Wug`t \rgli`a Auilj
Kgffuo OkLmuagff
jogif kgf.s.oklmuagffHaogif.kmo
@mvjocjr 3838
Km`tj`ts
8 I`
I`trml
trmlukt
uktim`
im`
3
7 Qegt
Qegt is qug`
qug`tt trgli`
trgli`a=
a=
7.7 Kmo
Kmoom`
om` tjr
tjroi`
oi`mfm
mfmay
ay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.3 Qeg
Qegtt lmjs
lmjs g qug`
qug`tt trglj
trgljrr lm= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.; Wug`
Wug`tt \rgli`a
\rgli`a vs Wug`t
Wug`t Sjsjgr
Sjsjgrke
ke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.< Kmoo
Kmoom`
m` oiskm
oiskm`kjpt
`kjptim`s
im`s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.<.7
Di`g`k
g`kjj kuftu
kufturj
rj is
is tjrri
tjrricfj
cfj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.<.7 Di`
7.<.3
emurss i` ﬇`g`k
﬇`g`kjj grj
grj rjgffy
rjgffy cgl
cgl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.<.3 \ej emur
7.<.;
.; Ymu `jjl
`jjl tm cj g ogtes
ogtes aj`i
aj`ius
us . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.<
7.<.<
.< Ymu `jjl
`jjl tm cj g rjgffy
rjgffy amml kmljr
kmljr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.<
7.<.: Ymu `jjl
`jjl fmts md ﬇`g`kj
﬇`g`kj jxpjrij
jxpjrij`kj
`kj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.<
7.<.4
.4 Ymu `jjl
`jjl g` gogz
gogzi`a
i`a KT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ymu ognj
ognj g sogff oistgn
oistgnjj i` trgli`a,
trgli`a, ymu
ymu kmufl fmsj
fmsj ymur
ymur bmc
7.<.1 Id ymu
7.<.5 Qmrni`a i` ﬇`g`kj
﬇`g`kj is omrgffy
omrgffy wrm`a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
tei`ass gcmut
gcmut qug`t
qug`t trgl
trgli`a
i`a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.: Amml tei`a
7.4 Cgl tei`
tei`as
as gcmut
gcmut qug`
qug`tt trgli`
trgli`aa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
tm lm id ymu
ymu tei`n
tei`n ymu
ymu oiaet
oiaet cj i`tjrjst
i`tjrjstjl
jl . . . . . . . . . . . .
7.1 Qegt tm
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;
;
;
<
<
<
:
:
4
4
1
1
5
5
9
78
3 Wug`t
Wug`t \rgli`a
\rgli`a Diros
Diros & I`tjr`s
I`tjr`seips
eips
77
3.7 Qeg
Qegtt is g` i`
i`tjr
tjr`se
`seip
ip finj=
finj= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77
3.3 I`t
I`tjr`se
jr`seip
ip struk
strukturj
turj . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73
3.; Wug
Wug`t
`t trg
trgli`
li`aa ﬇ros
﬇ros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7;
; Emw
Emw tm prjpgrj
prjpgrj dmr
dmr i`tjrv
i`tjrvijw
ijwss
;.7 [mf
[mfvi`
vi`aa prm
prmcfj
cfjos
os . . . . . . . .
;.3 \ypjs md i`tj
i`tjrvijw
rvijw prmcf
prmcfjos
jos . .
;.3.7
;.3.7 Fma
Fmaik
ik prm
prmcfj
cfjos
os . . . . .
;.3.3
.3 Ogt
Ogtes
es prm
prmcfj
cfjos
os . . . .
;.3
;.3.;
;.3.; [tr
[trgtj
gtjay
ay ago
agojj prmc
prmcfjo
fjoss
;.3.<
.< Djro
jroii prm
prmcfj
cfjos
os . . . . .
;.3
;.; Ogr
Ogrnj
njtt Ogn
Ogni`a
i`a . . . . . . . . .
;.< Glli`a jxtrg lioj`
lioj`sim`g
sim`gfity
fity . .
;.: Dit quj
qujsti
stim`s
m`s . . . . . . . . . .
;.4 Di`
Di`g`k
g`kjj N`m
N`mwfj
wfjlaj
laj . . . . . . .
< Xrmcfj
Xrmcfjos
os & [mf
[mfuti
utim`s
m`s
<.7 Fma
Fmaik
ik Xrm
Xrmcfj
cfjos
os . . . . . .
<.3 Ogt
Ogtes
es Xrm
Xrmcfj
cfjos
os . . . . .
<.; [tr
[trgtj
gtjay
ay Agoj
Agoj Xrm
Xrmcfj
cfjos
os
<.< Djro
jroii Xrm
Xrmcfj
cfjos
os . . . . . .
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7
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7:
7:
74
74
71
75
79
38
37
33
3;
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3<
3:
;<
<1
:1
8
I`
I`tr
trmlu
mlukt
ktim
im`
`
Ejffm tm wemjvjr is rjgli`a teis! Mvjr tej pgst djw om`tes, I’vj spj`t g drg`nfy rilikufmus gomu`t md tioj
prjpgri`a dmr qug`t trgli`a i`tjrvijws, g`l m`kj tejy wjrj gff mvjr I wgs fjdt wite g aig`t dmfljr md i`tjrvijw
`mtjs tegt I egl `m iljg wegt tm lm wite, weike is wey I ljkiljl tm writj teis auilj.
Qjff, smrt md. M`j mtejr rjgsm` is tegt I tei`n tejrj grj g tm` md oiskm`kjptim`s gcmut kgrjjrs i` qug`t
trgli`a (g`l qug`t
trgli`a
qug`t ﬇`g`kj
﬇`g`kj omrj aj`jrg
aj`jrgffy).
ffy). \ej i`lustry lj﬇`itj
lj﬇`itjfy
fy is`’t suitgcfj dmr jvjrym`j,
jvjrym`j, cut I tei`n
tejrj grj wgy omrj pjmpfj wem semufl sjrimusfy km`siljr it teg` wem gktugffy lm.
I` teis lmkuoj`t, I’ff ogi`fy cj dmkusi`a m` qug`t trgli`a rgtejr teg` rjsjgrke. I’vj oglj g djw pmi`ts
7.;),
), g`l id ymu tei`n teis smu`ls i`tjrjsti`a tej` I’l lj﬇`itjfy rjkmooj`l
gcmut qug`t rjsjgrke i` sjktim` 7.;
﬇`li`a mtejr rjsmurkjs spjki﬇k tm rjsjgrke, cjkgusj tej glvikj ejrj wiff cj g fmt fjss lirjktfy rjfjvg`t.
It’s wmrte `mti`a ejrj tegt I’o lj﬇`itjfy `mt g` jxpjrt m` gff teis stu﬈. I wrmtj teis auilj ogi`fy drmo
pfgkjs=‟ . Qegtjvj
tej pjrspjktivj md ‖Qegt wmufl I finj tm egvj n`mw` wej` I stgrtjl gppfyi`a tm tejsj pfgkjs=‟.
Qegtjvjrr
pmsitim` ymu’rj i` wej` ymu rjgl teis, I empj ymu kg` ajt smoj usj mut md it!
•
[jktim` 7 aivjs g crijd mv
mvjrvijw
jrvijw md wegt g kgrjj
kgrjjrr i` qug`
qug`tt trgli`a oiaet fmmn finj. It dmkusjs m` sjvjrgf
sjvjrgf
njy oiskm`kjptim`s tegt og`y pjmpfj egvj gcmut qug`t trgli`a.
•
[jktim` 3 mutfi`js wegt g` i`tjr`seip i` qug`t trgli`a fmmns finj, g`l fists smoj md tej ﬇ros tegt m﬈jr
i`tjr`seip rmfjs (ogi`fy i` Fm`lm` g`l tej rjst md Jurmpj).
•
[jktim` ; ljskricjs smoj md tej njy sniffs & kmopjtj`kijs tegt grj fmmnjl dmr luri`a trgli`a i`tjrvijws.
•
[jktim` < egs g fgraj sjfjktim` md i`tjrvijw-styfj prmcfjos smrtjl cy kgtjamry, gs wjff gs tejir smfutim`s.
\eis lmjs`’t egvj
egvj tm cj rjgl i` mrljr,
mrljr, sm djjf drjj tm buop tm weikej
weikejvjr
vjr sjktim`s
sjktim`s i`tjrjst
i`tjrjst ymu. Oy m`fy
rjqujst is tegt ymu `mt buop strgiaet tm tej prmcfjos gt tej j`l, cjkgusj bust prgktiki`a tejo witemut
tei`ni`a gcmut wey tejsj qujstim`s grj gsnjl g`l wegt ni`l md sniffs tejy grj ljsia`jl tm tjst, is g prjtty
semrt-siaetjl wgy md prjpgri`a dmr i`tjrvijws (dmr omrj i`dmrogtim` m` teis, sjj [jktim` ;).
;).
Egppy rjgli`a!
3
7
Qe
Qegt
gt is qu
qug`
g`tt ttrg
rgli
li`a
`a=
=
7.7
Kmoom`
Kmoom` tjroi`
tjroi`mfm
mfmay
ay
I’o `mt ami`a tm prmvilj g ogssivj afmssgry ejrj> tejrj grj smoj arjgt rjsmurkjs m`fi`j (finj I`vjstmpjlig mr
Emwjvj
jvjr,
r, I tei`n tejrj
tejrj grj g djw tjros tegt
tegt it’s
tej wjcsitj md cgsikgffy g`y kmopg`y fistjl i` [jktim` 3).
3). Emw
iopmrtg`t tm lj﬇`j kfjgrfy. Id ymu n`mw wegt gff md tejsj ojg`, djjf drjj tm snip teis sjktim`.
•
Ogrnjt
\eis
is g pfgkj wejrj cuyjrs g`l sjffjrs kg` ojjt tm trglj tei`as. Xjmpfj
Xjmpfj grj km`stg`tfy
km`stg`tfy qumti`a cil
prikj
j is tej eiaejst gomu`t smojm`j is wiffi`a tm cuy gt> dmr i`stg`kj id
g`l gsn
gsn prikjs
prikjs.. \ej cil prik
smojm`j egs cil £78 it ojg`s tejy grj wiffi`a tm cuy dmr g`y prikj £78. \ej gsn prikj is tej prikj
smojm`j is wiffi`a tm sjff gt, sm g` gsn md £ 38 ojg`s tejy grj wiffi`a tm sjff dmr g`y prikj £38. \ejsj
vgfujs grj km`stg`tfy
km`stg`tfy keg`ai`a
keg`ai`a gs pjmpfj sucoit `jw mrljrs i`tm tej ogrn
ogrnjt.
jt. \ej gsn wiff gfwgys cj
cil-gsn
sprjgl
sprjg
l
eiaejr teg` tej cil> teis li﬈jrj`kj is kgffjl tej
. G trglj egppj`s
egppj`s wej`
wej` smojm`j
smojm`j
krmssjs tej sprjgl,
sprjgl, i.j. tej i`jqugfitijs md g cuyjr g`l sjffjr krmss.
Dmr i`stg`kj, suppmsj pjmpfj grj trgli`a segrjs i` kmopg`y UYR. Id tej eiaejst cil dmr g segrj is £99
g`l tej fmwjst m﬈jr is £787, g`l smojm`j ognjs g cil md £ 783, tejy wiff cj gcfj tm cuy segrjs dmr teis
prikj (cjkgusj tej pjrsm` wem wgs m﬈jri`a £787 wiff cj egppy tm sjff segrjs tm tejo dmr £783).
≬
•
≬
Fiquility
Fiquil ogrnjts
ogrnjts grj ogrnjts
ogrnjts ymu kg` trglj m` jgsify
jgsify.. \yp
\ypikgffy
ikgffy it ojg`s tejrj is g fmt md mrljr ffimw (i.j.
fmts md pjmpfj grj trgli`a drjquj`tfy) g`l g `grrmw cil-gsn sprjgl, sm ymu kg` `mrogffy cuy g`l sjff
gt
tm tejtej
kurrj`t
trgli`a
prikj.i` g fgraj Z[ kmopg`y finj Gppfj wiff cj typikgffy cj vjry fiquil,
Dmrkfmsj
i`stg`kj,
ogrnjt
dmr segrjs
cut it oiaet cjkmoj fjss fiquil luri`a g tioj md ogrnjt
ogrnjt pg`ik (j.a. finj kgusjl
kgusjl cy Kmvil), cjkgusj
pjmpfj wiff cj fjss surj md wegt tej truj vgfuj md segrjs grj, g`l tejy’ff cj fjss wiffi`a tm trglj. \ejrj
is g kmst tm egvi`a g cil/m﬈jr mpj`, weike is rjfgtjl tm tej km`kjpt md gsyoojtrik i`dmrogtim` - id
ymu’rj vjry u`surj gcmut tej truj vgfuj md smojtei`a, it’s ouke omrj finjfy smojm`j wiff kmoj gfm`a
wite g ouke cjttjr iljg md wegt tej vgfuj is, g`l tgnj glvg`tgaj md tej prikjs tegt ymu’rj m﬈jri`a.
•
Ogrnjt ogni`a
\eiss is tej prgkti
\ei
prgktikj
kj md qumti`
qumti`aa g cil g`l gsn dmr g pgrtik
pgrtikufg
ufgrr amml mr sjr
sjrvik
vikj.
j. It ojg`s
ojg`s tej ogrnj
ogrnjtt
ognjr
ogn
jr augrg`tjjs
augrg`tjjs tm tgnj tej mtejr silj md g trglj gt kjrtgi`
kjrtgi` prikjs. \ej glvg`t
glvg`tgaj
gaj dmr tej rjst md
tej ogrnjt is omrj fiquility, cjkgusj tej cil-gsn sprjgl is usugffy g fmt `grrmwjr i` tej prjsj`kj md g
ogrnjt-o
ogrn
jt-ognj
gnjrr teg` it wmu
wmufl
fl cj mtejr
mtejrwisj.
wisj. \ej glvg`tg
glvg`tgaj
aj dmr tej ogrnjt
ogrnjt ognjr
ognjr is prm﬇ti`a
prm﬇ti`a drmo tej
cil-gsn sprjgl - m` gvjrgaj, tejy’ff cj cuyi`a tej stmkn dmr sfiaetfy fjss teg` tejy sjff it dmr.
•
Xrmp trgli`a
\eis is semrt dmr prmprijtgry trgli`a> it bust ojg`s tegt tej ﬇ro trgljs wite its mw` om`jy, rgtejr
teg` tgni`a kfij`ts’
kfij`ts’ om`jy
om`jy.. Fmts md pjmpfj i`tjrj
i`tjrjstjl
stjl i` qug`t
qug`t ﬇`g`kj
﬇`g`kj km`dusj
km`dusj prmp trgli`a
trgli`a ﬇ros wite
ejlaj du`ls,
du`ls, weike grj mdtj` vjry qug`titgtivj (j.a. Sj`gissg`kj \jke`mfmaijs, LJ [egw), cut weike
lm tgnj m` jxtjr`gf om`jy. Gfomst gff tej pfgkjs I fist i` sjktim` 3 grj prmp trgli`a ﬇ros.
7.
7.3
3
Qegt
Qegt lmjs
lmjs g qug`
qug`tt trglj
trgljr
r lm=
lm=
Z`dmrtu`gtjfy, tej i`lustry is ni`l md mpgquj, sm it kg` cj prjtty li﬋kuft tm ajt g amml iljg md wegt it is
pjmpfj gktugffy
gktugffy lm. It kg` gfsm cj quitj egrl tm aivj spjki﬇k
spjki﬇ks,
s, cjkgusj tejrj grj og`y li﬈j
li﬈jrj`
rj`tt grjgs ymu
oiaet spjkigfisj i` qug`t trgli`a, g`l 3 pjmpfj wite tej sgoj bmc titfjs kg` cj lmi`a vjry li﬈jrj`t tei`as.
I’o gfsm `mt g` jxpjrt m` teis grjg, cjkgusj I’vj m`fy lm`j i`tjr`seips, g`l tej gktugf bmc md qug`t trgli`a
is g cit li﬈jrj`t drmo wegt ymu’ff lm i` g` i`tjr`seip (omrj m` teis i` sjktim` 3), sm pfjgsj tgnj teis sjktim`
wite g pi`ke md sgft. Emwjvjr, I kg` aivj g cgsik mutfi`j md wegt g kgrjjr i` qug`t trgli`a oiaet fmmn finj.
Crmglfy
Crmgl
fy spjgni`a, qug`t trgli`a is gcmut ogni`a
ogni`a trgli`a ljkisim`
ljkisim`ss i` rjgf tioj. Ymu grj rjquirjl
rjquirjl tm
tei`n dgst, rjgkt tm jvj`ts gs tejy egppj`, g`l aj`jrgffy try tm ljvjfmp g pikturj md wegt is ami`a m` i` tej
﬇`g`kigf ogrnjts. \ei`as tegt kmrrjfgtj wite sniff gt qug`t trgli`a i`kfulj2
;
•
strm`a qug`titgtivj sniffs (omrj m` teis fgtjr)
•
cji`a gcfj tm ognj ljkisim`s u`ljr u`kjrtgi`ty, cgsjl m` i`tuitim` / quikn bulajoj`ts
•
egvi`a
egvi`a g ejgl dmr prmcgcifitij
prmcgcifitijs,
s, risns, jxpjktjl vg
vgfujs,
fujs, jtk
•
j`bmyi`a strgtjay agojs finj pmnjr, kejss, O\A
M`j kmoom` km`dusim` pjmpfj egvj amjs smojtei`a finj teis2 ‖Qey lm pjmpfj egvj bmcs lmi`a qug`t
trgli`a, wej` tejrj grj gfamriteos wem trglj wgy dgstjr teg` tejy kg`=‟.
kg`=‟. \ej siopfj g`swjr
g`swjr tm teis qujstim`
is tegt ymu kg`’t gutmogtj
gutmogtj jvjrytei`a.
jvjrytei`a. [moj ogrnjts
ogrnjts grj`’t suitgcfj dmr gfamriteo
gfamriteoss tm trglj i` witemut
witemut
euog` i`tjrgktim`, ogycj cjkgusj tejy grj vjry iffiquil mr tejrj is`’t j`muae lgtg tm krjgtj omljfs / trgi`
gfas. Gfsm, jvj` i` ogrnjts wejrj gfamriteos grj trgli`a, ymu `jjl pjmpfj tm supjrvisj tej gfamriteo i` kgsj
it amjs m﬈ tej rgifs i` rjspm`sj tm smoj sia`i﬇kg`t ogrnjt jvj`t, mr dmr smoj tjke`ikgf rjgsm`, mr bust tm stjp
i` id tej gfamriteo
gfamriteo cuifls up tmm ouk
ouke
e risn i` m`j grjg. I` dgkt, it’s mdtj` tej tiojs wej` gfamriteos
gfamriteos stgrt
cjegvi`a wjirlfy tegt trgljrs kg` gll tej omst vgfuj.
7.;
Wug`t
Wug`t \rgli
\rgli`a
`a vs Wug`
Wug`tt Sjsjgrk
Sjsjgrke
e
Smfjs i` qug`t ﬇`g`kj crmglfy spfit i`tm 3 kgtjamrijs2 qug`t trgli`a g`l qug`t rjsjgrke. I’vj gfrjgly aivj`
g` mutfi`j md qug`t trgli`a, g`l tej ogbmrity md teis lmkuoj`t is giojl gt pjmpfj wem grj i`tjrjstjl i` tegt,
cut i` teis sjktim` I aivj g` jxtrjojfy crijd suoogry md qug`t rjsjgke g`l emw it li﬈jrs drmo trgli`a.
Qeifj qug`t trgli`a dmkusjs m` ogni`a ljkisim`s i` rjgf tioj, qug`t rjsjgrke is ouke omrj dmkusjl m`
ogni`a omljfs. G fmt md tej bmc is spj`t rjsjgrkei`a trgli`a strgtjaijs, tei`ni`a gcmut iljgs, rjgli`a pgpjrs,
cgkntjsti`a
cgkntjst
i`a g`l `uocjr-kr
`uocjr-kru`k
u`kei`a,
ei`a, ljgfi`a wite fgraj ojssy lgtg sjts, jtk. I`tjrvij
I`tjrvijwjr
wjrss wiff tjst ymu g fmt
omrj m` stgts g`l prmargooi`a. \ei`as tegt kmrrjfgtj wite sniff gt qug`t rjsjgrke i`kfulj2
•
sniff gt prmargooi`
prmargooi`aa g`l lgtg skij`
skij`kj
kj / stgtistikgf
stgtistikgf fjgr`i`
fjgr`i`aa / ogkei`j
ogkei`j fjgr`i`a
•
j`bmyi`a tei`ni`a dmr g fm`a tioj gcmut egrl prmcfjos
•
j`bmyi`a sjfd-lirjktjl rjsjgrke, smojtiojs wite `m kfjgr g`swjrs
•
krjgtivit
krjgtivity
y (i` kmoi`a up wite eypmtejsjs
eypmtejsjs tm tjst, mr ljv
ljvjfmpi`
jfmpi`aa trgli`a
trgli`a strgtjaijs)
strgtjaijs)
Z`fjss jxpfikitfy stgtjl, g`ytei`a tegt dmffmws i` teis lmkuoj`t semufl cj gssuojl tm rjdjr tm qug`t
trgli`a,
trgli
`a, `mt qug`t
qug`t rjsjgrke
rjsjgrke.. Gs oj`tim`
oj`tim`jl
jl jgrfijr, id teis smu`ls i`tjrj
i`tjrjsti`a
sti`a tm ymu tej` I rjkmooj`
rjkmooj`l
l ymu
fmmn dmr mtejr rjsmurkjs m` qug`t rjsjgrke - ymu ogy ﬇`l tej cfma pmsts ejrj g`l ejrj ejfpduf.
7.<
Kmoom`
Kmoom` oiskm`
oiskm`kjp
kjptim
tim`s
`s
I` teis sjktim`, I’o ami`a tm fist g djw md tej kmoom` oiskm`kjptim`s tegt pjmpfj egvj gcmut g kgrjjr i`
qug`t ﬇`g`kj, mr kmoom` oisauiljl rjgsm`s `mt tm pursuj teis kgrjjr. @mt gff tejsj pmi`ts grj tmtgffy wrm`a
(smoj md tejo lm egvj ojrit) cut I’vj kemsj` tejo cjkgusj I tei`n tejy grj aj`jrgffy mvjrcfmw`, g`l kg`
cj quitj oisfjgli`a.
oisfjgli`a.
7.<.7
7.<.
7
Di`g`kj
Di`g`kj kuftur
kufturj
j is tjrr
tjrricfj
icfj
Fmts md ﬇`g`kj kufturj is prjtty tjrricfj, cut qug`t trgli`a is gktugffy g sucsjt wite g rjgffy `ikj kufturj
m` tej wemfj. Omst pfgkjs
pfgkjs djjf g fmt omrj finj tjke
tjke ﬇ros teg` typikg
typikgff ﬇`g`kj ﬇ros. Bjg`s
Bjg`s g`l t-seirts wiff
cj tej `mro, `mt suits. \ej spjki﬇ks vgry
vgry cjtw
c jtwjj`
jj` kmopg`
kmopg`ijs,
ijs, cut ymu lj﬇`itjfy
lj﬇`itjfy lm`’t ajt Qmfd md Qgff
Qgff
[trjjt-t
[trjj
t-typj
ypj sej`g`iag
sej`g`iag`s
`s ami`a m`. Gs g aj`jrgf
aj`jrgf rufj, id ymu grj lmi`a g [\JO ljarjj
ljarjj gt g amml u`ivjrsit
u`ivjrsity
y
g`l ymu finj tej pjmpfj ymu’rj wmrni`a wite, tej` ymu’ff prmcgcfy finj tej pjmpfj ymu ojjt i` qug`t trgli`a,
cjkgusj it’s jssj`tigffy
jssj`tigffy tej sgoj armup.
Gs g sogff g`jklmtj tm iffustrgtj tej i`dmrogf m﬋kj j`virm`oj`t, I wgs lmi`a g virtugf i`tjr`seip gt g
trgli`a
trgli
`a ﬇ro fgst yjgr. M` armup viljmkegts,
viljmkegts, wj kmufl ejgr smoj `misjs drmo tej trgli`a
trgli`a ffimmr, g`l omst
trgljrs egl prmargoojl tejir kmoputjrs wite smu`l j﬈jkts tegt am m﬈ wej` g trglj is oglj mr g stmkn
crjgns g prikj fjvjf. \ejsj smu`l j﬈jkts rg`ajl drmo tej `mrogf tm tej cizgrrj, i`kfuli`a2
<
•
Cjffs g`l gfgros
•
Kgse rjaistjrs
•
Ogkei`j au`s g`l cfgstjrs
•
G`iogf `misjs (kgts, emrsjs g`l kmws)
•
Ogrim smu`l j﬈jkts
•
Lgrulj [g`lstmro
•
Cmrgt (‖I finj!‟, ‖QgQgQjjQg!‟)
•
Bme` Cjrkmw (‖MSLJS!‟)
•
Mci-Qg` Nj`mci (‖Ogy tej dmrkj cj wite ymu‟)
Gdtjr ejgri`a gff teis, it wgs egrl dmr oj tm njjp tei`ni`a md trgli`a ﬇ros gs jxtrjojfy dmrogf, kmrpmrgtj
j`virm`oj`ts!
7.<.3
7.<.
3
\ej emur
emurss i` ﬇`g`k
﬇`g`kj
j grj
grj rjg
rjgffy
ffy cgl
cgl
Di`g`kj is n`mw`
Di`g`kj
n`mw` dmr gcsmfutjfy
gcsmfutjfy i`sg`j emurs, i.j. 7<+ pjr lgy dmr tej ﬇rst djw yjgrs i` i`vjsto
i`vjstoj`t
j`t cg`ni`a.
cg`ni`a.
Wug`t trgli`a is `mtei`a finj teis ! Emwj
Emwjvj
vjr,
r, tej emur
emurss grj prmc
prmcgcf
gcfy
y wm
wmrsj
rsj teg` g` gv
gvjrg
jrgaj
aj bmc, g`l it’s
kmopfjtjfy fjaitiogtj tm cj put m﬈ cy teis id amml wmrn emurs grj smojtei`a tegt ogttjrs g fmt tm ymu.
Omr`i`
Omr
`i`as
as grj usugffy
usugffy grmu`l
grmu`l 1-5
1-5go,
go, om
omst
st pjmp
pjmpfj
fj fjgvj
fjgvj gt :-4po.
:-4po. \eis
\eis vgri
grijs
js cjtwj
cjtwjj`
j` ﬇ro
﬇ros,
s, gs wj
wjff
ff gs
ymurr rmfj, j.a. weike
ymu
weike afmcgf
afmcgf ogrn
ogrnjts
jts ymu trglj. \ej emurs kg` gfsm strjtk
strjtke
e fm`ajr
fm`ajr luri`a
luri`a kjrtgi`
kjrtgi` jxkjptim`gf
jxkjptim`gf
kirkuostg`kjs (j.a. kegmtik ogrnjt km`litim`s, finj temsj kgusjl cy kmvil, kg` fjgl tm fm`ajr lgys). Emwjvjr,
tejrj’s aj`jrgffy g prjtty amml wmrn-fidj cgfg`kj, g`l ymu grj`’t jxpjktjl tm tei`n tmm ouke gcmut wmrn
stu﬈ wej` ymu am emoj. Egvi`a tm wmrn wjjnj`ls is jxkjjli`afy rgrj.
7.<.;
7.<
.;
Ymu `jjl
`jjl tm
tm cj g ogtes
ogtes aj`iu
aj`iuss
\eis is ogycj tej omst kmoom` km`kjr` pjmpfj egvj, g`l gfsm prmcgcfy tej omst vgfil, cjkgusj tej i`lustry
is vjry kmopjtitivj, g`l ymu lm `jjl ogtes sniffs. Emwjvjr, tejsj grj`’t tej sgoj sniffs ymu’l `jjl j.a. dmr
ogtess mfyopigls / jxgos
ogte
jxgos / [\JO[\JO-cgsjl
cgsjl ljarjj
ljarjj suc
sucbjkt
bjkts.
s. Cji`a amml gt teis stu﬈ lmjs kmrrjfgtj
kmrrjfgtj wite qug`t
qug`t
trgli`a, cut tej kmrrjfgtim` is dgr drmo pjrdjkt, sm `mt cji`a gogzi`a gt mfyopigls mr tmp md ymur kmemrt i`
u`ivjrsity semufl`’t stmp ymu drmo gppfyi`a.
Oj`tgf
Oj`
tgf ogtes kg` cj prjtty iopmrtg`t
iopmrtg`t,, cut is`’t tej cj-gff g`l j`l-gff. [moj ﬇ros (j.a.
(j.a. Mptivjr
Mptivjr g`l
Dfmw
\rgljrs)
egvj i`tjr`seip
gppfikg`ts
tgnjgrj
`uojrikgf
tjsts,gsweike
kg` cj
tmuae
(jspjkigffy
dmr pjmpfj
egvj`’t
lm`j sioifgr
tei`as cjdmrj),
cut tejy
ogi`fy usjl
g` i`itigf
﬇ftjr
stgaj,
si`kj trgli`a
﬇roswem
ajt
g fmt md gppfikg`ts. Id ymu wg`t tm prgktikj teis ni`l md oj`tgf ogtes, teis wjcsitj prmviljs g amml rjsmurkj.
I wmufl rjkmooj`l tej Mptivjr-styfj tjst - tej qujstim`s grj egrljr teg` tejy grj i` tej rjgf Mptivjr tjst,
g`l tej rjgf Mptivjr tjst is gcmut gs egrl gs `uojrikgf tjsts ajt, sm id ymu kg` lm mngy i` teis tej` ymu
semufl cj gcfj tm kmpj wjff wite omst oj`tgf ogtes ymu oiaet kmoj gkrmss. Gs g pmi`t md rjdjrj`kj, id ymu
kg` ajt :8+ ogrns gdtjr prgktikj dmr g weifj, tej` tegt’s rjgffy amml (g`l jvj` id ymu kg`’t ajt teis eiae, it
oiaet `mt cj g ljgf crjgnjr).
\ej omrj
omrj aj`jrg
aj`jrgff ogt
ogtes
es sniffs
sniffs gt fgtjr
fgtjr i`tjr
i`tjrvij
vijw
w stgajs
stgajs grj `m
`mwej
wejrj
rj `jgr
`jgr u`ivj
u`ivjrsit
rsity
y fjvjf
fjvjf (dmr
(dmr omrj
omrj
i`dmrogtim
i`dmr
ogtim`,
`, sjj sjktim`
sjktim` 3). Id ymu egvj g amml eg`lfj m` prmcgcifitijs,
prmcgcifitijs, jxpjktj
jxpjktjl
l vgfuj, risn, jtk, teis wiff
ajt ymu g fm`a wgy. \ej Bg`j [trjjt pld m` qug`t trgli`a i`tjrvijws prmviljs g vjry amml suoogry md tejsj
km`kjpts. [moj crgi`tjgsjrs oiaet rjquirj n`mwfjlaj md stgtistikgf listricutim`s tm smfvj j﬋kij`tfy2 tej omst
kmoom` grj u`idmro, `mrogf, ci`moigf, g`l ajmojtrik.
Gs dmr gogzi`a ogtejogtikgf gkeijvjoj`t finj IOM pgrtikipgtim` mr ojlgfs, lm`’t wmrry - tejsj grj
gcsmfutjfy `mt `jkjssgry. \ejy’rj arjgt tm egvj, g`l smoj trgli`a ﬇ros lm finj pucfikisi`a emw og`y IOM
ojlgffists tejy’vj jopfmyjl, cut id tejy i`sistjl m` m`fy eiri`a pjmpfj wem qugfi﬇jl tm IOM, tej` trgli`a
ffimmrs wmufl cj g aemst tmw`.
:
Md kmursj, it kg`’t eurt tm ajt omrj ogtejogtikgffy
ogtejogtikgffy fitjrgt
fitjrgtj,
j, g`l id teis is smojtei`a
smojtei`a ymu’rj
ymu’rj i`t
i`tjrjst
jrjstjl
jl i`
tej` it’s lj﬇`itjfy wmrte
wmrte ymur tioj. \ej grjgs I wmuf
wmufl
l primritisj (i` rmuaefy ljkrjgsi`a
ljkrjgsi`a mrljr md primrity)
primrity)
grj2
Cgyjsig` stgtistiks
\eiss kmojs
\ei
kmojs up g fmt i` crg
crgi`t
i`tjgs
jgsjrs
jrs i` smo
smojj dmr
dmro.
o. Gfsm,
Gfsm, tej kmrj
kmrj ilj
iljgs
gs md uplgti`
uplgti`aa cjfijds
cjfijds cgsjl
cgsjl m`
jvilj`kj
jvilj
`kj grj prjtty
prjtty iopmrtg
iopmrtg`t
`t i` trgli
trgli`a.
`a. \m teis j`l, Cgyjsig`
Cgyjsig` stgtistiks
stgtistiks kg` aivj ymu smoj rjgffy
vgfugcfj
gfugcfj tmmfs (j.a. mlls rgtims, weike prmvilj g `gturgf
`gturgf g`l i`tuitiv
i`tuitivjj wgy tm u`ljrstg`l
u`ljrstg`l emw ouke
ouke
•
ymu
ym
u sem
semufl
ufltei`n
glbust
glbust
prmcgc
prmcgcifit
ifitijs
ijs cgsjl
m` tej qugfity
qugfi
jvilj`
lj`kj)
kj).. I’o g cit cigsjl
cigsjl ejrj,
ejrj, cjkgusj
cjkgusj I
pjrsm`gffy
Cgyjsig`
stgtistiks
is gwjsmoj.
gwjsmoj
.7 ty md jvi
•
[tgtistiks & lgtg skij`kj
Fi`jgr rjarjssim` is usjl g fmt i` ﬇`g`kj, sm teis kg` lj﬇`itjfy cj wmrte ajtti`a dgoifigr wite. Gt tej
omrj glvg`kjl fjvjf, smoj n`mwfjlaj md smoj OF g`l lgtg skij`kj kg` ognj ymur gppfikgtim` stg`l
mut, gftemuae it’s u`finjfy tm cj lirjktfy usjduf dmr i`tjrvijws. \eis is g tmtgffy li﬈jrj`t stmry dmr qug`t
rjsjgrke, wej` teis stu﬈ wmufl cj ouke eiaejr-primrity.
•
Ogrnmv kegi`s
[mojtiojs usjduf dmr crgi`tjgsjrs i` i`tjrvijws, cut u`finj stu﬈ finj u`idmro listricutim`s, ymu’ff `jvjr
`jjl Ogrnmv kegi`s tm smfvj prmcfjos.
•
Agoj tejmry
G cit omrj `ikej, cut g vjry i`tjrjsti`a crg`ke md stuly, tegt i`tjrsjkts wite mtejr ﬇jfls finj ogtes,
jkm`moiks, smkigf skij`kj g`l kmoputjr skij`kj.
7.<.<
7.<
.<
Ymu `jjl
`jjl tm cj g rjgff
rjgffy
y amml kmljr
kmljr
Kmli`a is gfwgys g amml tei`a tm fjgr`, cut tej vgst ogbmrity md qug`t trgli`a i`tjrvijws wm`’t rjquirj
ymu tm kmlj (wejtejr
(wejtejr tej bmc ljskriptim`
ljskriptim` jxpfikitfy
jxpfikitfy oj`ti
oj`tim`s
m`s prmargooi`a
prmargooi`a is g amml fitous tjst). I’l stiff
lj﬇`itjfy rjkmooj`l fjgr`i`a tm prmargo id ymu kurrj`tfy lm`’t lm ouke, cjkgusj og`y trgljrs spj`l g
fmt md tejir tioj kmli`a, g`l sm it ejfps tm n`mw emw ouke
ouke ymu j`bmy it. Id ymu wg`t
wg`t tm ajt stgrtjl,
stgrtjl, I’l ajt
dgoifigr wite Xytem` g`l Bupytjr @mtjcmmns, si`kj tejsj tmmfs grj usjl vjry drjquj`tfy i` qug`t trgli`a. Gs
dmr ficrgrijs,
ficrgrijs, iopmrtg`t
iopmrtg`t m`js i`kfulj @uopy,
@uopy, Xg`
Xg`lgs,
lgs, [kipy,
[kipy, g`l Ogtpfmtfic.
Ogtpfmtfic. G kmmf prmargooi`a
prmargooi`a prmbjkt
kg` stg`l mut m` ymur KT tmm (omrj m` teis i` [jktim` 7.<.4).
7.<.4).
Gff md teis is vjry li﬈jrj`t dmr qug`t rjsjgrke, wejrj g fmt omrj jopegsis is put m` prmargooi`a fitjrgky
g`l stgts n`mwfjlaj.
7.<.:
7.<.
:
Ymu `jjl
`jjl fmts md ﬇`g`k
﬇`g`kj
j jxpjrij
jxpjrij`kj
`kj
Gfomst jvjry ﬇ro wiff tjff ymu teis luri`a tej gppfikgtim`
Gfomst
gppfikgtim` prmkjss
prmkjss22 ﬇`g`kj
﬇`g`kj jxpjrij`kj is `ikj tm egvj
egvj,, cut
`mt jssj`tigf. Omst pfgkjs wiff tjgke ymu tej ﬇`g`kj ymu `jjl tm n`mw m` tej bmc. [moj ﬇ros oiaet finj tm
sjj g` i`tjrjst mr pgssim` dmr ﬇`g`kj, weike oiaet tgnj tej dmro md2
•
Cji`a i`vmfvjl i` g ﬇`g`kj smkijty gt ymur u`i (j.a. KZDI[ mr KZG\[ i` Kgocrilaj)
•
Sjgli`a `jws smurkjs finj tej D\, Cfmmocjra, mr Ogtt Fjvi`j’s Om`jy [tu﬈
•
\rgli`a ymur mw` gkkmu`t (mr m` g pfgtdmro finj Wug`tKm``jkt mr Wug`tmpig` 3 )
•
Lgtg-skij`kj prmbjkts rjfgtjl tm ﬇`g`kj
•
Xgst i`tjr`seips
Cut weifj g`y md tejsj wiff cmmst ymur gppfikgtim`, `m`j md tejo grj g ljgfcrjgnjr id ymu lm`’t egvj tejo
m` ymur KT. It’s u`finjfy tm cj g arjgt usj md ymur tioj tm try tejsj tei`as bust dmr tej sgnj md ioprjssi`a
i`tjrvijwjrs, sm sm tejo id ymu tei`n tejy aj`ui`jfy smu`l i`tjrjsti`a.
7
3
(cjkgusj it is!)
prj-@mvjocjr 3838. SIX Wug`tmpig`
4
7.<.4
7.<
.4
Ymu `jjl
`jjl g` gog
gogzi
zi`a
`a KT
Dirst pmi`t tm ognj2
ognj2 id ymu’rj stulyi`a
stulyi`a g qug`
qug`titgt
titgtivj
ivj ljarjj gt g amml u`ivjrsit
u`ivjrsity
y, tegt gfrjgly
gfrjgly puts ymu
gejgl md fmts md gppfikg`ts. Fmts md pjmpfj djjf i`tioilgtjl wej` tejy writj g KT, cjkgusj tejy lm`’t tei`n
tejy egvj
egvj j`muae
j`muae stu﬈ tm put m` tejrj. Emw
Emwjvj
jvjrr it’s wmrte
wmrte rjojocjri`a,
rjojocjri`a, pgrt md wegt trgli`a
trgli`a ﬇ros grj
fmmni`a dmr m` g KT is bust g` i`tjrjsti`a pjrsm` wem is`’t lj﬇`jl cy tej ljarjj tejy’rj stulyi`a, sm id
tejrj’s
tejrj
’s g`ytei`a
g`ytei`a tegt ymu’rj pgssim`gtj
pgssim`gtj gcmut
gcmut,, ymu kg` i`kful
i`kfuljj it! Ejrj grj g djw amml tei`as tm km`siljr
putti`a m` ymur KT, id ymu kg`2
•
Mfyopigls (j.a. ogtes/i`dmrogtiks/peysiks)
ogtes/i`dmrogtiks/peysiks)
•
Di`g`kj-rjfgtjl stu﬈ (sjj [jktim` 7.<.:)
7.<.:)
•
[trgtjay
[trgtjay agojs (tej kfgssik m`j is pmnjr
pmnjr,, cut gfsm crilaj
crilaj,, kejss,
kejss, lipfmogky,
lipfmogky, O\A, jtk)
•
[pmrts (jspjkigffy
(jspjkigffy tjgo / kmopjt
kmopjtitiv
itivjj spmrts)
•
[mkijty
[mkijty fjgljrseip
fjgljrseip (jspjkigffy
(jspjkigffy g`y smkijti
smkijtijs
js rjfgtjl tm tej pmi`ts gcmvj)
•
Kmli`a prmbjkts (jspjkigffy g`y prmbjkts rjfgtjl tm tej pmi`ts gcmvj)
•
\utmri`a (amml kmoou`ikgtim` g`l oj`tmri`a sniffs grj supjr vgfugcfj)
•
G`y rg`lmo cut rjomtjfy ioprjssivj stu﬈ ;
[jkm`l pmi`t tm ognj2 KTs lm`’t ogttjr tegt ouke gt fgtjr i`tjrvijw stgajs. Omstfy tejy grj usjduf tm
ajt ymu termuae tej lmmr, g`l id ymu egvj smoj rjfjvg`t jxpjrij`kj/i`tjr`seips tej` ymu oiaet cj gsnjl
gcmut tejo (teis vgrijs cjtwjj` kmopg`ijs), cut i` aj`jrgf trgli`a ﬇ros kgrj ouke omrj gcmut emw ymu
pjrdmro i` tej i`tjrvijw teg` ymur gktugf KT. Dmr omrj m` teis, sjj [jktim` ;.
;.
\eirl pmi`t tm ognj
ognj - rjdjr
rjdjrrgfs
rgfs kg` cj g`mte
g`mtejr
jr amml wgy tm ajt ymur dmmt i` tej lmmr. Id ymu n`mw g`ym`
g`ym`jj
wem wmrns tejrj / lil g` i`tjr`seip, teis kg` mdtj` su﬋kj tm ajtti`a g ﬇rst rmu`l i`tjrvijw. Di`li`a tgfj`tjl
pjmpfj is egrl, sm kmopg`ijs mdtj` finj ajtti`a rjdjrrgfs gs g wgy md ogni`a tej ﬇`li`a prmkjss jgsijr dmr
tejo!
7.<.1
7.<.
1
Id ymu
ymu ognj
ognj g sog
sogff
ff oist
oistgn
gnj
j i` trgli`a,
trgli`a, ymu
ymu kmufl fmsj
fmsj ymur
ymur bmc
\ejrj kg` cj rjgsm`s tm cj km`kjr`jl gcmut bmc sjkurity (sjj [jktim` 7.4),
7.4), cut I lm`’t tei`n teis pgrtikufgr
wmrry is vjry wjff-dmu`ljl. Jvjrym`j ognjs oistgnjs, cut m`j tei`a qug`t trgli`a ﬇ros rjgffy vgfuj (i` dgkt
m`j md tej tei`as tejy spjki﬇kgffy fmmn dmr i` i`tjrvijws) is tej gcifity tm `mtikj, gloit tm, g`l fjgr` drmo
ymurr oistgnjs.
ymu
oistgnjs. Id ymu ognj g oistg
oistgnj
nj weifj trgli`a g`l fmsj smoj om`jy,
om`jy, cut tgnj duff rjspm`sicifity
rjspm`sicifity dmr it
g`l ognj surj `mt tm ognj tej sgoj oistgnj gagi`, it’s vjry u`finjfy ymu’l cj ﬇rjl mr ljomtjl dmr teis.
\ejrj is g fioit tm teis - mcvimusfy id ymu fmsj gff tej ﬇ro’s om`jy tej` it wiff cj g li﬈jrj`t ogttjr!
Emwjvjr, omst ﬇ros put ojgsurjs i` pfgkj tm ognj surj tegt m`j si`afj pjrsm` kg`’t skrjw up cglfy j`muae
tm rjgffy eurt tej ﬇ro i` g sia`i﬇kg`
sia`i﬇kg`tt wgy
wgy.. Bu`imr
Bu`imr trglj
trgljrs
rs wiff cj lmi`a sioufgtjl
sioufgtjl trgli`a,
trgli`a, mr jfsj mvjrsjj`
mvjrsjj`
cy sj`imr trgljrs, dmr quitj g weifj wej` tejy ﬇rst bmi`.
Gff teis sgil, smoj ﬇ros wiff trjgt oistgnjs
oistgnjs omrj egrsefy teg` mtejrs. [i`kj qug`
qug`tt trgli`a ﬇ros grj
drustrgti`afy mpgquj, it’s g amml iljg tm spjgn tm gs og`y pjmpfj gs ymu kg`, g`l try g`l ajt g` iljg md
wegt tej kufturj is finj i` tej ﬇ro. Id ymu ajt tej ioprjssim` tegt oistgnjs grj`’t rjgffy tmfjrgtjl, tegt kg`
cj g amml sia` tegt ymu semufl ﬇`l g cjttjr pfgkj tm wmrn!
;
iogai`j.. I put teis lmw` m` oy KT, g`l
I pjrsm`gffy emfl g Aui``jss Qmrfl Sjkmrl dmr tej fgojst pmssicfj tei`a ymu kg` iogai`j
wgs gsnjl gcmut it cy `m fjss teg` < i`tjrvijwjrs luri`a oy i`tjrvijw prmkjss dmr suoojr 3837 i`tjr`seips!
1
7.<.5
7.<.
5
Qmrni`a
mrni`a i` ﬇`g`k
﬇`g`kj
j is omrgffy
omrgffy wrm`
wrm`a
a
\ej trute is teis is g prjtty kmopfikgtjl pmi`t tm gllrjss. \ejrj grj lj﬇`itjfy ﬇`g`kj kmopg`ijs wem egvj
g `jt `jagtivj iopgkt m` tej wmrfl, cut qug`t trgli`a lj﬇`itjfy is`’t i` tej kgtjamry md wmrst m﬈j`ljrs. G
fmt md wegt qug`t
qug`t trgljrs lm is prmvilj fiquility
fiquility tm ogrnjts
ogrnjts,, i.j. ognj
ognj it sfiaetfy
sfiaetfy jgsijr dmr mtejr ogrnjt
ogrnjt
pgrtikipg`
pgrti
kipg`ts
ts tm cuy g`l sjff tei`as m` jxkeg`a
jxkeg`ajs.
js. \eis is g usjduf du`ktim` (si`kj tejsj kmu`
kmu`tjrpg
tjrpgrtijs
rtijs kg`
mdt
mdtj`
j` cj j.a
j.a.. pj`sim`
pj`sim` du`ls),
du`ls), cut m` tej ogr
ograi`
ai` it’s egrl tm gra
grauj
uj tegt qug`t
qug`t trgli`
trgli`aa ﬇ros
﬇ros grj lmi`a
lmi`a g`
gcsmfutjfy `jkjssgry smkijtgf amml.
Emwjvjr,
i`tmpgrt
qug`t
trgli`a
tm jgr`
g`l
lm`gtj
tm `n
kegrity
lm g tg`t
euaj
gomu`t
md amml.
\eisami`a
is g cia
md wegt
pjrsm`gff
pjrsm`
gffy
y om`jy
omt
omtiv
ivgtj
gtjs
s oj,
g`l it
I tei
tei`n
it’s gkg`
rjgffy
rjgstiff
ffy iopmrtg`
iopmr
t dgktmr
dgktm
r tm
gpprmxiogt
xiogtjfy
jfy $<888 tm sgvj g fidj gkkmrli`a tm AivjQjff’s
km`sil
km`
siljr.
jr. Gs g quikn
quikn Djroi Jstiogtj2
Jstiogtj2 it kmsts gpprm
kgfkufgtmr,, g`l sm aivi`a :8% md g $388n pjr g``uo sgfgry ? 3: fivjs sgvjl pjr yjgr.
kgfkufgtmr
Gs g kgvjgt tm teis, id ymu’rj ami`a i`tm qug`t trgli`a bust tm jgr` om`jy (jitejr dmr ymursjfd mr dmr
kegrity), ymu prmcgcfy wm`’t cj gcfj tm stgy omtivgtjl. Wug`t trgli`a is g prjtty i`tj`sj bmc, g`l tm wmrn
ejrjj ymu
ejr
ymu `jj
`jjl
l tm j`bmy
j`bmy wegt
wegt ymu lm gs wjff
wjff.. Gfsm
Gfsm,, id ymu grj tej ni`l md pjrs
pjrsm`
m` wem djj
djjfs
fs tejy `jjl tm
lm smojtei`a
smojtei`a wite g lirjkt pmsitivj iopgkt,
iopgkt, tej` qug`t
qug`t trgli`a oiaet `mt cj dmr ymu. Emwjvj
Emwjvjr,
r, id ymu’rj
ymu’rj
i`tjrjstjl i` tej wmrn, g`l djjf finj ymu wmufl cj omtivgtjl cy tej iljg md lm`gti`a g fmt tm ejfp ognj tej
wmrfl g cjttjr pfgkj, tej` teis is arjgt! Dmr omrj m` teis, kejkn mut 58,888 Emurs’ qug`t trgli`a rjsmurkjs.
rjsmurkjs .
7.
7.:
:
Amml tei
tei`a
`ass gcmut
gcmut qug`
qug`t trgli
trgli`a
`a
I’vj gfrjgly oj`tim`jl smoj pjrsm`gf dgktmrs tegt tj`l tm kmrrjfgtj wite cji`a g amml qug`t trgljr. I` teis
sjktim`, I’o ami`a tm fist g djw omrj aj`jrgf pmsitivj gspjkts md g kgrjjr i` tej i`lustry.
•
I`tjffjktugffy stioufgti`a
Wug`tt trgli`a tj`ls tm lrgw
Wug`
lrgw m` g wilj vgrijty
vgrijty md liskipfi`j
liskipfi`js2
s2 ogte
ogtes,
s, stgts,
stgts, kmoputjr
kmoputjr skij`kj,
skij`kj, lgtg
ski
skij`k
j`kj,
j, ﬇`g`kj
﬇`g`kj,, ago
agojj tej
tejmry
mry,, jtk
jtk.. \ej wmrn is km`
km`sis
sistj`
tj`tfy
tfy kegff
kegffj`a
j`ai`a
i`a g`l stioufgt
stioufgti`a
i`a,, g`l tej
aj`jrgf kufturj md jxkjffj`kj g`l eiae kmopjtitivj`jss ojg`s ymu grj gfwgys ljvjfmpi`a g`l fjgr`i`a
`jw sniffs.
•
Qmrn wite sogrt, tgfj`tjl pjmpfj
\eg`ns i` pgrt tm tej gcmvj pmi`t, qug`t trgli`a tj`ls tm gttrgkt rjgffy sogrt pjmpfj wem grj gff
pgssim`gtj gcmut wegt tejy lm. \ej vicj is quitj sioifgr tm g Kgocrilaj ogtes kmemrt. Omrj aj`jrgffy,
id ymu’rj lmi`a g [\JO sucbjkt drmo g tmp u`ivjrsity g`l ymu finj tej pjmpfj ymu’rj stulyi`a wite,
tejrj’s g amml keg`kj ymu’ff finj tej pjmpfj ymu ojjt i` qug`t trgli`a.
•
\iaet djjlcgkn fmmps
Id ymu egvj g` iljg, it’s vjry jgsy tm tjst it g`l sjj emw wjff it is lmi`a, cjkgusj tej mcbjktivj du`ktim`
md ‟lmjs teis ognj
ognj om`jy=‟ is prjtty
prjtty kfjgr. It’s jgsy tm sjj id ymu’rj
ymu’rj ogni`a prmarjss,
prmarjss, g`l ymu’ff
ymu’ff spj`l
vjry fittfj tioj wm`ljri`a gcmut wejtejr wegt ymu’rj lmi`a is gktugffy usjduf.
• Gutm`moy
I` omst trgli`a ﬇ros, ymu egvj tej gcifity tm wmrn m` g wilj vgrijty
grijty md li﬈jrj`t
li﬈jrj`t tgsns/prmbjkt
tgsns/prmbjkts.
s. Id
tejrj’s smojtei`a ymu ﬇`l i`tjrjsti`a, g`l ymu kg` prmvj tegt it’s g vgfugcfj tei`a tm wmrn m`, tej`
ymu’ff cj gffmwjl tm pursuj it g`l aivj` tej rjsmurkjs tm lm sm.
•
Dfgt strukturj
\ejrj
\ej
rj is aj`jrg
aj`jrgffy
ffy fittfj tm `m eij
eijrgr
rgrke
key
y g`l curj
curjguk
gukrgk
rgky
y i` tejsj
tejsj ﬇ros.
﬇ros. Jvjry
Jvjrym`j
m`j is fis
fistj`
tj`jl
jl tm,
rjagrlfjss
rjag
rlfjss md emw fm`a tejy’vj
tejy’vj wmrnjl
wmrnjl tejrj. Gaj g`l jxpjrij`kj kmu`
kmu`ts
ts dmr g fmt, cut omst pjmpfj wiff
egvj tej sgoj bmc titfj. Xriogrify, ymu grj bulajl dmr ymur kegrgktjr g`l emw amml ymur iljgs grj.
•
Eiae pgy
I lm`’t wg`t tm jopegsisj
jopegsisj teis pmi`t tmm ouke
ouke c
cjkgu
jkgusj
sj it wmufl
wmufl prmcgcfy gttrgkt
gttrgkt tej wrm`a pjmpfj. Id
ymu m`fy am i`tm qug`t trgli`a dmr tej eiae sgfgrijs tej` ymu’ff gfomst kjrtgi`fy cur` mut. \egt sgil, I
kmufl`’t
kmufl
`’t writj g lmkuoj`t
lmkuoj`t gcmut qug`
qug`tt trgli
trgli`a
`a g`l `mt oj`tim` sgfgrijs! \ejy grj gfomst m﬈j`sivjfy
fgraj, jvj` gt tej i`tjr`
fgraj,
i`tjr` fjvjf, g`l armw jxtrjo
jxtrjojfy
jfy dgst mvj
mvjrr tioj gs ymu stgy
stgy gt tej ﬇ro. \ejrj grj
gfsm usugffy pjrns, finj drjj dmml, i`-m﬋kj ayos g`l ﬇t`jss rjsmurkjs.
5
7.
7.4
4
Cgl
Cgl tei`a
tei`ass gcmut
gcmut qug`t
qug`t trg
trgli
li`a
`a
I` tej i`tjrjsts
i`tjrjsts md cgfg`kj,
cgfg`kj, I temuaet
temuaet it wmufl cj wmr
wmrte
te i`kfuli`a teis sjktim`.
sjktim`. I tei`n qug`t trgli`a is g
arjgt kgrjjr
kgrjjr tegt wgy omrj pjmpfj semufl km`siljr
km`siljr teg` gktugffy
gktugffy lm, sm mcvimusfy
mcvimusfy I’o cigsjl. \egt cji`a
sgil, it’s stiff `mt dmr jvjrym`
jvjrym`j.
j. \ejrj grj smoj oisauil
oisauiljl
jl rjgsm`s tm kemmsj `mt tm am i`tm qug`t
qug`t trgli`a
7.<),
), cut tejrj gfsm smoj aj`ui`j rjgsm`s wey ymu oiaet `mt cj g amml ﬇t dmr teis kgrjjr. Ejrj
(sjj [jktim` 7.<
grj smoj md tejo2
•
Fm`a emurs / eiae i`tj`sity
Gs stgtjl gcmvj, tej emurs grj `mwejrj `jgr gs cgl gs i`vjstoj`t cg`ns, cut tejy grj stiff g fittfj
fm`ajr teg` tej gvjrgaj 9-: bmc. 78 emurs pjr lgy is typikgf. \ej lgy-tm-lgy rjspm`sicifitijs md g trgljr
grj gfsm vjry i`tj`sj, g`l tej bmc kg` cj oj`tgffy & jomtim`gffy lrgi`i`a.
•
@mt arjgt bmc sjkurity
\eiss vgri
\ei
grijs
js drmo ﬇ro tm ﬇ro. [mo
[mojj ﬇ro
﬇ross gkt
gktugf
ugffy
fy eg
egvj
vj prjtty
prjtty amml bmc sjkurit
sjkurity
y (g`l
(g`l gs g rjs
rjsuft
uft,,
egvjj g strm`a
egv
strm`a i`kj`tiv
i`kj`tivjj tm prmvilj amml jlukg
jlukgtim`
tim` g`l trgi`i`a
trgi`i`a tm jopfmyjj
jopfmyjjs).
s). Emwjvj
Emwjvjr,
r, tejrj grj
lj﬇`itjfy smoj pfgkjs wem tgnj tej mptim` md ‖eirj fmts md pjmpfj> m`fy njjp tej m`js wem lm wjff.‟
\eis, kmoci`jl wite tej tj`lj`ky tm cur` mut (mr bust kemmsj tm trg`sitim` tm fjss i`tj`sj bmcs), ejfps
tm jxpfgi` wey tej gvjrgaj gaj dmr jopfmyjjs i` qug`t trgli`a ﬇ros kg` cj gs fmw gs fgtj 38s.
•
@m`-kmopjtj garjjoj`ts
Diros grj mdtj` kmopjtitivj
kmopjtitivj gcmut gff tejir IX
IX,, g`l tegt i`kfuljs
i`kfuljs jopfmyjjs.
jopfmyjjs. Og`y
Og`y pfgkjs wiff egvj
egvj
ymu sia` g `m`-kmopjtj, i.j. g` garjjoj`t `mt tm wmrn dmr g kmopjtitmr dmr g pjriml md tioj gdtjr ymu
fjgvj. [moj md tejsj grj i`dgomusfy strikt (j.a. m` tej mrljr md 3 yjgrs mr omrj). Ymu wiff aj`jrgffy cj
pgil g sogff drgktim` md ymur sgfgry luri`a teis tioj.
•
Xmmr jxit mppmrtu`itijs
Wug`t
Wug
`t trgli`
trgli`aa lmjs
lmjs`’t
`’t aivj
aivj ymu
ymu gs og`
og`y
y mc
mcvim
vimus
us jxi
jxitt mppmrtu
mppmrtu`it
`itijs
ijs gs mtejr
mtejr ﬇`g`kj
﬇`g`kj kgr
kgrjjr
jjrss (finj
(finj
i`vjstoj
i`v
jstoj`t
`t cg`ni`a).
cg`ni`a). \ej sniff md ‖ogn
‖ogni`a
i`a g tm` md dgst ljkisim`s
ljkisim`s i` rjgf tioj‟ lmjs`’t rjgffy trg`sdjr
trg`sdjr
quitj gs `gturgffy tm mtejr i`lustrijs gs tej smdtjr sniffs md tjgo og`gajoj`t g`l kfij`t i`tjrgktim`, sm
ymu oiaet
oiaet `mt ljvjfmp
ljvjfmp ouk
ouke
e kgrjjr kgpitgf.
kgpitgf. \eis ejgvi
ejgvify
fy ljpj`ls m` ymur
ymur rmfj, j.a. id ymu lm g fmt md
kmli`a, ymu oiaet cj gcfj tm omvj i`tm lgtg skij`kj / smdtwgrj smojwejrj jfsj. M`j iopmrtg`t pmi`t i` omst ﬇ros, ymu’ff egvj g ljkj`t cit md gutm`moy mvjr ymur rmfj, sm ymu kg` argvitgtj omrj tmwgrls
kmli`a id ymu wg`t tm.
•
Dfgt strukturj
I tei`n omst pjmpfj wmufl sjj teis gs g pmsitivj, cut smoj pjmpfj lm j`bmy tej gcifity tm egvj smoj ni`l
md kgrjjr prmarjssim`. \ej fm`ajr ymu stgy gt trgli`a ﬇ros, tej omrj rjspm`sicifity g`l n`mwfjlaj ymu
wiff gkkuoufgtj, g`l (i` gff finjfiemml) tej omrj om`jy ymu’ff ognj, cut id ymu j`bmy egvi`a g titfj
cuop jvjry djw yjgrs, tej` ymu oiaet `mt finj emw teis strukturj wmrns.
• Kmopjtitivj I`lustry
\ejrj grj smoj i`lustrijs wite omrj bmcs teg` pjmpfj tm tgnj tejo> qug`t trgli`a is `mt m`j md tejo!
Omst ﬇ros m`fy m﬈jr i`tjr`seips tm g sogff armup md pjmpfj (7:-38 is typikgf, smojtiojs fjss, g`l I
lm`’t n`mw g`y wem tgnj omrj teg` <8). Gs g rjsuft, tej i`tjrvijws kg` cj jxtrjojfy kmopjtitivj, g`l
ymu ogy egvj
egvj tm gppfy tm og`y li﬈jrj`t
li﬈jrj`t ﬇ros dmr g keg`kj
keg`kj md sjkuri`a
sjkuri`a g spgkj.
spgkj. Dmr g`ym`j
g`ym`j gppfyi`a
gppfyi`a
tm qug`t trgli`a rmfjs, it’s wmrte egvi`a smoj ni`l md cgknup pfg`, sm ymu grj`’t putti`a gff ymur jaas
i` m`j cgsnjt.
G`mtejr pmi`t - jvj` id ymu lm`’t tei`n ymu wiff cj gcfj tm ajt tej m﬈jr g`l/mr qug`t trgli`a is`’t
ymur ﬇rst kemikj, it kg` stiff cj wmrte gppfyi`a, cjkgusj ajtti`a i`tjr`seip m﬈jrs egs arjgt i`dmrogtim`
vgfuj. Id ymu kg` ajt g` m﬈jr, tej mlls grj prjtty amml tegt ymu’rj tej ni`l md pjrsm` wem wiff j`bmy
tej wmrn.
9
7.
7.1
1
Qegt
Qegt tm lm id ymu
ymu tei`n
tei`n ymu
ymu oiaet
oiaet cj i`tj
i`tjrjs
rjstj
tjl
l
Id gff teis stu﬈ smu`ls kmmf tm ymu (g`l tej cgl stu﬈ is`’t tmm m﬈putti`a!)
m﬈putti`a!) tej` I’l rjkmooj`l
rjkmooj`l tryi`a
tryi`a tm
fjgr`
fjgr` omrj gcmut tej i`lust
i`lustry
ry.. M`j md tej cjst wgys
wgys is tm am tm jvj`ts
jvj`ts gt ymur
ymur u`ivjrsi
u`ivjrsity
ty.. Omst
Omst ﬇`g`kj
﬇`g`kj
kgrjjrs
kgrjj
rs jvj`ts
jvj`ts grj kfustjrjl
kfustjrjl i` tej ﬇rst tjro (j.a. Bg`j [trjjt jstiog
jstiogtem`s
tem`s),
), gftemuae
gftemuae smoj pfgkjs lm stiff
ru` jvj`ts
jvj`ts fgtjr i` tej yjgr.
yjgr. \ejsj jvj
jvj`ts
`ts grj g du` wgy tm ajt tm n`mw
n`mw prmdjssim`gfs
prmdjssim`gfs i` tej i`lustry
i`lustry, gs wjff
gs gsn qujstim`s.
Emwjvjr,
`mtei`a
is gis sucstitutj
dmrcjst
ajtti`a
g djjf
md wegt
tej si`lustry
finj,
weike
is wey
gppfyi
gppfyi`a
`a dmr i`tjr`s
i`tjr`seips
eips
cgsikgffy tej
tei`a
ymudmr
kg`ymursjfd
lm. I` fgtjr
sjktim`s
sjktim`
I’ff tgfn gisfmt
omrj
gcmut
tej
gppfikgtim` prmkjss g`l wegt i`tjrvijws grj finj. Dmr `mw, I’ff bust aivj tej njy pmi`ts2 gppfikgtim` prmkjss is
fmw-j﬈mrt (bust g KT g`l kmvjr fjttjr `jjljl, smojtiojs `mt jvj` g kmvjr fjttjr), i`tjrvijws kg` gktugffy cj
ni`l md du`, g`l ﬇ros put g fmt md jopegsis m` jlukgtim
jlukgtim`
` g`l ogni`
ogni`aa g amml i`tjr`seip
i`tjr`seip jxpjrij`kj.
jxpjrij`kj. Ymu’ff
ajt tm i`tjrgkt wite trgljrs g fmt, prmcgcfy ajt g vijw i`tm fmts md li﬈jrj`t grjgs i` tej ﬇ro, g`l tej prmbjkts
i`tjr`s grj aivj` tj`l tm cj rjgffy wmrteweifj g`l i`tjrjsti`a.
Jvj` tej i`tjrvijw prmkjss itsjfd kg` cj supjr eiae vgfuj - ymu’ff ajt tej keg`kj tm gsn tej i`tjrvijwjr
qujstim`s, g`l id ymu ajt g` m﬈jr tej` ymu’ff usugffy egvj omrj mppmrtu`itijs tm tgfn wite pjmpfj i` tej ﬇ro
gcmut ymur ogi` u`kjrtgi`tijs. \ejrj wiff prmcgcfy cj g strm`a cigs cjkgusj tejy’rj sgfjs pitkei`a ymu tej
kmopg`y, cut ymu kg` stiff usugffy fjgr` g fmt md usjduf tei`as.
M`j ﬇`gf pmi`t tm ognj - smoj ﬇ros (finj Bg`j [trjjt g`l Mptivjr) ru` [pri`a Qjjn jvj`ts mr I`siaet
Lgys, usugffy giojl gt ﬇rst mr sjkm`l yjgrs. \ejsj kg` cj arjgt wgys tm ajt m` tej rglgr md tejsj kmopg`ijs,
g`l kg` mdtj` cj g stjppi`a stm`j tm sjkuri`a g` i`tjr`seip. \m ﬇`l mut gcmut gff teis stu﬈, tej cjst tei`a
is tm fmmn m` tej kmopg`y wjcsitjs mr km`suft ymur u`ivjrsity kgrjjrs sjrvikj.
78
3
Wug
Wug`
`t \
\rgl
rgli`
i`a
a Dir
Diros
os & I`
I`tjr
tjr`s
`sei
eips
ps
3.
3.7
7
Qegt
Qegt is g`
g` i`tj
i`tjr`
r`se
seip
ip finj
finj=
=
Wug`t trgli`a i`tjr`seips tj`l tm cj prjtty emomaj`jmus. \ej ljtgifs oiaet vgry, cut tej mvjrgff strukturj
is usugffy
usugffy tej sgoj.
sgoj. I` tej `jx
`jxtt sjktim
sjktim`,
`, I’vj
I’vj sn
snjtk
jtkejl
ejl mut g ey
eypmte
pmtejti
jtikgf
kgf 78-wjjn
78-wjjn< i`tjr`seip i` qug`t
trgli`a
trgli
`a tegt I cjfijvj
cjfijvj is rjprjsj`
rjprjsj`tgtiv
tgtivjj md tej gvjrgaj
gvjrgaj ﬇ro. Emwjvj
Emwjvjr,
r, c
cjdmrj
jdmrj ajtti`a
ajtti`a i`tm tegt, tejrj grj g
djw omrj aj`jrgf pmi`ts gcmut qug`t trgli`a i`tjr`seips tegt grj wmrte oj`tim`i`a.
Kmopgrjl tm omst i`lustrijs, qug`t trgli`a ﬇ros put g fmt md j﬈mrt i`tm tejir i`tjr`seips. \ejy du`ktim`
gs g` jxtj`ljl
jxtj`ljl i`tjrvijw
i`tjrvijw prmkjss, g`l gs g wg
wgy
y dmr tej ﬇ro tm sjff tejosjfv
tejosjfvjs
js tm ymu.
ymu. Dmr teis rjgsm`, tej
i`tjr`seips grj njpt du` g`l i`tjffjktugffy stioufgti`a - ymu wm`’t cj lmi`a pemtmkmpijs mr ogni`a km﬈jj!
Jvj` id ymu grj`’t surj tegt ymu wg`t tm am i`tm ﬇`g`kj, ymu kg` stiff ajt g fmt md vgfuj mut md tej i`tjr`seip.
\egt sgil, tej ogbmrity md tej vgfuj tm tej ﬇ro lmjs`’t kmoj drmo wegt ymu lm luri`a tej i`tjr`seip> it
kmojs drmo tej pmssicifity md ymu cjkmoi`a g duff-tioj eirj.
[gfgrijs
js
\ej i`tjr`seips grj usugffy vjry wjff pgil (mdtj` kfmsj tm mr jvj` gcmvj 4 ﬇aurjs prm rgtg: ). [gfgri
kg` cj g amml prmxy dmr emw eiae-j`l g ﬇ro is, gftemuae smojtiojs tejy kg` cj i`km`sistj`t - dmr i`stg`kj,
m`j md tej ﬇ros I fist i` sjktim` 3.; gktugffy lmucfjl
lmucfjl tejir i`tjr` sgfgr
sgfgry
y i` g si`afj yjgr rjkj`tfy
rjkj`tfy.. [gfgrijs
[gfgrijs
gfsm grj`’t tej omst iopmrtg`t wgy tm kemmsj cjtwjj` ﬇ros, cjkgusj id ymu j`l up wmrni`a i` qug`t ﬇`g`kj
tejy’ff cj g vjry sogff drgktim` md tej tmtgf gomu`t md om`jy ymu’ff ognj.
Gs g fgst aj`jrgf pmi`t gcmut qug`t ﬇`g`kj i`tjrvijws, it’s wmrte jopegsisi`a tegt ymu wiff egvj tej
mppmrtu`it
mppmrt
u`ity
y tm gsn fmts md qujstim`s
qujstim`s i` og`
og`y
y li﬈jrj`t
li﬈jrj`t situgtim
situgtim`s
`s - tgnj
tgnj glvg`t
glvg`tgaj
gaj md teis mppmrtu`ity!
mppmrtu`ity! I`
oy prjvimus i`tjr`seip, wj wjrj tmfl tegt tej ﬇ro egl `jvjr egl g` i`tjr` wem, i` tejir jyjs, gsnjl tmm
og`y
og`
y qujstim`s - gftemuae tejy km`sistj`tfy
km`sistj`tfy ajt pjmpfj wem lm`’t gsn j`muae. \ejrj is g `gturgf
`gturgf gvjrsim`
gvjrsim`
tm gsni`a qujstim`s, id ymu lm`’t wg`t tm sjjo luoc/i` `jjl md gssistg`kj, cut teis is tej wrm`a gttitulj tm
egvj.
egv
j. @mcmly is jxpjkti`a
jxpjkti`a ymu tm egv
egvjj gff tej n`mwfjlaj
n`mwfjlaj ymu `jjl riaet gwg
gwgy
y, cut tejy grj jxpjkti`a
jxpjkti`a ymu
tm rjkma`isj ymur cfi`l spmts g`l jgr`jstfy try tm ﬇ff tejo.
<
\eis sjjos tm cj tej omlgf fj`ate. Gff i`tjr`seips I n`mw md grj cjtwjj` 4 g`l 73 wjjns.
Xrm rgtg rjdjrs tm tej glbustjl
glbustjl g``ugf sgfgry.
sgfgry. Dmr i`stg`kj, g prm rgtg sgfgry md £ 58n dmr g 78 wjjn i`tjr`seip wmufl wmrn
mut tm gcmut £7:n i` tmtgf.
:
77
3.3
I`tjr
I`tjr`sei
`seip
p strukt
strukturj
urj
•
Jlukgtim`
\ej ﬇rst 3-; wjjns
wjjns md tej prmargo
prmargo usugffy km`sists md jlukgtim`
jlukgtim`,, termu
termuae
ae i`tjr`gf
i`tjr`gf kfgssjs mr tgfns.
tgfns. G
fmt md teis wiff cj ﬇`g`kj-cgsjl, kmvjri`a km`kjpts finj ogrnjts, stmkns, mptim`s, duturjs, i`likjs, J\Ds,
ogrnjt-o
ogrn
jt-ogni`a
gni`a,, grcitrgaj,
grcitrgaj, ejlai`a
ejlai`a,, jtk. Diros wiff prmcg
prmcgcfy
cfy spj`l omrj tioj m` tej spjki﬇k ﬇`g`kigf
prmlukts tejy spjkigfisj i` (sjj sjktim` 3.7). \ejrj wiff gfsm cj kfgssjs m` prmargooi`a - tmpiks oiaet
i`kfulj fg`augajs finj Xytem`, Jxkjf, TCG, [WF, mr Fi`ux.
•
Xrmbjkt wmrn
Gs oj`tim`jl, teis is is tej ogi` wgy i`tjr`s lirjktfy gll vgfuj tm tej ﬇ro. Ymu wiff cj aivj` g prmbjkt
(mdtj` i`livilugf, smojtiojs gs g armup) tegt ymu wmrn m` drmo tej j`l md tej jlukgtim` pjriml tm tej
j`l md tej i`tjr`seip. \ejsj prmbjkts grj usugffy tgnj` drmo tej fist md tei`as trgljrs/rjsjgrkejrs wmufl
cj lmi`a tejosjfvjs id tejy egl tej tioj (gftemuae tejy grj gfsm mptioisjl dmr cji`a sjfd-km`tgi`jl,
du`, g`l gpprmprigtj
gpprmprigtj dmr p
pjmpfj
jmpfj witemu
witemutt ogssjs md primr ﬇`g`kj
﬇`g`kj jxpjrij`kj).
jxpjrij`kj). \m aivj g ffigvmur,
ffigvmur, smoj
pmssicfj prmbjkts oiaet cj2
‛ I`vjstiagti`a tej prikj omvjoj`ts md g spjki﬇k ﬇`g`kigf prmlukt, wite tej amgf md ljvjfmpi`a g
trgli`a strgtjay
‛ Ioprmvi`a tej systjos usjl tm om`itmr jxisti`a strgtjaijs
‛ Cuifli`a lgsecmgrls/AZIs tegt prmvilj trgljrs wite usjduf rjgf-tioj i`dmrogtim`
\ejsj prmbjkts grj mdtj` kemsj` tm cj g amml ogtke wite ymur spjki﬇k sniffs/cgknarmu`l/i`tjrjsts. Ymu
wiff cj pgirjl
pgirjl wite g pgrti
pgrtikufgr
kufgr trgl
trgljr/lj
jr/ljsn
sn dmr tej lurgtim` md tej prmbjkt. \ejy wiff cj tej pjrsm`
ymu liskuss
liskuss tej prmbjkt wite g`l wem prmviljs
prmviljs ymu wite lirjktim`
lirjktim` g`l ejfp wej` ymu `jjl it. Gfsm,
cji`a sgt `jxt tm teis trgljr m` tejir ljsn ojg`s ymu egvj g` mppmrtu`ity tm gsn g fmt md qujstim`s
g`l ajt g` i`siaet i`tm tej trgli`a prmkjss. Gt tej j`l md tej i`tjr`seip, ymu wiff prmcgcfy ajt tm aivj
g prjsj`tgtim` m` ymur prmbjkt.
•
Omkn trgli`a
Gfomst gff trgli`a ﬇ros egvj smoj dmro md omkn trgli`a. \eis is prmcgcfy tej pgrt md tej i`tjr`seip
tegt vgrijs cjtwjj` ﬇ros tej omst, gftemuae tej aj`jrgf purpmsj is tm tjgke ymu tm cj g amml trgljr2
u`ljrstg`l ymur cigsjs, ajt cjttjr gt ogni`a ljkisim`s u`ljr u`kjrtgi`ty, egvj g amml i`tuitim` dmr
risn, lm`’t pg`ik g`l drjjzj up, jtk. \ej prjkisj trgli`a
trgli`a ojtemls grj prmprijt
prmprijtgry
gry tm ﬇ros,
﬇ros, cut witemut
aivi`a `gojs, I n`mw md terjj li﬈jrj`t gpprmgkejs tegt egvj cjj` tgnj` cy smoj md tej ﬇ros I fist
fgtjr teis sjktim`2
sjktim`2
‛ Agojs wite likj mr kgrls tegt i`vmfvj gsyoojtrik i`dmrogtim` g`l li﬋kuft strgtjaijs
‛ Mpj`-mutkry trgli`a systjo cgsjl m` g tejmrjtikgf stmkn mr mptim`
‛ I`-emusj
I`-emusj trgli`a sioufgtim`
sioufgtim` smdtw
smdtwgrj,
grj, ljsia`jl tm kmoj gs kfmsj gs pmssicfj tm rjgf trgli`a
Dmr omkn trgli`a weike rjquirjs
rjquirjs `m primr n`mwfjlaj
n`mwfjlaj (j.a. gs ljskricjl i` tej ﬇rst pmi`t)
pmi`t),, teis wiff ru`
dmr tej j`tirj
j`tirj i`tjr`seip.
i`tjr`seip. Id smoj cgknarmu
cgknarmu`l
`l ﬇`g`kj n`mwfjlaj
n`mwfjlaj is rjquirjl,
rjquirjl, tej omkn trgli`a
trgli`a oiaet
oiaet
m`fy stgrt fgtjr i` tej i`tjr`seip.
•
Mtejr stu﬈
Omst ﬇ros wiff mrag`isj smkigf jvj`ts
jvj`ts termuaemu
termuaemutt tej i`tjr`sei
i`tjr`seip.
p. I kg`’t rjgffy spjgn ouke
ouke tm teis
pmi`t,, cjkgusj
pmi`t
cjkgusj oy trgli`a
trgli`a i`tjr`se
i`tjr`seip
ip wgs duffy virtug
virtugff teg`ns
teg`ns tm Kmrm`gvir
Kmrm`gvirus.
us. Emwjvj
Emwjvjr,
r, wj stiff egl
g djw smkigf jvj`ts
jvj`ts mrag`isjl.
mrag`isjl. Mdtj` tejsj wiff cj tejo
tejojl
jl grmu`l strgtjay
strgtjay agojs (kmoom`fy
(kmoom`fy pmnj
p mnjr,
r,
cut mtejrs gs wjff) mr jstiogtim` & Djroi prmcfjos (sjj sjktim` 3.3). \ejrj grj gfsm finjfy tm cj smoj
smkigf jvj`ts wite `mtei`a tm lm wite trgli`a - smoj tegt I’vj ejgrl i`kfulj wi`j-tgsti`a, kupkgnj
ljkmrgtim`, spmrts-tejojl jvj`ts, rjstgurg`t trips, tejgtrj trips, g`l jskgpj rmmos.
73
3.
3.;
;
Wug`
Wug`tt tr
trgli
gli`a
`a ﬇ros
﬇ros
\eis sjktim` aivjs g vjry crijd mvjrvijw md tej omst wjff-n`mw` qug`t trgli`a ﬇ros tegt m﬈jr i`tjr`seips.
I’vj ogi`fy dmkusjl m` qug`t trgli`a rmfjs cgsjl i` Jurmpj, g`l jvj` tej` I egvj`’t i`kfuljl jvjry ﬇ro tegt
m﬈jrs i`tjr`seip
i`tjr`seips.
s. G djw sia`i﬇kg`t
sia`i﬇kg`t pfgkj
pfgkjss tegt grj oissi`a drmo teis sjktim`
sjktim` grj \icrg Kgpitgf,
Kgpitgf, LSQ,
LSQ, Lg
Ti`ki Ljrivgtivjs, Eulsm` Sivjr \rgli`a, g`l omrj rjsjgrke-mrij`tjl ﬇ros finj Buop \rgli`a g`l A[G, gs
wjff gs ejlaj du`ls tegt m﬈jr qug`titgtiv
qug`titgtivjj rmfjs finj LJ [eg
[egw
w g`l \wm [iaog. \ejrj grj gfsm fmgls omrj
mptim`s
mptim
`s i` tej Z[, jspjkigffy id visgs grj`’t g` issuj dmr ymu. G duffjr lgtgcgsj md i`tjr`seip
i`tjr`seipss kg` cj dmu`l
ejrj
ejrj.
. Emwjvjr,
I tei`n
teis
fist semufl
prmvilj
g amml
pmi`t.
G`mtejr
pmi`t
cjdmrj
ajtti`a
stgrtjl
wite teis
fiststgrti`a
- it kg` cj
g rjgffy amml iljg tm spgo gppfy tm fmgls
md pfgkjs g`l sjj wegt egppj`s.
egppj`s. It’s g rjgffy kmopjt
kmopjtitiv
itivjj prmkjss, sm lmi`a teis wiff ogxioisj
ogxioisj ymur keg`kjs
keg`kjs
md sukkjss, gs wjff gs aivi`a ymu fmts md prgktikj dmr tej m`js ymu oiaet kgrj omrj gcmut!
Bg`j [trjj
[trjjtt egs m﬋kjs
m﬋kjs i` Fm`
Fm`lm`
lm`,, @jw Y
Ymrn
mrn g`l Em`a Nm`a. \ejy
\ejy grj n`mw`
n`mw` dmr eg
egvi`
vi`aa g vjry
vjry
ogtesogt
es-dmku
dmkusjl
sjl,, gkgljo
gkgljoik
ik kuftur
kufturj.
j. \ej
\ejy
y sjj
sjjo
o tm eg
egvj
vj tej vicj md ‖pjmpfj
‖pjmpfj wem oiaet
oiaet egvj
egvj lm`j
lm`j g XeL,
XeL,
cut lil`’t‟. \ejy grj gfsm i`dgomus dmr tejir jxtrj
jxtrjojfy
ojfy li﬋kuft i`tjrvijw
i`tjrvijw prmkjss, weike i`vmfvjs
i`vmfvjs ogrnjtogrnjtogni`a m` smoj trikny agojs/prmcfjos, usugffy i`vmfvi`a likj, kgrls mr kmi`s. \ejir i`tjr`seip is 78 wjjns,
g`l tgnjs pfgkj i` tejir Fm`lm` m﬋kjs, gftemuae usugffy i`vmfvjs smoj tioj i` m`j md tejir mtejr afmcgf m﬋kjs.
[usqujeg``g I`tjr`gtim`gf Armup ([IA) grj cgsjl i` Irjfg`l. \ejy’rj m`j md tej fgrajst g`l mfljst
qug`t trgli`a ﬇ros (quitj g djw md tej mtejrs wjrj stgrtjl cy jopfmyjjs wem fjdt [IA). \ejy spjkigfisj i`
mptim`s, gftemuae finj virtugffy gff trgli`a ﬇ros, tejy trglj g wilj vgrijty md prmlukts. Xrmcgcfy tej tei`a
tejy’rj cjst n`mw` dmr is pmnjr - tejy tjgke it luri`a tejir i`tjr`seip, gs g prmxy dmr tej sniffs g trgljr
`jjls (tei`ni`a qug`titgtivjfy,
qug`titgtivjfy, ljkisim`-ogni`a u`ljr u`kjrtgi`ty
u`kjrtgi`ty,, jtk). \ejir i`tjr`seip is 78 wjjns fm`a,
g`l tgnjs pfgkj i` tejir Irjfg`l m﬋kjs.
Mptivjr grj cgsjl i` Gostjrlgo. \ejir i`tjrvijw prmkjss stgrts wite g `uojrikgf tjst, weike is aj`jrgffy rjagrljl
rjagrljl gs tej egrljst md tej ﬇rst-rmu`l
﬇rst-rmu`l `uojrik
`uojrikgf
gf tjsts m﬈jrjl cy trgli`a ﬇ros. Fgtjr rmu`ls
rmu`ls dmkus
m` tej ly`goiks md trgli`a g`l ogrnjt ogni`a, Djroi jstiogtjs, g`l smoj mptim`s tejmry4 . [moj md tej
tei`as tejy grj n`mw` dmr i`kfulj g` jxtrjojfy kmopjtitivj arglugtj trgljr trgi`i`a prmargo (wite g vjry
fmw km`vjrsim` rgtj md argl tm duff tioj), g`l vjry glvg`kjl i`-emusj trgli`a sioufgtim` smdtwgrj tegt tejy
usj tm trgi` i`tjr`s
i`tjr`s g`l arglugtjs.
arglugtjs. \ejir i`tjr`seip
i`tjr`seip tgnjs pfgkj i` tejir Gostjrlgo
Gostjrlgo m﬋kjs.
Dfmw \rgljrs gr
J\Ds..
grjj cgsjl i` Gostjrlgo.
Gostjrlgo. \ejy spjkigfi
spjkigfisj
sj i` Ljftg M`j prmlukts
prmlukts1 , pgrtikufgrfy J\Ds
\ej gppfikgtim`
gppfikgtim` prmkjss stgrts
stgrts wite g `uojrikg
`uojrikgff tjst, g`l g` gptitulj tjst
tjst.. \ej fgtjr rmu`ls dmkus g fmt m`
J\Ds g`l tej kmrj cusi`jss strukturj, weike is smojtei`a tejy jxpjkt ymu tm rjgl up m`, gs wjff gs stg`lgrl
crgi`tjgsjrs g`l qug`titgtivj
qug`titgtivj sniffs. \ejir i`tjr`seip 4 wjjns fm`a, g`l tgnjs pfgkj i` tejir Gostjrlgo m﬋kjs.
IOK grj cgsjl i` Gostjrlgo
Gostjrlgo.. \ejy ru` drjquj`
drjquj`tt kmli`a kegff
kegffj`ajs
j`ajs (jspkigffy
(jspkigffy luri`a ﬇rst tjro md tej
gkgljoik
gkglj
oik yjgr),
yjgr), weike
weike kg` cj g amml wg
wgy
y tm ajt jxpmsurj tm tej kmop
kmopg`y
g`y.. \ej gppfikgtim`
gppfikgtim` prmkjss cjai`s
wite g sjrijs
sjrijs md agojs/ke
agojs/kegffj`a
gffj`ajs
js tm tjst ymur kma`it
kma`itivj
ivj gcifitij
gcifitijs.
s. Fgtjr rmu`ls
rmu`ls dmkus m` kmopjtj`ky
kmopjtj`ky qujstim`s,, crgi`tjgsj
tim`s
crgi`tjgsjrs,
rs, ogrnjt
ogrnjt ognjrs, g`l smoj fiaet mptim`s tejmry.
tejmry. \ejir i`tjr`seip
i`tjr`seip is 73 wjjns fm`a, g`l
tgnjs pfgkj i` tejir Gostjrlgo m﬋kjs.
Divj Si`as grj cgsjl i` tej Z[, cut tejy egv
egvjj m﬋kjs i` Fm`lm`.
Fm`lm`. \ejy wjrj dmu`ljl
dmu`ljl cy g` jx-trgljr
jx-trgljr gt
Bg`j [trjjt.
[trjjt. \ejy grj sogffjr g`l ymu`ajr teg` omst md tej mtejr kmop
kmopg`ijs
g`ijs m` teis fist, gftemuae
gftemuae tejy grj
armwi`a vjry dgst. \ejir i`tjrvijw prmkjss is prjtty kmopjtitivj> tej ﬇rst rmu`l i`vmfvjs g sjrijs md rgpil-﬇rj
qujstim`s, g`l tej fgtjr rmu`ls grj usugffy strukturjl grmu`l g si`afj u`usugffy li﬋kuft crgi`tjgsjr tegt
ymu wiff wmrn termuae
termuae wite tej i`tj
i`tjrvijw
rvijwjr.
jr. \ejir i`tjr`seip
i`tjr`seip tgnjs pfgkj i` tejir Fm`lm` m﬋kjs.
4
Dmr omrj m` mptim`
mptim`ss tejmry,
tejmry, sjj [jktim` ;.4
1
M`j
ojg`s
tejir
prikjs
omvj
omv
j i` 7-7 kmrrjspm`lj`kj
kmrrjspm`l
tej u`ljrfyi`a
u`ljrfyi`a sjkurit
sjkurity
y. \eis is i` km`trgst tm ljrivgtivj
ljrivgtivjss
finj Ljftg
mptim`s,
weike
egvj
g `m`-fi`jgr
`m`-fi
`jgr
rjfgtim`se
rjfgtim`seip
ip wite tejj`kj
u`ljrfyi`a.
u`ljwite
rfyi`a.
7;
Kitgljf [jkuritijs grj g ogrnjt-ogni`a ﬇ro. It is m`j md tej twm cusi`jssjs mpjrgtjl cy Kitgljf FFK
(tej mtejr cji`a tej ejlaj du`l Kitgljf
Kitgljf).
). Id ymu gppfy dmr Kitgljf [jkuritijs,
[jkuritijs, ymur gppfikgtim`
gppfikgtim` is mdtj` gfsm
km`siljrjl
km`sil
jrjl dmr tej ejlaj du`l. I`tjrvij
I`tjrvijws
ws wite Kitgljf kg` c
cjj u`prjlikt
u`prjliktgcfj,
gcfj, si`kj tejy sjjo tm vgry g fmt
cgsjl m` tej i`tjrvijwjr. [tg`lgrl crgi`tjgsjrs grj kmoom`. Kitgljf i`tjrvijws wiff usugffy i`vmfvj kmli`a
prmcfjos> tejy usj tej KmljrXgl pfgtdmro. Ymu grj gfsm omrj finjfy tm cj gsnjl qujstim`s m` ﬇`g`kj tmpiks,
j.a. rjfgtjl tm gfamriteoik trgli`a strgtjaijs mr i`drgstrukturj. \ejir i`tjr`seip is 78 wjjns fm`a, g`l tgnjs
pfgkj i` tejir Fm`lm` m﬋kjs.
Ogvj` grj cgsjl
cgsjl i` Fm`lm`. \ejy grj tej ymu`
ymu`ajst
ajst ﬇ro m` teis fist (dmu`ljl
(dmu`ljl i` 3877). \ejir i`itigf
i`itigf
skrjj`i`a i`vmfvjs g `uojrikgf tjst g`l g sjrijs md m`j-wgy viljm i`tjrvijw qujstim`s. \ejir ﬇`gf rmu`l is ejfl
wite sjvjrgf gppfikg`ts gt m`kj, g`l stgrts wite g trgli`a agoj tegt gff tej gppfikg`ts pfgy tmajtejr. Fgtjr
m`j-m`-m`j
m`j-m
`-m`j i`tjrvijw
i`tjrvijw rmu`ls
rmu`ls grj omrj dmkusjl
dmkusjl m` kmopjt
kmopjtj`ky
j`ky qujstim`s g`l crgi`
crgi`tjgsj
tjgsjrs.
rs. \ejir i`tjr`seip
i`tjr`seip
is 9 wjjns fm`a, g`l tgnjs pfgkj i` tejir Fm`lm` m﬋kjs.
7<
;
Em
Emw
w tm p
prj
rjpg
pgrj
rj ddmr
mr ii`
`tj
tjrv
rvij
ijws
ws
;.
;.7
7
[mfv
[mfvi`
i`a
a prmcf
prmcfjo
joss
I spj`t g amml keu`n md [jktim` 7 fisti`a gff tej tei`as tegt grj`’t rjquirjl dmr ajtti`a termuae qug`t trgli`a
i`tjrvijws. Ymu oiaet cj wm`ljri`a - wegt gktugffy is rjquirjl=
M`j md tej omst kmoom` tei`as ymu’ff
ymu’ff egvj tm lm i` i`tj
i`tjrvijws
rvijws is smfvj crgi`t
crgi`tjgsjr
jgsjrs.
s. \ejsj kg` vgry
i` typj, drmo ﬇`li`a prjkisj smfutim`s tm fmaik puzzfjs tm ljvjfmpi`a iopjrdjkt cut j﬈jktivj strgtjaijs dmr
pfgyi`a kmopfikgtjl agojs. \ejsj prmcfjos grj gsnjl i` i`tjrvijws cjkgusj tejy gkt gs g prmxy dmr g cu`ke
md usjduf sniffs tegt trgljrs `jjl. [moj md tej omst iopmrtg`t grj2
•
Xrmcfjo-smfvi`a & krjgtivity
Cji`a gcfj tm tei`n mutsilj tej cmx g`l kmoj up wite `jw g`l iogai`gtivj smfutim`s is g vjry iopmrtg`t
sniff. It’s prmcgcfy sfiaetfy omrj iopmrtg`t dmr rjsjgrke teg` dmr trgli`a, cut it’s stiff g tmp sniff tegt
i`tjrvij
i`tjrvijwjrs
wjrs wiff cj fmmni`a dmr.
•
Ogni`a quikn bulajoj`ts / kmpi`a u`ljr prjssurj
\eis is supjr iopmrtg`t
iopmrtg`t dmr trgljrs,
trgljrs, dmr mcvim
mcvimus
us rjgsm`s. Mdtj`,
Mdtj`, teis wiff tgnj tej dmro md g` jxpfikit
tioj fioit. [moj ﬇ros (j.a. Mptivjr
Mptivjr g`l Ogvj`)
Ogvj`) mrag`isj armup i`t
i`tjrvij
jrvijws
ws wejrj ymu pfgy ogrnjt
ogrnjt
ogni`a agojs wite mtejr i`tjr`s gs g lirjkt wgy md tjsti`a emw ymu emfl up u`ljr strjssduf ogrnjt
km`litim`s. \iojl `uojrikgf tjsts grj g`mtejr dmro md tjsti`a teis gcifity.
I` aj`jrgf, omst ﬇ros wiff pjrdjr sfmw cut kmrrjkt g`swjrs tm dgst g`l wrm`a g`swjrs, cut smojtiojs
ymu teis
wiff cj
jxpjktjl
kmoj
uptm
wite
quikn-g`l-lirty
jvj` id it’s `mtprmopts,
tej gcsmfutj
cjstidm`j.
Dmr
rjgsm`,
it’s gtm
amml
iljg
trygg`l
cj rjspm`sivjsmfutim`
tm ymur i`tjrvijwjr’s
g`l sjj
ymu
kg` ajt g` iljg md wegt tejy grj tryi`a tm tjst dmr.
•
Amml kgficrgtim`
Kgficrgtim` is g ojgsurj md tej gkkurgky md ymur mw` prmcgcifity jstiogtj gcmut wegt ymu cjfijvj tm
cj truj. G wjff-kgficr
wjff-kgficrgtjl
gtjl pjrsm` is `jitej
`jitejrr mv
mvjrkm`
jrkm`﬇lj`
﬇lj`tt `mr u`ljrkm`﬇lj`
u`ljrkm`﬇lj`t>
t> tei`as
tei`as tegt ej gssia`s
gssia`s g
prmcgcifity md U tm wiff (m` gvjrgaj) egppj` U% md tej tioj. \m put it g`mtejr wgy, kgficrgtim` is tej
n`mw=‟.
g`swjr tm tej qujstim` ‖emw wjff lm ymu n`mw wegt ymu n`mw=‟.
M`j kfgssik wgy ﬇ros tjst teis is cy gsni`a ymu tm aivj km`﬇lj`kj i`tjrvgfs dmr Djroi prmcfjos (omrj
;.3.<,, wejrj I wiff gfsm ognj g djw omrj pmi`ts gcmut mvjr/u`ljrkm`﬇lj`kj g`l
m` tejsj i` [jktim` ;.3.<
g`swjr‟ ,
kgficrgtim`
kgficr
gtim`).
). Gllitim`gffy
Gllitim`gffy,, id tejy gsn qujstim`s
qujstim`s finj ‖emw surj grj ymu tegt teis is tej riaet g`swjr‟,
U=‟, tej` teis is wegt tejy’rj
mr ‖wegt lm ymu tei`n tej prmcgcifity is tegt tej truj vgfuj is fgrajr teg` U=‟,
tjsti`a dmr.
•
Z`ljrstg`li`a md km`kjpts finj jxpjktjl vgfuj g`l risn
Cji`a
Cji
`a gcfj tm tei`n i` tej
tejsj
sj tjros
tjros is g trg
trgljr
ljr’s
’s crj
crjgl
gl g`l cuttjr
cuttjr.. M`j kmoom`
kmoom` styfj md i`
i`tjr
tjrvij
vijw
w
qujstim` i`vmfvjs tej i`tjrvijwjr ljskrici`a g agoj tm ymu, g`l gsni`a ymu tm ljvjfmp g strgtjay tegt
ogxioisjs ymur jxpjktjl rjtur` weifj njjpi`a ymur risns oi`iogf - g`l g amml ﬇rst stjp i` prmcfjos
;.3.;).
).
finj tejsj is tm jstiogtj tej JT g`l vgrig`kj (omrj m` tejsj i` [jktim` ;.3.;
•
Oj`tgf ogtes
Li﬈jrj`t
Li﬈jr
j`t ﬇ros jopegsisj
jopegsisj teis tm li﬈jr
li﬈jrj`t
j`t ljarjj
ljarjjs.
s. Aj`jr
Aj`jrgffy
gffy it’s omrj iopmrtg`t
iopmrtg`t i` i`itigf
i`itigf skrjj`i`a
skrjj`i`a
stgajs,
stgaj
s, cut stiff ogttjrs
ogttjrs g dgir gomu`
gomu`tt i` fgtjr i`tj
i`tjrvijws
rvijws.. It is strm`afy
strm`afy fi`njl tm tej gcifity
gcifity tm tei`n
dgst, ljgf wite u`kjrtgi`ty, g`l gppfy qug`titgtivj rjgsm`i`a tm kmoj up wite g quikn gpprmxiogtj
smfutim` tm g prmcfjo.
7:
;.3
\ypjs
\ypjs md
md ii`t
`tjrvi
jrvijw
jw prmcfj
prmcfjos
os
Gftemuae gff tej sniffs I fistjl i` tej prjvimus sjktim` grj iopmrtg`t, smoj ﬇ros wiff primritisj pgrtikufgr
sniffs omrj eiaefy teg` mtejrs, g`l sm tejy wiff gsn qujstim`s tegt grj pgrtikufgrfy giojl gt tjsti`a temsj
sniffs.
sniffs. Qegt
Qegt dmf
dmffm
fmws
ws is g ljk
ljkmopm
mopmsit
sitim`
im` md tej typj
typjss md qujst
qujstim`
im`ss ymu
ymu grj finjfy
finjfy tm cj gsnjl
gsnjl i`tm < ogi`
ogi`
kgtjamrijs.
kgtja
mrijs. Tjry crmglfy,
crmglfy, tejy grj m` g spjktruo drmo wegt ymu oiaet
oiaet kgff mcbjktivity
mcbjktivity tm sucbjktivity
sucbjktivity, mr
drmo ‖g`swjr ogttjrs‟ tm ‖ojteml ogttjrs‟. M` m`j j`l md tej spjktruo grj fmaik prmcfjos2 tejsj usugffy
egvjj g si`afj mcbjktiv
egv
mcbjktivjfy
jfy kmrrjkt g`swjr
g`swjr tegt ymu grj tryi`
tryi`aa tm ﬇`l. M` tej mtejr j`l grj Djroi
Djroi prmcfjos,
prmcfjos,
weike
ouke Gt
omrj
g`gfysi`a
ymur ljkisim`
g`l temuaet
prmkjssjs
kmoi`a
wite i`
g
pjrdjkttgrj
pjrdjk
g`swjr.
tejgcmut
stgrt md
jgke
jgke sucsjktim`
sucsjktim`,
, I fistogni`a
smoj jxgop
jxgopfj
fj qujstim`s.
qujstim`s
. Og`y
Og`yteg`
omrj
kg` cjup
dmu`l
[jktim` <<,, gfm`a wite smfutim`s.
;.3.7
;.3
.7
Fm
Fmaik
aik pr
prmc
mcfj
fjos
os
G pfg`j egs 788 sjgts, g`l jgke md 788 pjmpfj egvj cjj` gssia`jl g u`iquj sjgt. \ej ﬇rst pjrsm` tm cmgrl is
g lru`ngrl, wem sits i` g rg`lmofy kemsj` sjgt. Jvjry sucsjquj`t pjrsm` sits i` tejir mw` sjgt, u`fjss
smojm`j is gfrjgly sitti`a tejrj, i` weike kgsj tejy gfsm sit i` g rg`lmo sjgt. Ymu grj fgst tm cmgrl. Qegt
is tej prmcgcifity ymu ajt tm sit i` tej sjgt ymu wjrj gssia`jl=
\ejrj grj 73 cgffs, 77 md tej sgoj wjiaet g`l 7 md g li﬈jrj`t wjiaet (it oiaet cj fiaetjr mr ejgvijr). Ymu
egvj g sjt md cgfg`kj skgfjs, weike ymu kg` usj tm kmopgrj tej wjiaet md g`y twm armups md cgffs. Qegt is
tej ogxiouo `uocjr md usjs rjquirjl tm ljtjroi`j
cmte weike cgff is li﬈jrj`t, g`l wejtejr it is fiaetjr mr
ejgvijr=
\ejsj grj m` tej omst ‖mcbjktivj‟ j`l md tej spjktruo. \ejy egvj g si`afj kmrrjkt g`swjr tegt ymu grj
tryi`aa tm ﬇`l. \ejy grj prmcgcfy tej ni`ls md tei`as tegt i`sti`ktivjfy
tryi`
i`sti`ktivjfy kmoj tm oi`l wej` ymu ejgr tej
wmrl ‖crgi`tjgsjr‟. [moj tei`as tej i`tjrvijwjr ogy cj fmmni`a dmr id tejy aivj ymu m`j md tejsj i`kfulj2
•
Krjgtivity g`l mut-md-tej-cmx tei`ni`a
•
Kfjgrfy kmoou`ikgti`a ymur iljgs g`l temuaet prmkjssjs
•
Sjspm`li`a tm ei`ts g`l lirjktim`
•
@mt ajtti`a stukn tm ymur ﬇rst amml iljg, u`wiffi`a tm try g`mtejr
•
Cji`a gcfj tm pjrsjvjrj wite g egrl prmcfjo
It’s wmrte jopegsisi`a tegt ﬇ros grj`’t bust fmmni`a dmr kg`lilgtjs wem kg` lm fmaik prmcfjos rjgffy wjff.
Ymu kmufl sifj`tfy cfgst jvjry prmcfjo mut md ymur wgy wite jgsj g`l wgfn gwgy drmo tej i`tjrvijw witemut
rjgffy prmvili`a
prmvili`a g`y usjduf
usjduf sia`gfs gs tm wejte
wejtejr
jr ymu’l ognj
ognj g amml trgljr. M` tej mtejr eg`l, id ymu ﬇`l
tej qujstim`s li﬋kuft g`l tgnj g fm`a tioj tm ajt tej g`swjr, cut ognj g km`ti`umus j﬈mrt tm kmoou`ikgtj
ymur temuaets g`l tgnj m` cmgrl tej i`tjrvijwjr’s ei`ts, ymu’ff prmcgcfy ajt g fmt omrj krjlit.
M`j mtejr `mtj - I’o gfsm i`kfuli`a prmcfjos i` teis sjktim` tegt egvj smoj ogtejogtikgf km`tj`t, sm
tejrj is g cit md mv
tejrj
mvjrf
jrfgp
gp cjtwjj`
cjtwjj` teis sjktim`
sjktim` g`l tej `jx
`jxtt m`j.
m`j. Dmr omrj i`dmrogt
i`dmrogtim`
im` m` wejrj
wejrj I eg
egvj
vj
ljogrkgtjl tejo, sjj tej `jxt sjktim`.
74
;.3.3
;.3
.3
Ogte
Ogtess pr
prmc
mcfj
fjos
os
Qegt is tej jxpjktjl `uocjr md tiojs ymu’ff egvj tm rmff g dgir 4-siljl likj, u`tif ymu ajt twm 4s i` g rmw=
Ymu ffiip g dgir kmi` 788 tiojs. Qegt (gpprmxiogtjfy) is tej prmcgcifity tegt ymu ajt omrj teg` :: ejgls=
Wujstim`s i` teis sjktim` tjst vjry sioifgr kmopjtj`kijs tm fmaik prmcfjos, cut tejrj grj smoj sia`i﬇kg`t
li﬈jrj`kjs2
•
[trm`ajr qug`titgtivj sniffs grj `jjljl
Omst qujstim`s i` tej prjvimus sjktim` rjquirj fmaikgf rjgsm`i`a g`l krjgtivity tm smfvj, g`l sjvjrgf
egvj virtugffy `m ogtejogtikgf km`tj`t. Wujstim`s i` teis sjktim` wiff rjfy ouke omrj lirjktfy m` ymur
qug`titgtivj gcifitijs. [mojtiojs ymu wiff `jjl oj`tgf ogtes, cut omst md tej tioj ymu wiff cj aivj`
pj` g`l pgpjr. Kgfkufgtmrs grj rgrjfy gffmwjl.
•
\ej gktugf km`tj`t md tej prmcfjo is omrj iopmrtg`t
\ej prmcfjos wiff omst mdtj` cj cgsjl grmu`l km`kjpts tegt grj lirjktfy iopmrtg`t tm trgljrs, finj
prmcgcifitij
prmcg
cifitijss g`l jxpjktjl vgfujs.
vgfujs. \ejsj grj tej prmcfjos wejrj jxtrg ogtejogtikg
ogtejogtikgff n`mwfjlaj
n`mwfjlaj (j.a.
n`mwi`a smoj md tej omrj iopmrtg`t rg`lmo listricutim`s g`l tejir prmpjrtijs) kg` ejfp g fmt.
•
Ymu kg`’t gfwgys ajt g pjrdjkt g`swjr
Gftemuae tejrj is usugffy g` mcbjktivjfy kmrrjkt g`swjr, it ogy cj iopmssicfj tm kgfkufgtj witemut
usi`a g kgfkufgtmr mr kmoputjr prmargo, g`l ymu ogy egvj tm usj g quikn & lirty ojteml tegt ajts
g` gpprmxiogtj cut `mt pjrdjkt g`swjr.
Ogtejogt
Ogte
jogtikig`s
ikig`s tj`l tm cj pjrdjktim`is
pjrdjktim`ists
ts wem lm`’t finj ogni`a rmuae gpprmxiogt
gpprmxiogtim`s.
im`s. Id ymu’vj amt
tm i`tjrvijw stgaj tej` it semufl cj mcvimus drmo ymur KT tegt ymu’rj sogrt, sm tejy’ff cj fmmni`a
omrj dmr tei`as finj teis. 5
.
Gs g km`sjquj`kj, omst md tej pmi`ts fistjl i` tej prjvimus sjktim` grj stiff rjfjvg`t, wite tej dmffmwi`a
gllitim`s2
•
[trm`a ogtes gcifitijs
•
Dgoifigrity wite km`kjpts finj prmcgcifity g`l jxpjktjl vgfujs
•
@mt cji`a g pjrdjktim`ist / g wiffi`a`jss tm gpprmxiogtj
•
Amml i`tuitim`s (j.a. sg`ity-kejkni`a g` g`swjr)
5
Gs g ojtg p mi`t ejrj - it kg` cj g amml iljg tm tei`n gcmut ymur KT, g`l wegt is oissi`a drmo it. Id ymu wjrj g` i`tjrvijwjr
i`tjrvijwjr
rjgli`a ymur KT g`l tryi`a tm ljtjroi`j id teis kg`lilgtj wmufl ognj g amml trgljr, wegt wmufl cj ymur ciaajst u`kjrtgi`tijs=
Id ymu grj`’t surj, try aivi`a it tm drij`ls wem egvj smoj jxpjrij`kj i` qug`t trgli`a, g`l sjj wegt tejy tei`n.
71
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[trgtj
[trgtjay
ay agoj
agoj p
prmc
rmcfjo
fjoss
Ymu rmff g` 5-siljl likj, g`l njjp trgkn md tej kuoufgtivj suo. Ymu kg` stmp g`l tgnj tej suo gt g`y tioj,
cut id tej suo is jvjr arjgtjr teg` 5 tej` tej agoj j`ls, g`l ymu ajt g pgymut md zjrm. Qegt is tej cjst
strgtjay, g`l wegt is tej jxpjktjl vgfuj=
Ymu rmff twm <-siljl likj, g`l ymur pgymut is tejir prmlukt. Ymu kg` pgy
£3
tm rj-rmff jitejr md tej likj, gs
og`y tiojs gs ymu finj. Qegt kmst
is tej
strgtjay,
wegt
is tej
mptiouo
vgfuj= Qegt egppj`s wej` tej
mdcjst
rj-rmffi`a
ajtsg`l
vjry
fgraj,
mr vjry
sogff=
\ejrj grj 78 kgrls, dgkj lmw`, `uocjrjl 7,3,...,78 . Id ymu pgy £7, ymu kg` pmi`t tm g`y 3 kgrls g`l I
wiff tjff ymu weike kgrl is sogffjr g`l wegt tej vgfuj md tegt sogffjr kgrl is. Gt g`y pmi`t ymu kg` ﬇`ise
tej agoj cy kemmsi`a g kgrl, g`l ymu wi` tej vgfuj md tegt kgrl. Qegt is tej jxpjktjl vgfuj md teis agoj=
{
}
\eis is tej sogffjst md tej dmur sjktim`s, cjkgusj i` g sj`sj it’s g sfiaetfy `ikej sucsjt md tej prjvimus
sjktim`. Emwjvj
sjktim`.
Emwjvjr,
r, I tei`n it egs smoj i`tjr
i`tjrjsti`
jsti`aa ly`goiks tegt ognj it li﬈jr
li﬈jrj`t
j`t,, sm it’s wmrte
wmrte liskussi`a
sjpgrgtjfy.
[trgtjay agoj prmcfjos gfomst gfwgys kj`tjr grmu`l tej sgoj km`kjpts gs ogtes prmcfjos i` tej prjvimus sjktim`.
sjktim`. \ej omst kmoom`
kmoom` sjtti`as i`vmfvj
i`vmfvj likj,
likj, kgrls
kgrls,, kmi`s,
kmi`s, cjtti`a agojs,
agojs, jtk. \ej i`tjrvijw
i`tjrvijwjr
jr
wiff ljskricj g agoj ymu kg` pfgy, tegt aivjs ymu smoj vgrigcfj pgymut gt tej j`l (weike ljpj`ls cmte m`
ymur mw` strgtjay
ymur
strgtjay g`l smoj i`ejrj`
i`ejrj`tt rg`lm
rg`lmo`js
o`jss).
s). \ej lj﬇`i`a djgturj
djgturj tegt ognj
ognjss tejo li﬈jrj`t
li﬈jrj`t drmo
tej prjvimus sjktim` is tegt ymu egvj tm ljvjfmp g strgtjay tm pfgy tej agoj, tej` try tm ﬇aurj mut wegt
tej jxpjktjl vgfuj md tej agoj is wite teis strgtjay. \eis fjgls tm 3 smurkjs md u`kjrtgi`ty i` ymur g`swjr2
wejtejr ymu egvj tej riaet ‟cjst strgtjay‟, g`l wegt tej vgfuj md tej agoj is wej` ymu usj tegt strgtjay.
Jvj`
Jvj
` wej` tej cjst strgtjay is mcv
mcvimus,
imus, smojtiojs
smojtiojs tej dgkt tegt mtejr strgtjaij
strgtjaijss grj gvgifgcfj
gvgifgcfj is iopmrtg`t
iopmrtg`t..
Mdtj`, tejsj prmcfjos grj ouke omrj `ug`kjl teg` g`ytei`a i` tej prjvimus twm sjktim`s. Dmr jxgopfj,
ymu `jjl g vjry amml eg`lfj m` km`kjpts finj jxpjktjl vgfuj g`l risn. Id ymu wjrj cuyi`a tej riaet tm pfgy
agoj, ymu wmufl wg`t tm cuy gt cjfmw jxpjktjl vgfuj, g`l ymu oiaet kgrj g fmt omrj gcmut lmw`silj risn
(i.j. sogff prmcgcifit
prmcgcifity
y md g vjry sogff pgymut).
pgymut). M` tej mtejr
mtejr eg`l, id ymu wjrj
wjrj sjffi`a tej riaet,
riaet, ymu wmufl
wg`t tm sjff gt gcmvj tej jxpjktjl vgfuj, g`l ymu wmufl egvj tm km`siljr tei`as finj wejtejr tej pjrsm`
ymu grj sjffi`a tm egs g cjttjr strgtjay teg` tej m`j ymu’vj dmu`l mr wejtejr ej kg` usj g fmwjr-jxpjktg`ky
strgtjay
strgt
jay tegt egs g sogff prmcgcifit
prmcgcifity
y md vjry
vjry eiae pgymut,
pgymut, weike wmufl
wmufl cut ymu gt risn md g euaj fmss. Dmr
omrj m` tejsj ni`ls md km`siljrgtim`s, sjj [jktim` ;.; m` ogrnjt ogni`a.
Gff md tej pmi`ts i` tej prjvimus sjktim` grj iopmrtg`t, gs wjff gs (tm g sfiaetfy fjssjr jxtj`t) tej pmi`ts
i` tej sjktim` cjdmrj. Mtejr iopmrtg`t sniffs i`kfulj2
•
Gcifity tm tei`n strgtjaikgffy
•
[trm`a i`tuitivj u`ljrstg`li`a md km`kjpts finj jxpjktjl vgfuj g`l risn
•
Zsi`a iopjrdjkt ojtemls tm ajt gkkurgtj gpprmxiogtim`s
It is gfsm wmrte `mti`a tegt smojtiojs ymu oiaet cj gsnjl agojs wite `m kfjgrfy lj﬇`jl (mr kmoputgtim`gffy trgktgcfj)
tim`gffy
trgktgcfj) jxpjktjl
jxpjktjl pgymut
pgymut vgfuj. \ejsj agojs grj ouke omrj sucbjktiv
sucbjktivj,
j, wite `m kfjgr g`swjr. I`
tejsj kgsjs, tei`ni`a strgtjaikgffy g`l egvi`a amml i`sti`kts oiaet cj omrj iopmrtg`t teg` ogtes sniffs.
75
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jroi prmcfjo
prmcfjoss
Emw og`y sfikjs md pizzg grj jgtj` i` Gojrikg jgke yjgr=
Emw og`y cus stmps grj tejrj i` Fm`lm`=
Id ymu stgknjl
£7
kmi`s m` tmp md jgke mtejr, emw og`y wmufl it tgnj tm rjgke tej omm`=
Djroi prmcfjos, gfsm n`mw` gs cgkn-md-tej-j`vjfmpj kgfkufgtim`s, i`vmfvj tej jstiogtim` md m`j mr omrj
eiaefy u`kjrtgi`
u`kjrtgi` qug`titijs.
qug`titijs. \ejy wjrj `gojl gdtjr J`rikm Djroi,
Djroi, wem usjl teis tjke`iquj
tjke`iquj tm jstiogtj
jstiogtj tej
strj`ate
strj`
ate md tej gtmoik cmoc tegt ljtm`gtjl
ljtm`gtjl gt tej \ri`it
ri`ity
y tjst. \ej `mw-gkkjptj
`mw-gkkjptjl
l vg
vgfuj
fuj is 37 nifmtm`s md
\@\> tej rjsuft ej kgoj tm wgs 78 nifmtm`s
nifmtm`s.. \eis oiaet sjjo fin
finjj g vjry
vjry fgraj jrrmr, it wgs gktugffy
gktugffy vjry
ioprjssivj, si`kj Djroi prmcfjos mdtj` km`tgi` u`kjrtgi`tijs md gt fjgst m`j mrljr md oga`itulj 9 , g`l ymu
ogy egvj tm tgnj tej prmlukt md sjvjrgf md tejsj tm ajt g` g`swjr.
Og`y
Og`
y pjmpfj oistgnj`fy
oistgnj`fy tei`n Djroi
Djroi prmcf
prmcfjos
jos grj gcmut emw ouke trivig ymu n`m
n`mw.
w. It’s truj tegt ymu
kg` ajt fukny id g Djroi qujstim` egppj`s tm cj grmu`l g tmpik ymu egvj cgknarmu`l n`mwfjlaj m`, cut it
semufl cj oglj kfjgr, \EI[ I[ @M\ QEG\ I@\JSTIJQJS[ GSJ \J[\I@A DMS! Aj`jrgffy, trgljrs
wiff n`mw wegt is ami`a m` i` tej ogrnjt
ogrnjts,
s, cut teis wm`’
wm`’tt gfwgys
gfwgys cj tej kgsj. [mojtiojs,
[mojtiojs, tei`as am wrm`a mr
stgrt cjegvi`a wjirlfy, g`l ymu egvj g luty gs g fiquility prmviljr tm njjp qumti`a g cil g`l gsn. I` tejsj
kgsjs, it’s supjr iopmrtg`t tm cj gcfj tm njjp ymur seit tmajtejr, g`l try tm rjgsm` qugfitgtivjfy tmwgrls g
smfutim` wej` ymu lm`’t egvj gff tej g`swjrs.
G`mtejr dmro g Djroi prmcfjo oiaet tgnj is tegt md g km`﬇lj`kj i`tjrvgf. \eis ojg`s g rg`aj md `uocjrs,
weike ymu gssia` g kjrtgi` fjvjf md km`﬇lj`kj md km`tgi`i`a tej truj vgfuj. Dmr i`stg`kj, id ymu grj gsnjl dmr
788‟, it ojg`s ymu grj 98% surj tej truj vgfuj
g 98% km`﬇lj`kj i`tjrvgf, g`l ymu aivj g` g`swjr md ‖78 gt 788‟,
is arjgtjr teg` 78, cut fjss teg` 788. \ej prjkisj lj﬇`
lj﬇`itim`
itim` md g` U% km`﬇lj`kj
km`﬇lj`kj i`tjrvgf
i`tjrvgf is m`j weike, id ymu
agvjj ouftipfj
agv
ouftipfj i`ljpj`lj`t
i`ljpj`lj`t i`tjrvg
i`tjrvgfs,
fs, wmu
wmufl
fl km`tgi`
km`tgi` tej truj vgf
vgfuj
uj U% md tej tioj i` tej fm`a-ru`.
fm`a-ru`. Id ymur
U% i`tjrvgfs grj gktugffy kmrrjkt U% md tej tioj, teis is n`mw` gs cji`a wjff-kgficrgtjl. Id ymur i`tjrv
i`tjrvgfs
gfs
grj kmrrjkt omrj mr fjss mdtj` teg` tej tgrajt prmcgcifity, teis ojg`s ymu grj jitejr mvjr mr u`ljr km`﬇lj`t.
\ejrj grj g djw amml wgys tm trgi` kgficrgtim`, suke gs teis wjc gpp (gftemuae u`ejfpduffy, omst md tej
trivig qujstim`s grj Z[-kj`trik). Emwjvjr, tm aivj smoj g`jklmtgf glvikj gcmut kgficrgtim`, I’vj `mtikjl twm
tei`as2
•
[ia`i﬇kg`tfy omrj pjmpfj grj mvjrkm`﬇lj`t teg` u`ljrkm`﬇lj`t. Dmr i`stg`kj, stulijs egvj semw` tegt
wej` ymu gsn pjmpfj dmr 98% km`﬇lj`kj i`tjrvgfs, tej gvjrgaj eit rgtj (i.j. pjrkj`tgaj
pjrkj`tgaj md km`﬇lj`k
km`﬇lj`kjj
i`tjrvgfs tegt km`tgi` tej truj vgfuj) is omrj finj :8%.
•
Cmte mvjrkm`﬇lj
mvjrk
m`﬇lj`kj
`kj g`l
u`ljr
u`ljrkm`﬇l
km`﬇lj`kj
j`kjteg`
grj fmsj
cgl,gff
cut
gt om`jy!
tej jxtrjoj,
mv
mvjrkm`
jrkm`﬇lj`k
﬇lj`kjj is prmcgcfy
prmcgcfy
wmrsj.
Cjttjr
tm oiss
g amml
mppmrtu`ity
ymur
om`jy
!78
Dmr teis rjgsm`, oy glvikj tm tej gvjrgaj pjrsm` wmufl cj tm glbust i` tej lirjktim` md sfiaetfy fjss
km`﬇lj`kj
km`﬇l
j`kj i` ymur
ymur mw` g`swjr,
g`swjr, i.j. aivi`a wiljr i`tjrv
i`tjrvgfs
gfs teg` ymu oiaet i`sti`ktivj
i`sti`ktivjfy
fy aivj (pgrtikufgrf
(pgrtikufgrfy
y id
ymu’rj
ymu
’rj gsnjl dmr eiae-km`﬇l
eiae-km`﬇lj`kj
j`kj i`tjrv
i`tjrvgfs
gfs finj 98%)
98%).. \eis prmcgcfy is`’t amml glvikj dmr jvjrym`j,
jvjrym`j, cut oy
aujss is tegt omrj pjmpfj wiff ﬇`l it ejfpduf teg` egroduf!
Id g` i`tjrvijwjr gsns ymu Djroi prmcfjos, smoj sniffs tejy oiaet cj fmmni`a dmr grj2
9
•
Amml kgficrgtim`
•
Amml i`tuitim`s dmr u`kjrtgi`tijs, g`l emw tm kmoci`j tejo
•
Gcifity tm cj systjogtik, g`l crjgn lmw` g prmcfjo i`tm pgrts
\ej tjke`ikgf tjro dmr g dgktmr md 78. Dmr i`stg`kj, id ymu tei`n g qug`tity is cjtwjj` 788 g`l 7888, tej` ymur u`kjrtgi`ty
is 78
m`j mrljr md oga`itulj.
Dmr i`stg`kj, tej ﬇`gf rmu`l i`tjrvijw gt Bg`j [trjjt tgnjs tej strukturj md g` jxtj`ljl cjtti`a agoj wejrj ymur X&F
kgrrijs cjtwjj` i`tjrvijws, g`l ymu grj aivj` tej `uocjr m`j iopjrgtivj md `jvjr ami`a cg`nrupt.
79
;.
;.;
;
Ogrn
Ogrnjt
jt Ogni
Ogni`a
`a
Ogrnjt ogni`a is g rjgffy iopmrtg`t tmpik tm cj kmodmrtgcfj wite i` i`tjrvijws. Dmr g cgsik mvjrvijw md emw
it wmrns, ejrj’s tej Bg`j [trjjt pld (gagi`!). \eis is prmcgcfy tej i`tjrvijw sniff tegt is omst kfmsjfy fi`njl
tm wegt g kgrjjr i` trgli`a wiff gktugffy cj finj, sm it’s supjr iopmrtg`t tm egvj g amml eg`lfj m` it. \egt
sgil, `mt gff ﬇ros wiff tjst it lirjktfy. Bg`j [trjjt lm g fmt md it i` tejir ﬇`gf rmu`l (aj`jrgffy tejy wiff gsn
ymu tm ogrnjt-ognj grmu`l cgsik u`kjrtgi` qug`titijs finj g likj rmff, mr i` omrj li﬋kuft kgsjs, g`swjrs drmo
sjktim` ;.3.7, mr tej riaet tm pfgy g agoj finj i` sjktim` ;.3.3), Mptivjr mdtj` gsn ymu tm ognj ogrnjts g`l
trglj grmu`l tej g`swjrs tm Djroi prmcfjos, g`l gs prjvimusfy oj`tim`jl, Mptivjr g`l Ogvj` cmte ognj
armup trgli`a agojs pgrt md tejir i`tjrv
i`tjrvijw
ijw prmkjs
prmkjss.
s.
Cjkgusj teis kg` tgnj sm og`y dmros, it’s egrl tm fist spjki﬇k pmi`ts tegt i`tjrvijwjrs tjst dmr, cut ejrj
grj g djw aj`jrgf
aj`jrgf tei`as
tei`as tegt
tegt it kg` cj wmrte
wmrte km`s
km`silj
iljri`
ri`a.
a. Njjp
Njjp i` oi`l tejy vgry
vgry cjtwj
cjtwjj`
j` ﬇ros (j.a.
Bg`j [trjjt styfj ogrnjt ogni`a qujstim`s kgrj g fmt gcmut km`kjpts finj ejlai`a g`l risn prm﬇fjs, wejrjgs
Mptivjr kgrj omrj gcmut tei`as finj trgli`a ly`goiks g`l glbustoj`t md ogrnjts).
•
Ogrnjt glbustoj`t
[gy ymu jstiogtj tej dgir vgfuj md g` u`kjrtgi` qug`tity gs :8 gt 48, g`l tej i`tjrvijwjr kemmsjs tm
cuy gt 4877 . Ymu semufl tej` kemmsj tm glbust ymur jxpjktjl vgfuj upwgrls, cjkgusj tej i`tjrvijwjr’s
vgfuj is arjgtjr.
arjgtjr. Id ymu glbust ymu
ymurr jxpjktjl vgfuj,
vgfuj, ymu semufl
ljkisim` is jvilj`kj73 tegt tej truj vgfuj
glbust ymur ogrnjt gkkmrli`afy.
It’s wmrte `mti`a tegt tej i`tjrvijwjr’s ljkisim` ogy `mt gktugffy km`stitutj jvilj`kj tm glbust ymur
ogrnj
ogr
njt,
t, j.a.
j.a. id tejy’vj
tejy’vj kem
kemsj`
sj` tm cuy/sj
cuy/sjff
ff rg`
rg`lmo
lmofy
fy - it kg` cj g amml iljg tm jxpfik
jxpfikitf
itfy
y gsn gcmut
tej ljkisim` tejmry tegt tejy’rj usi`a. Jvj` id tejy grj`’t kemmsi`a rg`lmofy
rg`lmofy,, tej gomu`t ymu semufl
glbust vgrijs cgsjl m` emw i`dmrojl tej i`tjrvijwjr is - dmr omrj m` teis, sjj tej pmi`t m` gsyoojtrik
i`dmrogtim`.
•
Ejlai`a
[gy
[gy ymu
ymu eg
egvj
vj cmuaet
cmuaet g km`
km`trg
trgkt
kt m` tej vgfuj
vgfuj md g 4-s
4-silj
iljl
l lik
likjj (i.
(i.j.
j. ymu
ymu wiff rmff g lik
likj,
j, g`l wi` g`
gomu`
gom
u`tt md om`jy jqugf
jqugf tm tej `u
`uocj
ocjrr ymu
ymu ajt
ajt).
). @mw
@mw tej i`tjrv
i`tjrvijw
ijwjr
jr gsns id ymu
ymu wg
wg`t
`t tm trglj
trglj g
km`trg
km`
trgkt
kt wite g vgfuj
gfuj md 7 id tej lik
likjj is gt fjgst <, g`l 8 md tej likj is ; mr fjss. \ej jxpjktj
jxpjktjl
l vgfuj
gfuj
md teis km`trgkt is 8.: (cjkgusj it is wmrte 8 mr 7 wite jqugf prmcgcifity), cut ymu semufl prjdjr tm sjff
it gt teis prikj teg` cuy it
it7; cjkgusj teis wiff pgrtigffy m﬈sjt ymur risns drmo tej ﬇rst km`trgkt. Id ymu
grj gsnjl tm ognj g ogrnjt, ymu oiaet kj`trj it grmu`l g vgfuj cjfmw 8.:. \eis is tej jssj`kj md usi`a
m`j ogrnjt tm try tm ejlaj ymur pmsitim`.
•
Njjpi`a trgkn md pmsitim`s
[moj ﬇ros wiff fjt ymu rjkmrl tei`as m` pgpjr, smoj wiff gsn ymu tm rjojocjr tej trgljs i` ymur ejgl.
Jitejr wgy, tejy grj tjsti`a dmr ymur gcifity tm njjp trgkn md sjvjrgf tei`as gt m`kj g`l spfit ymur dmkus
j﬋kij`t
j﬋ki
j`tfy
fy.. \ejcuyi`a
omst iopmrtg`t
iopmrtg`
t tei`a
is usugf
usugffy
fy tegt ymu njj
njjp
p trgkn
trgkn md ymur
ymur kurrj`t pmsitim`,
pmsitim`, i.j. ymu
lm`’t
km`dusj
g`l sjffi`a.
sjffi`a
.
•
Z`ljrstg`li`a md gsyoojtrik i`dmrogtim`
Wujstim` - suppmsj g` i`tjrvijwjr gsns ymu id ymu wg`t tm ognj g ogrnjt m` tej rmff md g 4-siljl
lik
likj,
j, 3 wilj.
wilj. Ej n`mws
n`mws tej vgfu
vgfujj md tej likj, g`l kg` kem
kemmsj
msj wejt
wejtejr
ejr tm trglj wite ymu
ymu mr `mt.
[emufl
[emuf
l ymu ognj g ogrnjt=
ogrnjt= G`swjr
G`swjr - gcsmfutjfy
gcsmfutjfy `mt! \eis is g kfgssik kgsj md gsyoojtrik
gsyoojtrik i`dmrogtim
i`dmrogtim`>
`>
tej i`tjrv
i`tjrvijw
ijwjr
jr wiff m`f
m`fy
y trg
trglj
lj wite ymu i` tej kgsj
kgsjss wejrj
wejrj ymu ognj g fms
fmss.
s. Mtejr
Mtejr kgsjs kg` cj
omrj `ug`kjl,
`ug`kjl, j.a. tej i`tjrvijw
i`tjrvijwjr
jr egs pgrti
pgrtigf
gf n`mwfjla
n`mwfjlajj tegt ymu lm`’t egvj,
egvj, cut ymu stiff egvj
egvj g`
glvg`tgaj cjkgusj ymur rmfj gs g ogrnjt ognjr gffmws ymu tm kegraj g cil-gsn sprjgl.
77
Id ymu trglj m` g ogrnjt aivj` cy smojcmly jfsj, ymu egvj tm cuy m` tej gsn (i.j. tej eiaejr prikj), mr sjff m` tej cil (tej
fmwjr
fmwjr prikj). \eis is n`mw` gs krmss
krmssi`a
i`a tej sprjgl. Ogn
Ognjj surj `mt tm oix teis up> it’s g kfg
kfgssi
ssikk dgifurj
dgifurj omlj dmr pjmpfj
pjmpfj i`
i`tjrvijws
i`tj
rvijws,, jvj
jvj`
` pjmpfj wite fmts md jxpjrij
jxpjrij`kj!
`kj!
73
Omrj spjki﬇kgffy, it is Cgyjsig` jvilj`kj - teis is g`mtejr situgtim` wej` dgoifigrity wite Cgyjsig` stgtistiks prmviljs g
rjgffy usjduf drgoi`a tm kjrtgi`
kjrtgi` prmcfjos.
prmcfjos.
7; Gssuoi`a ymu grj risn-gvjrsj. \eis is usugffy tej kgsj, cut gagi` it kg` cj wmrte gsni`a tej i`tjrvijwjr id tejy i`tj`l ymu
tm egvj risn-gvjrsj prjdjrj`kjs - id `mtei`a jfsj, tej i`tjrvijwjr wiff prmcgcfy cj ioprjssjl tegt ymu’rj ogni`a tejsj ni`ls md
km`siljrgtim`s.
38
Id tei
teiss gff sjjos
sjjos vjry
vjry i`tio
i`tioilg
ilgti`
ti`a,
a, lm`
lm`’t
’t wmrry
wmrry!! Oms
Omstt pjmpfj
pjmpfj grj kmopfjtj
kmopfjtjfy
fy `jw tm ogrnj
ogrnjtt ogni`a
ogni`a
wej` tejy gppfy dmr qug`t trgli`a rmfjs, g`l ﬇ros wm`’t jxpjkt ymu tm egvj g supjr ljjp u`ljrstg`li`a
md gff tejsj tmpiks. I egvj i`kful
i`kfuljl
jl tejo ejrj bust dmr g` iljg md tej ni`ls md km`kj
km`kjpts
pts ymu oiaet eg
egvj
vj tm
tei`n gcmut luri`a fgtjr i`tjrvijw
i`tjrvijw stgajs. Id ymu egvj rjgl gff tejsj pmi`t
pmi`tss g`l djjf finj ymu u`ljrstg`l
u`ljrstg`l tej
km`kjpts, tej` tegt gfrjgly puts ymu gejgl md g amml og`y kg`lilgtjs!
;.<
Glli`a
Glli`a jxtrg
jxtrg lioj
lioj`si
`sim`g
m`gfit
fity
y
Xrgktiki`a g fmt md prmcfjos is lj﬇`itjfy j﬈jktivj dmr i`tjrvijw prjpgrgtim`, cut tej cj`j﬇ts grj fioitjl.
I` pgrtikufgr, bust ami`a termuae gff tej prmcfjos i` teis lmkuoj`t / g`y mtejr rjsmurkj is g prjtty cgl
prgktikj,
prgkt
ikj, cjkgusj mdtj` ymu kg` ajt tmm kguaet
kguaet up i` tej prmcf
prmcfjo,
jo, g`l dmrajt gcmut its eiaejr purpmsj.
purpmsj. Gs
I’vj gfrjgly
gfrjgly oj`tim`jl,
oj`tim`jl, ﬇ros lm`’t wg`t tm sjj ymu cruse gsilj prmcf
prmcfjos
jos jgsify
jgsify.. \ejy grj ojg`t tm cj
prmxijs
prm
xijs dmr tej sniffs g trgljr rjquirjs,
rjquirjs, j.a. temsj tegt I’v
I’vjj fistjl i` prjvimus
prjvimus sjktim`s,
sjktim`s, g`l tej omrj prmcfjos
ymu prgktikj weifj `jafjkti`a temsj lirjkt sniffs, tej fjss j﬈jktivj prmcfjos cjkmoj gs g` gssjssoj`t tmmf.
I` teis sucsjktim`,
sucsjktim`, I’o ami`a tm dmkus m` wg
wgys
ys ymu kg` gll lioj`
lioj`sim`g
sim`gfity
fity tm prmcfjos,
prmcfjos, i.j. ﬇`l li﬈jrj`t
li﬈jrj`t
g`l i`tjrjsti`a wgys md tgknfi`a tejo tegt prmvilj ouke cjttjr trgi`i`a md tej sniffs tegt i`tjrvijwjrs grj
gktugffy
gktug
ffy fmmni`a dmr.
•
\ioj km`litim`s
\ry smfvi`a tej prmcfjos
prmcfjos u`ljr jxtrjoj tioj prjssur
prjssurj.
j. Ogy
Ogycj
cj ymu sjt ymursjfd
ymursjfd ; oi`utjs
oi`utjs tm smfvj
smfvj g
prmcfjo, mr jvj` sjt ymursjfd m`j oi`utj tm try g`l ajt gs gkkurgtj g` gpprmxiogtim` gs pmssicfj. Gs
wjff gs cji`a amml prgktikj md wmrni`a u`ljr prjssurj, teis gfsm tjsts ymur kgficrgtim` g`l bulajoj`t,
cjkgusj tm sjt ymursjfd g` gpprmprigtj tioj fioit, ymu `jjl tm cj gcfj tm aujss emw fm`a g prmcfjo wiff
tgnj ymu.
ymu.7<
•
Km`﬇lj`kj i`tjrvgfs
Mcvim
Mc
vimusf
usfy
y ymu
ymu kg` aivj km`
km`﬇lj
﬇lj`kj
`kj i`tjrv
i`tjrvgfs
gfs dmr Dj
Djroi
roi prmcfjos,
prmcfjos, cut tejy kg` gfsm cj usjl
usjl i` tej
mtejrr 3 kgsjs.
mtej
kgsjs. Dmr fmaik puzzfjs, gsn ymursjfd
ymursjfd ‟wegt pjrkj`tgaj
pjrkj`tgaj keg`kj lm I put m` oy g`swjr
g`swjr cji`a
kmrrjkt=‟. Dmr ogtes/strgtjay prmcfjos, try tm aivj km`﬇lj`kj i`tjrvgfs md :8%, 1:% g`l 98% dmr tej
truj g`swjr,
g`swjr, gs wjff gs g pmi`t jstio
jstiogtj.
gtj. \rgk
rgkn
n tejsj i`tjrv
i`tjrvgfs
gfs mvjr tioj,
tioj, g`l sjj id tejy grj kmrrjkt
kmrrjkt
tej riaet prmpmrtim` md tioj mr id ymu grj systjogtikgffy mvjr/u`ljrkm`﬇lj`t.
•
Kmoou`ikgtim`
Cji`a km`kisj
km`kisj kmoou`ikgti`
kmoou`ikgti`aa wjff is jxtrjojfy
jxtrjojfy iopmrtg`t i` i`tjrvijws.
i`tjrvijws. G djw wg
wgys
ys tm wmrn
wmrn m` teis
teis jvj` id ymu egvj `mcmly jfsj tm prgktikj wite grj2
‛ Xrgktikj
Xrgktikj `grrgti`a
`grrgti`a ymur
ymur temua
temuaets
ets gcmut g prmcfj
prmcfjo
o mut fmul
‛ Xrgktikj writi`a mut g km`lj`sjl smfutim` gdtjrwgrls, suoogrisi`a tej njy iljgs tegt wjrj i`vmfvjl
i`vmfvjl
•
7<
Xrgktikj i`tjrvijws
Egvi`a g drij`l tm i`tjrvijw wite is arjgt, cjkgusj tejy kg` sioufgtj g rjgf i`tjrvijw, jxpfikitfy tjsti`a
sniffs finj emw wjff ymu rjspm`l tm ei`ts. It’s gfsm quitj egrl tm sio
sioufgtj
ufgtj tej strjssduf,
strjssduf, u`prjliktgcfj
u`prjliktgcfj
j`virm`o
j`v
irm`oj`t
j`t i` g` i`tjrvijw
i`tjrvijw cy gsni`a ymursj
ymursjfd
fd qujstim`s g`l sjtti`a
sjtti`a ymursjfd
ymursjfd tioj fioits. Ognj
Ognj surj
ymur drij`l is wiffi`a tm aivj ymu crutgf djjlcgkn temuae!
Gs wjff gs omkn i`tjrvijws
i`tjrvijws,, try prgktiki`a
prgktiki`a wite rjgf i`tj
i`tjrvijw
rvijws!
s! Jvj`
Jvj` id tejrj’s
tejrj’s m`j ﬇ro i` pgrtikufgr
ymu wg`t tm ajt g` m﬈jr drmo omst, it’s g amml iljg tm gppfy dmr fmts md li﬈jrj`t pfgkjs, cjkgusj tej
gppfikgtim` prmkjss is `mrogffy quitj fmw-j﬈mrt.
fmw-j﬈mrt.7:
\ej pfg``i`a dgffgky is wej` ymu u`ljrjstiogtj emw fm`a g tgsn wiff tgnj ymu, mdtj` ljspitj eistmrikgf jvilj`kj iopfyi`a
it wiff tgnj fm`aj
fm`ajr.
r. \ry `mt tm dgff i`tm tej kfgss
kfgssik
ik trgp md sjtti`a
sjtti`a vjry semrt tioj pjrimls, tej` km`sistj`t
km`sistj`tfy
fy dgifi`a tm ajt g`
g`swjr i` tegt tioj. Id ymu lm teis, ymu grj`’t ajtti`a ouke cj`j﬇t drmo tioi`a ymursjfd.
7:
Gftemuae teis fgrajfy ljpj`ls m` emw lrgi`i`a ymu ﬇`l i`tjrvijws.
37
;.
;.:
:
Dit
Dit qujst
qujstim
im`s
`s
\ejsj grj qujstim`s
qujstim`s gcmut ymur
ymur pjrsm`g
pjrsm`gfity
fity,, jxpjrij
jxpjrij`kjs,
`kjs, i`tjrjsts
i`tjrjsts g`l pgssim`s.
pgssim`s. I` mtejr ﬇`g`kj
﬇`g`kj rmfjs (finj
i`vjstoj`t cg`ni`a) ymu wiff cj gsnjl g euaj `uocjr md tejsj. I rjojocjr wej` I wgs prjpgri`a dmr [pri`a
wjgn`jss‟, ‖wej` lil ymu
Qjjns I egl tm prjpgrj g`swjrs tm gff tej aj`jrik m`js (finj ‖wegt is ymur ciaajst wjgn`jss‟,
mvjrkmoj g sia`i﬇kg`t kegffj`aj‟,
kegffj`aj‟, ‖ljskricj g tioj ymu egvj wmrnjl gs g tjgo‟ ). It’s `mt g cgl iljg tm fmmn
gt smoj md tejsj qujstim`s g`l tei`n gcmut emw ymu’l g`swjr tejo, cjkgusj tejy lm smojtiojs kmoj up,
cut ymu lm`’t `jjl tm mv
mvjrlm
jrlm prjpgrgtim`
prjpgrgtim` i` teis grjg! \ej vgst ogbmrit
ogbmrity
y md ﬇t qujstim`s
qujstim`s i` qug`t
qug`t trgli`a
i`tjrvijws siopfidy tm g rjpergsi`a md m`j md terjj2
• \jff oj gcmut ymursjfd / wgfn oj termuae ymur KT
•
Qey grj ymu i`tjrjstjl i` g kgrjjr i` ﬇`g`kj / trgli`a=
•
Qey grj ymu i`tjrjstjl i` teis ﬇ro spjki﬇kgffy=
\ejrj is mcvimusfy `m kmrrjkt g`swjr tm g`y md tejsj qujstim`s, g`l it’s iopmrtg`t tm g`swjr tejo em`jstfy
rgtejr teg` bust i`vj`t
rgtejr
i`vj`ti`a
i`a stu﬈ ymu tei`n tej i`tjrvi
i`tjrvijwj
jwjrr wg`
wg`ts
ts tm ejgr. Fmts md pjmpfj bust wg`t tm am i`tm
i`tm
qug`t trgli`a dmr tej om`jy, sm it’s iopmrtg`t ymu km`vi`kj tej i`tjrvijwjr tegt ymu grj i`tjrjstjl i` teis
kgrjjr dmr mtejr rjgsm`s.74
Emwjvj
Emw
jvjr,
r, I’ff bust sgy g fittfj gcmut tej ;rl qujstim
qujstim`.
`. I tei`n it’s gfomst
gfomst g cit u`dgir tegt trgli`a
trgli`a ﬇ros
gsn teis, cjkgusj tejy kg` mdtj` cj vjry mpgquj cy ljsia` g`l it’s li﬋kuft tm fjgr` j`muae gcmut tejo tm
kmoj tm g` i`dmrojl ljkisim`
ljkisim` gcmut weike m`j ymu grj c
cjst
jst suitjl dmr. \ejrj grj smoj ljkj`t
ljkj`t wgys tm am
gcmut g`swjri`a
g`swjri`a teis qujstim`, I’vj fistjl smoj cjfmw (i` rmuaefy ljkrjgsi`a mrljr md prjdjrj`k
prjdjrj`kj).
j).
•
Am tm kmopg`y jvj`ts
\eis is tej `uocjr m`j cjst tei`a ymu kg` lm, cjkgusj ymu ajt g` mppmrtu`ity tm fjgr` omrj gcmut tej
kufturj
kuftu
rj md tej ﬇ro g`l emw tejy gpprmgke
gpprmgke trgli`a. \ejsj jvj`
jvj`ts
ts kg` rg`aj drmo jxtrjojfy
jxtrjojfy i`dmrogf
smkigf jvj`ts
jvj`ts (j.a. Bg`j [trjjt agoj `iaets) tm prmargooi`
prmargooi`a/tr
a/trgli`a
gli`a kmopjtitim`s
kmopjtitim`s ymu `jjl tm gppfy
dmr (j.a. IOK mr Kitgljf cmte ru` kmli`a kegf
kegffj`ajs
fj`ajs).
). Xgrtikipgt
Xgrtikipgti`a
i`a i` kmopjtitim`
kmopjtitim`s,
s, mr gppfyi`a
gppfyi`a dmr
[pri`a Qjjns / I`siaet Lgys, kg` gktugffy gkkmopfise ; tei`as gt m`kj2
‛ fjgr` omrj gcmut tej kmopg`y
‛ ajt m` tejir rglgr (g`l pmtj`tigffy dgst-trgknjl tm i`tjrvijws)
‛ ajt g cjttjr iljg md wejtejr trgli`a i`tjrjsts ymu
•
Ejgr drmo mtejr pjmpfj
Id ymu n`mw pjmpfj i` tejsj kmopg`ijs wem rjgffy j`bmy tejir wmrn, mr pjmpfj wem egvj i`tjr`jl tejrj
g`l rjgffy j`bmyjl
j`bmyjl it, oj`tim`
oj`tim` tegt. Id `mt, ymu kg` try rjgke
rjgkei`a
i`a mut tm pjmpfj. Dmr i`stg`kj,
i`stg`kj, id tejrj
wgs
smojm`j
gt ymur
u`ivjrsity
dgir
cut ymu
g` mppmrtu`ity
tm spjgn
wite
tejo,
ymu
kg` try
km``jkti`
km``jkti`a
a wite
tejo m`kgrjjrs
Fi`njlI
Fi`njlI`.
`. Aj`jrgffy
Aj`jr
gffyoissjl
vjry djw
pjmpfj i` qug`t
﬇`g`kj
kmfl
ojssgaj
gsni`aa dmr glvikj
gsni`
glvikj (j.a. kmopgrjl
kmopgrjl tm mtejr grjgs md ﬇`g`kj finj km`sufti`a
km`sufti`a mr i`vjstoj`t
i`vjstoj`t cg`ni`a).
cg`ni`a). Id
ymu’rj `ikj g`l pmfitj, ymur mlls md ajtti`a g rjspm`sj grj prjtty amml.
•
Am m` tejir wjcsitj
Omst ﬇ros wiff egvj smoj i`dmrogtim` gcmut tejir kufturj g`l wmrn j`virm`oj`t m` tejir wjcsitj. \ej
omrj pjrsm`gfisjl
pjrsm`gfisjl g`l fjss aj`j
aj`jrik
rik ymu kg` ogn
ognjj ymur g`swjr, tej cjttj
c jttjr.
r. Dmr i`stg`kj,
i`stg`kj, smoj ﬇ros
wiff egvj viljms wejrj trgljrs spjgn gcmut wegt tejy finj gcmut tej kmopg`y g`l tejir jxpjrij`kjs,
rjdjrj`ki`a teis lirjktfy is g fmt cjttjr teg` bust qumti`a tej ﬇ro’s ogi` vgfujs, cjkgusj it semws ymu’vj
gktugffy
gktu
gffy lm`j ymur
ymur rjsjg
rjsjgrke
rke.. \ry tm ognj
ognj surj ymu jxprjss aj`ui`j
aj`ui`j i`tjrjst
i`tjrjst g`l gsn amml qujstim`s
qujstim`s tejir ogi` km`kjr` is finjfy tm cj spgo gppfikg`ts wem n`mw `mtei`a gcmut qug`t trgli`a.
G`mtejr gpprmgke is tm jxprjss g` i`tjrjst i` tej prmlukts tegt tejy trglj, cut teis egs g djw risns.
Dmr m`j, it’s lg`ajrmus
lg`ajrmus tm lm teis id ymu lm`’t gktug
gktugffy
ffy n`mw ouke gcmut tej prmlukts.
prmlukts. Dmr g`mtejr,
tejrj’s
tejr
j’s g pmssicifity
pmssicifity tegt ymu’vj ois-kegrgk
ois-kegrgktjris
tjrisjl
jl tej ﬇ro i` smoj wgy (j.a. tei`ni`a
tei`ni`a tejy spjkigfisj
spjkigfisj
i` m`j pgrtikufgr prmlukt wej` tejy gktugffy lm g wilj rg`aj), g`l teis kg` fjgvj g cgl ioprjssim`.
74
Id ymu gktugffy grj bust ami`a i`tm qug`t trgli`a dmr tej om`jy, tej` ymu’rj seit muttg fukn.
33
;.
;.4
4
Di`g
Di`g`k
`kj
j N`m
N`mwfjl
wfjlaj
aj
Gs oj`tim`jl i` sjktim` 7, omst ﬇ros wm`’t rjquirj ymu tm egvj n`mwfjlaj i` fmts md spjki﬇k grjgs. \rgljrs
grj rjkruitjl
rjkruitjl drmo gff smrts md li﬈jrj
li﬈jrj`t
`t cgknar
cgknarmu`ls
mu`ls,, g`l rjquiri`a ﬇`g`kj n`mwfjl
n`mwfjlaj
aj i` tej i`tjrvijws
i`tjrvijws
wmufl
wmuf
l u`dgirfy liskrioi`gtj
liskrioi`gtj gagi`st og`y kg`lilgtjs
kg`lilgtjs.. Omst ﬇ros sjjo tm glmpt tej peifmsmpey
peifmsmpey md ‖It’s
ouke jgsijr tm tjgke sogrt pjmpfj ﬇`g`kj teg` tm tjgke ﬇`g`kj pjmpfj tm cj sogrt!‟.
sogrt!‟ . Emwjvj
Emwjvjr,
r, smoj ﬇ros
oiaet spjki﬇kgffy gsn tegt ymu rjgl up m` kjrtgi` tmpiks i` i`tjrvijws, g`l jvj` dmr tej m`js tegt lm`’t, g
cgsik u`ljrstg`l
u`ljrstg`li`a
i`a md smoj iopmrtg`t
iopmrtg`t grjgs i` ﬇`g`kj kg` cj
c j ejfpduf. Sjgli`a
Sjgli`a up m` tej dmffmwi`a kg`
gfsm aivj ymu g amml iljg md wejtejr g kgrjjr i` qug`t ﬇`g`kj oiaet i`tjrjst ymu (gftemuae cjgr i` oi`l,
ljpj`li`a m` g trgljr’s jxgkt bmc ljskriptim`, smoj md tejsj ogy cj fjss rjfjvg`t teg` mtejrs).
•
Cgsik Di`g`kj & Ogrnjts Km`kjpts
G amml stgrti`a
stgrti`a pmi`t wmufl cj n`mwi`a
n`mwi`a wegt tej dmffmwi`a wmrls
wmrls ojg`2 stmkn,
stmkn, cm`l, i`tjrjst
i`tjrjst rgtj,
i`ljx, J\D, duturj, mptim`, ejlai`a, spjkufgtim`, jxkeg`aj, mvjr-tej-kmu`tjr, mrljrcmmn, gfpeg, cjtg,
risn, vmfgtifity
•
Mptim`s \ejmry
G amml stgrti`a
stgrti`a pmi`t wmufl cj n`m
n`mwi`a
wi`a wegt tej dmffmwi`a
dmffmwi`a wmrls ojg`2 kgff, put, pgrity
pgrity, i`tri`sik
i`tri`sik
vgfuj, tioj vgfuj, Arjjns, Ljftg, \ejtg, Tjag, iopfijl vmfgtifity
I`vjstmpjlig is g amml
amml stgr
stgrtt dmr
dmr g fmt
fmt md tej
tejsj
sj (gs wjff
wjff gs bust
bust sj
sjgr
grke
kei`
i`aa dm
dmrr tejo
tejo m` Ammaf
Ammafj)
j).. \ej
\ej
`jwsfjttjrs oj`tim`jl jgrfijr i` [jktim` 7.<.: ogy gfsm ejfp, cjkgusj ymu wiff cj gcfj tm sjj smoj md teis
fg`augaj usjl i` km`tjxt.
3;
<
Xr
Xrmc
mcfj
fjos
os & [m
[mfu
futi
tim`
m`ss
I’vj spfit prmcfjos i` teis sjktim` i`tm < li﬈jrj`t sucsjktim`s, i` kmrrjspm`lj`kj tm emw I’vj kegrgktjrisjl
tejo i` [jktim` ;. Gff prmcfjos wiff egvj smfutim
smfutim`s
`s gvgi
gvgifgcfj,
fgcfj, gs kfikn
kfikngcfj fi`ns `jxt tm tej qujstim`s,
qujstim`s, g`l
omst wiff gfsm egvj m`j mr omrj ei`ts gvgifgcfj.
Qitei` jgke sjktim`, I’vj gfsm kfgssjl tej qujstim`s i` tjros md li﬋kufty (jitejr jgsy, ojliuo mr egrl).
Tjry crmglfy, I wmufl sgy tegt jgsy qujstim`s grj m`js ymu oiaet cj jxpjktjl tm smfvj i` : oi`utjs wite
fittfj tm `m gssistg`kj, wejrjgs egrl qujstim`s oiaet tgnj up g` j`tirj ;8-<8 oi`utj i`tjrvijw, g`l i`vmfvj
fmts md liskussim`
liskussim` g`l ei`ts
ei`ts drmo tej i`tj
i`tjrvijw
rvijwjr.
jr.
It’s wmrte oj`tim`i`a ejrj tegt I’vj ogi`fy kemsj` prmcfjos tegt I’vj cjj` gsnjl, mr jfsj tegt I’vj ejgrl
gcmut drmo mtejr pjmpfj. Omst prmcfjos
prmcfjos ejrj grj`’t wiljfy n`mw` mr aj`jrgffy gvgifgcf
gvgifgcfjj m`fi`j / i` cmmns
cm mns
(gf
(gftem
temuae
uae tejrj grj g djw jxkjptim
jxkjptim`s)
`s).. Dmr teis
teis rjg
rjgsm`
sm`,, I wm
wmufl
ufl rjkmoo
rjkmooj`l
j`l tegt ymu
ymu suppfj
suppfjoj`
oj`tt tejsj
tejsj
prmcfjos wite mtejr rjsmurkjs. G djw amml m`js i`kfulj2
•
Didty Kegffj`ai`a Xrmcfjos I` Xrmcgcifity (cmmn)
\ej qujstim
qujstim`s
`s i` teis
teis cmmn grj vjry
vjry wiljwilj-rg`
rg`ai`
ai`a,
a, smo
smojj vjry
vjry jgsy g`l smoj i`krjli
i`krjlicfy
cfy egrl. \ej
listricutim` md li﬋kufty lmjs`’t sjjo tm cj vjry fmaikgf, g`l teis kg` ognj ami`a termuae tej cmmn g`
mll jxpjrij`kj,
jxpjrij`kj, cut `jv
`jvjrte
jrtejfjss
jfjss tejrj is stiff g fmt md vgfuj i` smoj md tej prmcfjos.
prmcfjos. G`y qujstim`s
qujstim`s
rjfgtjl tm ajmojtry grj `mt gs rjfjvg`t tm qug`t trgli`a i`tjrvijws, g`l kg` cj snippjl.
•
G Xrgktikgf Auilj tm Wug`titgtivj Di`g`kj I`tjrvijws (cmmn)
\ej prmcfjos i` teis cmmn grj usjduffy kgtjamrisjl. Dmr qug`t trgli`a i`tjrvijws, I wmufl omst strm`afy
rjkmoo
rjk
mooj`l
j`l Kegptjr
Kegptjr 3 (Cr
(Crgi`
gi` \jg
\jgsjr
sjrs)
s) g`l Kegpt
Kegptjr
jr < (Xr
(Xrmcg
mcgcif
cifit
ity
y \ejmry
\ejmry).
). \ejrj
\ejrj is gfs
gfsmm g amml
i`trmluktim` m` aj`jrgf i`tjrvijw sniffs.
• G Kmffjktim` Md Likj Xrmcfjos
\eis is g arjgt rjsmurkj dmr likj prmcfjos m` tej egrljr li﬋kufty j`l. Kegptjrs 3.7 g`l 3.3 grj cmte
amml, 3.; kg` cj snippjl, g`l 3.< is jxtrjojfy amml. I` pgrtikufgr,
pgrtikufgr, I wmufl
wmufl rjkmooj`l
rjkmooj`l teis lmkuoj`t
lmkuoj`t
id ymu grj prjpgri`a tm i`tjrvijw gt Bg`j [trjjt. \ejsj qujstim`s grj gfsm pjrdjkt kg`lilgtjs dmr smoj md
;.<,, i.j. tryi`a tm ajt gpprmxiogtj g`swjrs i`
tej ‖jxtrg lioj`sim`gfity‟ tegt I tgfnjl gcmut i` [jktim` ;.<
tioj km`litim`s,
km`litim`s, mr aivi`a km`﬇lj`
km`﬇lj`kj
kj i`tj
i`tjrv
rvgfs.
gfs. \eis lmkuoj`t gfsm km`
km`tgi`s
tgi`s smfutim`s
smfutim`s,, gftemuae
gftemuae smoj
md tejo grj sfiaetfy rilikufmus g`l ioprgktikgf, i`vmfvi`a Ogrnmv kegi`s tegt tgnj up g` j`tirj pgaj!
I` tejsj kgsjs, it is cjttjr prgktikj tm try g`l kmoj up wite g` gpprmxiogtj smfutim`, teg` tei`ni`a
gcmut emw ymu wmufl kmoputj g` jxgkt m`j. Qmrni`a mut weike prmcfjos kg` gktugffy cj smfvjl wite
pj` g`l pgpjr is amml prgktikj i` itsjfd.
•
•
•
Afgsslmmr mr Qgff[trjjtMgsis
Cmte amml wjcsitjs wejrj ymu kg` ﬇`l g fgraj suppfy md rjfjvg`t i`tjrvijw prmcfjos, gs wjff gs pjmpfjs’
rjvijws md kmopg`ijs g`l tejir i`tjrvijw prmkjssjs.
FjjtKmlj
\eis is g arjgt smurkj md kmli`a prgktikj. It’s fjss rjfjvg`t dmr i`tjrvijwi`a wite tej ﬇ros i` [jktim` 3
(wite tej jxkjptim` md Kitgljf [jkuritijs), cut ioprmvi`a kmli`a sniffs is gfwgys g amml iljg!
Djroi Xrmcfjos
\eis pld egs g rjgffy fm`a fist md Dj
Djroi
roi prmcfjos,
prmcfjos, weike grj arjgt prgktikj tm wmrn termua
termuae.
e. \m gll
vgrijty tm ymur prgktikj, ymu kg` try aivi`a cmte pmi`t jstiogtjs g`l km`﬇lj`kj i`tjrvgfs.
3<
<.
<.7
7
Fmai
Fmaik
k Xrmc
Xrmcfj
fjos
os
JG[Y
7. Fiaet Cufcs
\ejrj grj 788 fiaet cufcs, g`l 788 pjmpfj, jgke `uocjrjl drmo 7 tm 788 rjspjktivjfy. \ej fiaet cufcs gff
stgrt gs u`fit. \ej pjmpfj jgke wgfn pgst tej fiaet cufcs, g`l tmaafj tej cufcs wite `uocjrs livisicfj cy
tejir `uocjr. Dmr i`stg`kj2 tej ﬇rst pjrsm` wiff tmaafj jvjry cufc, tej sjkm`l pjrsm` wiff tmaafj cufcs 3,
<, 4, jtk. Qeike cufcs wiff cj m` gt tej j`l md teis prmkjss=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
3. M`j Ejgvijr Cgff
Ymu grj aivj`
aivj` 9 cgffs,
cgffs, 5 md tej sgo
sgojj wj
wjiae
iaett g`l 7 wei
weike
ke is ejgvij
ejgvijr.
r. Ymu egvj
egvj g sjt md cgfg`k
cgfg`kjj skgfjs
skgfjs,,
weike
weik
e ymu kg` usj tm kmopgrj tej wjiaet
wjiaet md g`y twm
twm armups md cgffs. Qegt is tej ogxiouo `uocjr
`uocjr md
usjs rjquirjl tm ljtjroi`j cmte weike cgff is ejgvijr=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
;. 788 Xrism`jrs g`l g Fiaet Cufc
\ejrj grj 788 prism`jrs i` g kjff. Jgke lgy, m`j md tejo is kemsj` gt rg`lmo tm am i`tm g` i`tjrrmagtim`
rmmo km`tgi`i`a g si`afj fiaet cufc. I`itigffyf tej fiaet is switkejl m﬈, g`l kg` cj tmaafjl cy jgke prism`jr.
Gt g`y pmi`t, g prism`jr i` tej i`tjrrmagtim` rmmo ogy ognj tej kfgio tegt jvjry si`afj mtejr prism`jr
egs cjj` i` tej rmmo gt smoj pmi`t.
pmi`t. Id tej kfgio is wrm`a,
wrm`a, gff tej prism`jr
prism`jrss grj jxjkut
jxjkutjl.
jl. Id tej kfgio
is kmrrjkt, tejy gff am drjj. \ej prism`jrs kg` liskuss strgtjay cjdmrjeg`l. Emw kg` tejy augrg`tjj tegt
tejy’ff am drjj=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
<. \ej Fim` G`l \ej [ejjp
\ejrj
\ej
rj grj @ fim`s i` g ﬇jfl,
﬇jfl, g`l 7 sej
sejjp.
jp. Id g fim` jgts g sejjp
sejjp,, tej
tejy
y tej` cjkmoj
cjkmoj tej sejjp.
sejjp. G fim`
wiff prjdjr jgti`a
jgti`a tej sejjp tm ami`a eu`
eu`ary
ary,, cut it wiff prjd
prjdjr
jr ami`a eu`ary
eu`ary tm cji`a jgtj`. Qegt wiff
egppj`=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
:. Dise i` g Cuknjt
\ejrj grj smoj ﬇se i` g cuknjt. ; ﬇sejroj` kmoj up tm tej cuknjt i` tur`. \ej ﬇rst m`j trijs tm livilj
tejo i`tm armups md ;, cut ﬇`ls tegt tejrj is m`j fjdt mvjr, sm ej tgnjs g teirl pfus tej fjdt-mvjr ﬇se.
\ej sjkm`l ﬇sejrog` trijs tm livilj tej rjogi`i`a ﬇se i`tm ;, ﬇`ls tejrj is m`j fjdt mvjr, sm tgnjs it pfus
g teirl.
teirl. \ej teirl
teirl ﬇sejro
﬇sejrog`
g` lmjs jxgktf
jxgktfy
y tej sgoj
sgoj,, tgn
tgni`a
i`a g tei
teirl
rl pfus tej m`j fjdt mvjr.
mvjr. Qegt
Qegt is tej
oi`iouo `uocjr md ﬇se tegt kmufl egvj cjj` i` tej cuknjt gt tej stgrt=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
3:
OJLIZO
4. G`ts m` g Fi`j
\ejrj grj :8 g`ts m` g 7o fi`j. \ej 3: fjdt-omst
fjdt-omst g`ts grj omvi`a riaet,
riaet, g`l tej 3: riaet-omst
riaet-omst g`ts
g`ts grj
omvi`a
omv
i`a fjdt. Qej` 3 g`t
g`tss kmffilj, tejy wiff cmte rjvjrsj
rjvjrsj lirjktim`
lirjktim`.. Emw og`y
og`y kmffisim`s wiff tejrj egvj
cjj` i` tmtgf m`kj gff g`ts egvj dgffj` md tej j`l md tej fi`j=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
1. Eu`ary \rukn Lrivjr
G trukn lrivjr egs cjj` tgsnjl wite trg`spmrti`a ;888 gppfjs cjtwjj` tmw`s G g`l C, weike grj 7888
oifjs gpgrt.
gpgrt. Emwjvj
Emwjvjr,
r, id tej truk
trukn
n lrivjr is lrivi`a weifj tejrj grj gppfjs i` eis trukn,
trukn, ej wiff jgt tejo
gt g rgtj md m`j pjr oifj. \ej trukn egs g ogxiouo kgpgkity md 7888 gppfjs gt g`y m`j tioj. \ej lrivjr
ogy ljpmsit gppfjs gt g`y pmi`t cjtwjj` G g`l C. Emw kg` ej ajt tej ogxiouo pmssicfj `uocjr md
gppfjs drmo G tm C=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
5. [i`afj cuffjt
Ymu grj i` g ﬇jfl
﬇jfl wite
wite 788 krioi`
krioi`gfs
gfs.. Ymu egv
egvjj g au` wite g si`
si`afj
afj cuffjt
cuffjt i` it, sm ymu kg`’t stmp
stmp gff
tej
krioi`g
krioi`gfs
jskgpi`a
gt m`kj.
Jgk
Jgke
e krioi`gf
gssuojl
tmivity
cjypurjfy
purjf
y sjf﬇se
tejy
prjdjr
jskgpi`a
jskgp
i`a tm fscji`a
i` kgptivity
kgpti
vity,, cut
tejy
prjdjr is
cji`a
i` kgpt
kgptivit
tm lyi`a.
Is g`l
tejrjrgtim`gf>
smojtei`a
smojtei`
a ymu
kg`
sgy tegt wiff ojg` `m krioi`gf trijs tm jskgpj=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
9. Xrism`jr Egts
\ejrj grj @ prism`jrs stg`li`a i` g fi`j, dgki`a dmrwgrl, jgke wjgri`a jitejr g cfgkn egt mr g weitj egt.
Jgke
Jgk
e kg` m`fy sjj tej prism`jrs
prism`jrs i` drm`
drm`tt md eio. \ej prism`j
prism`jrs
rs grj gffmwjl
gffmwjl tm kgff mut (i` g`y mrljr) g
aujss
auj
ss gs tm tej kmfmur
kmfmur md tej
tejir
ir mw` egt.
egt. Qej
Qej`
` jvjry
jvjry pris
prism`j
m`jrr egs aujssjl
aujssjl,, tej m`js tegt wjrj
wjrj kmrrjk
kmrrjktt
ajt tm am drjj. Mtejr teg` kgffi`a mut kmfmurs, `m kmoo
kmoou`ikg
u`ikgtim`
tim` is gffmwjl,
gffmwjl, gftemuae
gftemuae tejy ogy liskuss
strgtjay
strgt
jay cjdmrjeg`l.
cjdmrjeg`l. Qegt is tej ojteml tegt ogxioisjs tej jxpjktjl `uocj
`uocjrr md prism`jrs surviv
survivi`a=
i`a=
Qegt id tejrj wjrj ; egt kmfmurs2 cfgkn, weitj g`l arjy=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
78. Kmi` Dfippi`a
Glgo g`l Cj` jgke egvj
egvj g dgir kmi`. Glgo termws
termws it 787 tiojs,
tiojs, g`l Cj` termws
termws it 788 tiojs.
tiojs. Qegt is
tej prmcgcifity tegt Glgo ajts striktfy omrj ejgls teg` Cj`=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
77. Xfg`j Cmgrli`a Xrmcfjo
G pfg`j egs 788 sjgts, g`l jgke md 788 pjmpfj egvj
egvj cjj` gssia`jl g u`iquj sjgt. \ej ﬇rst pjrsm` tm cmgrl
is g lru`ngrl, wem sits i` g rg`lmofy kemsj` sjgt. Jvjry sucsjquj`t pjrsm` sits i` tejir mw` sjgt, u`fjss
smojm`
smo
jm`jj is gfrjgly
gfrjgly sitti`a
sitti`a tejrj,
tejrj, i` wei
weike
ke kgsj tejy gfsm sit i` g rg`lmo
rg`lmo sjgt.
sjgt. Ymu grj fgs
fgstt tm cmgrl.
Qegt is tej prmcgcifity ymu ajt tm sit i` tej sjgt ymu wjrj gssia`jl=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
34
73. Xmism` cmttfjs #7
Ymu egvj 3 oikj, g`l 9 cmttfjs, jxgktfy m`j md weike is pmism`jl. Jgke omusj kg` tgstj g`y kmoci`gtim`
md cmttfjs gt m`kj, g`l id it is pmism`jl
pmism`jl it wiff lij gdtjr jxg
jxgktfy
ktfy m`j oi`
oi`utj.
utj. M`j g omusj is ljgl, tejy kg`’t
tgstj g`y omrj cmttfjs. Emw og`y oi`utjs lm ymu `jjl tm ljtjroi`j jxgktfy weike cmttfj is pmism`jl=
@mtj - teis qujstim` egs g egrljr dmffmw-up ejrj.
Ei`t
[mfutim`
7;. \ej \wm-Jaa Xrmcfjo
Ymu egvj 3 ilj`tikgf jaas, g`l kg` lrmp jgke md tejo drmo g`y ffimmr md g 788-stmrjy cuifli`a. M`kj ymu
crjgn g` jaa, ymu kg`’t lrmp it gagi`. Qegt is tej oi`io
oi`iouo
uo `uocjr
`uocjr md lrmps rjquirjl
rjquirjl tm ﬇`l tej fmwjst
ffimmr m` weike g` jaa wiff crjgn (mr, id it wm`’t crjgn m` g`y ffimmr, ﬇`l teis mut)=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
EGSL
7<. Kmupfjs Eg`lsegnj Xrmcfjo
Ymu grj wite ymur spmusj gt g pgrty, gfm`a wite 4 mtejr kmupfjs. [moj pjmpfj segnj eg`ls gt teis pgrty,
gftemuae
gftem
uae `mcmly segnjs
segnjs eg`ls wite tejosjfvjs
tejosjfvjs mr tejir spmusj. Ymu mcsjrvj tegt jvjrym`j
jvjrym`j (jxkfuli`a
(jxkfuli`a
ymursjfd
ymu
rsjfd,, cut i`kfuli`a
i`kfuli`a ymur spmusj) semmn eg`ls wite g li﬈jr
li﬈jrj`t
j`t `uocjr
`uocjr md pjmpfj. Emw og`y
og`y pjmpfj
p jmpfj
lil ymur spmusj segnj eg`ls wite=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
7:. M`j Mll Cgff
\ejrj grj 73 cgffs, 77 md tej sgoj wjiaet g`l 7 md g li﬈jrj`t wjiaet (it kmufl cj fiaetjr mr ejgvijr). Ymu
egvj g sjt md cgfg`kj skgfjs, weike ymu kg` usj tm kmopgrj tej wjiaet md g`y twm armups md cgffs. Qegt
is tej ogxiouo `uocjr md usjs rjquirjl tm ljtjroi`j weike cgff is li﬈jrj`t, g`l wejtejr it is fiaetjr mr
ejgvijr=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
74. Xmism` Cmttfjs #3
ojliuo
uo li﬋kuft
li﬋kufty
y sjktim`.
sjktim`. [uppmsj
[uppmsj ymu egl O oikj
\eis is g km`ti`u
km`ti`ugtim`
gtim` md Xmism` Cmttfjs #7 drmo tej ojli
g`l \ oi`utj
oi`utjs.
s. Qegt
Qegt is tej fgra
fgrajst
jst `uo
`uocjr
cjr md cmtt
cmttfjs
fjs dmr weike ymu kmufl cj aug
augrg`
rg`tjj
tjjl
l tm ﬇`l tej
pmism`jl m`j=
\eis is g vjry egrl prmcfjo, sm tejrj grj ouftipfj ei`ts, weike semufl cj usjl kerm`mfmaikgffy.
Ei`t #7
Ei`t #3
[mfutim`
31
Ei`ts
7. \ry sjji`a wegt egppj`s
egppj`s tm tej ﬇rst 78 fiaet cufc
cufcs.
s. Lm ymu `mtikj g`
g`y
y pgttjr`=
pgttjr`=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
3. md
Fgcj
Fgcjf
f tej
cgffs 7,g`l
3, ...,
9. kg`
[uppmsj
[uppmsj
ym
ymu
u wjiae
wjia
e 7,
3, ;rjsufts=
gagi`st <, :, 4 . Qegt grj tej
tej pmssicfj rjsufts
rjsufts
teis
wjiaei`a,
wegt
ymu ljlukj
drmo
tejsj
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
{
}
{
}
;. \ry ljsia`gti`a
ljsia`gti`a m`j pjrsm` tm cj tej ‖aujs
‖aujssjr‟.
sjr‟. Ej m`fy aujssjs wej` ej is surj jvjrym`j
jvjrym`j jfsj egs am`j
i`tm tej rmmo. Emw kg` ej wmrn mut wej` teis egs egppj`jl=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
<. \ei`n gcmut wegt wiff egppj` wite 7 fim`, tej` 3, tej` ;. Kg` ymu ﬇`l g pgttjr`=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
:. Fjt tej `uocjr
`uocjr md ﬇se gt tej stgrt cj @. Aiv
Aivj`
j` tegt tej ﬇rst ﬇sejrog`
﬇sejrog` wgs gcfj tm livilj tej ﬇se up i`
tej wgy ej wgs, wegt kg` ymu sgy gcmut @= Kg` ymu jxprjss teis ogtejogtikgffy=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
4. Km`siljr
Km`siljr wegt gktugffy egppj`s
egppj`s wej` 3 g`ts
g`ts kmffilj. Kg` ymu omljf tej kmffisim`s wite g siopfjr situgtim`, weike is du`ktim`gffy tej sgoj=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
1. \ry rjdrgoi`a
rjdrgoi`a tej prmcfjo
prmcfjo gs ouftipfj
ouftipfj lrivj
lrivjrs
rs ogni`a g si`afj bmur`jy
bmur`jy.. \ejrj grj ;888 gppfjs, sm gt fjgst
; lrivjrs oust sjt mut gt tej stgrt, g`l tejy grj km`suoi`a ; gppfjs pjr oifj. Emw smm` kg` ymu ‖nikn g
lrivjr mut‟=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
5. Dir
Dirst
st try g siopfj
siopfj kgsj2
kgsj2 3 krioi`
krioi`gfs
gfs (kgff
(kgff tej
tejo
o G g`l C). \ej m`fy prmcfjog
prmcfjogtik
tik kgsj is wej` G g`l C
cmte try tm jskgpj gt m`kj. Qegt wmufl egppj` id G n`jw tegt id tejy cmte trijl tm jskgpj, ymu’l gfwgys
semmt eio, g`l `mt C=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
9. Dmr tej 3-kmfmur kgsj, tej ﬇rst prism`jr
prism`jr tm sgy g kmfmur wiff gfwgys egv
egvjj g :8% prmcgcifit
prmcgcifity
y md survivgf.
survivgf. Is
tejrj g`y wgy teis prism`jr kmufl sgy g kmfmur tegt trg`soits j`kmljl i`dmrogtim` tm tej mtejr prism`jrs,
gffmwi`a
gffm
wi`a tejo tm gff aujss kmrrjktfy=
kmrrjktfy=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
35
78. [gy tej `u
`uocjr
ocjr md ejgls g`l tgifs tegt
tegt Glgo ajts grj E G g`l \ G rjspjktivjfy, g`l Cj` ajts E C ejgls
g`l \ C tgifs. Id Glgo ajts omrj ejgls teg` Cj`, wegt kg` ymu sgy gcmut E G + \ C =
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
77. Cjdmr
Cjdmrjj ymu cmgrl, smojm`j jfsj wiff sit i` jitejr ymur sjgt mr tej lru`ngrl’s
lru`ngrl’s sjgt. Emw finjfy
finjfy grj tejsj
twm pmssicfj mutkmojs, g`l wegt lm tejy jgke iopfy dmr wejrj ymu wiff sit=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
73. Id cmte oikj lri`n drmo te
tejj sgoj cmttfj, tej` id tejy cmte lij ymu n`mw
n`mw weike cmttfj is pmism`jl
pmism`jl.. Qegt
is tej prmcfjo wite egvi`a cmte oikj lri`ni`a drmo twm md tej sgoj cmttfjs=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
7;. M`j siopfj ojt
ojteml
eml wmufl cj tm lrmp tej ﬇rst jaa gt ffimmr 78, 38, ..., 788 (mr u`tif it crjgns)
crjgns).. \eis wmufl
wmufl
tjff ymu tej ffimmr is i` g rg`aj md tj`, g`l ymu kmufl tej` tjst jgke md tejsj tj` ffimmrs wite tej sjkm`l
jaa, stgrti`a
stgrti`a drmo tej fmwjst
fmwjst m`j. \ej prmcfj
prmcfjo
o wite teis ojteml is tegt it’s wgstjduf.
wgstjduf. Id tej g`swj
g`swjrr is
cjtwjj` 7 g`l 78, it wiff tgnj gt omst 78 lrmps tm ﬇`l, cut id tej g`swjr is cjtwjj` 97 g`l 788, it kg`
tgnjj gs og`y gs 79. Kg` ymu ﬇`l g cjtt
tgn
cjttjr
jr systj
systjo
o dmr lrmppi
lrmppi`a
`a tej ﬇rst
﬇rst jaa,
jaa, tegt
tegt ‖sommte
‖sommtess mut‟
mut‟ tei
teiss
gsyoojtry=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
7<. \ejrj grj 7; pjmpfj mtejr teg
teg`
` ymursjfd.
ymursjfd. Jgk
Jgke
e pjrsm` kg` segnj eg`ls
eg`ls wite gt omst 73 mtejr pjmpfj,
pjmpfj, sm
tej mtejr 7; oust egvj
egvj segnj` eg`ls wite 8, 7, ..., 73 pjmpfj rjspjktiv
rjspjktivjfy
jfy.. Qegt kg` ymu sgy gcmut tej
pjmpfj wem semmn eg`ls wite 8 & 73 mtejrs=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
7:. Km`sil
Km`siljr
jr tej jgrfijr rjfgtjl qujstim`
qujstim` m` ilj`
ilj`tidyi`
tidyi`aa g cgff md g li﬈jrj`t
li﬈jrj`t wjiaet.
wjiaet. \ry usi`a g sioifgr
sioifgr grauoj`tt tm fmwjr-cmu
oj`
fmwjr-cmu`l
`l tej `uocjr
`uocjr md ojgsurjoj
ojgsurjoj`ts
`ts it kg` tgnj.
tgnj. Kg` ymu tej` ﬇`l g wg
wgy
y tm gttgi`
gttgi` teis
cmu`l=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
74. EI@\ #7
\ei`n gcmut tej jgsy prmcfjo (Xmism` Cmttfjs #7), gs wjff gs vjry cgsik kgsjs (j.a. id ymu m`fy egl m`j
omusj, mr m`j cmttfj). Kg` ymu spmt g pgttjr` i` tej rjsufts ymu ajt=
EI@\ #3
Qej`
Qej
` lm jgke md tej O oik
oikjj lij
lij,, g`l wegt i`dm
i`dmrog
rogtim
tim`
` lmjs teis aivj
aivj ymu=
ymu= Kg` ymu rjprjsj
rjprjsj`t
`t teis
i`dmrogtim` i` g `uocjr md cgsj (\+7) =
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
39
[mfutim`s
7. Id g `uocjr is `mt g pjrdj
p jrdjkt
kt squgrj,
squgrj, tej` ymu kg` pgir up gff md its dgktmrs
dgktmrs.. Dmr i`stg`kj,
i`stg`kj, tej dgktmrs md 38
grj 7, 38 , 3, 78 , <, : . \eis ojg`s it egs g` jvj` `uocjr md dgktmrs, sm tej kmrrjspm`li`a cufc wiff
cj tmaafjl g` jvj` `uocjr md tiojs, i.j. it wiff cj switkejl m﬈ gt tej j`l. Emwjvj
Emwjvjr,
r, pjrdjkt squgrj
squgrjss egvj
g` mll `uocjr md dgktmrs, cjkgusj wej` ymu pgir up gff tejir dgktmrs ymu egvj tej squgrj rmmt fjdt mvjr.
[m tej cufcs fjdt switkejl m` gt tej j`l wiff cj prjkisjfy temsj fgcjffjl wite squgrj `uocjrs.
{
}{
}{ }
Wujstim`
{
}
{
} {
}
3. Fgcjf tej cgffs 7, 3, ..., 9 . [uppmsj ymu wjiae 7, 3, ; vs <, :, 4 . Id m`j md tej armups is ejgvijr, tej
mll cgff is i` tegt armup. Id cmte armups grj tej sgoj, tej mll cgff is 1, 5 mr 9. I` jitejr kgsj, wj n`mw
tej mll cgff is m`j md terjj.
terjj. Qj kg` tej
tej`
` wj
wjiae
iae 3 cgf
cgffs
fs i` tei
teiss armup
armup md ; gagi`s
gagi`stt jgke
jgke mtejr,
mtejr, g`l cy g
sioifgr grauoj`t, teis tjffs us weike m`j is ejgvijst.
Wujstim`
;. [moj prism`jr
prism`jr is sjfjktjl tm cj tej ‖aujssjr‟>
‖aujssjr‟> tejy wiff gfwgy
gfwgyss tur` m﬈ tej fiaet wej`jvj
wej`jvjrr tejy ﬇`l it m`.
Jgke mtejr prism`jr is tm tur` tej fiaet m` tej vjry ﬇rst tioj tejy ﬇`l it m﬈, mtejrwisj tejy grj tm fjgvj
it i` tej stgtj tejy dmu`l it. Qej` tej ‖aujssj
‖aujssjr‟
r‟ tur`s tej fiaet m﬈ dmr tej 788te tioj, tejy kg` sgdjfy
gssuoj tegt gff prism`jrs egvj cjj` i` tej rmmo.
Wujstim`
<. Id tejrj is m`j fim`, tejy wiff jgt tej sejjp. Id tejrj grj 3 fim`s, `m fim` wiff jgt tej sejjp, cjkgusj tej`
tegtt fim` wmufl
teg
wmufl itsjfd cj jgtj`.
jgtj`. Id tejr
tejrjj grj ; fim`
fim`s,
s, tej`
tej` tej sejjp
sejjp wif
wifff cj jgtj`,
jgtj`, cjkgusj
cjkgusj tej fim` tegt
tegt
jgts tej sejjp
sejjp wiff tej` `mt cj jgtj` cy
cy tej mtejr 3 fim`s. Cy i`luktim
i`luktim`,
`, wj kg` sjj tegt tej sejjp wiff
cj jgtj` id g`l m`fy id @ is mll.
Wujstim`
:. Fjt tej `uocjr
`uocjr md ﬇se gt tej stgrt cj @. Aivj
Aivj`
` tejy kg` cj liviljl
liviljl i`tm ; pgrts wite 7 fjdt mvjr,
mvjr, wj n`mw
@ ? ;U + 7, dmr smoj i`tjajr
i`tjajr U. \ej `uocjr
`uocjr md ﬇se fjdt gdtj
gdtjrr tej ﬇rst ﬇sejrog` tgn
tgnjs
js eis segrj is 3U. Qj
Qj
n`mw 3U egs rjogi`ljr 7 omlufm ;, ojg`i`a U oust egvj rjogi`ljr 3 omlufm ;, sm U ? ;Y + 3. \eis
ojg`s 3U ? 4Y + <, sm tej `uocjr md ﬇se fjdt mvjr gdtjr tej sjkm`l ﬇sejrog` tgnjs eis segrj is <Y + 3.
Di`gffy,, wj n`mw teis oust gfsm egvj
Di`gffy
egvj rjogi`lj
rjogi`ljrr 7 omlufm ;. \ej sogffjst
sogffjst vgfuj md Y suke
suke tegt teis is
truj is Y ? 78. Qj kg` wmrn cgknwgrls, g`l kejkn tegt teis aivjs g vgfil g`swjr @ ? 3:.
Wujstim`
4. Qej` twm
twm g`ts kmffilj, wj kg` omljf tejo gs bust pgssi`a strgiaet
strgiaet termuae jgke
jgke mtejr. [i`kj tej g`ts
g`ts
grj i`listi`auisegc
i`listi`auisegcfj,
fj, teis is du`ktim`g
du`ktim`gffy
ffy tej sgoj gs tej prjvimus
prjvimus situgtim`.
situgtim`. Qj kg` `mw sjj tegt jgke
g`t wiff pgss termuae jxgktfy 3: g`ts (tej m`js omvi`a i` mppmsitj lirjktim`s tm tejosjfvjs), sm tej tmtgf
`uocjr
`uo
cjr md kmffisim`s
kmffisim`s jxpjrij`kjl
jxpjrij`kjl cy gff g`t
g`tss is 3:*:8?73:8.
3:*:8?73:8. Qj `jjl tm egfvj teis, cjkgusj teis ojteml
ojteml
wiff kmu`t jgke kmffisim` twikj. [m tmtgf `uocjr md kmffisim`s is 43:.
Wujstim`
1. Qj kg` rjdrgoj tej prmcfjo gs ouftipfj lrivjrs
lrivjrs ogni`a g si`afj bmur`jy
bmur`jy.. \ejrj grj ;888 gppfjs, sm gt fjgst
; lrivjrs
lrivjrs oust sjt mut drmo G, g`l tejy grj jgti`a ; gppfjs pjr oifj. Gdtjr
Gdtjr 7888/
7888/; ? ;;; oifjs,
oifjs,71 tejrj
grj 3888 gppfjs
gppfjs fjdt, sm wj m`fy `jjl 3 lrivjr
lrivjrs,
s, i.j. wj kg` ‖nikn m`j mut‟
mut‟.. Gdtjr g`mtejr
g`mtejr 7888/
7888/3 ? :88
oifjs, tejrj grj 7888 gppfjs fjdt, sm wj nikn mut g`mtejr lrivjr. Di`gffy, wj lrivj tej rjogi`i`a 741 oifjs.
\ej `uocjr md gppfjs fjdt wej` wj grrivj gt C is 7888 741 ? 5;;.
71
∓
Dmr tej sgnj md km`v
km`vj`ij`k
j`ij`kj,
j, I’o rmu`li`a - mcvi
mcvimusfy
musfy tejsj grj`’t jxgkt `uocjr
`uocjrs.
s.
;8
\m kejkn tegt teis rjdrgoi`a md tej prmcfjo wmrns, wj kg` jxgoi`j wegt egppj`s i` tej mriai`gf si`afjlrivjr sjtti`a. \ej lrivjr sjts mut drmo G wite 7888 gppfjs, stmps wej` ej lrivjs ;;; oifjs, g`l ljpmsit
441 gppfjs.
gppfjs. Ej tej` lrivjs
lrivjs cgkn tm G, g`l rjpjgts teis prmkjss
prmkjss twikj omr
omrj.
j. \eis ojg`s
ojg`s wj egvj am`j
am`j
drmo egvi`a ;888 gppfjs gt G tm egvi`a 3888 gppfjs gt g pmi`t ;;; oifjs kfmsjr tm C. Ej kg` `mw rjpjgt
teis prmkjss cy lrivi`a drmo G tm tej pmi`t wejrj tej gppfjs wjrj ljpmsitjl, g`l i` 3 trips ajt :88 oifjs
kfmsjr tm C (`mw wite 7888 gppfjs fjdt). Di`gffy, ej kg` tgnj tejsj 7888 gppfjs g`l lrivj lirjktfy tm C.
Wujstim`
5. \ej trikn
trikn is tm ognj surj i` jvjr
jvjry
y armup tejrj is m`j skgpjamgt
skgpjamgt,, i.j. m`j pjrsm` wem n`mws
n`mws ej’ff cj tej
m`j tm ajt semt.
semt. [uppmsj
[uppmsj g armup
armup trijl tm jsk
jskgpj,
gpj, tej` tej skgpjamgt
skgpjamgt wmufl`
wmufl`’t
’t wg`t
wg`t tm jskgpj,
jskgpj, sm ej
wmufl
wmu
fl fjgvj tej armup. \ej rjogi`i`a
rjogi`i`a armup wmufl tej` egvj g `jw skgpjam
skgpjamgt,
gt, wem wmufl
wmufl gfsm fjgvj.
fjgvj.
Jvj`tu
Jvj
`tugffy
gffy jvjry
jvjrym`j
m`j wmufl fjgvj tej armup, i.j. `mcmly wmufl try tm jskgpj.
\ej jgsijst wgy md lmi`a teis is tm gssia` g `uocjr cjtwjj` 7 g`l 788 tm jgke prism`jr, g`l tjffi`a
tejo tegt id g`y armup trijs tm jskgpj, ymu wiff semmt tej jskgpjj wite tej eiaejst `uocjr.
Wujstim`
9. Dmr tej 3-kmfmur kgsj, tej fgst prism`jr (wem kg` sjj jvjrym`j jfsj) semufl kmu`t tej `uocjr md cfgkn
egtss ej sjjs.
egt
sjjs. Id it is g` mll `uo
`uocjr,
cjr, ej kgffs mut cfgkn.
cfgkn. Id jvj
jvj`,
`, ej kgffs
kgffs mut weitj.
weitj. \ej sjkm`l
sjkm`l-tm
-tm-fg
-fgst
st
prism`jr
prism`
jr kg` `mw kmu`t
kmu`t tej `uocjr
`uocjr md egts ej sjjs. Id tej pgrity garjjs wite wegt tej fgst prism`jr
prism`jr kgffjl
mut,, tej`
mut
tej` ej n`mws
n`mws eis egt is weitj.
weitj. Id `mt, eis egt is cfgk
cfgkn.
n. M`kj
M`kj ej egs kgffjl
kgffjl mut tej kmrrjk
kmrrjktt kmfmur
kmfmur,,
tej teirl-drmo-fgst prism`jr kg` sioifgrfy ljlukj tej kmfmur md eis egt, usi`a tej n`mwfjlaj aivj` tm eio
cy tej fgst g`l sjkm`l-tmsjkm`l-tm-fgst
fgst prism`
prism`jrs.
jrs. \eis km`t
km`ti`uj
i`ujss gff tej wgy
wgy tm tej drm`t
drm`t md tej fi`j. \eus,
\eus, gff
prism`jrs
prism`
jrs kg` am drjj wite kjrtgi`t
kjrtgi`ty
y, jxkjpt
jxkjpt dmr tej ﬇rst m`j wem egs mlls md :8%. Qj kfjgrfy kg`’t lm
cjttjr teg` teis, cjkgusj tej ﬇rst prism`jr tm aujss wiff gfwgys egvj mlls md :8%.
Dmr tej ;-kmfmur kgsj, g sioifgr
sioifgr iljg wmrns
wmrns - wj egvj
egvj tm usj omlufgr griteo
griteojtik.
jtik. Dirst, wj gssia` jgke
kmfmur
kmfmur tm g u`iquj
u`iquj vgfuj
vgfuj omluf
omlufmm ; (i.j
(i.j.. 8, 7 mr 3). \ej
\ejrj
rj grj sjvjrgf
sjvjrgf strgtja
strgtjay
y vgri
grig`
g`ts
ts tegt kg` wmrn
ejrj, cut ogycj tej siopfjst m`j is dmr tej fgst prism`jr tm kmu`t tej egts ej sjjs, kgfkufgtj tej vgfuj md
(`uocjr md cfgkn egts - `uocjr md weitj egts) omlufm ;, tej` kgff mut tej kmfmur kmrrjspm`li`a tm teis
`uocjr.
`uo
cjr. Fjt teis `uocjr
`uocjr cj
c j U. \ej sjkm`
sjkm`l-tml-tm-fgst
fgst prism`jr tej` ognj
ognjss tej sgoj kgfkufgti
kgfkufgtim`,
m`, g`l ajts
tej `uocjr Y. Qj egvj ; pmssicifitijs2
≧ U ∓ 7 oml
oml ; ?⇓ 3`l-tm-fgst prism`jr’s egt is cfgkn
• Y ≧ U + 7 om
oml
l ; ?⇓ 3`l-tm-fgst prism`jr’s egt is weitj
•
Y ≧ U oml
oml ; ?⇓ 3`l3`l-tm-fg
tm-fgst
st prism`jr’
prism`jr’ss egt is arjy
•
Y
[m ej kg` ljlukj
ljlukj eis egt kmfmur
kmfmur,, g`l aujss kmrr
kmrrjktfy
jktfy.. \ej rjogi`i`a
rjogi`i`a prism`jrs
prism`jrs kg` prmkjjl i` g sioifgr
wgy.
Wujstim`
78. [gy tej `u
`uocjr
ocjr md ejgls g`l tgifs tegt
tegt Glgo ajts grj E G g`l \ G rjspjktivjfy, g`l Cj` ajts E C ejgls
g`l \ C tgifs. Qj n`mw E C + \C ? 788, sm Glgo ajtti`a
ajtti`a omrj ejgls teg` Cj` is jquivgfj`
jquivgfj`tt tm tej stgtjoj`t E G + \C 0 788. Emw
Emwjvj
jvjr,
r, si`kj Cj`’s kmi` is dgir, teis is jqugf tm tej prmcgcifity
prmcgcifity md E G + EC 0 788.
I` mtejr wmrls, tej prmcgcifity md Glgo ajtti`a omrj ejgls is jqugf tm tej prmcgcifity tegt omrj teg`
egfd md tej tmtgf 387 kmi` ffiips grj ejgls.
ejgls. [i`kj it is iopmssicfj dmr jxgk
jxgktfy
tfy egfd tm cj ejgls,
ejgls, teis ojg`s
tej g`swjr is 8.:.
Wujstim`
;7
77. Md tej ﬇rst 99 pjmpfj tm cmgrl cjdmrj ymu, m`j md tejo oust sit i` jitejr ymur sjgt mr tej lru`ngrl’s
sjgt. Kgff teis pjrsm` U (`mtj
(`mtj,, U kmufl c
cjj tej lru`n
lru`ngrl).
grl). \ej lru`n
lru`ngrl
grl kemmsjs
kemmsjs rg`lmofy,
rg`lmofy, g`l wej`jvjr
wej`jvjr
g`ym`j jfsj sits i` g sjgt mtejr teg` tejir mw` tejy kemmsj g sjgt rg`lmofy, sm U oust egvj kemsj` g sjgt
rg`lmofy
rg`lm
ofy.. Qj n`mw tejy jitejr sgt i` ymur sjgt mr tej lru`n
lru`ngrl’s
grl’s sjgt, sm tejsj twm
twm oust egvj jqugf
prmcgcifity.
Id tejy piknjl tej lru`ngrl’s sjgt, tej` jvjrym`j gdtjr tejo kg` sit i` tejir mw` sjgt, i`kfuli`a ymu.
Id tejy piknjl ymur sjgt, tej` jvjrym`j gdtjr tejo kg` sit i` tejir mw` sjgt, jxkjpt dmr ymu (si`kj ymu
egvj tm sit i` tej lru`ngrl’s sjgt).
Drmo
rmo teis
teis,, wj ljluk
ljlukjj tejr
tejrjj is g :8%
:8% prmc
prmcgc
gcifi
ifitty ymu
ymu wiff
wiff cj gcfj
gcfj tm si
sitt i` ymur
ymur mw`
mw` sj
sjgt
gt.. \eis
\eis is
truj dmr g`y `uocjr md pgssj`ajrs.
Wujstim`
73. Fgcjf tej oikj G g`l C, g`l tej cmttfjs 7-9. Egvj tej ﬇rst omusj tjst
tjst 7, <, : . Qj egvj ; kgsjs2
{
}
{7, 3, ;} g`l tej sjkm`l omusj
•
Cmte lij, i` weike kgsj wj n`mw cmttfj 7 is pmism`jl.
•
M`j lijs, i` weike kgsj wj egvj m`kj oikj fjdt,
fjdt, g`l 3 kg`lilgt
kg`lilgtjs
js dmr tej pmism`j
p mism`jl
l cmttfj. Egvj
Egvj tej
fivi`a omusj tjst m`j md tej 3 cmttfjs, tej` wj kg` tjff weike is pmism`jl .
•
@m`j lij, i` weike kgsj tej kg`lilgtjs dmr pmism`jl cmttfj grj
{ 4, 1, 5, 9}.
Egv
Eg
vj omusj
omusj G tjst
tjst
{kmrrjspm`ls
4, 1}, omusjtmCg tjst
{4, 5m`j
}. \ejrj
grjdmur
< pmssicfj
mutkmojs
mojs
dmr omus
omusjj G g`l C, g`l jgke mutkm
mutkmoj
oj
li﬈jrj`t
md tejsj
cmttfjs mutk
cji`a
pmism`jl.
[m usi`a teis ojteml, wj kg` ljtjroi`j tej pmism`jl cmttfj i` 3 oi`utjs, weike is tej cjst wj kg` lm.
Dmr g ljjpjr livj i`tm teis prmcfjo, sjj Wujstim` 74.
74.
Wujstim`
7;.
7;. Lr
Lrmp
mp tej
tej ﬇rs
﬇rstt jaa
jaa gt ffim
ffimmr
mrss 7<
7<,, 7< + 7; ? 31,
31, 7< + 7; + 73 ? ;9,
;9, ...,
..., 7< + 7; + ... + < ? 99
99,, tej` 788.
788. Id tej
tej
﬇rst jaa crjgns m` tej @te lrmp, tej` wj egvj `grrmwjl lmw` tej g`swjr tm g rg`aj 7: @ wilj (u`fjss it
crjgns gt 788, mr it lmjs`’t crjgn gt gff, i` weike kgsj wj n`mw tej g`swjr is 99 mr 788 rjspjktivjfy, sm wj
,..., 31 ,
grj lm`j). Dmr jxgopfj, id it crjgns m` tej 3`l lrmp, wj n`mw tej g`swjr is i` tej rg`aj 7:
7:,, 74
74,...,
i.j. 7; pmssicfj g`swjrs.
∓
{
}
M`kjj tej ﬇rst
M`k
﬇rst jaa crjgns
crjgns,, wj kg` tej` tjs
tjstt gff ffimmrs i` mur rg`aj
rg`aj i` i`k
i`krjg
rjgsi`
si`aa mrljr.
mrljr. Id wj tjst gff
cut m`j g`l it lmjs`’t crjgn, wj n`mw tej g`swjr
g`swjr is tej eiaejs
eiaejstt ffimmr i` teis rg`aj.
rg`aj. \ejrjdmrj
\ejrjdmrj,, wj kg`
ajt tej g`swjr i` @ lrmps md tej ﬇rst jaa, g`l 7< @ lrmps md tej sjkm`l, sm 7< lrmps i` tmtgf.
∓
Emw
Emw lm wj n`mw it’s iopmssic
iopmssicfj
fj tm lm cjttj
cjttjr=
r= Km`
Km`sil
siljr
jr ogni
ogni`a
`a 7; tmtgf
tmtgf jaa lrmps.
lrmps. Qj fgcjf g lrmp
lrmp
8 id tej jaa lmjs`’t
lmjs`’t crjgn,
crjgn, g`l 7 id it lmjs. \ei
\eiss ojg`s tej i`dmrog
i`dmrogtim
tim`
` wj ajt drmo 7; lrmps
lrmps kg` cj
7;
rjprjsj`t
rjprj
sj`tjl
jl gs g 7;-liait ci`gry `uocjr
`uocjr wite gt omst twm
twm 7s. \ejrj grj 3 ? 15 ci`gry `uocjrs wite
twm
twm 7s, 7; wite
wite g si`
si`afj
afj 7, g`l m`j wite `m 7s. \ei
\eiss aivjs
aivjs us 93 ci`gry
ci`gry `u
`uocj
ocjrs
rs i` tmtgf,
tmtgf, weike
weike is `mt
j`muae tm listi`auise cjtwjj` 788 li﬈jrj`t ffimmrs.
Wujstim`

7<. \ejrj grj 7; pjmpfj mtejr teg
teg`
` ymursjfd.
ymursjfd. Jgk
Jgke
e pjrsm` kg` segnj eg`ls
eg`ls wite gt omst 73 mtejr pjmpfj,
pjmpfj, sm
tej mtejr 7; oust egvj segnj` eg`ls wite 8, 7, ..., 73 pjmpfj rjspjktivjfy. Fjt us fgcjf tejsj pjmpfj (8),
(7), ..., (73).
(73) oust egvj segnj` eg`ls wite jvjrym`j jxkjpt tejir spmusj, g`l wj n`mw (73) lil`’t segnj eg`ls
wite (8), sm (8) oust cj tej spmusj md (73). @mw, (77) oust egvj segnj` eg`ls wite jvjrym`j jxkjpt (8)
g`l tejir spmusj, g`l wj n`mw (77) lil`’t segnj eg`ls wite (8) mr (7) (cjkgusj (7) m`fy semmn eg`ls
;3
wite (73)), sm wj ljlukj
ljlukj (7) is tej spmusj md (77). Qj kg` km`ti`u
km`ti`ujj i` teis wgy,
wgy, pgiri`a
pgiri`a m﬈ (8)+(73),
(8)+(73),
(7)+(77), ..., (:)+(1). \ej m`fy pjrsm` fjdt u`pgirjl is (4), sm ymur spmusj oust cj (4).
@mtj - drmo teis i`dmrogtim`, wj kg` gktugffy wmrn mut prjkisjfy wegt eg`lsegnjs tmmn pfgkj gt tej
pgrty, i`kfuli`a tej dgkt tegt ymu gfsm semmn eg`ls wite 4 pjmpfj. Kg` ymu sjj emw=
Wujstim`
7:. \ej g`swj
g`swjrr is ; ojgsurjoj`t
ojgsurjoj`ts.
s. \ej prjkisj ojt
ojteml
eml tgnjs g fm`a tioj tm writj mut, sm I’vj ljkiljl tm cj
ejrj.. Id ymu amt it, tej` km`argts!
fgzy g`l fi`n tm it ejrj
Wujstim`
74. \ej g`swjr is (\
( \ + 7)O . Dirst, wj wiff semw teis is g` uppjr cmu`l, tej` tegt it is gttgi`gcfj.
Qj kg` aivj jgke
jgke omusj
omusj g `u
`uocj
ocjrr cjtwj
cjtwjj`
j` 8 g`l \, cy tej dmf
dmffm
fmwi`
wi`aa ojteml2
ojteml2 id tej omusj
omusj surviv
survivjs
js
tej` wj aivj
aivj it tej `uocjr
`uocjr 8> id `mt tej` wj aivj it tej `uocjr md tej oi`u
oi`utj
tj i` weike it lijl. Xutti`a
Xutti`a
gff tejsj `uocjrs tmajtejr dmr jgke omusj, wj ajt g `uocjr i` cgsj-(\+7) wite O liaits. \ej `uocjr md
O-liait cgsj-(\+7) `uocjrs is (\
(\ + 7) O , sm teis is tej ogxiouo `uocjr md cmttfjs wj kg` listi`auise
cjtwjj`.
@mw
@mw wj wg`
wg`tt tm semw
semw teis
teis is gttgi
gttgi`gc
`gcfj.
fj. Fgcj
Fgcjff tej oik
oikjj gs (7), (3),
(3), ..., (O). Qj
Qj wg
wg`t
`t g str
strgtj
gtjay
ay i`
weike tej lgtg wj ajt drmo tej oikj (gs ljskricjl i` tej prjvimus pgrgargpe) spjffs mut tej `uocjr md
tej cmttfj tegt is pmism`jl. I` mtejr wmrls, wj wg`t omusj (N) tm aivj us g `uocjr B prjkisjfy wej` tej
pmism` cmttfj egs Nte liait B wej` writtj` i` cgsj-(\+7). Qj kg` lm teis gs dmffmws2
‖i` tej Bte tioj pjriml, egvj omusj (N) lri`n drmo gff tej cmttfjs wite Nte liait jqugf tm B‟
Id tej Nte liait md tej pmism`jl cmttfj is B
7, tej
tej omus
omusjj wiff lij i` tej Bte tioj
tioj pjriml.
pjriml. Id tej
omusj lmjs`’t lij, tegt ojg`s tej Nte liait oust cj 8 (cjkgusj tej omusj egs lru`n drmo gff cmttfjs
wejrj tej Nte liait is`’t 8). [m, wj grj lm`j.
Wujstim`
≪
;;
<.
<.3
3
Ogte
Ogtess Xrmc
Xrmcfj
fjos
os
JG[Y
7. Gff [ix @uocjrs
Qegt is tej jxpjktjl `uocjr md rmffs md g dgir l4 (4-siljl likj) u`tif gff 4 dgkjs egvj gppjgrjl gt fjgst
m`kj=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
3. Lmucfj [ixjs
Qegt is tej jxpjktjl `uocjr md rmffs md g l4, u`tif ymu sjj twm 4s i` g rmw=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
;. Likj [tmppi`a Agoj
Ymu stgrt wite £8, g`l km`ti`ugffy rmff g l4. Id ymu rmff g 7, 3 mr ; tej` ymu gll £7 tm ymur pmt. Id ymu
rmff g < mr : tej` ymu stmp, g`l wi` ymur pmt. Id ymu rmff g 4 tej` ymu stmp, g`l wi` `mtei`a. Qegt grj
ymur jxpjktjl wi``i`as=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
<. Cgyjsig` Kmi`s
\ejrj grj 7888 kmi`s2 999 grj dgir, g`l m`j egs ejgls m` cmte siljs. Ymu kemmsj g kmi` gt rg`lmo g`l ffiip
it 78 tiojs> it kmojs up ejgls jvjry tioj. Qegt is tej prmcgcifity ymu kemsj tej kmi` wite twm ejgls=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
:. Kmi`s [jquj`kjs
Ymu grj pfgyi`
pfgyi`aa g agoj
agoj wit
wite
e tej i`tjrv
i`tjrvijw
ijwjr.
jr. Jgk
Jgke
e md ymu is gssia`
gssia`jl
jl g sjquj`
sjquj`kj
kj md ; kmi`
kmi` ffiips
ffiips (j.
(j.a.
a.
E\E), g`l ymu ffiip g dgir kmi` u`tif smojm`j’s sjquj`kj gppjgrs. Id ymur sjquj`kj gppjgrs ﬇rst tej` ymu
wi`> id tej i`tjrvijwjr’s gppjgrs ﬇rst tej` ej wi`s. I`itigffy, ymur sjquj`kj is E\\ g`l tej i`tjrvijwjr’s
sjquj`kj
sjquj
`kj is EE\ - wegt is tej prmcgcifity
prmcgcifity tegt ymu wi`= @mw suppmsj tej i`tjrvijw
i`tjrvijwjr
jr kemmsjs tej sjquj`kj EEE. Qegt sjquj`kj semufl ymu kemmsj tm ogxioisj tej prmcgcifity tegt ymu wi`=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
4. 788 Dfips
Ymu ffiip g dgir kmi` 788 tiojs. Qegt (gpprmxiogtjfy) is tej prmcgcifity tegt ymu ajt omrj teg` :: ejgls=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
1. Lrgwi`a tm g` Gkj
Ymu seu﬌j g pgkn md :3 kgrls, tej` ffiip mvjr m`j kgrl gt g tioj. Qegt is tej jxpjktjl `uocjr md kgrls
ymu’ff egvj tm ffiip u`tif ymu ajt g` gkj=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
;<
OJLIZO
5. Cilli`a Dmr G Kgr
[uppmsj tej truj vgfuj md T g kgr is u`idmrofy listricutjl cjtwjj` 8 g`l 7888. Ymu kg` cil g`y gomu`t
dmr tej kgr, g`l id ymu
ymu cil tej truj vgfuj
vgfuj mr omrj tej` ymu pgy ymu
ymurr cil g`l ajt tej kgr. Ymu n`mw g
vjry amml sgfjsog`, g`l grj km`﬇lj`t i` ymur gcifity tm sjff tej kgr dmr :8% omrj teg` its truj vgfuj.
Qegt semufl ymu cil tm ogxioisj ymur jxpjktjl prm﬇t= @mw suppmsj T Z`id^788
Z`id^788,, 7888_, wegt semufl
ymu cil= Qegt id T Z`id^788
Z`id^788,, 78888_=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
∶
∶
9. [ucstri`as
Qegt is tej oi`iouo pmsitivj i`tjajr @ s.t. 3 @ km`tgi`s ―3875’ gs g sucstri`a= \ry tm aivj ymur g`swjr
i` tej dmro md g km`﬇lj`kj i`tjrvgf.
Ei`t
[mfutim`
78. FKO md l78
Ymu km`ti`ugffy
km`ti`ugffy rmff g dgir l78. Qegt is tej jxpjkt
jxpjktjl
jl `uocjr md rmffs u`tif tej fmwjst
fmwjst kmoom` ouftipfj
ouftipfj
md gff `uocjrs tegt egvj gppjgrjl is arjgtjr teg` 3888=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
77. Ogxiouo Md Xmfyejlrgf Likj
Ymu rmff jgke md tej pmfyejlrgf likj l<, l4, l5, l73, l38 m`kj. Qegt is tej jxpjktjl vgfuj md tej fgrajst
likj=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
{
}
EGSL
Li﬈jrj`kjs
73. Km`sjkutivj
Kgff g ‖km`sjkutivj
li﬈jrj`kj‟ tej gcsmfutj vgfuj md tej li﬈jrj`kj cjtwjj` twm km`sjkutivj rmffs md g l4.
Dmr jxgopfj, tej sjquj`kj md rmffs 7<;:77 egs tej kmrrjspm`li`a sjquj`kj md km`sjkutivj li﬈jrj`kjs ;73<8.
Qegt is tej jxpjktjl `uocjr md rmffs u`tif gff 4 km`sjkutivj li﬈jrj`kjs egvj gppjgrjl=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
;:
7;. I`krjgsi`a Likj Tgfujs
Ymu rmff g 4-siljl
4-siljl likj, g`l suo ymur
ymur rmffs gs fm`a gs ymu njjp rmffi`a strikt
striktfy
fy fgrajr vgfujs.
vgfujs. Dmr i`stg`kj,
ymu
ymu oia
oiaet
et rmff 7-;-<,
7-;-<, tej
tej`
` rmf
rmfff 3 g`l stm
stmp,
p, ojg`i`a
ojg`i`a tej `uo
`uocjr
cjr md rmf
rmffs
fs is ;, g`l tmtgf
tmtgf suo is 5. Qegt
Qegt
is tej jxpjktjl `uocjr
`uocjr md rmffs, g`l wegt is tej jxpjkt
jxpjktjl
jl suo= @mw wegt gcmut tej fioit dmr tej kgsj
wej` ymu rmff g` @-siljl likj, gs @ tj`ls tm i`﬇`ity=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
7<. [`gnjs g`l Fglljrs
Ymu grj pfgyi`a g agoj md s`gnjs g`l fglljrs.
fglljrs. Ymu stgrt gt squgrj 7, g`l jgke
jgke tur` ymu rmff g l4 g`l
omvjj tej kmrrj
omv
kmrrjspm`li`
spm`li`aa `uocjr md squgrjs. Qej` ymu rjgk
rjgke
e gt fjgst squgrj 3:, ymu stmp. \ejrj is gfsm
g s`gnj weike km``jkts squgrjs : g`l 38 (i.j. id ymu fg`l m` 38, ymu ioojligtjfy omvj lmw` tm :), g`l
tejrj
tej
rj is g fglljr
fglljr drmo 78 tm 7: (sm id ymu
ymu fg`l m` 78, ymu ioo
ioojli
jligtj
gtjfy
fy omvj
omvj up tm 7:). Qegt
Qegt is tej
jxpjktjl `uocjr md rmffs u`tif ymu ﬇`ise tej agoj=
Ei`t #7
Ei`t #3
[mfutim`
7:. [jquj`kjs Xrmcfjo #7
G sjquj`kj is lj﬇`jl i` tej dmffmwi`a wgy2 x8 ? 8, g`l2
x`+7 ?
x` + G` , id G ` x`
x` G` , mtejrwisj

∓
|
wejrj G` is g` i`tjajr kemsj` gt rg`lmo wite u`idmro prmcgcifity drmo 7, 3,..., 78 . Qegt
Qegt is tej
tej jxpjktjl vgfuj md x 788=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
{
}
74. [jquj`kjs Xrmcfjo #3
I stgrt wite tej `uocjr 788, g`l km`ti`ugffy ffiip g dgir kmi`. Id I ajt ejgls, I rjpfgkj oy `uocjr U wite
U+7. Id I ajt tgifs, I rjpfgkj it wite 7/U. Qegt is tej jxpjktjl vgfuj gdtjr I ffiip g kmi` 5 tiojs=
@mtj - teis is prmcgcfy tej egrljst qujstim` i` teis sjktim`. Ajtti`a g pjrdjkt g`swjr is prjtty i`trgktgcfj,
gftemuae
ojtemls tegtgfm`a
prmvilj
vjry
gpprmxiogtim`s. \ejrj grj sjvjrgf ei`ts gvgifgcfj, weike
semufl
cjtejrj
rjgl grj
kerm`mfmaikgffy
wite
tejamml
smfutim`.
Ei`t #7
Ei`t #3
Ei`t #;
[mfutim`
;4
Ei`ts
7. Ymur ﬇rst rmff wiff gfwgys cj g ‖`jw‟ `uocjr. Qegt is tej jxpjktjl `uocjr md rmffs u`tif ymu sjj g sjkm`l
`jw `uocjr= Emw gcmut g teirl=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
3. \ry spfitti`a
spfitti`a i`tm 3 kgsjs2 wejrj ymur
ymur fgst rmff wgs g 4, g`l wejrj ymur
ymur fgst rmff wgs`’t g 4. [jj id ymu kg`
﬇`l twm jqugtim`s, g`l smfvj tejo tm ajt jxpjktjl vgfuj i` cmte kgsjs.
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
;. Dirst,
Dirst, km`siljr g siopfi﬇
siopfi﬇jl
jl vjrsim`
vjrsim` md tej prmcfjo wej
wejrj
rj ymu gfsm wi` tej pmt id ymu rmff g 4. Qegt is tej
vgfuj md teis agoj= @mw emw lmjs tej pmssicifity md fmsi`a tej pmt m` 4 ognj g li﬈jrj`kj=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
<. \ejrj grj 3 pmssicifitijs
pmssicifitijs22
(g) Ymu piknjl
piknjl tej cigsjl kmi` g`l it kgoj up ejgls 78 tiojs
(c) Ymu piknjl
piknjl m`j md tej dgir kmi`s g`l it kgoj up ejgls 78 tiojs
Qegt is tej prmcgcifity md jgke= Id ymu n`mw m`j md tejo egppj`jl, wegt is tej prmcgcifity tegt it wgs
(g) g`l `mt (c)=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
:. Cmte sjquj`kj
sjquj`kjss stgrt wite g ejgl.
ejgl. Fjt p cj tej prmcgcifity md wi``i`a drmo teis situgtim`, g`l km`siljr
p=
tej `jxt twm ffiips - kg` ymu dmroufgtj g` jqugtim` dmr p=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
4. \ry usi`a tej
tej kj`trgf fioit tejmrjo tm gpprmxiogtj tej `uocjr md ejgls gs g `mrogf listricutim`.
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
1. [uppmsj tej < Gkjs livilj tej pgkn i`tm : armups, wite G, C, K, L, J kgrls rjspjktivjfy (jgke armup is
sjpgrgtjl cy g` Gkj). Kg` ymu usj syoojtry tm wmrn mut wegt tej jxpjktjl vgfuj md G is=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
5. [uppmsj ymu
ymu cil g` gomu`t
gomu`t U. Qegt is tej prmcgcifity
prmcgcifity md wi``i`a
wi``i`a tej kgr= Aivj`
Aivj` ymu’vj wm`
wm` it, wegt is
tej jxpjktjl gomu`t ymu’ff rj-sjff it dmr= Kg` ymu usj tejsj tm kgfkufgtj ymur jxpjktjl prm﬇t=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
;1
9. G ejfpduf siopfidyi`a gssuoptim` is tegt jgke stri`a md < liaits is i`ljpj`lj`t, g`l egs g prmcgcifity
md (7/
(7/78)< md cji`a jqugf tm ―3875’ (cjkgusj jgke liait i` tej stri`a egs g 7/
7 /78 keg`kj md ogtkei`a tej
kmrrjspm`li`a liait i` ―3875’). \eis ognjs tej kmoputgtim` ouke omrj trgktgcfj.
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
78. Qegt is tej FKO md 7, 3,
3, . . . , 78
78 = Emw og`y
og`y md tej `uocjrs drmo
drmo 7, 33,, . . . , 7788 lm wj `jjl tm rmff
tm ognj tej FKO arjgtjr teg` 3888=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
{
}
{
}
77. \ry tm crjgn tej situgtim` lmw` i`tm li﬈jrj`t kgsjs, g`l jxgoi`j tejo i`ljpj`lj`tfy
i`ljpj`lj`tfy.. Dmr i`stg`kj, wegt
grj tej keg`kjs md tej l38 cji`a arjgtjr teg` 73= Id ymu n`mw it’s arjgtjr teg` 73, wegt is tej jxpjktjl
vgfuj md tej ogxiouo likj=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
73. \eis prmcfj
prmcfjo
o is egrl tm ajt g` gkkurgtj g`swjr
g`swjr dmr. Emw
Emwjvj
jvjr,
r, wj kg` ajt g ljkj`t
ljkj`t jstiogtj
jstiogtj dmr tej truj
g`swjr, usi`a g sioifgr ojteml tm Wujstim` 7.
7. Gs g ﬇rst stjp, try writi`a lmw` tej prmcgcifity md jgke
km`sjkutivj li﬈jrj`kj, aivj` twm rg`lmo i`ljpj`lj`t km`sjkutivj rmffs.
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
7;. Dmr tej jxpjktjl `uocjr
`uocjr md rmffs, try usi`a tej dmroufg J^U _ ?
U weike m`fy tgnjs pmsitivj i`tjajr vgfujs).

∐
`?7
X (U
≪ `) (dmr g`y rg`lmo vgrigcfj
Dmr tej jxpjktjl suo md rmffs, try kgfkufgti`a tej jxpjktjl suo id tej ﬇rst `uocjr ymu rmff is @, stgrti`a
wite @ ? 4 tej` wmrni`a lmw`.
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
7<. EI@\ #7
[tgrt
[tg
rt wite tej siopfj
siopfj kgs
kgsjj md `m s`g
s`gnj
njss g`l `m fgl
fglljr
ljrs.
s. \ej`,
\ej`, gll tej s`gnj
s`gnj (tei`n
(tei`n gcmut
gcmut ajmojt
ajmojtrik
rik
rg`lmo vgrigcfjs). Di`gffy, gll tej fglljr. Id ymu grj stiff ﬇`li`a tej prmcfjo i`trgktgcfj, am tm ei`t 3.
EI@\ #3
\ej jxpjktjl vgfuj md g si`afj likj rmff is ;.:. Qegt lmjs tegt iopfy gcmut tej jxpjktjl `uocjr md rmffs
cjdmrj ymu rjgke 3:= Qegt lmjs it iopfy gcmut tej prmcgcifity tegt ymu wiff eit tej `uocjr 38=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
7:. [uppmsj x ` wgs bust g rg`lmofy kemsj` i`tjajr. Dmr g`y ﬇xjl vgfuj md G ` , wegt is tej prmcgcifity x ` is
livisicfj cy G ` = Kg` ymu usj teis tm kgfkufgtj g` jxpjktjl vgfuj dmr x `+7 x` = @mw kg` ymu usj teis tm
kgfkufgtj g` jxpjktjl vgfuj dmr x 788=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
∓
;5
74. EI@\ #7
\ry lrgwi`a
lrgwi`a g prmcgcifit
prmcgcifity
y trjj fisti`a gff pmssicfj kmo
kmoci`gt
ci`gtim`s
im`s up tm tej teirl kmi` ffiip. Lm ymu `mtikj
g`ytei`a gcmut tej typjs md `uocjrs tegt kmoj up= \ej `jxt ei`t m﬈jrs omrj auilg`kj m` wegt ni`l md
pgttjr` ymu semufl cj fmmni`a dmr.
EI@\ #3
Ymu kg` smrt tej `uocjrs tegt kmoj up i`tm ; ‖typjs‟, wejrj tejsj typjs grj sia`i﬇kg`t cjkgusj ymu kg`
lj﬇`j tej prmcgcifity
prmcgcifity tegt ymu prmarjss drmo m`j typj tm g`mtejr.
g`mtejr. I` Ogrnmv
Ogrnmv kegi`
kegi` tjroi`mfma
tjroi`mfmay
y, tejsj
grj tejir trg`sitim` prmcgcifitijs. Emwjvj
Emwjvjr,
r, ymu lm`’t `jjl tm n`mw
n`mw gcmut Ogrnmv
Ogrnmv kegi`s
kegi`s tm smfvj
smfvj teis
prmcfjo> tej iopmrtg`t tei`a is tm ilj`tidy tej terjj li﬈jrj`t typjs. Id ymu grj`’t surj wegt tejsj typjs
grj, ymu kg` rjgl tej `jxt ei`t tm ﬇`l mut.
EI@\ #;
\ej terjj
terjj typjs
typjs grj ‖kfmsj
‖kfmsj tm 8‟, ‖kfmsj
‖kfmsj tm 7‟, g`l ‖kfm
‖kfmsj
sj tm 788‟.
788‟. Qj kg` fgcjf
fgcjf tejsj
tejsj gs (8),
(8), (7) g`l
(788).. \ej iopmrtg`t
(788)
iopmrtg`t li﬈jrj`kj
li﬈jrj`kj cjtwj
cjtwjj`
j` tej ﬇rst twm typjs is tegt (8) (weike i`kfuljs `uocjrs
`uocjrs suke gs
8.87) kg` fjgl tm (788), cut (7) (weike i`kfuljs `uocjrs suke gs 7.87) kg` `jvjr fjgl tm (788). I` Ogrnmv
kegi` tjroi`mfmay, (7) is g` gcsmrci`a stgtj.
\ry tm kmu`t emw og`y md jgke md tej 3@ stgtjs gt jgke fjvjf md tej prmcgcifity trjj is i` jgke md tej terjj
typjs. Kg` ymu spmt g pgttjr`=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
;9
[mfutim`s
7. Ymur ﬇rst rmff wiff gfwgys cj g ‟`jw‟ `uo
`uocjr.
cjr. Dmr jgke sucsj
sucsjquj`
quj`tt `uocjr,
`uocjr, tejrj is g :/4 keg`kj it wiff
cj ‖`jw‟, g`l 7/4 keg
keg`kj
`kj it wiff cj ‖mfl‟. \eis ojg`s tej `uocjr
`uocjr md rmffs u`tif
u`tif ymu ajt g `jw `uocjr
`uocjr
:
is g ajmojtrik rg`lmo vgrigcfj (eypjrfi`n) wite pgrgojtjr 4 . \ej jxpjktjl `uocjr md rmffs u`tif g `jw
`uocjr is 4/:. M`kj ymu ajt g sjkm`l `uocjr, g sioifgr kgfkufgtim` semws tej jxpjktjl `uocjr md rmffs
u`tif
u`t
if g teirl `uocjr
`uocjr is 4/<. Xrmkjjli`a
Xrmkjjli`a i` teis wgy
wgy,, wj ﬇`l tegt tej jxpjktjl `uocjr
`uocjr md rmffs u`tif jvjry
jvjry
si`afj `uocjr egs cjj` termw` is (4/
(4 /4) + (4/
(4/:) + ... + (4/
(4/7) ? 7<.
7<.1.
Wujstim`
3. Fjt U cj tej jxpjktjl
jxpjktjl `uocjr
`uocjr md rmffs cjdmrj
cjdmrj ajtti
ajtti`a
`a g lmu
lmucfj
cfj 4, aivj`
aivj` ymur
ymur fgst rmff wgs g 4. Fjt Y cj
tej jxpjktjl `uocjr md rmffs cjdmrj ajtti`a g lmucfj 4, aivj` ymur fgst rmff wgs`’t g 4 (mr ymu egvj`’t
rmffjl yjt).
Id tej fgst `u
`uocj
ocjrr wgs`’
wgs`’tt g 4 (i.j
(i.j.. stg
stgtj
tj Y), tej
tej`
` tej `jxt `uo
`uocjr
cjr is jitejr
jitejr g 4 (cri`a
(cri`ai`a
i`a us tm stgtj
stgtj
U), mr it is`’t g 4 (i` weike kgsj wj stgy gt stgtj Y). \eis aivjs us tej jqugtim`2
Y?
7
:
U+
Y+7
4
4
±
±
Id wj grj i` stgtj U, tej` wj jitejr rmff g 4 g`l ﬇`ise, mr rmff g `m`-4 g`l am cgkn tm stgtj Y. \eis iopfijs2
U? : Y+7
4
±
[mfvi`a tejsj jqugtim`s, wj ﬇`l U ? ;4, Y ? <3, sm tej g`swjr is <3.
Wuikn sg`ity kejkn m` teis g`swjr75 2 tej prmcgcifity md ajtti`a twm 4s i` g rmw strgiaet gwgy is 7/;4, sm
tej situgtim` is kfmsj tm g ajmojtrik rg`lmo vgrigcfj wite prmcgcifity 7/;4, ojg`i`a wj jxpjkt g vgfuj
md gpprmxiogtjfy ;4. M` teis cgsis, mur g`swjr md <3 sjjos rjgsm`gcfj.
Wujstim`
;. Dirst, km`siljr g siopfi﬇jl vjrsim` md tej prmcfjo wejrj ymu gfsm kmffjkt ymur wi``i`as id ymu rmff g 4.
\ej prmcgcifity md rmffi`a g <, : mr 4 is 7/3, sm tej jxpjktjl `uocjr md rmffs cjdmrj ajtti`a m`j md tejsj
`uocjrs
`uo
cjrs is 3. \eis ojg`s
ojg`s tej jxpjktjl `uocjr
`uocjr md tio
tiojs
js ymu rmff g 7, 3 mr ; cjdmrj stmppi`a
stmppi`a is 7. @mw,
km`siljr tej j﬈jkt md fmsi`a ymur wi``i`as id ymu rmff g six. 3/; md tej tioj ymu’ff ﬇`ise m` g < mr :, g`l
njjp
wi``i`as
(jxpjktjl
ymur ymur
jxpjktjl
wi``i`as
grj2 vgfuj 7), cut 7/; md tej tioj ymu’ff ﬇`ise m` g 4 g`l ajt `mtei`a. \ejrjdmrj,
 Ñ  Ñ
3
;
7 +
7
;
8
?
3
;
Wujstim`
75
[g`ity kejkns grj gfwgys arjgt tei`as tm lm i` i`tjrvijws - tejy grj vjry quikn wgys md vjridyi`a ymur g`swjr, pfus tejy semw
tej i`tjrvijwjr
i`tjrvijwjr ymu grj`’t mvjrkm`﬇lj`
mvjrkm`﬇lj`t,
t, ymu kg` stg`l cgkn g`l tgnj g cia-pikturj
cia-pikturj pjrspjktiv
pjrspjktivj,
j, g`l ymu egvj
egvj amml i`tu
i`tuitim`s.
itim`s.
<8
<. \eis is g kfgssik
kfgssik prmcfjo i` Cgyjsig`
Cgyjsig` prmcgcifity
prmcgcifity.. \ej prmcgci
prmcgcifity
fity md kemmsi`a
kemmsi`a g dgir kmi` is 999/7888, g`l
78
? 7/
7 /783<. \ej prmcgcifity md kemmsi`a
tej prmcgcifity tegt tej dgir kmi` kmojs up ejgls 78 tiojs is 3
tej cigsjl
cigsjl kmi` is 7/7888
7/7888,, g`l id ymu
ymu kemmsj
kemmsj tej cigsj
cigsjl
l kmi`
kmi` tej`
tej` it wiff gfwgy
gfwgyss kmoj
kmoj up ejgls.
ejgls. \ej
prmcgcifity tegt ymu piknjl tej kmi` wite twm ejgls is aivj` cy2
∓
7
7888
7
7888
Ñ7+
Ñ7
999
7888
Ñ
7
783<
?
7
7+
999
783<
≅ 37
@mtj - g`mtejr wgy ymu kg` smfvj teis prmcfjo is cy usi`a mlls rgtims.
Wujstim`
:. Ymur sjquj`kj g`l tej i`tjrvijwjr’s sjquj`kj cmte stgrt wite E, sm QFMA 79 wj kg` gssuoj g si`afj
ejgl
ejg
l egs bust
bust cjj` ffiippjl.
ffiippjl. Fjt p cj tej prmcg
prmcgcifit
cifity
y ymu wi` drmo teis stgtj. Qj `mw km`litim` m` tej
sucsjquj`t ffiips.
•
EE ?
⇓ ymu egvj
egvj lj﬇`itjfy fmst (cjkgusj gs smm` gs tej `jxt tgif kmojs
kmojs up, tej i`t
i`tjrvij
jrvijwjr
wjr wi`s)
• E\ ?⇓ wj km`litim` m` tej `jxt ffiip2
‛ E
E\\
\\ ?⇓ ymu wi`
‛ E
E\E
\E ?⇓ wj grj cgkn wejrj wj stgrtjl
\eis aivjs us tej jqugtim`2
p ? 37
Ñ 8 + 7< Ñ 7 + 7< Ñ p
weike egs smfutim` p ? 7/;.
Ymu kg` `jvjr egvj omrj teg` prmcgcifity 1/5 md wi``i`a (cjkgusj tej i`tjrvijwjr oiaet ajt eis sjquj`kj i` tej ﬇rst ; ffiips). Id tej i`tjrvijwjr kemmsjs EEE, tej` ymu kg` gttgi` teis uppjr cmu`l md 1/5
cy kemmsi`a tej sjquj`kj \EE. \ej rjgsm` dmr teis is gs dmffmws2 id \ gppjgrs i` g`y md tej ﬇rst ; ffiips,
g`y sjquj`kj EEE tegt sucsjquj`tfy gppjgrs oust cj prj﬇xjl wite g tgif.
Wujstim`
4. \ej `uo
`uocjr
cjr md ejgls
ejgls i` 788 kmi` ffiips dmffmws
dmffmws g Ci`(78
Ci`(788,
8, 7/3)
7/3) listric
listricuti
utim`.
m`. Cy tej kj`trg
kj`trgff fioit
fioit tej7
mrjo, wj kg` gpprmxiogtj teis gs g `mrogf listricutim`, wite ojg` º ? 788 3 ? :8, g`l vgrig`kj
ϋ3 ? 788 73 (7 73 ) ? 3:. \ej stg`lgrl ljvigtim` is 3: ? :. [m ajtti`a 0 :: ejgls is gpprmxiogtjfy
g m`j stg`lgrl ljvigti
ljvigtim`
m` jvj
jvj`t,
`t, weike egppj`s wite prmcg
prmcgcifit
cifity
y gpprmxiogt
gpprmxiogtjfy
jfy 74%. \eis is rjgsm`gcfy
rjgsm`gcfy
−
Ñ Ñ ∓
kfmsj tm tej truj vgfuj (gcmut 7;.:%).
Ñ
Wujstim`
1. [uppmsj tej < gkjs livilj tej pgkn i`tm : armups,
armups, wite G, C, K, L, J kgrls rjspjktiv
rjspjktivjfy
jfy.. Dmr g`y pjroupjroutgtim` md tejsj `uocjrs, j.a. (C, L G, J, K), tej kmrrjspm`li`a ljkn is jqugffy finjfy tm gppjgr (cjkgusj
wj kg` pgir up ljkns drmo tej armups kmrrjspm`li`a tm tej twm li﬈jrj`t pjroutgtim`s, mr tm usj tej
tjke`ikgf tjro, dmro g cibjktim` ). It dmffmws tegt jgke md tej ﬇vj `uocjrs oust egvj tej sgoj prmcgcifity
listricutim`..38 Emwjvjr, wj n`mw tejy suo tm <5 (cjkgusj tejrj grj <5 `m`-Gkjs i` tej pgkn), sm jgke md
listricutim`
tejo oust egvj jxpjktjl vgfuj <5/:?9.4. Di`gffy, wj gll i` tej Gkj itsjfd, g`l ajt tej g`swjr 78.4.
Wujstim`
79
38
Qitemut Fmss Md Aj`jrg
Aj`jrgfity
fity
Dmr omrj m` tej pri`kipfj md syoojtry, sjj Didty Kegffj`ai`a Xrmcfjos I` Xrmcgcifity.
<7
5. [uppmsj ymu cil g` gomu`t U. \ej prmcgcifity md tej kgr cji`a wmrte fjss teg` U is U/7888, g`l km`lit
litim`
im`gf
gf m` tej vgfu
vgfujj cji`a i` teis
teis rg`aj
rg`aj,, tej jxpj
jxpjktj
ktjl
l vgfuj
vgfuj is tej oilpmi`
oilpmi`t,
t, i.j
i.j.. U/3.
U/3. \eis
\eis oj
ojg`s
g`s
tej jxpjktjl gomu`t ymu kg` sjff it dmr is 7.: * U/3 ? 8.1:U. \eis is fjss teg` tej gomu`t U tegt ymu
mriai`gffy
mriai`
gffy pgil. Qj ljlukj
ljlukj tegt cjtti`a g`y pmsitiv
pmsitivjj gomu
gomu`t
`t aivjs ymu `jagtivj jxpjktg
jxpjktg`ky
`ky,, sm tej cjst
ljkisim`
ljkis
im` is tm cjt `mtei`a.
`mtei`a. \eis is g` jxgop
jxgopfj
fj md glvjrsj sjfj
sjfjktim`
ktim` - ymu grj m`fy wi``i`a tej kgr i` tej
situgtim`s
situg
tim`s wejrj tej kgr emfls vjr
vjry
y fittfj vgfuj.
vgfuj.
@mw km`siljr tej sjkm`l kgsj. [uppmsj ymu cil U, tej` tej prmcgcifity md wi``i`a tej cil is (U-788)/988.
Id ymu n`mw tej kgr is wmrte gt omst U, tej` it is u`idmro cjtwjj` 788 g`l U, sm tej jxpjktjl rj-sgfj
vgfuj is 7.
7.: (U + 788)/
788)/3. Ymur jxpjktjl prm﬇t is2
Ñ
J?
U


Ñ
∓ 788 Ñ
U + 788
7.:
3
7
U
1:
<
Ñ
988
U 788
?
988
7
?
(U 788)(;88
;488
∓
∓
∓

∓U

∓ U)
\eis is g quglrgtik i` U, weike egs rmmts gt 788 g`l ;88, sm is ogxioisjl gt U ? 388.
I`
tej teirljfsj
kgsj,
tej lj`moi`g
lj`mosm
i`gtmr
tmrajt
md tej
tejsgoj
jxprjssi
jxprjrjsuft
ssim`
m` md
gcm
gcmvj
li﬈jrj
li﬈jrj`t
`t (9988 rgtejr
rgtejr teg`
teg` 988),
988), cut
jvjrytei`a
is u`keg`ajl,
wj
Uvj
? is
388.
Wujstim`
9. Zsi`a tej siopfidyi`a gssuoptim` i` tej ei`t, wj `mtj tegt id tej pmwjrs md twm wjrj writtj` mut cgkn
tm cgkn i` m`j fm`a fi`j, tej jxpjktjl `uocjr md liaits wj wmufl egvj tm writj u`tif wj ajt tej stri`a
―3875’ is 78< (cy prmpjrty
prmpjrty md ajmojtrik
ajmojtrik listric
listricutim`
utim`s).
s). @mw, wj egvj tm kgfkufgtj
kgfkufgtj emw og`y pmwjrs
pmwjrs md 3
<
78
wj `jjl tm writj cjdmrj wj rjgke 78 lia
liaits
its.. Gag
Gagi`,
i`, wj ognj
ognj usj md 3
7888, weike iopfijs 3 @ egs
gpprmxiogtjfy 8.
8.;@ liai
liaits.
ts. [m id wj writj mut
mut tej pmw
pmwjrs
jrs md 3 drmo 37 tm 3@ , tej `uocjr md liaits is
gpprmxiogtjfy2
≅
@

r ?7
8.;r ? 8.;
@
Ñ 8.:@ (@ + 7) ≅ 8.7:
7:@
3
weike
e tur`s mut
Di`gffy, wj smfvj 88..7:@
7:@ 3 ? 78< , g`l ajt @ ? 3:5. \eis is quitj kfmsj tm tej truj vgfuj, weik
tm cj 38<.
Gftemuae teis oiaet sjjo finj g vjry rmuae g`l u`rjfigcfj ojteml, it is gktugffy omrj rjfigcfj teg`
it sjjos. \ej vgrig`kj37 md @ is gktugffy fjss teg` tej vgrig`kj tegt tej kmrrjspm`li`a ajmojtrik rg`lmo
vgrigcfj wmufl egvj, cjkgusj sogffjr pmwjrs md 3 egvj djwjr liaits (ojg`i`a tej g`swjr is u`finjfy tm cj
ouke sogffjr teg` 3:5), g`l fgrajr pmwjrs md 3 egvj omrj liaits (ojg`i`a tej g`swjr is u`finjfy tm cj
ouke fgrajr teg` 3:5).
Wujstim`
37
\jke`ikgffy, sgyi`a ‖vgrig`kj‟ ejrj is wrm`a, si`kj @ is`’t gktugffy rg`lmo, cut it is drmo mur pjrspjktivj.
<3
78. FKO 7, 3, . . . , 78 is 3; ;3 : 1 ? 3:38. \eis is fgrajr teg` 3888, cut id wj tgnj mut g`y si`afj dgktmr, it
is sogffjr. \eis ojg`s, tm ajt FKO 0 3888, wj `jjl gff tejsj dgktmrs tm gppjgr i` mur rmffs, i.j. wj `jjl
tm rmff 1, 5, 9 g`l jitejr g : mr g 78. It is egrl tm wmrn mut tej jxgkt jxpjktjl `uocjr md rmffs teis wiff
tgnj,
tgn
j, cut wj kg` gpprmxiogt
gpprmxiogtjj it cy prjtj`
prjtj`li`a
li`a wj lm`’t `jjl tm rmff : mr 78. \eis semufl`’t
semufl`’t keg`aj tej
jxpjktjl vgfuj ouke, cjkgusj tej prmcgcifity md ajtti`a gt fjgst m`j md :, 78 cjdmrj ajtti`a gff terjj md
1, 5, 9 is quitj eiae. \eis siopfi﬇kgtim` aivjs us g` jstiogtj md (78/
(78 /7) + (78/
(78/3) + (78/
(78/;) ? 75.
75.; (usi`a
tej sgoj ojteml gs i` Wujstim` 77).
). \eis is kfmsj tm tej truj vgfuj, weike is gpprmxiogtjfy 75.
75.5, cut it it
g sfiaet
sfiaet u`ljrjstio
u`ljrjstiogtj
gtj gs wj wmufl jxpjkt
jxpjkt..
Wujstim`
{
}
{
{
± ± ±
}
{
}
}
77. \ejrj grj sjvjr
sjvjrgf
gf wgys tm gpprmgke
gpprmgke teis prmcfjo.
prmcfjo. M`j pmssicfj smfutim` i`v
i`vmfvj
mfvjss spfitti`a i`tm ; kgsjs2
kgsjs2
(g) l38 0 73
\eis egppj`s wite prmcgcifity 5/
5/38 ? 3/
3/:, g`l i` teis kgsj tej l38 is tej ogxiouo, sm tej jxpjktjl
vgfuj md tej ogxiouo is (7;+38)/3?74.:.
5
(c) ogx{l38, l73}
\eis egppj`s wite prmcgcifity (5/
(5/38) (5/
(5/73) ? </
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tiojs gs ymu finj. Qegt is tej cjst strgtja
strgtjay
y, g`l wegt is tej mptiouo
mptiouo vgfuj=
vgfuj= Qegt egppj`s wej` tej
kmst md rj-rmffi`a ajts vjry fgraj, mr vjry sogff=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
<1
EGSL
4. Cjtti`a M` Kmfmur
G ljkn md kgrls egs 34 rjl g`l 34 cfgkn kgrls. It is seu﬌jl, g`l jgke kgrl is ljgft dgkj up, m`j gdtjr tej
mtejr.. Cjdmrj
mtejr
Cjdmrj jgke kgrl is ljgft
ljgft,, ymu ogy cjt g`y gomu`t
gomu`t md om`jy
om`jy (up tm ymur kurrj`t
kurrj`t pmt sizj) m` it
cji`a rjl mr cfgkn. Id ymu grj kmrrjk
kmrrjktt tej` ymu lmucfj ymur cjt> id ymu grj i`kmrrjkt tej` ymu
ymu fmsj ymur
cjt. Ymu stgrt wite £7. Qegt strgtjay ogxioisjs ymur jxpjktjl prm﬇t, g`l wegt is teis prm﬇t=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
1. 78 Kgrls Agoj
\ejrj grj 78 kgrls, dgkj lmw`, `uocjrjl 7, 3,..., 78 . Id ymu pgy £7, ymu kg` pmi`t tm g`y 3 kgrls g`l I
wiff tjff ymu weike kgrl is sogffjr g`l wegt its vgfuj is. Gt g`y pmi`t ymu kg` ﬇`ise tej agoj cy kemmsi`a
kemmsi`a
g kgrl, g`l ymu wi` tej vgfuj md tegt kgrl. Qegt is tej jxpjktjl vgfuj md teis agoj=
Ei`t #7
Ei`t #3
[mfutim`
{
}
5. \erjjs
I` teis agoj, terjjs kmu`t gs zjrm, weifj tej mtejr dgkjs kmu`t `mrogffy. \ej amgf is tm ajt gs fmw g suo
gs pmssicfj. Ymu stgrt cy rmffi`a : l4s, g`l m` jgk
jgke
e rmff gt fjgst m`kj likj oust
oust cj njpt. G`y likj tegt
grj njpt grj glljl tm ymur suo, g`l ymu njjp rj-rmffi`a tej rjogi`i`a likj u`tif gff egvj cjj` glljl tm
ymurr suo. \ej agoj fgsts gt omst ﬇vj rmffs, g`l tej skmrj kg` cj g`ywejrj
ymu
g`ywejrj drmo 8 tm ;8. Dmr i`stg`kj,
i`stg`kj,
g agoj oiaet am finj teis2
{3, ;, ;, <, 4} ↓ njjp cmte terjjs,
• {7, :, :} ↓ njjp tej m`j,
• {7, 3} ↓ njjp cmte, ﬇`gf skmrj is 8 + 8 + 7 + 7 + 3 ? <.
•
Qegt is tej jxpjktjl vgfuj md teis agoj=
Ei`t #7
Ei`t #3
[mfutim`
9. Likj [uo Agoj - Ouftipfjs Md 78
Ymu rmff g l4, g`l njjp trgkn
trgkn md tej kuou
kuoufgtiv
fgtivjj suo. Ymu kg` stmp gt g`y pmi`t g`l tgnj
tgnj ymur kurrj`t
kurrj`t
suo, cut id ymu jvjr fg`l m` g ouftipfj md 78 tej` ymu stmp g`l wi` `mtei`a. Qegt is tej cjst strgtjay,
g`l wegt is tej jxpjktjl vgfuj md teis strgtjay=
Ei`t
[mfutim`
78. Ljkrjgsi`a [jquj`kjs
9 kgrls
kgrls (`uo
(`uocjrj
cjrjl
l drmo
drmo 7 tm 9) grj seu
seu﬌j
﬌jl
l g`l tej` ljgft,
ljgft, m`j gdtjr
gdtjr tej mtejr.
mtejr. Ymu kg` stmp
stmp gt g`y
pmi`t,, g`l rjkjivj
pmi`t
rjkjivj g pgymut
pgymut jqugf tm tej suo md tej fgst ljkrjgsi`a
ljkrjgsi`a sucsjquj`kj
sucsjquj`kj.. Dmr jxgopfj2
jxgopfj2 sgy tej
kgrls wjrj grrg`ajl 1:379<5;4, tej` ymu kmufl egvj stmppjl gdtjr tej 7 dmr g pgymut md 1+:+3+7 ? 7:,
mr gdtjr tej < dmr g pgymut md 9 + < ? 7;. Id ymu wgitjl u`tif tej j`l, ymu’l egvj tm tgnj g pgymut md 4.
Emw ouke wmufl ymu pgy tm pfgy teis agoj=
Ei`t #7
Ei`t #3
[mfutim`
<5
Ei`ts
7. [uppmsj ymu
ymu kemmsj tm rj-rmff, wegt is tej jxpjktjl vgfuj
vgfuj md tej `uocjr
`uocjr ymu ajt= Qegt lmjs teis iopfy
gcmut tej `uocjrs ymu semufl kemmsj tm rj-rmff wite=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
3. Dirst tei`n gcmut tej kgsj wejrj ymu kemmsj
kemmsj tej `uocjr sjkm`l.
sjkm`l. Id tej i`tjrv
i`tjrvijwj
ijwjrr kemmsjs U, wmufl ymu
jvjr kemmsj U+3 i`stjgl md U+7=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
∓
;. Km`siljr
Km`siljr strgtjaijs
strgtjaijs md tej dmro ‖rj-rmff u`tif
u`tif ymu ajt gt fjgst U‟. Ymur pgymut
pgymut is G C, wejrj G is tej
vgfuj
gfuj ymu
ymu stmp
stmp gt, g`l C is tej `u
`uocj
ocjrr md jxtrg rmffs
rmffs it tmmn. \eis
\eis is g usjduf
usjduf drgoi`a
drgoi`a dmr kgfkufgt
kgfkufgti`a
i`a
jxpjktjl vgfuj.
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
<. [uppmsj ymu
ymu rmff tej likj, g`l ajt vgfujs
vgfujs U, Y , wite U 6 Y. Id ymu kemmsj tm rj-rmff, weike md tej twm
{
}
likj semufl ymu rj-rmff= Qegt lmjs tegt tjff ymu gcmut tej dmro tegt tej mptiogf strgtjay oustWujstim`
egvj=
[mfutim`
:. Kfjgrfy, ymu lm`’t wg`t tm rj-rmff id ymu egvj g suo md 5, cut ymu lm wg`t tm rj-rmff wite g suo md 8.
\ejrj oust
oust cj smoj ogxiouo
ogxiouo vgfuj tegt ymu rj-rmff m`. \ry ﬇`li`a tegt vgfuj, tej` ﬇`l tej jxpjktjl
vgfuj cy wmrni`a lmw`wgrls.
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
4. \ej Njffy kritjrim` is g usjduf tmmf ejrj> i` pgrtikufgr tej sjktim` m` jvj` om`jy cjts.
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
1. EI@\ #7
Ymu gfwgys egvj tej mptim` tm bust aujss gt rg`lmo> teis is ymur cgsjfi`j strgtjay. Qegt is its jxpjktjl
vgfuj= Emw lmjs tej i`dmrogtim` ymu ajt tej ﬇rst tioj ymu pgy £7 i`krjgsj tej jxpjktjl vgfuj=
EI@\ #3
[gy ymu pgy £7, pmi`t gt 3 kgrls, g`l grj semw` tej oi`iouo m`j, g`l tmfl its vgfuj is U. Qeike md tej
78 kgrls egs tej fgrajst jxpjktjl vgfuj `mw, g`l wegt is tegt vgfuj i` tjros md U= Qegt lmjs teis tjff
ymu gcmut tej jxpjktjl vgfuj md tej agoj gdtjr ymu sjj U, aivj` tegt U is rg`lmo=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
<9
5. EI@\ #7
Qite pj` g`l pgpjr, teis prmcfjo is trgktgcfj wite 7 mr 3 likj, cut vjry li﬋kuft cjym`l tegt. [tgrt wite
tejsj kgsjs,
kgsjs, tej` sjj id ymu kg` jxtrgpmfgtj
jxtrgpmfgtj tm aujss g vgfuj dmr tej :-likj kgsj
kgsj.. Id ymu grj struaafi
struaafi`a
`a wite
tej 3-likj kgsj, sjj tej `jxt ei`t.
EI@\ #3
Empjduffy
Empjdu
ffy ymu dmu`l tegt tej jxpjktjl vgfuj
vgfuj i` tej 7-likj kgsj is ;. [uppmsj ym
ymu
u rmff 3 likj, tej` ymu
egvj tm njjp tej sogffjr m`j. Qegt is tej km`litim` m` wejtejr ymu semufl njjp tej ciaajr m`j=Wujstim`
[mfutim`
9. EI@\ #7
Xrmopt qujstim`s2
•
[emufl ymu stmp id ymu grj gt 9= Qey/wey `mt=
•
Emw gcmut gt 99=
Dmr g` g`swjr tm tejsj qujstim`s, sjj tej stgrt md tej smfutim`. Dmr omrj prmopt qujstim`s, sjj ei`t #3.
EI@\ #3
Xrmopt qujstim`s2
•
•
Dmr g`y aivj` ouftipfj md 78, wegt is tej prmcgcifity ymu ‖ajt pgst it‟=
Qegt is tej prmcgcifity ymu ajt pgst tej ﬇rst @ ouftipfjs md 78=
•
Qegt is tej jxpjktjl vgfuj md tej agoj id ymu ajt pgst tej ﬇rst @ ouftipfjs md 78, g`l tej` stmp
cjdmrj ymu grj gt risn md eitti`a tej `jxt ouftipfj md 78=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
78. EI@\ #7
Kgfkufgti`a
Kgfku
fgti`a tej jxpjktjl vgfuj md tej fm`ajst ljkrjgsi`a
ljkrjgsi`a sucsjquj`kj
sucsjquj`kj is vjry li﬋kuft.
li﬋kuft. Emwjvj
Emwjvjr,
r, it’s gfsm
u``jkjssgry, cjkgusj ymu kg`’t augrg`tjj tm kemmsj tej fm`ajst ljkrjgsi`a sucsjquj`kj - smojtiojs it
wiff cj g cjttjr kemikj (i` tjros md jxpjktjl
jxpjktjl vgfuj
vgfuj)) tm stmp jgrfijr.
jgrfijr. Kg` ymu kmoj up wite g strgtjay
strgtjay tegt
tjffs ymu wej` tm stmp, g`l `mrogffy j`ls m` g sucsjquj`kj wite g eiae suo=
Dmr g omrj spjki﬇k ei`t gcmut strgtjaijs ymu kmufl try, sjj ei`t #3.
EI@\ #3
M`j vjry siopfj strgtjay wmufl cj tm wgit u`tif ymu lrgw g 9, tej` stmp smm` gdtjr tegt (j.a. gs smm` gs
tejrj is g risn md tej `jxt kgrl cji`a eiaejr teg` tej prjkjli`a
prjkjli`a m`j). \eis wmrns prjtty
prjtty wjff, cut tejrj
grj cjttjr strgtjaijs gvgifgcfj. \ry tm tei`n gcmut tej situgtim`s i` weike teis strgtjay wmrns pmmrfy. Kg`
ymu usj tejsj mcsjrvgtim`s tm kmoj up wite g cjttjr strgtjay=
Wujstim`
[mfutim`
:8
[mfutim`s
7. \ej
\ej jxpjk
jxpjktj
tjl
l vgf
gfuj
uj md g si`a
si`afj
fj rmff is ;.:.
;.:. Id ymu pgy tm rj
rj-r
-rmf
mff,
f, tej
tej jxpjk
jxpjktj
tjl
l vgf
gfuj
uj md tej
tej agoj
agoj is
;.: 7 ? 3.:. \e
\eus,
us, id ymu
ymu rmf
rmfff g 7 mr 3 m` ymu
ymurr ﬇rs
﬇rstt try
try,, ymu
ymu wiff cj i`k
i`krjg
rjgsi`
si`aa tej jxpjktj
jxpjktjl
l vgfuj
gfuj cy
pgyi`a
pgy
i`a tm rj-rmff,
rj-rmff, g`l id ymu rmff g ; mr omrj ymu wiff cj ljkrjgsi`a
ljkrjgsi`a ymu
ymurr jxpjktjl vgfuj.
vgfuj. \ej vgfuj
vgfuj md tej
agoj is2 (3.
(3.: + 3.
3.: + ; + < + : + 4)/
4)/4 ? 3;/
3;/4 ? ;.5;.
Wujstim`
∓
3. Dirst,
Dirst, `mtj tejrj grj 78 pmssicfj suos mtejr teg` 73 (drmo 3 tm 77 i`kfusivj),
i`kfusivj), sm jgke
jgke egs prmcgcifit
prmcgcifity
y 4%.
Qj kg` spfit i`tm ; kgsjs2
U 0 78. \ej prmcgcifity
prmcgcifity md tej `uo
`uocjr
cjr cji`a i` tej rg`aj 3-78 is :<%, sm ymu semufl kemmsj bus
bustt
cjfmw U, g`l ymur prmcgcifity md wi``i`a is gt fjgst :<%.
• U ? 78. Id ymu kemmsj bust cjfm
cjfmw
w 78, ymu
ymurr prmcgcifity
prmcgcifity md wi``i`a
wi``i`a is <5%. Id ymu kemmsj bust
bust gcmvj,
ymur prmcgcifity is <4%. [m ymu semufl kemmsj bust cjfmw.
• U 6 78. Ymu semufl kemmsj bust gcmvj U, g`l ymur prmcgcifity md wi``i`a is gt fjgst :3%.
•
Drmo teis g`gfysis, wj kg` sjj tegt tej cjst situgtim` dmr tej i`tjrvijwjr is id ej kemmsjs U ? 78, cjkgusj
teis is tej m`fy wgy ej kg` ajt cjttjr teg` :8% mlls. [m id ymu grj ﬇rst tm kemmsj,
kemmsj, teis semufl cj ymur
strgtjay.
Wujstim`
;. Id ymu rj-rmff
rj-rmff u`tif ymu ajt gt fjgst U, tej` ymur pgymut
pgymut is G-C, wejrj G is tej vgfuj
vgfuj ymu stmp gt, g`l C
is tej `uocjr
`uocjr md jxtrg rmffs it tmmn. Qj kg` wmrn mut tej jxpjktjl v
vgfuj
gfuj md cmte G g`l C gs g du`ktim`
du`ktim`
md U, g`l tej` li﬈jrj`t
li﬈jrj`tigtj
igtj tegt jxprj
jxprjssim`
ssim` wite rjspjk
rjspjktt tm U tm ﬇`l mut tej stgtim`gry
stgtim`gry pmi`t, i.j. tej
mptiouo vgfuj md U. Emwjvjr, dmr g dgstjr ojteml, wj kg` try pfuaai`a i` vgfujs.
Fjt
JU ^G_, JU ^C_
U‟. \ej`2
? jxpjktjl vgfujs md G & C wite tej strgtjay ‖stmp wej` wj ajt gt fjgst U‟.
• J:8 ^G_
? 1:, si`kj tej stmppi`a vgfuj is u`idmro cjtwjj` :8 g`l 788.
• J:8 ^C _ ? 7, si`kj tej `uocjr md rmffs u`tif ymu ajt gt fjgst :8 is g ajmojtrik rg`lmo vgrigcfj wite
prmcgcifity :7/
:7/788 7/3, sm jxpjktjl vgfuj 3, g`l wj ajt tej ﬇rst rmff dmr drjj.
≅
[m
J:8 ^G
∓ C _ ? 1<. Zsi`a g sioifgr ojteml, wj ajt2
• J58 ^G
• J98
∓ C_ ? 98 ∓ < ? 54
^G ∓ C _ ? 9: ∓ 9 ? 54
^G ∓ C _ ? 788 ∓ 99 ? 7
• J788
Drmo teis, wj kg` aujss tej jxpjktjl vgfuj kurvj egs g pjgn smojwejrj cjtwjj` U ? 58 g`l U ? 98. Qj
kmufl gfsm aujss tegt tej pjgn is sfiaetfy eiaejr teg` 5:, si`kj tej kurvj oust dgff gwgy vjry stjjpfy gs
U omvjs up pgst 98 (id teis is`’t kfjgr, try ogni`a g snjtke). I` dgkt, tej pjgn is smojwejrj cjtwjj` 54
g`l 51, g`l tej jxpjktjl vgfuj md usi`a teis strgtjay (i.j. stmppi`a wej` ymu ajt gt fjgst 51) is gcmut 51.;.
Dmr tej agoj wite `uocjrs 7-7888, wj jxpjkt tej vgfuj tm cj omrj teg` tj` tiojs tej prjvimus agoj.
G` jgsy wgy tm sjj teis is cy mcsjrvi`a tegt tej 7-7888 agoj is sioifgr tm pfgyi`a tej prjvimus agoj wite
g rj-rmff kmst md £ 8.78 rgtejr teg` £ 7, g`l tej` ouftipfyi`
ouftipfyi`aa ymur `jt prm﬇t cy 78. \ej sogffjr rj-rmff
rj-rmff kmst
rjfgtivj
rjfgt
ivj tm tej sizj md `uocjrs ymu grj ajtti`a ognjs
ognjs teis agoj ouk
ouke
e omrj gttrgktivj.
gttrgktivj. I` dgkt, tej cjst
strgtjay i` tej sjkm`l agoj tur`s mut tm cj rj-rmffi`a u`tif ymu ajt gt fjgst 9:4, g`l tej jxpjktjl pgymut
md teis strgtjay is gcmut 9:4.5.
Wujstim`
:7
<. [uppmsj tej likj vgfujs g`l U g`l Y, wite U 6 Y. Id ymu kemmsj tm rj-rmff, ymu semufl kfjgrfy rj-rmff U,
cjkgusj teis wiff i`krjgsj tejir jxpjktjl prmlukt omrj teg` rj-rmffi`a Y. Drmo teis, wj kg` ljlukj tegt
g`y mptiogf strgtjay oust cj md tej dmro2
‖njjp rj-rmffi`a cmte likj, stmp gs smm` gs tej oi`iouo md tej twm likj is gt fjgst @‟
wejrj @ kmufl cj jitejr 7, 3, ;, <. Qj kg` kgfkufgtj tej jxpjktjl vgfuj i` jgke md tejsj kgsjs.
•
•
•
•
@?7
\ej jxpjktjl vgfuj md jgke likj is (7 + <)/
<) /3 ? 3.:, sm tej jxpjktjl prmlukt is 3.
3 .:3 ? 4.3: (cjkgusj
J^UY _ ? J^U _J^Y _ wej` U g`l Y grj i`ljpj`lj`t). \ej jxpjktjl `uocjr md jxtrg rmffs it tgnjs tm
ajt gff likj 7 is 8, sm tej jxpjktjl vgfuj md teis strgtjay is 4.3:.
≪
@?3
Id wj rj-rmff cmte u`tif cmte likj grj 3, ; mr <, tej jxpjktjl stmppi`a vgfuj md jgke likj is (3+<)/
(3+<) /3 ?
;, sm jxpjkt
jxpjktjl
jl prmluk
prmluktt is 9. \ej
\ej prmc
prmcgc
gcifi
ifity
ty md g`y
g`y si
si`a
`afj
fj likj cji`a
cji`a gt fjgst
fjgst 3 is ;/<, sm tej
jxpjktjl `uocjr md rmffs it tgnjs is </
</;, g`l tej jxpjktjl gomu`t ymu pgy dmr rj-rmffi`a cmte likj is
3 3 (<
(<//; 7) ? </
</;, , ojg`i`a jxpjktjl vgfuj md strgtjay is 9 </; ? 1.41.
Ñ Ñ
∓
@?;
Jxpjktjl vgfuj is ;.
;.:3
@?<
Jxpjktjl vgfuj is <3
∓
∓ 3 Ñ 3 Ñ (</
(</3 ∓ 7) ? 5.
5.3:
3
3
∓ Ñ Ñ
(</
(</7
7) ? <
∓
[m wj ljlukj tej cjst strgtjay is tm rj-rmff cmte likj u`tif tejy grj cmte gt fjgst ;, g`l tej jxpjktjl
vgfuj md tej agoj i` teis kgsj is 5.3:.
Id tej kmst md rj-rmffi`a ajts vjry fgraj, wj grj omrj finjfy tm njjp tej vgfujs wj ajt gt tej ﬇rst rmff,
sm tej jxpjktjl vgfuj wiff tj`l tm 3.
3.:3 ? 4.3:. Id tej kmst ajts vjry sogff,
sogff, wj grj omrj
omrj fin
finjfy
jfy tm njjp
njjp
rj-rmffi`a u`tif wj ajt cmte likj jqugf tm < (si`kj teis wm`’t kmst ouke i` jxpjktgtim`), sm tej jxpjktjl
vgfuj wiff tj`l tm 74.
Wujstim`
:. Qj kg` km`siljr
km`siljr tej kgsj wejrj ymu rj-rmff
rj-rmff m` kjrtgi` `uo
`uocjrs,
cjrs, stgrti`a drmo < g`l tej` wmrni`a lmw`lmw`wgrls.
•
•
Id ymu rj-rmff m` <, ymur jxpjktjl vgfuj is (: + 4 + 1 + 5)
5)//5 ? ;.3:.
3:. \eis
\eis is fjss
fjss teg` <, sm ymu
semufl`’t rj-rmff m` < (mr cy jxtj`sim`, m` g`y eiaejr `uocjrs).
Id ymu
ymu rj-r
rj-rmf
mfff m` ;, ymu
ymurr jxp
jxpjk
jktj
tjl
lv
vgf
gfuj
uj is ((<< + : + 4 + 1 + 5)
5)//5 ? ;.1:. \eis is arjgtjr teg` ;, sm ymu
semufl rj-rmff m` ; (g`l cy jxtj`sim`, g`y sogffjr `uocjrs). \eis gfsm tjffs us tegt id ymur ﬇rst rmff
is g ;, tej jxpjktjl vgfuj md tej agoj gt teis pmi`t is ;.1:.
•
Id ymu rj-rmff m` 3, ymur jxpjktjl vgfuj is (;.
(; .1: + < + : + 4 + 1 + 5)/
5)/5 ? 7;:/
7;:/;3 ? < +
•
Id ymu rj-rmff m` 7, ymur jxpjktjl vgfuj is (<.
(< .3: + ;.
;.1: + < + : + 4 + 1 + 5)/
5)/5 ? <.1:.
1
;3
≅ <.3:.
Di`gffy, ymur jxpjktjl vgfuj gt tej stgrt md tej agoj is gpprmxiogtjfy2
(<.
(<.1: + <.
<.3: + ;.
;.1: + < + : + 4 + 1 + 5)/
5)/5 ? :.;<
G` i`tjrjsti`a
i`tjrjsti`a mcsjrvgtim`
mcsjrvgtim` gcmut tej agoj2 tej wmrst `uo
`uocjr
cjr tm rmff is g ;. I`tuitiv
I`tuitivjfy
jfy,, teis is cjkgusj
cjkgusj
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rj-rmff.
Wujstim`
:3
4. \ej Njffy kritjrim` aivjs tej ogtejogtikgffy kmrrjkt 33 gomu`t tm wgajr m` g` jvj`-om`jy cjt, tm ogxioisj tej jxpjktjl rgtj gt weike
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ifity
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wjgfte
e m` tej mutkmoj.
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Ogtejogtikgffy
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ogxioisjs
ogxio
isjs tej jxpjktjl
jxpjktjl vgfuj md tej `gtur
`gturgf
gf fma md ymur wjgfte. M`j i`tuitivj
i`tuitivj rjgsm` dmr wey ymu semufl
semufl
kemmsj tm ogxioisj ymur fma wjgfte rgtejr teg` ymur gktugf wjgfte is tegt fma(x
fma( x) is g` i`krjgsi`a du`ktim`
x , cut tj`ls tm
md x,
gs x
8, i` mtejr wmrls ami`a cust egs g` i`﬇`itj pj`gfty.
∓
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S
@mwtmwjcjkm`siljr
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, g`l
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S
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tej jxpjktjl rjtur`s
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strgiaet gw
gwgy
gy,, ymur jxpjktjl v
vgfuj
gfuj is (7 + 78)/
78)/3 ? :.:, sm teis is mur fmwjr cmu`l.
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78) /3 ? U/3 + :.
:.:.
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7, i` weike
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qujstim`
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vgfuj md U/
U/3 + :.
: .:= Qj
oiaet sgy it is 5.3:, cy pfuaai`a i` J^U_ ? :.
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rg`lmo>
78
J
it’
it’ss tej oi` md g rg`lmo
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fy kemsj`
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jqugffy
jqugf
fy finjfy pgirs, g`l tej `uo
`uocjr
cjr tegt egvj oi`iouo
oi`iouo (7, 3, ..., 9) grj (9, 5, ..., 7) rjspjktivjfy
rjspjktivjfy.. \eis
ojg`s tej jxpjktjl vgfuj md tej oi` md 3 kgrls is2

7
9+3
Ñ
5 + ... + 9
Ñ <:
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tm fmmn gt tej oi` md 3 kgrls, tej` kemmsj tej fgrajr m`j.‟
Emwjvjr, teis oiaet `mt cj tej mptiogf strgtjay. Id tej U is fgraj tej` wj semufl prmcgcfy stmp tejrj g`l
pikn tej fgrajr
fgrajr m`j (j.a. id U ? 9 tej` tej fgrajr m`j oust
oust cj 78), cut id U is vjry fmw tej` wj oiaet
oiaet wg`t
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tej agoj wite 9 kgrls rgtejr teg` 78). \ej omrj kgrls wj fmmn gt, tej fjss jxtrg i`dmrogtim`
i`dmrogtim` wj ajt drmo
sjji`a omrj, g`l sm tej omrj u`finjfy it is tegt it wiff cj wmrte njjpi`a pfgyi`a. It is g rjgsm`gcfj aujss
tegt tej vgfuj md tej agoj is`’t ouke fgrajr teg` tej vgfuj md 4.;; (wej` wj grj m`fy gffmwjl tm fmmn
gt m`j kgrl), sm g aujss md cjtwjj` 4.: g`l 1 sjjos rjgsm`gcfj. \ej truj vgfuj (gs vjri﬇jl cy g drij`l’s
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33
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g`y mtejr strgtjay gfomst surjfy.
:;
↓ ∐
, teis strgtjay wiff jvj`tugffy mutpjrdmro
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siljr
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r, wj kg` sjj tegt tej cjst strgtja
strgtjay
y is ami`a tm cj smoj ni`l md rj﬇`joj`
rj﬇`joj`tt m` tej dmffmwi`a2
dmffmwi`a2
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Id tej oi` is su﬋kij`tfy fgraj, stmp g`l kemmsj tej ogx.
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wejrj ‖su﬋kij`tfy fgraj‟ kmufl ojg` smojtei`a finj
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`mtgtim`,
`, I wiff rjdjr tm tej
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vgfuj md tej agoj wite @ likj.
\ej 7-likj
7-likj kgsj is siopfj
siopfj>> ymu
ymu eg
egvj
vj tm stikn
stikn wite wegt
wegtjv
jvjr
jr ymu rmff. \ej jxpjktjl
jxpjktjl vgfuj
vgfuj md ymur
ymur rmff
/4 ? ;.
is J7 ? (8 + 7 + 3 + < + : + 4)
4)/
Dmr tej 3-likj kgsj, wj egvj
egvj tm njj
njjp
p tej sogffjst
sogffjst likj. \ej rjfjvg`t
rjfjvg`t strgtjaik
strgtjaik qujstim`
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rj-rmff m`fy id its jxpjktjl vgfuj is omrj teg` teg` ; (i.j. it is <, : mr 4). I wiff semw 3 pmssicfj wgys ymu
kmufl grrivj
grrivj gt tej g`swjr
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jssj`tigffy
tigffy tej sgoj,
sgoj, gftemuae
gftemuae tejy m﬈jr sfiaetfy
li﬈jrj`t pjrspjktivjs).
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lm`j i` tej tgcfj cjfmw. \ej j`trijs
j`trijs md tej tgcfj grj tej vgfuj md tej agoj dmr tej kmrrjspm`li`a
kmrrjspm`li`a likj
vg
vgfujs.
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fjss teg` ;), sm jxpjktjl vgfuj is 7+3 ? ;, cut id ymu rmff 7, < tej` ymu njjp 7 g`l rj-rmff <, sm jxpjktjl
vgfuj
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j, wj m`fy
m`fy eg
egvj
vj tm ﬇ff i` tej uppjr
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k.
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{ }
8
7
3
8
8
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7
7
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--
--
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1-
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9
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< , : mr 4, weike egppj`s
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ukjl
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R, U + Y + ;, U + <.
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:.:4,
4, weike
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jxpjktjl
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gfuj md tej ;-likj
;-likj agoj.
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vjr,
r, lmi`a
lmi`a teis tgn
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js g weifj,
weifj, g`l i` g trgli`
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semufl cj
omrj wiffi`a tm try g`l gpprm
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xiogtj.
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i`krjgsj tej jxpjktjl
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Id ymu rj-rmff
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keg`kj md ajtti`a pgst 78. Id ymu
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[MFZ\IM@ \M EI@\ #3
\ej gvjrgaj vgfuj md g likj rmff is ;.:, sm tej prmcgcifity md eitti`a g`y `uocjr is gpprmxiogtjfy 7/;.:.
\eis ojg`s tej prmcgcifity
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ajtti`a
@
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(3.:/;.:) .
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finj. Qj njjp
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km`ti`ui`a ljkrjgsjs.
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strgtjay
ajts us i`a)
vjrystrgtjay2
kfmsj tm 2tej truj mptiogf vgfuj
md
weike
weikmd
e tej
is gkeijvj
gke
ijvjl
lEmwjvjr,
cy usi`a ittej
dmffmwi`
dmffmwi`a
a (sfiae
(sfiaetfy
tfy mll-fmmn
m ll-fmmni`a)
strgtjay
‖stmp m` 3<, 3:, mr wej` ymu ajt gt fjgst ;<‟
It’
It’ss i`t
i`tjrj
jrjsti
sti`a
`a em
emw
w kfmsj
kfmsj wj wjrj gcfj tm ajt tm tej mptio
mptiogf
gf vgfuj,
gfuj, jvj`
jvj` wite
wite g str
strgtj
gtjay
ay tegt
tegt fmmns
fmmns
prjtty li﬈jrj`t tm tej mptiogf
prjtty
mptiogf m`j. \eis is cjkgus
cjkgusj,
j, ouke finj i` tej prjvimus
prjvimus qujstim`, tej kgsjs wejrj
mur strgtjay livjrajs drmo tej mptiogf strgtjay grj gff vjry ograi`gf kemikjs, g`l m`fy rjsuft i` vjry sogff
fmssjs i` jxpjktjl vgfuj.
@mtj - I egvj`’t liskussjl teis ejrj cjkgusj it’s `mt rjgffy rjfjvg`t tm qug`t trgli`a i`tjrvijws, cut
tej wgy ymu kg` kmoputgtim`gffy
kmoputgtim`gffy vjridy
vjridy tej mptiogf strgtjay g`l jxpjkt
jxpjktjl
jl vgfuj dmr tejsj typjs md qujsprmargooi`a..
tim`s is kgffjl ly`goik prmargooi`a
Wujstim`
cust‟.
78. Dmr siopfikity
siopfikity, I wiff rjdjr tm ajtti`a g kgrl eiaejr teg` ymur prjvim
prjvimus
us kgrl gs ‖ami`a cust‟.
Xjregps tej siopfjst, fmwjst-risn strgtjay ymu kmufl usj is tej dmffmwi`a2
‖Njjp lrgwi`a kgrls u`tif ymu ajt g 9, tej` njjp lrgwi`a u`tif ymu egvj g keg`kj md ami`a cust.‟
Omst md tej tioj, teis wiff ojg` stmppi`a m` tej `jxt kgrl gdtjr 9. [i`kj tej kgrls drmo 7 tm 5 egvj gvjrgaj vgfuj <.:, wj kmufl aujss tegt teis strgtjay wiff egvj jxpjktjl vgfuj gcmut 9 + <.
<.: ? 7;.
7;.:. Emwjvjr,
teis strgtjay fjgvjs g fmt tm cj ljsirjl. Dmr i`stg`kj, id tej ﬇rst kgrls wjrj (5, 1), ymu egvj tej mptim` md
stmppi`a ejrj gt g suo md 7:, weike is cjttjr teg` ymur jxpjktjl vgfuj id ymu njjp lrgwi`a u`tif ymu ajt
g 9. \eis suaajsts wj try g strgtjay md tej dmro2
‖Njjp lrgwi`a kgrls u`tif ymu ajt tm g suo md gt fjgst U, tej` stmp gs smm` gs ymu egvj g keg`kj md
ami`a
ami
`a cust. Id ymu `jvjr ajt tm U, tej` bust stmp gt tej j`l.‟
j`l.‟
It’s vjry li﬋kuft tm ognj g`y prjkisj stgtjoj`ts gcmut tej vgfuj md strgtjay, cut cy kmopgri`a it tm
tej ﬇rst m`j, wj kg` aujss U semufl cj gt fjgst 7;, g`l tej vgfuj md teis strgtjay semufl cj fgrajr teg`
7;.:. I` dgkt, tej cjst vgfuj md U tur`s mut tm cj 7;, g`l tej vgfuj md teis strgtjay is gcmut 7<.7<. I`tjrjsti`afy, teis is prjtty kfmsj tm tej jxpjktjl vgfuj md tej suo md tej fm`ajst ljkrjgsi`a sjquj`kj (weike is
74.33), sm mur strgtjay is kgpturi`a omst md tej vgfuj md tej agoj.
Wujstim`
:4
<.
<.<
<
Djroi
jroi Xrmc
Xrmcfj
fjos
os
\ej qujstim`s
qujstim`s i` teis sjktim` grj strukturjl
strukturjl sfiaetfy
sfiaetfy li﬈jrj`
li﬈jrj`tfy
tfy.. \ejrj wiff bust cj g fist md Djroi prmcfjos
prmcfjos
dmr ymu tm prgktikj, wite g`swjrs. [moj md tejo rjquirj tej jstiogtim` md sjvjrgf u`kjrtgi` qug`titijs sm grj
kegffj`ai`a tm jstiogtj i` tejir mw` riaet. Mtejrs egvj bust m`j u`kjrtgi` qug`tity, sm grj omrj suitgcfj dmr
aivi`a km`﬇lj`kj i`tjrvgfs.
@mtj, omst md tejsj g`swjrs wjrj dmu`l usi`a Ammafj, I’vj trijl tm smurkj tejo rjfigcfy, cut pfjgsj tgnj
tejo wite g pi`ke md sgft!
7. Qegt pjrkj`tgaj
pjrkj`tgaj md tej afmcgf pmpufgtim` is fjss teg` 7: yjg
yjgrs
rs mfl (gs md 3875)=
[mfutim`
3. Emw ouke
ouke eiaejr is tej gvjrgaj
gvjrgaj afmcg
afmcgff fidj jxpjkt
jxpjktg`ky
g`ky i` 3838 teg` i` 7988=
[mfutim`
;. Qegt is tej ogxiouo
ogxiouo rjkmrljl tjopjrgtur
tjopjrgturjj keg`aj mvj
mvjrr tej Z[ i` m`j lgy=
[mfutim`
<. Emw og`y
og`y Z[ cusi`jssjs
cusi`jssjs wj`t
wj`t cg`nrupt i` 387<=
[mfutim`
:. Emw og`y kups md tjg grj lru`n i` tej ZN pjr lgy=
[mfutim`
4. Qegt is tej gvjrgaj
gvjrgaj wjiaet md g` gluft airg﬈j=
[mfutim`
1. Emw og`y
og`y pjmpfj grj gircmr`j
gircmr`j mvjr tej Z[ gt g`y aiv
aivj`
j` omoj`
omoj`t=
t=
[mfutim`
5. Emw ouke
ouke \T wiff tej gv
gvjrgaj
jrgaj Critis
Critise
ep
pjrsm`
jrsm` wgtk
wgtke
e i` tejir fidjtioj=
fidjtioj=
[mfutim`
9. Emw og`y
og`y pj``ijs wmufl ymu `jjl tm stgkn m` tmp md jgke mtejr,
mtejr, u`tif
u`tif ymur stgkn wgs gs eiae gs tej tmtgf
[mfutim`
g``ugf rgi`dgff i` tej ZN (gs md 3879)=
78. Id ymu ﬇ffjl g` gvjrgaj Mfyopik swiooi`a pmmf (md rjkmooj`ljl ljpte) wite Kmkg-Kmfg, emw og`y
[mfutim`
nifmargos md suagr wmufl it km`tgi`=
:1
[mfutim`s
7. 34%
Wujstim`
3. <7 yjgrs (;3 tm 1;)
Wujstim`
;. :1
:1..3 K, mr 78; D
Wujstim`
<. 35,;79
Wujstim`
:. 788 oiffim`
Wujstim`
4. 7793na
Wujstim`
1. 47,888
Wujstim`
◤
◤
5. \ioj wgtke
wgtkei`a
i`a \T pjr wjjn2 ;8 emurs
Gvjrgaj
Gvj
rgaj fidj jxpjktg`ky2
jxpjktg`ky2 57 yjgrs
\mtgf tioj wgtkei`a \T2 ;8 :3 57 ? 734,
734, ;48 emurs (mr gcmut 7<.< yjgrs!)
Wujstim`
9. Sgi`dgff
Sgi`dgff i` 38792 7,<74.4oo
7,<74.4oo
\eikn`jss
\eik
n`jss md pj``y2
pj``y2 7.:3oo
7.:3oo
@uocjr md pj``ijs2 7,
7, <74
<74..4/7.:3 ? 9;3
Wujstim`
Ñ Ñ
78. Lioj`sim`s md pmmf2 :8o 3:o ;o
Kmnj2 78.4a suagr pjr 788of
Ogss md suagr2 (3: :8 ;) (78
(78..4 78
Ñ Ñ
Ñ Ñ Ñ
Ñ
;
∓
)
<
Ñ 78
? ;91,
;91, :88na
:5
Wujstim`