n ci p l e
h o l ds e q u a l l y i n m u ra l d eco r a ti o n T h ere t h e
d es i gn o ugh t t o b e S u b o rd i n a te t o t h e ge n eral
e ffec t o f t h e a rch i tec tu re T h e wal l i s n ot t o
b e c o n s i d e red m e rel y a s a co n v e n i e n t p l a ce o n
w h i c h t o p l as te r a p i c tu re i t s s tru c tu ral p u r
p o s e m u s t b e reg a rded a n d t h i s c a n n o t b e
exp re s s ed i f t h e d e s i g n o r t r ea t m e n t b e p u r el y
i f v a gu e p e r s p ec t i v e d i s t a n ces a n d
p i c to r i al
s t ro n g fo regro u n d acce n t s b e u s ed w i t h o u t
s y m m e t r y o r o rd e r excep t t h a t o rder wh i ch
go ve r n s i ts el f al o n e I n o t h er w o r ds t h e dec
o ra t i o n m u s t b e o rg a n i c
D eco r a t i ve i l l u s tr a t i o n s m ay b e b ro a d l y
cl as s i fi ed u n der t h ree h ead s as fo l l o ws : F i rs t
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PEN DRAWING
t h o s e w here i n t h e co m p o s i t i o n a n d t h e trea t
m e n t are b o t h co n v e n t i o n al as fo r exa m p l e
i n t h e ex l i b ri s by
M r A G J o n es F i g
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t h e t rea t m e n t i s s e m i
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a d e c o r a t i v e e ffe c t ;
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p i c to r i a l i l l u s t r a t i o n t h e o rg a n i c l i n e s a re s o
e m p h a s i z ed t h ro u gh o u t a s t o p res erv e t h e d ec
o r a t iv e c ha ra c te r a n d t h e wh o l e k eep s i t s p l ace
o n th e p age ) U n d e r t h i s t h i r d h ead wo u l d
b e i n cl ud ed t h o s e s u bj ec t s o f a p i c to r i al n a tu r e
w h o s e c o m p o s i t i o n a n d v al u e s are s u c h a s t o
m ak e t h e m r eco n c i l a b l e t o a deco r a t i ve u s e b y
m e a n s o f b o r de rs o v e r y defi n ed edges as i n
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1 14
h e a vy a n d y e t b e r i ch a n d feel i n g as m ay b e s ee n
i n t h e M u c ha des i gn F i g 6 5 G e n e ra l l y s p e a k
i n g t h e l i n e o u gh t
n o t t o b e m ad e w i t h
a n e rv o u s s t ro ke b u t
ra t h e r w i th a s l o w
del i be r a t e d rag T h e
n a tu ral wav e ri n g o f
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s i o n n o a n x i e ty a n d
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m o re h el p fu l to t h e
l i n e t h an o t h e rwi s e
P e rh ap s th e re i s
n o m o re d ifli c u l t
t h i n g to d o wel l t h a n
t o m od e l th e figu r e
MUCHA
wh i l e s t i l l p r e s e r v m g
t h e d eco ra t i ve o u tl i n e S eve ra l e x am p l e s o f
t h e s k i l fu l acc o m pl i s h m e n t o f t h i s p r o bIe m
are i l l u s t ra ted h e re
O bs e rve fo r i n s ta n ce
h o w i n t h e q u a i n t D u re r l i ke d es i gn b y M r
H o wa rd P yl e F i g 6 6 t h e edges o f t h e
d rap e ry fo l d s are e m p h as i z ed i n th e s h ado w
b y keep i n g t h e m w h i t e a n d s e e h o w wo n de r
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fec t i v e t h e r es ul t 1 3
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i s a l s o t o b e n o t i ced I n t h e b o o k p l a t e des i gn
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m o re co nv e n t i o n al t rea t m e n t o f t h e b l ack fig
u re i n t h e B rad l ey p o s te r F i g 6 7
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T h e co l o r s c h em e o ugh t t o b e s i m p l e a nd
b ro a d N o s e t r u l es ca n b e l a i d d ow n to g o v
er n i t s d i s p o s i t i o n
w h i c h m u s t a l ways
h a ve r efe re n ce t o t h e
w h o l e de s ign T h e
i m p o rta n ce o f e m
pl o yi n g s u c h a b ro ad
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b e p ai d to a n y th i n g
l i k e a l ogi cal d i s p o s i t i o n o f co l o r A figu re
m ay b e s e t agai n s t a bl ac k l a n dscap e w i t h w h i te
t ree s w i th o u t fea r o f c ri t i c i s m fro m reas o n ab l e
p eo pl e p rov i ded i t l o o k s e ffect i ve t h e re
A wo rd o r two i n co n cl u s i o n co n cer n i n g
s o m e o f t h e m o de r n d eco ra t i v e d rau gh ts m e n
O f t h o s e wh o w o rk i n t h e s i x teen t h ce n tu ry
m a n n e r M r H o wa r d P y l e i s u n q u es t i o n a bl y
th e s u p e ri o r tec h n i c i a n H i s l i n e m as terl y
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P yl e a n d y e t re m i n d i n g o n e o fit
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d es i gn s a re d e se rv i n g o fs t u d y T h e e x a m p l e
o f h i s w o rk s h o w n i n F i g 71
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