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What does an ecosystem include?Biotic and non-biotic objects.
What are the 4 basic needs of all living things?Food, water, air and shelter
What is gas exchange? What gas do plants use? What gas do they produce?Gas exchange is where a plant takes in CO2, coverts it to O2 and sends it to the air.
Give an example of how different organisms share resources?Clown fish and anemone use eachother's resources. The clown fish uses the anemone as shelter and protection. In return, the clown fish produces waste the anemone uses as nutrients.
"How is a ""want"" different from a ""need""?"A want is a desire for something that you don't need to survive. A need is a desire for something that you do need to survive.
What is symbiosis? What are the three types?Symbiosis is a long-term relationship between two organsims. The three types of symbiosis is parasitsim, mutualism and commensalism.
What is parasitsm? Who is the host?Parasitsm is a type of symbiosis where one party benifits from the realtionship while the other is effected negatively.
What is mutualism? What is commensalism? Give examples.Mutualism is a type of symbiosis where both parties benifits from their relationship. For example, gobies and pistol shrimps are two organsims that are in a mutualistic relationship. The pistol shrimp builds and maintains the burrow they live in. In return, the goby protects the shrimp from predation. Commensalism is where only one party is benifits while the other isn't impacted. For example, a bird making nest in a tree. The bird benifits from this because they have a home and the tree isn't harmed.
What is a non-renewable resource? Give examples.A non-renewable resource is a natural resource that is not sustainable. An example is coal. Coal cannot be replaced and reused because it takes a long time to make coal.
What is a renewable resource? Give examples.A renewable resource is a natural resource that is sustainable. An example is trees. Trees are renewable because they are able to grow at a constant pace, fast enough that it can be used again.
What are natural resources? Who uses them?Natural resources are resources that come from nature. We use natural resources in many ways.
How does food size affect the size of population?If there is a large amount of food, then the enviroment can support a large population. If there is a low amount of food, then the enviroment can only support a limited population.
What are the 4 R's? Give examples of each.The 4 R's are reduce, reuse, recycle and recover. An example of reducing is trying to limit plastic. An example of reusing is using a plastic bottle as a terranium. An example of recycling is giving old news paper to manufactuers so they can turn into new paper. An example of recovering is composting food wastes so they turn into plant fertilizers.
Compre how aboriginals, early settlers, and modern cities affect the enviroment?The Aboriginals had a sustainable impact on the enviroment. The early settlers had a negative impact due to land clearing and exploting resources. Modern cities impact the enviroment in many negative ways but has room for sustainability.
What is an ecological footprint? Describe the differences between a large ecological footprint and a small one.An ecological footprint measures how much natural resources we are using and shows us how to use less to help the enviroment. A big ecological footprint is bad because it shows us that we are using to much resources that it is impacting the enviroment in a bad way. A small ecological footprint is good because it shows us that we are using our resources sustainably.
What is the differene between abiotic and biotic?An abiotic object is not a living organism whereas a biotic object is.
What are decomposers and scavengers? Why are they important?Decomposers breakdown dead matter into vital nutrients needed for plants. Scavengers help decomposers with breaking down the dead matter.
What are predators, prey, consumers and producers.Producers are biotic organsims that can create their own food. Consumers are biotic organsim that can't create their own food, so they consume. Prey usually eat producers and do not eat other animals. Predators consume prey to gain energy.
What is the order of organsims in a food chain?Decomposers, Producers, Primary Consumer, Secondary Consumer, Tertiary Consumer.
If one organism in a food chain dies, how will the other organsims be affected?If an organsim dies in a food chain, the food chain would become unstable. For example, if a prey dies, the predator population decrease while the plant population will rise.
What is the pyramid of numbers? Which organsim have the most numbers?A representation in pyramid form that shows the feeding relationship and population at each energy levels. Usually the organsim with the most numbers in the primary consumer.
What is bioaccumlation? Which organsims are at risk?Bioaccumlation is where an organism absorbs more chemicals then it can take out, and because of that, the chemicals build up. Organsims that are usually at risk are at top of the food chain or live in pollutted areas.
Why do some pollutants have long term effects on ecosystems?The toxin that come from pollutants can damage plants and trees, which are the base of ecosystems. 
What is a cycle? How do humans affect cycles?A natural process where elements are continously cycled. Humans disrupt these cycles in many ways like cutting down trees so the carbon doesnt get converted to oxygen.
Describe the water cycle. Describe the carbon cycle.The water cycle is where water is cycled from ground to air to ground again. The cycle goes in the following order evaporation, condensation, precipitation and collection. The carbon cycle is more complex where it start with fossil fuel, to fossil fuel usage, to CO2 in atmosphere, to photosynthsis and to decompistion. It can also go to consumers and animal respiration and plant respiration.
What is extiction? What is the main cause of extinction?Extinction is where a speicies dies out and no longer exists. Habitat loss is the leading cause of extiction.
What is an indicator species? What are some examples?An indicator species is an organsim whose appearance, disappearnce or population rise indicate a change of the enviroment. For example, lichen can be used to indicate air pollution.
What is succession? When does it happen? How humans affect succession?Succession is where overtime, the community of biotics changes. This can happen with the physical enviroment changes. Humans can cause secondary succession, which is when the ecosystem is disturbed.
What is biological monitering, chemical monitering, enviromental monitering, physical monitering?Biological monitering measures the helath and population of organsims. Chemical monitering measures how much pollution in a enviorment. Enviromental monitering measures both biological and chemical monitering. Physical monitering measures the physical properties of an enviroment, like temperture and water flow.
What is Biological control?A method of pest control that involves natural detterents like, predators.
What is a pesticide? How does the use of pestcides affect ecosystem? How did DDT affect the peregrine falcon?A pesticide is a method of pest control that uses chemicals. Pesticides can pollute and posin the ecosystem. Like with DDT which interfered with the reproductive cycle of the peregrine falcon, which caused infertility.
Why isn't it a good idea to estimate temperatures?"<div>Estimating temperatures is unreliable and can lead to inaccurate results. It's best to use a thermometer or other precise instruments to measure temperature. <a>Environmental factors</a> such as wind and humidity can also affect how we perceive temperature, making estimations even more unreliable.</div>"
What is human body temperature? How do we keep it at that temperature?The human body temperature is around 98.6°F or 37°C, and our body regulates it through <a>thermoregulation mechanisms</a> including sweating, shivering, and <a>blood vessel dilation</a>/constriction. Clothing, shelter, and <a>external heat sources</a> also help maintain body temperature.
What is the Celsius scale? What is its boiling point of water? What is the freezing point of water?The <a>Celsius scale</a> is a <a>temperature scale</a> that measures temperature in degrees Celsius (°C). The <a>boiling point</a> of water on the Celsius scale is 100°C and the <a>freezing point</a> of water is 0°C.
What is the Kelvin scale? What is it based on?The <a>Kelvin scale</a> is a <a>temperature scale</a> that measures temperature in kelvins (K). It is based on the absolute zero point of temperature, which is -273.15°C.
What is a bimetallic strip? Why does it bend when heated?"<div><div><div>A
bimetallic strip is a device made of two different metals bonded together. It bends when heated because the two metals have different measurement of thermal expansion, causing them to expand at different rates and leading to a change in shape.</div></div></div>"
What are the differences when solids, liquids, and gases in volume, shape, spacing of particles, and energy of particles?"Solids have a definite volume and shape, with particles packed closely together and vibrating in place with relatively low energy; liquids have
a definite volume but take the shape of their container, with particles
that are close together and have more energy than solids; gases have neither a definite volume nor shape, with particles that are widely spaced apart and have the highest energy of the three states."
What is a thermocouple? Where is it used? Why?"<div><div><div>A
thermocouple is a temperature measuring device that works by using two different metals joined together at two points, and it is used in many applications because it can measure high temperatures and is sturdy in harsh environments.</div></div></div>"
What are the four points of the particle model of matter?"<div><div><div>The particle model of matter has four main points: (1) <a>all matter</a>
is made up of tiny particles, (2) particles are in constant motion, (3)
particles attract each other, and (4) particles have different amounts of energy, which determines their behavior.</div></div></div>"
What happens to particles when they cool down? When they warm up?"<div><div><div>When
particles cool down, their energy decreases and they move more slowly, which causes them to contract and become more closely packed together. When particles warm up, their energy increases and they move more quickly, which causes them to expand and become more spread out.</div></div></div>"
What is expansion? Contraction? When do they occur? Why is water an unusual substance? Which state has the largest chance in volume when heated?"<div><div><div>Expansion
is the increase in volume of a material when heated, while contraction is the decrease in volume when cooled. They occur due to changes in the motion and spacing of particles. Water is unusual because it expands when it freezes. Gases have the largest change in volume when heated.</div></div></div>"
What is temperature (scientific)? Describe particles at low and high temperatures.Temperature is a measure of the <a>average kinetic energy</a> of the particles in a substance. At low temperatures, particles have <a>low kinetic energy</a> and move slowly, while at high temperatures, particles have <a>high kinetic energy</a> and move quickly.
What is thermal energy? Describe a stiuation with high thermal energy."<div><div><div>Thermal energy is the <a>total kinetic energy</a>
of all the particles in a substance. A situation with high thermal energy could be a bonfire, where the thermal energy is high enough to cause the fuel (wood) to undergo combustion and release large amounts of
heat and light energy.</div></div></div>"
What is evaporation cooling? Give an example."<div><div><div>Evaporation
cooling is the process by which the surface of a liquid evaporates, causing the remaining liquid to cool down as the <a>higher energy particles</a> escape into the air. An example of <a>evaporation cooling</a> is when sweat evaporates off our skin, cooling us down in hot weather.</div></div></div>"
What is specific heat capacity? Which has a higher heat capacity: sand or water? Which one heats faster? Which one cools down slower?"<div><div></div><div><div><div></div><div>Specific
heat capacity measures how much heat energy is needed to raise a substance's temperature. Water has a higher heat capacity than sand, meaning it takes more energy to warm it up. Sand warms up faster than water, but water cools down slower due to its higher heat capacity.<br></div></div></div></div>"
What is the Law of Conservation of Energy?"<div><div><div>The
Law of Conservation of Energy states that energy cannot be created or destroyed; it can only be transformed from one form to another or transferred from one system to another. In other words, the total amount
of energy in a <a>closed system</a> remains constant.</div></div></div>"
What happens to temperature when a substance changes state? Why? What is happening to the particles?"<div><div><div>When
a substance changes state, heat is used to rearrange its particles instead of changing its temperature. For instance, when ice melts into water, added heat breaks the bonds between water molecules in the ice, making particles free to move and gain or lose energy without changing the temperature.</div></div></div>"
What is a heat insulator? What types of materials make good insulators?"<div><div><div>A
heat insulator is a material that stops heat from passing through it easily. Good insulators include materials like fiberglass, <a>mineral wool</a>, <a>polystyrene foam</a>,
air, and wood.&nbsp;</div></div></div>"
What is a heat conductor? What types of materials make good conductors?"A heat conductor is a material that allows heat to pass through it easily. Good conductors include materials like metals such as copper, aluminum, and silver, as well as water, concrete, and glass. These materials are efficient at transferring heat due to their high thermal conductivity."
What is conduction? What states of matter does it occur in?"<div><div><div>Conduction
transfers heat energy between objects in direct contact, occurring in solids, liquids, and gases. It is most effective in solids, where the transfer occurs through particle collisions. In liquids and gases, it occurs through <a>molecular movement</a>
and collisions between gas molecules, respectively. However, other methods like convection and radiation are more effective in liquids and gases.</div></div></div>"
What is convection? What states of matter does it occur in? Describe the movement of a convection current."<a>Convection</a>
is a heat transfer method that happens in fluids. As fluids are heated,
heated particles rise and carry heat to cooler areas, creating a <a>circular movement</a> called a <a>convection current</a>. This is responsible for <a>natural phenomena</a> like <a>ocean currents</a> and <a>weather patterns</a>."
<div><div><div>What is radiation? What are characteristics of radiant energy?</div></div></div>"<div><div><div>Radiation
is a heat transfer method that occurs through electromagnetic waves. It's fast, can have different wavelengths and frequencies, and can be directional or non-directional. It's a natural process and is also used in technology.</div></div></div>"
What types of surfaces reflect radiant energy? What types of surfaces absorb it?"Surface properties like material, texture, and color determine how much <a>radiant energy</a>
is reflected or absorbed. Shiny surfaces reflect energy, while dark or rough surfaces absorb it. Thermal conductivity affects energy absorption
and transfer speed. These factors impact energy transfer in applications like building construction and solar panels."
What is chemical energy? Give some example."Chemical energy is stored in chemical bonds between atoms and molecules and is released when those bonds are broken. Examples include batteries,
food, fossil fuels, fireworks, and explosives. Chemical energy is involved in many everyday processes, from powering our bodies to producing electricity and fueling explosive reactions."
What is mechanical energy? Give some examples."Mechanical energy is the energy an object has due to its motion or position, divided into potential and kinetic energy. Examples include a <a>compressed spring</a>,
a ball held up in the air, a moving car, and a bouncing ball. It's involved in everyday processes and can be converted into other forms of energy."
What is geothermal energy? What are its advantages and disadvantages?"Geothermal energy uses the Earth's heat to generate electricity and heat
buildings. It's renewable and reliable, with low emissions and long-term cost-effectiveness. However, it's only available in certain regions, can be expensive, and has potential environmental impacts. Its feasibility depends on <a>geological conditions</a> and economics."
Whats the difference between passive solar heat and active solar heat?"<div><div><div>Passivesolar
heating uses building design and materials to capture solar energy, while active solar heating uses mechanical or electrical devices. Passive heating is more natural and energy-efficient, while active heating is more versatile and reliable. Examples include south-facing windows and solar collectors.</div></div></div>"
What are greenhouse gases? How are they connected to global warming?Greenhouse gases trap heat in the atmosphere, causing global warming and negative impacts like <a>rising sea levels</a> and ecosystem changes. Human activities have increased their concentration, making emission reduction critical.
What is a mass structure? What are their advantages and disadvantages?"<div><div><div>A
mass structure is a type of construction that uses heavy materials, such as concrete or stone, to provide stability and strength. The advantages of mass structures include durability, stability, and resistance to <a>natural disasters</a>, but they can be expensive and time-consuming to build.</div></div></div>"
What is a frame structure? What are their advantages and disadvantages?"<div><div><div>Frame
structures use a skeleton of beams to support the weight of the building, providing flexibility in design, cost-effectiveness, and faster construction. However, they may not be as durable or stable as mass structures and can be more vulnerable to <a>natural disasters</a>.</div></div></div>"
<div><div><div>What is a shell structure? What are their advantages and disadvantages?</div></div></div>"<div><div><div>Shell
structures use a curved surface to distribute loads evenly, providing strength, stability, and material efficiency. But their complex shapes make them challenging and costly to build, and they require specialized expertise.</div></div></div>"
What are laminated material? What is a composite material? Give examples of each."<div><div><div>Laminated
materials bond several layers of a material, while composite materials combine two or more to create a new one with enhanced properties. Examples include plywood and fiberglass or carbon fiber. Both are widely
used in various industries.</div></div></div>"
<div><div><div>What are ways that we can build structures in a more environmentally friendly ways?</div></div></div>"<div><div><div>To build sustainably, use renewable/low-impact materials, design for <a>energy efficiency</a>
and incorporate renewables, conserve water, install green roofs/walls, and use sustainable construction practices like recycling waste and reducing waste.</div></div></div>"
What are design specifications?"<div><div><div>Design
specifications are detailed requirements that ensure the final product meets quality, safety, and performance standards. They're used by designers, engineers, and manufacturers to communicate requirements.</div></div></div>"
<div><div><div>What is a margin of safety? Why do we build structures with a greater margin of safety than necessary?</div></div></div>"<div><div><div>A
margin of safety is the extra capacity or strength built into a structure to ensure it can withstand unexpected or extreme circumstances. Structures are built with a greater margin of safety than
necessary to ensure they remain safe and reliable in <a>critical infrastructure</a> and compensate for wear and tear over time.</div></div></div>"
Give examples of mobile and rigid joints. What is a dovetail joint?<div><div><div>Mobile joints allow for movement, while rigid joints do not. Examples of mobile joints include ball and socket, hinge, and <a>pivot joints</a>, while examples of rigid joints include welded, riveted, and bolted joints.A dovetail joint is a way of connecting two pieces of wood by fitting them together&nbsp;with angled edges, making them very strong and hard to pull apart.</div></div></div>
What are the differences between mass and weight? What are the units and measuring instruments for each?"<div><div><div>Mass
is how much matter an object contains, and is measured in kilograms using a balance. Weight is the force of gravity on an object, and is measured in <a>Newtons</a> using a spring or digital scale.</div></div></div>"
What factors affect the force of gravity?"<div><div><div>The
force of gravity between two objects depends on their masses and the distance between them. The greater the mass, the greater the force, and the greater the distance, the weaker the force.</div></div></div>"
<div><div><div>What is a dead load? What is a live load? Give examples.</div></div></div><div><div><div>Dead load refers to the weight of a structure and its permanent components, while <a>live load</a> refers to the weight of movable objects temporarily placed on the structure. Examples of <a>dead load</a> include walls, floors, and roofs, while examples of live load include people, furniture, and vehicles.</div></div></div>
Describe each of the following forces: tension, compression, shear, and torsion."Tension is a force that pulls an object apart, compression is a force that pushes an object together, shear is a force that causes two parts of an object to slide past each other, and torsion is a force that causes an object to twist. Examples of these forces include stretching a
rope (tension), supporting a building's weight (compression), cutting with scissors (shear), and twisting a screwdriver (torsion)."
What is tensile strength? Give examples of materials with this type of strengths."Tensile strength is a material's ability to resist being pulled apart. Strong materials like steel, carbon fiber, Kevlar, and nylon have high <a>tensile strength</a> and can withstand tension loads in various applications, such as construction, aerospace, body armor, and fishing lines."
Steel, graphite, rubber are materials with different stregnths. For each material, describe the type of stregth it has a high level of, and which type of strength it has a low level of.<div><div><div><div><div>Steel have strong tensile and conpressive but inflexible, and resists being pulled apart or pushed together. <a>Graphite has strong tensile stregth</a>&nbsp;and flexiblity but weak in compressive strength. Rubber is flexible but weak against being pulled apart, cut, or crushed.</div></div></div><div></div></div><div></div></div><div></div>
What are the advantages of using I-beams or box beams?"I-beams and box beams are strong and versatile, can span long distances without intermediate supports, are cost-effective, and can be used in various applications. Box beams look sleek, while I-beams look industrial."
How can the force of torsion be put to good use? Shear? Compression?"<div><div><div><a>Torsion</a> can be used for <a>rotational motion</a>
in engines and turbines, shear can be used for cutting in tools and manufacturing, and compression can be used for pushing or crushing in <a>hydraulic presses</a> and construction. These forces are harnessed and directed in a controlled way to achieve specific outcomes.</div></div></div>"
<div><div><div>Why are braces used in structures?</div></div></div>"Braces provide extra support and stability against <a>lateral loads</a>
in structures. They are installed at an angle to the primary structural
members and can take different forms. Braces help distribute loads more
evenly and can also add aesthetic value."
What is the main disadvantage of using load-bearing horizontal beams?"Load-bearing horizontal beams require <a>vertical support columns</a>,
which can limit movement and renovation options in a structure. Alternative structural systems, such as arches, trusses, or cables, can provide greater flexibility and openness without the need for vertical columns."
Why is friction important in assembling structures? What problems can friction cause?"Friction is important in assembling structures because it can help hold components in place, but too much friction can make assembly difficult and cause wear and tear on the components. It's important to find the right amount of friction to balance stability and <a>ease of assembly</a>."
Why is it necessary to have friction between a car tire and the road? How can you increase this friction? How can you decrease this friction?"<div><div><div>Friction between car tires and the road is crucial for safe driving. You can increase it by using good tires and <a>adding weight</a>,
but decrease it by removing weight and using low-friction tires. However, reducing friction can be unsafe, so use appropriate tires and <a>driving techniques</a> for the conditions to stay safe.</div></div></div>"
How do pilings provide a stable foundation? How do footings provide a stable foundation? Where is each used?"<div><div><div>Pilings
are long columns that go deep into the ground to support structures in unstable or eroding soil, while footings are horizontal pads that support structures in stable soil. Both distribute weight and prevent settling or sinking, making structures more stable.</div></div></div>"
To keep structures stable, where should the centre of gravity be located?"<div><div><div>To
keep a structure stable, put the weight at the bottom by placing the center of gravity as low as possible. This prevents the structure from tipping over or becoming unstable, even in strong winds or earthquakes.</div></div></div>"
What is spin stablization? Give examples."<div><div><div>Spin stabilization is when a moving object, like a rocket or spacecraft, spins around its axis to create <a>angular momentum</a>
that keeps it stable and pointed in a certain direction. It's used to maintain stability and trajectory in various applications.</div></div></div>"
What are rocks made of?<div><div><div>Rocks are made of minerals.</div></div></div>
How do you test for hardness? Why doesn't diamons leave a streak?"<div><div><div>Hardness can be tested using <a>Mohs Scale</a>,
which involves scratching the mineral with different materials. Diamonds don't leave a streak because they are the hardest mineral on the Mohs Scale, so they can't be scratched by any other material.</div></div></div>"
What is the main difference between lava and magma? Which forms intrusive rocks? Which has larger crystals?Lava is molten rock that flows out of a volcano, while magma is molten rock beneath the Earth's surface. Magma forms <a>intrusive rocks</a>. Intrusive rocks have larger crystals than extrusive rocks because they cool slowly beneath the Earth's surface.
What is the main differences between the three rock families?<a>Igneous rocks</a> form from <a>cooling magma</a> or lava, <a>sedimentary rocks</a> from <a>accumulated sediment</a>, and <a>metamorphic rocks</a> from altered existing rocks due to heat and pressure.
Describe the process of sedimentation and cementation. What family of rock is formed by these processes?"Sedimentation is the process of <a>sediment settling</a>
out of a fluid and accumulating on a surface. Cementation is the process by which mineral cement holds sediment particles together. These
processes form <a>sedimentary rocks</a>."
<div><div><div>In what family of rocks are fossils usually found?</div></div></div><div><div><div>Fossils are usually found in <a>sedimentary rocks</a>.</div></div></div>
What does the rock cycle show?"<div><div><div>The
rock cycle shows the continuous process of rock formation and transformation on Earth, as rocks change from one type to another over time in response to various <a>geological processes</a> such as melting, cooling, weathering, erosion, and metamorphism.</div></div></div>"
What is soil composed of?<div><div><div>Soil is composed of a mixture of mineral particles, <a>organic matter</a>, water, air, and living organisms such as plants and microorganisms.</div></div></div>
How does metamorphic rock form?"<div><div><div>Metamorphic
rock forms from existing rock that undergoes changes in response to heat, pressure, and/or chemical reactions. These changes cause the rock to recrystallize and reorganize, resulting in a new type of rock with different physical and chemical properties from the original rock.</div></div></div>"
What is mechanical weathering? Give examples. What is frost wedging?"Mechanical weathering breaks down rock physically without changing its chemical composition, and examples include wind and water abrasion, <a>root growth</a>, and temperature changes. <a>Frost wedging</a>
is a type of mechanical weathering caused by repeated freezing and thawing of water in rock crevices, which breaks the rock apart."
What is biological weathering? What is Chemical weathering? Give examples."<div><div><div>Biological weathering is the breakdown of rock by living organisms, such as plant roots, burrowing animals, and microorganisms.</div>
<div>Chemical weathering is the breakdown of rock by chemical reactions that alter its composition, such as dissolution, oxidation, and hydrolysis. Examples include the dissolution of limestone by acid rain and the oxidation of iron in rocks, which causes rust.</div></div></div>"
What is erosion? How is it different from weathering?"<div><div><div>Erosion
is the wearing away and transport of materials, while weathering is the
process of breaking down materials without transportation.</div></div></div>"
<div><div><div>How do glaciers, wind, water, and gravity erode land?</div></div></div>"<div><div><div>Glaciers
erode land by scraping and plucking rock and soil as they move. Wind erodes land by picking up and carrying small particles, such as sand and
dust, and abrading surfaces with those particles. Water erodes land by carrying away soil and rock in rivers and streams, and by breaking down rock through the force of waves. Gravity erodes land by causing soil and
rock to fall downhill and break apart due to the force of impact.</div></div></div>"
<div><div><div>How can you decrease the amount of erosion in an area</div></div></div>"<div><div><div>There
are several ways to decrease erosion in an area, including planting vegetation to stabilize soil, building retaining walls to prevent soil from sliding downhill, reducing the amount of water runoff by creating drainage systems, and avoiding overgrazing or overuse of the land.</div></div></div>"
What are the layers of the Earth's interior from the centre to the surface?<div><div><div>The layers of the Earth's interior from the center to the surface are the <a>inner core</a>, outer core, mantle, and crust.</div></div></div>
<div><div><div>Which layer of the Earth is partly melted, has the consistency of taffy and is able to flow slowly?</div></div></div><div><div><div>The mantle layer of the Earth is partly melted, has the consistency of taffy, and is able to flow slowly.</div></div></div>
<div><div><div>What is the difference between a transform, a divergent and a convergent plate boundary? What is a subduction zone?</div></div></div>"<div><div><div>A transform plate boundary is where two plates slide past each other; a <a>divergent plate boundary</a> is where two plates move away from each other; and a <a>convergent plate boundary</a> is where two plates move toward each other.</div>
<div>A subduction zone is a type of convergent plate boundary where one <a>tectonic plate</a> is forced beneath another plate, usually due to differences in density.</div></div></div>"
What type of evidence did Wegener use as evidence for continental drift?"<div><div><div>Wegener used several types of evidence to support his theory of <a>continental drift</a>,
including the fit of the continents, the distribution of fossils, the similarities in rock formations, and the evidence of past glaciation.</div></div></div>"
How do convection currents affect plate tectonics?"<div><div><div>Convection
currents move the Earth's lithospheric plates, causing them to diverge,
converge, or slide past each other, which leads to the creation of various <a>geological features</a> in <a>plate tectonics</a>.</div></div></div>"
What is the difference between primary, secondary and surface waves?"<div><div><div>P-waves
travel through solids and liquids, S-waves only through solids, and surface waves cause damage and have a horizontal motion.</div></div></div>"
<div><div><div>What is the Ring of Fire?</div></div></div>The Ring of Fire is a region around the <a>Pacific Ocean</a> where a large number of earthquakes and <a>volcanic eruptions</a> occur due to the movement of tectonic plates.
<div><div><div>How are young mountain ranges different from older ones?</div></div></div>"<div><div><div>Young
mountain ranges are taller, steeper, and more active than older ones, which are lower and less steep due to weathering and erosion.</div></div></div>"
<div><div><div>What is the difference between an anticline and a syncline?</div></div></div>"<div><div><div><div><div><div></div></div></div></div><div></div></div></div><div><div></div><div><div><div><div><div>An
anticline is a fold in rock layers that forms an arch-like shape, with the oldest rocks at the core and the youngest rocks on the outside. A syncline is a fold in rock layers that forms a trough-like shape, with the youngest rocks at the core and the oldest rocks on the outside.</div></div></div></div></div></div>"
<div><div><div>What conditions are needed in order for a fossil to form?</div></div></div>"<div><div><div>To
form a fossil, an organism must be rapidly buried with hard parts in sediment in an oxygen-poor environment, remain undisturbed, and undergo a
slow process that takes millions of years.</div></div></div>"
<div><div><div><div><div></div></div></div><div></div></div><div></div></div><div></div><div><div></div><div></div></div><div><div></div><div><div><div>What is the principle of superposition? Is this relative or absolute dating?</div></div></div></div>"<div><div><div>The principle of superposition states that in <a>undisturbed rock layers</a>, the oldest layers are at the bottom and the youngest layers are at the top. This is a <a>relative dating method</a>
because it allows scientists to determine the relative age of rock layers compared to each other, but does not provide an exact age in years.</div></div></div>"
What information can fossils provide?<div><div><div>Fossils provide information about taxonomy, morphology, behavior, biogeography, and <a>environmental changes</a>, giving insights into the history of life on Earth.</div></div></div>
What are the 4 eras in the geological time scale?<div><div><div>The four eras in the <a>geological time scale</a>, from oldest to youngest, are the <a>Precambrian Era</a>, the <a>Paleozoic Era</a>, the Mesozoic Era, and the Cenozoic Era.</div></div></div>
What happened to the supercontinet Pangaea?<div><div><div>Pangaea broke apart into Laurasia and Gondwana due to <a>continental drift</a>, which eventually split into the continents we know today.</div></div></div>
"<div><div><div>Fossil
fuels are non-renewable energy sources formed from the remains of once-living organisms, including coal, oil, and natural gas. <a>Bitumen</a> is a thick, tar-like substance that is a type of petroleum found in oil sands or <a>tar sands</a>.</div></div></div>""<div><div><div>Fossil
fuels are non-renewable energy sources formed from the remains of once-living organisms, including coal, oil, and natural gas. <a>Bitumen</a> is a thick, tar-like substance that is a type of petroleum found in oil sands or <a>tar sands</a>.</div></div></div>"