Collins Review booklet 1 This booklet provides you with a quick and easy way to review and reinforce what you have learned during your Mandarin Chinese audio course. However, the booklet should be used after you have begun working through the audio recording not before, as the booklet is not designed to teach you Mandarin Chinese by itself. 2 Published by Collins An imprint of HarperCollins Publishers Westerhill Road Bishopbriggs Glasgow G64 2QT www.harpercollins.co.uk First Edition 2019 © Paul Noble and Kai-Ti Noble 2019 ISBN 978-0-00-828714-6 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 www.collinsdictionary.com Typeset by Davidson Publishing Solutions, Glasgow All rights reserved. Words that we have reason to believe constitute trademarks have been designated as such. However, neither the presence nor absence of such designation should be regarded as affecting the legal status of any trademark. If you would like to comment on any aspect of this product, please contact us at the given address or online. E-mail: dictionaries@harpercollins.co.uk www.facebook.com/collinsdictionary @collinsdict Other languages in the Collins Next Steps with Paul Noble series: French, Italian, Spanish, German Contents How to use this booklet 6 Find out how this booklet can help you as you progress through the course. Core course review 7 Here you can review all the key structures you learnt during the course in a quick and easy way. Should 8 Need 12 When? / Why? / Who? 16 Am / Is / Are 17 Would and Could 24 Not yet 27 Could have, Should have, Would have 29 The detective “tense” 32 The future – using “hui” 36 Want-not-want type constructions 38 A change of situation 41 Tone review 46 Audio track listing 53 Paul: To Wickywoo and the monkeys. ߅㩖˖⥏㌺៥ᩃᛯⱘ⠊㽾 How to use this booklet This booklet has been designed to provide you with a quick and easy way to review and reinforce the key vocabulary, structures and contents of your Paul Noble Next Steps Chinese course. Although the core part of your learning will take place via your use of the accompanying course recordings, we have also included this booklet in order to provide you with a quick reference guide to the language. It is worth noting that this booklet should be used after you have begun working through the audio recording. It will serve as excellent reinforcement, guidance and review material but is not designed to teach you Chinese by itself. This is what the audio recording will do – and very rapidly too. After you have begun listening to the course, you will then find this booklet to be an extremely useful review and reference resource but you must start by listening to the recording first. So, if you haven’t done so already, go and press play on that first audio track and get started. You’re about to find out just how good a course this is! 6 Core course review The best way to use this part of your booklet is to start by reading through a page, looking at both the English and the Chinese. Then go back to the beginning of that same page and, while covering the Chinese side of the text, translate the English into Chinese – just as you did when you listened to the audio part of the course. Once you can get 90% of a page’s content correct, move on to the next page and follow the process again. By doing this, you will quickly recall and reinforce what you learnt with the course recordings. A note about the format Each sentence provided in the core course review is laid out with the English on the left-hand side and the Chinese on the right. The Chinese side provides three written versions of the Chinese translation. For example: I want fried noodles. ៥㽕♦咉DŽ ៥㽕♦䴶DŽ Wǒ yào chǎo miàn. All three versions say exactly the same thing in Chinese. The top version is a translation of the English that has been written in traditional Chinese characters. This is the written form of Chinese currently in use in Taiwan and Hong Kong. The middle version is a translation of the English that has been written in simplified Chinese characters. This is the written form of Chinese currently in use in Mainland China. The bottom version is a translation of the English that has been written in the Romanised version of Chinese, known as “pinyin”. It is used by non-Chinese to read the language. It includes tone marks to let you know which tone to use for each syllable. Use whichever helps you most. I have included all three versions here, so that you can use this booklet in whichever way suits you best. If you are mostly interested in learning to speak the language, then you will probably want to read the bottom, Romanised version. If you are planning to learn the written language used in Mainland China, you will wish to learn how to read the middle, simplified version. If you are planning to learn the written language used in Taiwan and Hong Kong, you will wish to learn how to read the top, traditional version. 7 Should should ឝ䁆 ᑨ䆹 yīnggāi I should ៥ឝ䁆 ៥ᑨ䆹 Wǒ yīnggāi shop / store / a shop / a store / the shop / the store ଚᑫ ଚᑫ shāngdiàn I should go to the shop / store to buy bread. ៥ឝ䁆এଚᑫ䊋咉ࣙDŽ ៥ᑨ䆹এଚᑫф䴶ࣙDŽ Wǒ yīnggāi qù shāngdiàn mǎi miànbāo. Should I go to the shop / store to buy bread? ៥ឝ䁆এଚᑫ䊋咉ࣙ˛ ៥ᑨ䆹এଚᑫф䴶ࣙ৫˛ Wǒ yīnggāi qù shāngdiàn mǎi miànbāo ma? Yes. ឝ䁆DŽ ᑨ䆹DŽ Yīnggāi. No. ϡឝ䁆DŽ ϡᑨ䆹DŽ Bù yìnggāi. home / family / family run unit ᆊ ᆊ jiā one ϔ ϔ yī one shop / one store ϔᆊଚᑫ ϔᆊଚᑫ yī jiā shāngdiàn 8 a couple ܽ ϸ liǎng two shops / two stores ܽᆊଚᑫ ϸᆊଚᑫ liǎng jiā shāngdiàn NOTE! As you learnt during the course, liǎng (a couple) rather than èr (the word used to mean “two” when counting) is always used with unit words to express “two”. So, you won’t say “èr gè shǒutíbāo” for two handbags or “èr jiā shāngdiàn” for two shops. No, no, no. Instead you will say “liǎng gè shǒutíbāo”, “liǎng jiā shāngdiàn” and so on. that 䙷 䙷 nà that shop / that store 䙷ᆊଚᑫ 䙷ᆊଚᑫ nà jiā shāngdiàn I’d like to go to that shop / store. ៥ᛇএ䙷ᆊଚᑫDŽ ៥ᛇএ䙷ᆊଚᑫDŽ Wǒ xiǎng qù nà jiā shāngdiàn. bakery / a bakery 咉ࣙᑫ 䴶ࣙᑫ miànbāodiàn that bakery 䙷ᆊ咉ࣙᑫ 䙷ᆊ䴶ࣙᑫ nà jiā miànbāodiàn You should go to that bakery to buy bread. Դឝ䁆এ䙷ᆊ咉ࣙᑫ䊋咉ࣙDŽ Դᑨ䆹এ䙷ᆊ䴶ࣙᑫф䴶ࣙDŽ Nǐ yīnggāi qù nà jiā miànbāodiàn mǎi miànbāo. tasty (for food) དৗ དৗ hǎo chī 9 Their bread is tasty. Ҫⱘץ咉ࣙᕜདৗDŽ ҪӀⱘ䴶ࣙᕜདৗDŽ Tāmen de miànbāo hěn hǎo chī. NOTE! So, as you can see in the sentence above, when we’re describing what something is like – saying that it’s tasty, good or big etc – we don’t use “am” or “is” or “are” as we would in English. Instead, we use “hěn” (very). So, to say “Their bread’s tasty” you’ll literally say “Their bread very tasty.” To say “He’s very big” you’ll literally say “He very big”. To say “I’m fat”, you’ll literally say “I very fat.” So, for describing things how things are – big, tasty, good, fat etc – use “very” not “am” / “is” / “are”. ⚎ Ў because yīnwèi You should go to that bakery to buy bread because their bread is tasty. Դឝ䁆এ䙷ᆊ咉ࣙᑫ䊋咉ࣙˈ⚎Ҫ ⱘץ咉ࣙᕜདৗDŽ Դᑨ䆹এ䙷ᆊ䴶ࣙᑫф䴶ࣙˈЎҪ Ӏⱘ䴶ࣙᕜདৗDŽ Nǐ yīnggāi qù nà jiā miànbāodiàn mǎi miànbāo, yīnwèi tāmen de miànbāo hěn hǎo chī. ੪ଵᑫ ੪ଵᑫ café / coffee shop kāfēidiàn I would like to go to that café. ៥ᛇএ䙷ᆊ੪ଵᑫDŽ ៥ᛇএ䙷ᆊ੪ଵᑫDŽ Wǒ xiǎng qù nà jiā kāfēidiàn. དୱ དୱ tasty (for drinks) hǎo hē I would like to go to that café because their coffee is tasty. ៥ᛇএ䙷ᆊ੪ଵᑫˈ⚎Ҫⱘץ੪ଵ ᕜདୱDŽ ៥ᛇএ䙷ᆊ੪ଵᑫˈЎҪӀⱘ੪ଵ ᕜདୱDŽ Wǒ xiǎng qù nà jiā kāfēidiàn, yīnwèi tāmen de kāfēi hěn hǎo hē. 10 not tasty (for food) ϡདৗ ϡདৗ bù hǎo chī not tasty (for drinks) ϡདୱ ϡདୱ bù hǎo hē You shouldn’t go to that café because Դϡឝ䁆এ䙷ᆊ੪ଵᑫˈ⚎Ҫⱘץ their coffee is not tasty. ੪ଵϡདୱDŽ Դϡᑨ䆹এ䙷ᆊ੪ଵᑫˈЎҪӀⱘ ੪ଵϡདୱDŽ Nǐ bù yīnggāi qù nà jiā kāfēidiàn, yīnwèi tāmen de kāfēi bù hǎo hē. green tea ㍴㤊 㓓㤊 lǜ chá You shouldn’t go to that shop to buy green tea because their green tea is not tasty. Դϡឝ䁆এ䙷ᆊଚᑫ䊋㍴㤊ˈ⚎Ҫ ⱘץ㍴㤊ϡདୱDŽ Դϡᑨ䆹এ䙷ᆊଚᑫф㓓㤊ˈЎҪ Ӏⱘ㓓㤊ϡདୱDŽ Nǐ bù yīnggāi qù nà jiā shāngdiàn mǎi lǜ chá, yīnwèi tāmen de lǜ chá bù hǎo hē. to drive 䭟䒞 ᓔ䔺 kāi chē You should drive today. ԴҞឝ䁆䭟䒞DŽ ԴҞᑨ䆹ᓔ䔺DŽ Nǐ jīntiān yīnggāi kāi chē. You should drive today because I’m not able to. ԴҞឝ䁆䭟䒞ˈ⚎៥ϡ㛑DŽ ԴҞᑨ䆹ᓔ䔺ˈЎ៥ϡ㛑DŽ Nǐ jīntiān yīnggāi kāi chē, yīnwèi wǒ bù néng. alcohol 䜦 䜦 jiǔ 11 You drank alcohol this evening. ԴҞᰮϞୱњ䜦DŽ ԴҞᰮϞୱњ䜦DŽ Nǐ jīntiān wǎnshàng hē le jiǔ. You drank alcohol this evening. You shouldn’t drive. ԴҞᰮϞୱњ䜦ˈԴϡឝ䁆䭟䒞DŽ ԴҞᰮϞୱњ䜦ˈԴϡᑨ䆹ᓔ䔺DŽ Nǐ jīntiān wǎnshàng hē le jiǔ, nǐ bù yīnggāi kāi chē. He can (it’s okay for him to) drive because he didn’t drink alcohol this evening. Ҫৃҹ䭟䒞ˈ⚎ҪҞᰮϞ≦᳝ ୱ䜦DŽ Ҫৃҹᓔ䔺ˈЎҪҞᰮϞ≵᳝ ୱ䜦DŽ Tā kěyǐ kāi chē, yīnwèi tā jīntiān wǎnshàng méi yǒu hē jiǔ. Need need 䳔㽕 䳔㽕 xūyào I need to go to that shop to buy green tea. ៥䳔㽕এ䙷ᆊଚᑫ䊋㍴㤊DŽ ៥䳔㽕এ䙷ᆊଚᑫф㓓㤊DŽ Wǒ xūyào qù nà jiā shāngdiàn mǎi lǜ chá. hotel (Mainland China)1 䜦ᑫ 䜦ᑫ jiǔdiàn Do you need to go to your hotel? Դ䳔㽕এԴⱘ䜦ᑫ˛ Դ䳔㽕এԴⱘ䜦ᑫ৫˛ Nǐ xūyào qù nǐ de jiǔdiàn ma? Yes. 䳔㽕DŽ 䳔㽕DŽ Xūyào. 1 As you learned during the course, “jiǔdiàn” / “䜦ᑫ” means “hotel” in Chinese – or at least, it does in Mainland China. Should you visit Taiwan, however, you will find that the term for “hotel” used there is not “jiǔdiàn” / “䜦ᑫ” (literally “alcohol shop”) but rather “fàndiàn” / 仃ᑫ (literally “rice shop”). So, if you go to Taiwan and need a hotel, use the term “rice shop” (fàndiàn) rather than “alcohol shop” (jiǔdiàn) whenever you want to say “hotel”! 12 ϡ䳔㽕DŽ ϡ䳔㽕DŽ No. Bù xūyào. parents ⠌႑ ⠌ཛྷ bàmā my parents ៥⠌႑ ៥⠌ཛྷ wǒ bàmā My parents need to go to their hotel. ៥⠌႑䳔㽕এҪⱘץ䜦ᑫDŽ ៥⠌ཛྷ䳔㽕এҪӀⱘ䜦ᑫDŽ Wǒ bàmā xūyào qù tāmen de jiǔdiàn. to go back / to return go ಲএ ಲএ huíqù My parents need to go back this evening. ៥⠌႑ҞᰮϞ䳔㽕ಲএDŽ ៥⠌ཛྷҞᰮϞ䳔㽕ಲএDŽ Wǒ bàmā jīntiān wǎnshàng xūyào huíqù. My parents need to go back to their hotel this evening. ៥⠌႑ҞᰮϞ䳔㽕ಲҪⱘץ䜦ᑫDŽ ៥⠌ཛྷҞᰮϞ䳔㽕ಲҪӀⱘ䜦ᑫDŽ Wǒ bàmā jīntiān wǎnshàng xūyào huí tāmen de jiǔdiàn. NOTE! So, when used just on its own, “to go back” is “huíqù” / “ಲএ” but when you mention the place you’re going back to, you will drop the “qù” / “এ” part, leaving you with just “huí” / “ಲ”. She needs to go back to China tomorrow. ཌྷᯢ䳔㽕ಲЁDŽ ཌྷᯢ䳔㽕ಲЁDŽ Tā míngtiān xūyào huí Zhōngguó. She needs to go back tomorrow. ཌྷᯢ䳔㽕ಲএDŽ ཌྷᯢ䳔㽕ಲএDŽ Tā míngtiān xūyào huíqù. 13 to go home / to return home ಲᆊ ಲᆊ huí jiā Tomorrow, she needs to go home. ᯢˈཌྷ䳔㽕ಲᆊDŽ ᯢˈཌྷ䳔㽕ಲᆊDŽ Míngtiān, tā xūyào huí jiā. She needs to go home tomorrow. ཌྷᯢ䳔㽕ಲᆊDŽ ཌྷᯢ䳔㽕ಲᆊDŽ Tā míngtiān xūyào huí jiā. mum’s ႑႑ⱘ ཛྷཛྷⱘ māma de Tomorrow, you should use mum’s computer. ᯢˈԴឝ䁆⫼႑႑ⱘ䳏㜺DŽ ᯢˈԴᑨ䆹⫼ཛྷཛྷⱘ⬉㛥DŽ Míngtiān, nǐ yīnggāi yòng māma de diànnǎo. You should use mum’s computer tomorrow. Դᯢឝ䁆⫼႑႑ⱘ䳏㜺DŽ Դᯢᑨ䆹⫼ཛྷཛྷⱘ⬉㛥DŽ Nǐ míngtiān yīnggāi yòng māma de diànnǎo. You should use mum’s computers tomorrow. Դឝ䁆ᯢ⫼႑႑ⱘ䳏㜺DŽ Դᑨ䆹ᯢ⫼ཛྷཛྷⱘ⬉㛥DŽ Nǐ yīnggāi míngtiān yòng māma de diànnǎo. NOTE! With words such as “should”, “can”, “need”, “want”, “would like” and “will”, there is a great deal of flexibility regarding where you can put the time reference in relation to these. Looking at the three sentences above, you can see how the time reference (in this case, the word “míngtiān” / “tomorrow”) can go right up at the front of the sentence or just before the“should” or just after the“should”. You’ll find a few more examples of this flexibility below so that you can at least be aware of the range of possibilities. dad’s ⠌⠌ⱘ ⠌⠌ⱘ bàba de 14 I need to use Dad’s car. ៥䳔㽕⫼⠌⠌ⱘ䒞DŽ ៥䳔㽕⫼⠌⠌ⱘ䔺DŽ Wǒ xūyào yòng bàba de chē. at one o’clock / one o’clock’s time ϔ咲ⱘᰖ ϔ⚍ⱘᯊ yīdiǎn de shíhòu At one o’clock, he needs to use dad’s car. ϔ咲ⱘᰖˈҪ䳔㽕⫼⠌⠌ⱘ䒞DŽ ϔ⚍ⱘᯊˈҪ䳔㽕⫼⠌⠌ⱘ䔺DŽ Yīdiǎn de shíhòu, tā xūyào yòng bàba de chē. He needs to use dad’s car at one o’clock. Ҫϔ咲ⱘᰖ䳔㽕⫼⠌⠌ⱘ䒞DŽ Ҫϔ⚍ⱘᯊ䳔㽕⫼⠌⠌ⱘ䔺DŽ Tā yīdiǎn de shíhòu xūyào yòng bàba de chē. He needs to use dad’s car at one o’clock. Ҫ䳔㽕ϔ咲ⱘᰖ⫼⠌⠌ⱘ䒞DŽ Ҫ䳔㽕ϔ⚍ⱘᯊ⫼⠌⠌ⱘ䔺DŽ Tā xūyào yīdiǎn de shíhòu yòng bàba de chē. at two o’clock ܽ咲ⱘᰖ ϸ⚍ⱘᯊ liǎng diǎn de shíhòu At two o’clock, I need to go back to my hotel. ܽ咲ⱘᰖˈ៥䳔㽕ಲ៥ⱘ䜦ᑫDŽ ϸ⚍ⱘᯊˈ៥䳔㽕ಲ៥ⱘ䜦ᑫDŽ Liǎng diǎn de shíhòu, wǒ xūyào huí wǒ de jiǔdiàn. I need to go back to my hotel at two o’clock. I need to go back to my hotel at two o’clock. ៥ܽ咲ⱘᰖ䳔㽕ಲ៥ⱘ䜦ᑫDŽ ៥ϸ⚍ⱘᯊ䳔㽕ಲ៥ⱘ䜦ᑫDŽ Wǒ liǎng diǎn de shíhòu xūyào huí wǒ de jiǔdiàn. ៥䳔㽕ܽ咲ⱘᰖಲ៥ⱘ䜦ᑫDŽ ៥䳔㽕ϸ⚍ⱘᯊಲ៥ⱘ䜦ᑫDŽ Wǒ xūyào liǎng diǎn de shíhòu huí wǒ de jiǔdiàn. 15 When? / Why? / Who? When? Ҕ咐ᰖ˛ ҔМᯊ˛ Shénme shíhòu? When would you like to go? / You when would like to go? ԴҔ咐ᰖᛇএ˛ ԴҔМᯊᛇএ˛ Nǐ shénme shíhòu xiǎng qù? When would you like to go to that bakery? ԴҔ咐ᰖᛇএ䙷ᆊ咉ࣙᑫ˛ ԴҔМᯊᛇএ䙷ᆊ䴶ࣙᑫ˛ Nǐ shénme shíhòu xiǎng qù nà jiā miànbāodiàn? When do you need to go home? ԴҔ咐ᰖ䳔㽕ಲᆊ˛ ԴҔМᯊ䳔㽕ಲᆊ˛ Nǐ shénme shíhòu xūyào huí jiā? When should we go home? ៥ץҔ咐ᰖឝ䁆ಲᆊ˛ ៥ӀҔМᯊᑨ䆹ಲᆊ˛ Wǒmen shénme shíhòu yīnggāi huí jiā? ⚎Ҕ咐˛ ЎҔМ˛ Why? Wèishénme? Why should I go to that bakery? / I why should go to that bakery? ៥⚎Ҕ咐ឝ䁆এ䙷ᆊ咉ࣙᑫ˛ ៥ЎҔМᑨ䆹এ䙷ᆊ䴶ࣙᑫ˛ Wǒ wèishénme yīnggāi qù nà jiā miànbāodiàn? with 䎳 䎳 gēn with Paul 䎳3DXO 䎳3DXO gēn Paul Why should I go with Paul? ៥⚎Ҕ咐ឝ䁆䎳3DXOএ" ៥ЎҔМᑨ䆹䎳3DXOএ" Wǒ wèishénme yīnggāi gēn Paul qù? 16 Who? 䂄˛ 䇕˛ Shéi? With who? / With whom? 䎳䂄˛ 䎳䇕˛ Gēn shéi? Who should I go home with? / I should with whom return home? ៥ឝ䁆䎳䂄ಲᆊ˛ ៥ᑨ䆹䎳䇕ಲᆊ˛ Wǒ yīnggāi gēn shéi huí jiā? Who would you like to go with? Դᛇ䎳䂄এ˛ Դᛇ䎳䇕এ˛ Nǐ xiǎng gēn shéi qù? You drink Դୱ Դୱ Nǐ hē You drink alcohol. Դୱ䜦DŽ Դୱ䜦DŽ Nǐ hē jiǔ. You are drinking alcohol. / You located in drinking alcohol. Դୱ䜦DŽ Դୱ䜦DŽ Nǐ zài hē jiǔ. Who are you drinking alcohol with? / Դ䎳䂄ୱ䜦˛ You located in with whom Դ䎳䇕ୱ䜦˛ drinking alcohol? Nǐ zài gēn shéi hē jiǔ? Am / Is / Are am / is / are ᰃ ᰃ shì I am ៥ᰃ ៥ᰃ Wǒ shì 17 He is Ҫᰃ Ҫᰃ Tā shì We are ៥ץᰃ ៥Ӏᰃ Wǒmen shì person Ҏ Ҏ rén China / Middle country / Middle kingdom Ё Ё Zhōngguó Chinese (the nationality) ЁҎ ЁҎ Zhōngguó rén We are Chinese. ៥ץᰃЁҎDŽ ៥ӀᰃЁҎDŽ Wǒmen shì Zhōngguó rén. I am ៥ᰃ ៥ᰃ Wǒ shì I am Chinese. ៥ᰃЁҎDŽ ៥ᰃЁҎDŽ Wǒ shì Zhōngguó rén. I am not ៥ϡᰃ ៥ϡᰃ Wǒ bù shì I am not Chinese. ៥ϡᰃЁҎDŽ ៥ϡᰃЁҎDŽ Wǒ bù shì Zhōngguó rén. Great Britain / Brave country 㣅 㣅 Yīngguó 18 British 㣅Ҏ 㣅Ҏ Yīngguó rén I am not British. ៥ϡᰃ㣅ҎDŽ ៥ϡᰃ㣅ҎDŽ Wǒ bù shì Yīngguó rén. I am British. ៥ᰃ㣅ҎDŽ ៥ᰃ㣅ҎDŽ Wǒ shì Yīngguó rén. I’m Paul. ៥ᰃ3DXODŽ ៥ᰃ3DXODŽ Wǒ shì Paul. Hello, I’m Paul. Դདˈ៥ᰃ3DXODŽ Դདˈ៥ᰃ3DXODŽ Nǐ hǎo. Wǒ shì Paul. Hello, I’m Paul. I’m British. Դདˈ៥ᰃ3DXOˈ៥ᰃ㣅ҎDŽ Դདˈ៥ᰃ3DXOˈ៥ᰃ㣅ҎDŽ Nǐ hǎo, wǒ shì Paul. Wǒ shì Yīngguó rén. America / Beautiful country 㕢 㕢 Měiguó American 㕢Ҏ 㕢Ҏ Měiguó rén We’re American. ៥ץᰃ㕢ҎDŽ ៥Ӏᰃ㕢ҎDŽ Wǒmen shì Měiguó rén. We’re not ៥ץϡᰃ ៥Ӏϡᰃ Wǒmen bù shì We’re not American. ៥ץϡᰃ㕢ҎDŽ ៥Ӏϡᰃ㕢ҎDŽ Wǒmen bù shì Měiguó rén. 19 teacher / old master 㗕 㗕Ꮬ lǎoshī I’m a teacher. / I am teacher. ៥ᰃ㗕DŽ ៥ᰃ㗕ᏜDŽ Wǒ shì lǎoshī. I’m a teacher. / I am one unit teacher. ៥ᰃϔן㗕DŽ ៥ᰃϔϾ㗕ᏜDŽ Wǒ shì yī gè lǎoshī. NOTE! To say what someone is (a teacher, a tourist, a Buddhist monk – whatever) you can choose whether or not to include the “one unit” part. So, you can say “I am teacher” or “I am one unit teacher” – it’s up to you. For the rest of this booklet, however, we will include the one unit part in all the examples. Ё᭛㗕 Ё᭛㗕Ꮬ Chinese teacher Zhōngwén lǎoshī I’m a Chinese teacher. ៥ᰃϔןЁ᭛㗕DŽ ៥ᰃϔϾЁ᭛㗕ᏜDŽ Wǒ shì yī gè Zhōngwén lǎoshī. 㣅᭛㗕 㣅᭛㗕Ꮬ English teacher Yīngwén lǎoshī I’m an English teacher. ៥ᰃϔן㣅᭛㗕DŽ ៥ᰃϔϾ㣅᭛㗕ᏜDŽ Wǒ shì yī gè Yīngwén lǎoshī. I’m Katy. I’m American. I’m an English teacher. ៥ᰃ.DW\ˈ៥ᰃ㕢Ҏˈ៥ᰃϔן㣅 ᭛㗕DŽ ៥ᰃ.DW\ˈ៥ᰃ㕢Ҏˈ៥ᰃϔϾ㣅 ᭛㗕ᏜDŽ Wǒ shì Katy, wǒ shì Měiguó rén, wǒ shì yī gè Yīngwén lǎoshī. 20 ࡴᣓ ࡴᣓ Canada Jiānádà ࡴᣓҎ ࡴᣓҎ Canadian Jiānádà rén ԴᰃࡴᣓҎ˛ ԴᰃࡴᣓҎ৫˛ Are you Canadian? Nǐ shì Jiānádà rén ma? ᰃDŽ ᰃDŽ Yes. Shì. No, I’m American. ϡᰃˈ៥ᰃ㕢ҎDŽ ϡᰃˈ៥ᰃ㕢ҎDŽ Bù shì, wǒ shì Měiguó rén. Which? ા˛ ા˛ Nǎ? Which country? ા˛ ા˛ Nǎ guó? Which country are you from? / You are which country person? ԴᰃાҎ˛ ԴᰃાҎ˛ Nǐ shì nǎ guó rén? I’m Canadian. ៥ᰃࡴᣓҎDŽ ៥ᰃࡴᣓҎDŽ Wǒ shì Jiānádà rén. tourist / literally “tour guest” 䘞ᅶ ␌ᅶ yóukè He’s a tourist. / He is one unit tourist. Ҫᰃϔן䘞ᅶDŽ ҪᰃϔϾ␌ᅶDŽ Tā shì yī gè yóukè. 21 He’s not a tourist. He’s an English teacher. Ҫϡᰃϔן䘞ᅶDŽҪᰃϔן㣅᭛㗕DŽ ҪϡᰃϔϾ␌ᅶDŽҪᰃϔϾ㣅᭛㗕ᏜDŽ Tā bù shì yī gè yóukè. Tā shì yī gè Yīngwén lǎoshī. NOTE! So, in Chinese we can use “am” / “is” / “are” – “shì” – to talk about who we are (Hi, I’m Paul), what we are (I’m a teacher) and also what our nationality is (I’m British – literally “I’m a British person”). But, as mentioned earlier, we can’t use it for describing how things are (as we do in English) – so we can’t use “shì” to say that something is tasty or beautiful or that someone is old or fat; instead we have to use “hěn” (very). Kung pao chicken / Palace guardian chicken cubes ᆂֱ䲲ϕ ᅿֱ叵ϕ Gōng bǎo jī dīng Kung pao chicken is tasty. / Kung pao chicken very tasty. ᆂֱ䲲ϕᕜདৗDŽ ᅿֱ叵ϕᕜདৗDŽ Gōng bǎo jī dīng hěn hǎo chī. this 䗭 䖭 zhè this green tea 䗭ן㍴㤊 䖭Ͼ㓓㤊 zhè ge lǜ chá This green tea is tasty. 䗭ן㍴㤊ᕜདୱDŽ 䖭Ͼ㓓㤊ᕜདୱDŽ Zhè ge lǜ chá hěn hǎo hē. teacher / old master 㗕 㗕Ꮬ lǎoshī old 㗕 㗕 lǎo My teacher is old. ៥ⱘ㗕ᕜ㗕DŽ ៥ⱘ㗕Ꮬᕜ㗕DŽ Wǒ de lǎoshī hěn lǎo. 22 this teacher 䗭ן㗕 䖭Ͼ㗕Ꮬ zhège lǎoshī This teacher is good. 䗭ן㗕ᕜདDŽ 䖭Ͼ㗕ᏜᕜདDŽ Zhège lǎoshī hěn hǎo. beautiful 㕢 㕢 měi She is beautiful. ཌྷᕜ㕢DŽ ཌྷᕜ㕢DŽ Tā hěn měi. that American 䙷ן㕢Ҏ 䙷Ͼ㕢Ҏ nà gè Měiguó rén That American is beautiful. 䙷ן㕢Ҏᕜ㕢DŽ 䙷Ͼ㕢Ҏᕜ㕢DŽ Nà gè Měiguó rén hěn měi. the Great Wall of China / the Great Wall / long fortified wall 䭋ජ 䭓ජ chángchéng The Great Wall is beautiful. 䭋ජᕜ㕢DŽ 䭓ජᕜ㕢DŽ Chángchéng hěn měi. fat 㚪 㚪 pàng I am fat. ៥ᕜ㚪DŽ ៥ᕜ㚪DŽ Wǒ hěn pàng. That person is fat. 䙷ןҎᕜ㚪DŽ 䙷ϾҎᕜ㚪DŽ Nà gè rén hěn pàng. 23 Would and Could I am ៥ᰃ ៥ᰃ Wǒ shì I was ៥ᰃ ៥ᰃ Wǒ shì if བᵰ བᵰ rúguǒ If I was / If I were བᵰ៥ᰃ བᵰ៥ᰃ Rúguǒ wǒ shì If I were you བᵰ៥ᰃԴ བᵰ៥ᰃԴ Rúguǒ wǒ shì nǐ I can / I know how to / I will / I would ៥᳗ ៥Ӯ Wǒ huì If I were you, I would order kung pao chicken. བᵰ៥ᰃԴˈ៥᳗咲ᆂֱ䲲ϕDŽ བᵰ៥ᰃԴˈ៥Ӯ⚍ᅿֱ叵ϕDŽ Rúguǒ wǒ shì nǐ, wǒ huì diǎn gōng bǎo jī dīng. If I were you, I would drink green tea. བᵰ៥ᰃԴˈ៥᳗ୱ㍴㤊DŽ བᵰ៥ᰃԴˈ៥Ӯୱ㓓㤊DŽ Rúguǒ wǒ shì nǐ, wǒ huì hē lǜ chá. Singapore ᮄࡴവ ᮄࡴവ Xīnjiāpō If I were him, I would go back to Singapore next year. བᵰ៥ᰃҪˈ៥ᯢᑈ᳗ಲᮄࡴവDŽ བᵰ៥ᰃҪˈ៥ᯢᑈӮಲᮄࡴവDŽ Rúguǒ wǒ shì tā, wǒ míngnián huì huí Xīnjiāpō. 24 䜦৻ 䜦৻ bar jiǔbā 䙷ᆊ䜦৻ 䙷ᆊ䜦৻ that bar nà jiā jiǔbā If I were you, I would go to that bar. བᵰ៥ᰃԴˈ៥᳗এ䙷ᆊ䜦৻DŽ བᵰ៥ᰃԴˈ៥Ӯএ䙷ᆊ䜦৻DŽ Rúguǒ wǒ shì nǐ, wǒ huì qù nà jiā jiǔbā. 䗭 䖭 this zhè 䗭ᆊ䜦৻ 䖭ᆊ䜦৻ this bar zhè jiā jiǔbā I wouldn’t go to this bar. ៥ϡ᳗এ䗭ᆊ䜦৻DŽ ៥ϡӮএ䖭ᆊ䜦৻DŽ Wǒ bù huì qù zhè jiā jiǔbā. ସ䜦 ସ䜦 beer píjiǔ If I were you, I wouldn’t go to this bar because their beer isn’t tasty. བᵰ៥ᰃԴˈ៥ϡ᳗এ䗭ᆊ䜦৻ˈ ⚎Ҫⱘץସ䜦ϡདୱDŽ བᵰ៥ᰃԴˈ៥ϡӮএ䖭ᆊ䜦৻ˈ ЎҪӀⱘସ䜦ϡདୱDŽ Rúguǒ wǒ shì nǐ, wǒ bù huì qù zhè jiā jiǔbā, yīnwèi tāmen de píjiǔ bù hǎo hē. I can / I could / I am able to ៥㛑 ៥㛑 Wǒ néng money 䣶 䪅 qián 25 I have money. ៥᳝䣶DŽ ៥᳝䪅DŽ Wǒ yǒu qián. I don’t have money. ៥≦᳝䣶DŽ ៥≵᳝䪅DŽ Wǒ méi yǒu qián. rich / rich person / literally “have money person” ᳝䣶Ҏ ᳝䪅Ҏ If I were a rich person, I could buy five cars. བᵰ៥ᰃ᳝䣶Ҏˈ៥㛑䊋Ѩ䓯䒞DŽ བᵰ៥ᰃ᳝䪅Ҏˈ៥㛑фѨ䕚䔺DŽ yǒu qián rén Rúguǒ wǒ shì yǒu qián rén, wǒ néng mǎi wǔ liàng chē. If I have / If I had / If I’d had བᵰ៥᳝ བᵰ៥᳝ Rúguǒ wǒ yǒu Australia ▇߽Ѳ ▇߽Ѯ Àodàlìyà If I had money, I could go to Australia next year. བᵰ៥᳝䣶ˈ៥ᯢᑈ㛑এ▇߽ѲDŽ བᵰ៥᳝䪅ˈ៥ᯢᑈ㛑এ▇߽ѮDŽ Rúguǒ wǒ yǒu qián, wǒ míngnián néng qù Àodàlìyà. If I had money, I would go to Australia next year. བᵰ៥᳝䣶ˈ៥ᯢᑈ᳗এ▇߽ѲDŽ བᵰ៥᳝䪅ˈ៥ᯢᑈӮএ▇߽ѮDŽ Rúguǒ wǒ yǒu qián, wǒ míngnián huì qù Àodàlìyà. If he had money, he could go back to Singapore. བᵰҪ᳝䣶ˈҪ㛑ಲᮄࡴവDŽ བᵰҪ᳝䪅ˈҪ㛑ಲᮄࡴവDŽ Rúguǒ tā yǒu qián, tā néng huí Xīnjiāpō. 26 Not yet I have been to the Great Wall. ៥এ䘢䭋ජDŽ ៥এ䖛䭓ජDŽ Wǒ qùguò chángchéng. 䙘≦᳝ 䖬≵᳝ not yet / yet not have hái méi yǒu I haven’t been to the Great Wall yet. / I yet haven’t been to the Great Wall. ៥䙘≦᳝এ䘢䭋ජDŽ ៥䖬≵᳝এ䖛䭓ජDŽ Wǒ hái méi yǒu qùguò chángchéng. ᬙᆂ ᬙᅿ the Forbidden City / the Former Palace gùgōng ៥䙘≦᳝এ䘢ᬙᆂDŽ ៥䖬≵᳝এ䖛ᬙᅿDŽ I haven’t been to the Forbidden City yet. Wǒ hái méi yǒu qùguò gùgōng. 2 not yet / yet not (shortened) 䙘≦ 䖬≵ hái méi I haven’t been to the Forbidden City yet. (shortened) ៥䙘≦এ䘢ᬙᆂDŽ ៥䖬≵এ䖛ᬙᅿDŽ Wǒ hái méi qùguò gùgōng. Have you been to the Forbidden City? Դএ䘢ᬙᆂ˛ Դএ䖛ᬙᅿ৫˛ Nǐ qùguò gùgōng ma? Yes. এ䘢DŽ এ䖛DŽ Qùguò. No. ≦᳝DŽ ≵᳝DŽ Méi yǒu. 2 The shortened “not yet” – hái méi – is more commonly used than the longer hái méi yǒu. 27 Not yet. (shortened) 䙘≦DŽ 䖬≵DŽ Hái méi. I’ve been to the Great Wall but I haven’t been to the Forbidden City yet. Why haven’t you been to the Forbidden City yet? ៥এ䘢䭋ජˈԚᰃ៥䙘≦এ䘢ᬙᆂDŽ ៥এ䖛䭓ජˈԚᰃ៥䖬≵এ䖛ᬙᅿDŽ Wǒ qùguò chángchéng, dànshì wǒ hái méi qùguò gùgōng. Դ⚎Ҕ咐䙘≦এ䘢ᬙᆂ˛ ԴЎҔМ䖬≵এ䖛ᬙᅿ˛ Nǐ wèishénme hái méi qùguò gùgōng? Because I wouldn’t like to go. ⚎៥ϡᛇএDŽ Ў៥ϡᛇএDŽ Yīnwèi wǒ bù xiǎng qù. NOTE! Take a look at that sentence above. Now, in English, we’re far more likely to say “because I don’t want to…” rather than “because I wouldn’t like to…”. In Chinese, however, both ways of talking are equally commonly used. So, for a sentence like the one above, you can say either “yīnwèi wǒ bù yào qù” (because I don’t want to go) or “yīnwèi wǒ bù xiǎng qù” (because I wouldn’t like to go). The choice is yours and the meaning is essentially identical. that restaurant 䙷ᆊ令ᓇ 䙷ᆊ令ख़ nà jiā cāntīng I haven’t been to that restaurant yet because my mum says their dishes are not tasty. ៥䙘≦এ䘢䙷ᆊ令ᓇˈ⚎៥႑႑䁾 Ҫⱘץ㦰ϡདৗDŽ ៥䖬≵এ䖛䙷ᆊ令ख़ˈЎ៥ཛྷཛྷ䇈 ҪӀⱘ㦰ϡདৗDŽ Wǒ hái méi qùguò nà jiā cāntīng, yīnwèi wǒ māma shuō tāmen de cài bù hào chī. 28 Could have, Would have, Should have Could have can / could / able to 㛑 㛑 néng خ خ to do / to do it zuò I could have done it. / I am could do it de. ៥ᰃ㛑ⱘخDŽ ៥ᰃ㛑ⱘخDŽ Wǒ shì néng zuò de. 䙷ৄᦤ䳏㜺 䙷ৄᦤ⬉㛥 that laptop nà tái shǒutí diànnǎo If I have / If I had / If I’d had བᵰ៥᳝ བᵰ៥᳝ Rúguǒ wǒ yǒu If I’d had the money, I could have bought that laptop. / If I’d had the money, I am could buy that laptop de. བᵰ៥᳝䣶ˈ៥ᰃ㛑䊋䙷ৄᦤ䳏 㜺ⱘDŽ བᵰ៥᳝䪅ˈ៥ᰃ㛑ф䙷ৄᦤ⬉ 㛥ⱘDŽ Rúguǒ wǒ yǒu qián, wǒ shì néng mǎi nà tái shǒutí diànnǎo de. If I’d had tofu, I could have made mapo tofu. བᵰ៥᳝䈚㜤ˈ៥ᰃ㛑خ咏ယ䈚 㜤ⱘDŽ བᵰ៥᳝䈚㜤ˈ៥ᰃ㛑خ咏ယ䈚 㜤ⱘDŽ Rúguǒ wǒ yǒu dòufu, wǒ shì néng zuò mápó dòufu de. If I’d had a computer, I could have done it. བᵰ៥᳝䳏㜺ˈ៥ᰃ㛑ⱘخDŽ བᵰ៥᳝⬉㛥ˈ៥ᰃ㛑ⱘخDŽ Rúguǒ wǒ yǒu diànnǎo, wǒ shì néng zuò de. 29 If I’d had a car, I could have gone. བᵰ៥᳝䒞ˈ៥ᰃ㛑এⱘDŽ བᵰ៥᳝䔺ˈ៥ᰃ㛑এⱘDŽ Rúguǒ wǒ yǒu chē, wǒ shì néng qù de. can / could / allowed to / alright for me to ৃҹ ৃҹ kěyǐ I could have gone. ៥ᰃৃҹএⱘDŽ ៥ᰃৃҹএⱘDŽ Wǒ shì kěyǐ qù de. I could have done it. ៥ᰃৃҹⱘخDŽ ៥ᰃৃҹⱘخDŽ Wǒ shì kěyǐ zuò de. I could have bought that laptop. ៥ᰃৃҹ䊋䙷ৄᦤ䳏㜺ⱘDŽ ៥ᰃৃҹф䙷ৄᦤ⬉㛥ⱘDŽ Wǒ shì kěyǐ mǎi nà tái shǒutí diànnǎo de. Would have can / know how to / will / would ᳗ Ӯ huì I would have done it. ៥ᰃ᳗ⱘخDŽ ៥ᰃӮⱘخDŽ Wǒ shì huì zuò de. to buy / to buy it 䊋 ф mǎi I would have bought it. ៥ᰃ᳗䊋ⱘDŽ ៥ᰃӮфⱘDŽ Wǒ shì huì mǎi de. If I’d had a computer, I would have done it. བᵰ៥᳝䳏㜺ˈ៥ᰃ᳗ⱘخDŽ བᵰ៥᳝⬉㛥ˈ៥ᰃӮⱘخDŽ Rúguǒ wǒ yǒu diànnǎo, wǒ shì huì zuò de. 30 If I’d had a car, I would have gone. བᵰ៥᳝䒞ˈ៥ᰃ᳗এⱘDŽ བᵰ៥᳝䔺ˈ៥ᰃӮএⱘDŽ Rúguǒ wǒ yǒu chē, wǒ shì huì qù de. If I’d had money yesterday, I would have bought it. བᵰ៥᯼᳝䣶ˈ៥ᰃ᳗䊋ⱘDŽ བᵰ៥᯼᳝䪅ˈ៥ᰃӮфⱘDŽ Rúguǒ wǒ zuótiān yǒu qián, wǒ shì huì mǎi de. Should have ឝ䁆 ᑨ䆹 should yīnggāi I should have done it. / I am should do it de. ៥ᰃឝ䁆ⱘخDŽ ៥ᰃᑨ䆹ⱘخDŽ Wǒ shì yīnggāi zuò de. I should have gone to the Great Wall. ៥ᰃឝ䁆এ䭋ජⱘDŽ ៥ᰃᑨ䆹এ䭓ජⱘDŽ Wǒ shì yīnggāi qù chángchéng de. I should have gone to the Great Wall ៥ᰃឝ䁆Ҟএ䭋ජⱘDŽ today. / I should today have gone to ៥ᰃᑨ䆹Ҟএ䭓ජⱘDŽ the Great Wall. Wǒ shì yīnggāi jīntiān qù chángchéng de. I should have ordered kung pao chicken. ៥ᰃឝ䁆咲ᆂֱ䲲ϕⱘDŽ ៥ᰃᑨ䆹⚍ᅿֱ叵ϕⱘDŽ Wǒ shì yīnggāi diǎn gōng bǎo jī dīng de. If you had a car, you should have gone. བᵰԴ᳝䒞ˈԴᰃឝ䁆এⱘDŽ བᵰԴ᳝䔺ˈԴᰃᑨ䆹এⱘDŽ Rúguǒ nǐ yǒu chē, nǐ shì yīnggāi qù de. If you had the money, you should have bought that laptop. བᵰԴ᳝䣶ˈԴᰃឝ䁆䊋䙷ৄᦤ䳏 㜺ⱘDŽ བᵰԴ᳝䪅ˈԴᰃᑨ䆹ф䙷ৄᦤ⬉ 㛥ⱘDŽ Rúguǒ nǐ yǒu qián, nǐ shì yīnggāi mǎi nà tái shǒutí diànnǎo de. 31 The detective “tense” NOTE! As you may remember from the audio part of the course, the detective “tense” can be used for talking about where, when and with whom something took place. So, just like a detective, you can use it to obtain (or give) specific details about something that happened in the past. So, whenever you want to talk about when you made lunch, where you bought your car, who you went to China with, you’ll use the detective “tense”. lunch ज令 ज令 wǔcān You made lunch. Դخњज令DŽ Դخњज令DŽ Nǐ zuò le wǔcān. When did you make lunch? ԴᰃҔ咐ᰖخज令ⱘ˛ ԴᰃҔМᯊخज令ⱘ˛ Nǐ shì shénme shíhòu zuò wǔcān de? NOTE! So, as you can see, to say simply “You made lunch” you’ll say “Nǐ zuò le wǔcān”. You cannot use the detective tense to say this because you’re not talking about when the lunch was made or where it was made or with whom. There are no such details to emphasise so it would be incorrect – and highly confusing for a Chinese listener – if you said “Nǐ shì zuò wǔcān de”. No, no, no – that would be wrong, wrong, wrong! However, the moment you start asking when the lunch was made, then you are behaving like a detective and so you can use the shi … de construction, the detective “tense”, just as we did in the sentence above. Let’s try doing more of the same below! I made lunch at 12 o’clock. ៥ᰃकѠ咲ⱘᰖخज令ⱘDŽ ៥ᰃकѠ⚍ⱘᯊخज令ⱘDŽ Wǒ shì shíʼèr diǎn de shíhòu zuò wǔcān de. When did you go back to Canada? / When did you return to Canada? ԴᰃҔ咐ᰖಲࡴᣓⱘ˛ ԴᰃҔМᯊಲࡴᣓⱘ˛ Nǐ shì shénme shíhòu huí Jiānádà de? 32 I went back to Canada yesterday. / I returned to Canada yesterday. ៥ᰃ᯼ಲࡴᣓⱘDŽ ៥ᰃ᯼ಲࡴᣓⱘDŽ Wǒ shì zuótiān huí Jiānádà de. Taiwan ৄ☷ ৄ Táiwān When did you go to Taiwan? ԴᰃҔ咐ᰖএৄ☷ⱘ˛ ԴᰃҔМᯊএৄⱘ˛ Nǐ shì shénme shíhòu qù Táiwān de? I went to Taiwan last year. ៥ᰃএᑈএৄ☷ⱘDŽ ៥ᰃএᑈএৄⱘDŽ Wǒ shì qùnián qù Táiwān de. that car 䙷䓯䒞 䙷䕚䔺 nà liàng chē When did you buy that car? ԴᰃҔ咐ᰖ䊋䙷䓯䒞ⱘ˛ ԴᰃҔМᯊф䙷䕚䔺ⱘ˛ Nǐ shì shénme shíhòu mǎi nà liàng chē de? I bought it yesterday. / I am yesterday buy it de. ៥ᰃ᯼䊋ⱘDŽ ៥ᰃ᯼фⱘDŽ Wǒ shì zuótiān mǎi de. When did you eat breakfast? ԴᰃҔ咐ᰖৗᮽ令ⱘ˛ ԴᰃҔМᯊৗᮽ令ⱘ˛ Nǐ shì shénme shíhòu chī zǎocān de? I ate breakfast at 8 o’clock. ៥ᰃܿ咲ⱘᰖৗᮽ令ⱘDŽ ៥ᰃܿ⚍ⱘᯊৗᮽ令ⱘDŽ Wǒ shì bā diǎn de shíhòu chī zǎocān de. Where? ા㺵˛ ા䞠˛ Nǎlǐ? 33 ા㺵˛ ા䞠˛ Located where? Zài nǎlǐ? to eat / to eat it ৗ ৗ chī Where did you eat? / You are located where eat it de? Դᰃા㺵ৗⱘ˛ Դᰃા䞠ৗⱘ˛ Nǐ shì zài nǎlǐ chī de? Where did you eat Peking duck? Դᰃા㺵ৗ࣫Ҁ⚸勼ⱘ˛ Դᰃા䞠ৗ࣫Ҁ⚸吁ⱘ˛ Nǐ shì zài nǎlǐ chī Běijīng kǎoyā de? I ate it in that restaurant. ៥ᰃ䙷ᆊ令ᓇৗⱘDŽ ៥ᰃ䙷ᆊ令ख़ৗⱘDŽ Wǒ shì zài nà jiā cāntīng chī de. Where did you buy that car? Դᰃા㺵䊋䙷䓯䒞ⱘ˛ Դᰃા䞠ф䙷䕚䔺ⱘ˛ Nǐ shì zài nǎlǐ mǎi nà liàng chē de? that shop / that store 䙷ᆊଚᑫ 䙷ᆊଚᑫ nà jiā shāngdiàn located in that shop / located in that store 䙷ᆊଚᑫ 䙷ᆊଚᑫ zài nà jiā shāngdiàn I bought it in that shop. / I am in that shop buy it de. ៥䙷ᆊଚᑫ䊋ⱘDŽ ៥䙷ᆊଚᑫфⱘDŽ Wǒ zài nà jiā shāngdiàn mǎi de. that laptop 䙷ৄᦤ䳏㜺 䙷ৄᦤ⬉㛥 nà tái shǒutí diànnǎo Where did you use that laptop? Դᰃા㺵⫼䙷ৄᦤ䳏㜺ⱘ˛ Դᰃા䞠⫼䙷ৄᦤ⬉㛥ⱘ˛ Nǐ shì zài nǎlǐ yòng nà tái shǒutí diànnǎo de? 34 䙷ןସ䜦 䙷Ͼସ䜦 that beer nà gè píjiǔ Where did you buy that beer? Դᰃા㺵䊋䙷ןସ䜦ⱘ˛ Դᰃા䞠ф䙷Ͼସ䜦ⱘ˛ Nǐ shì zài nǎlǐ mǎi nà gè píjiǔ de? I bought it in that bar. ៥ᰃ䙷ᆊ䜦৻䊋ⱘDŽ ៥ᰃ䙷ᆊ䜦৻фⱘDŽ Wǒ shì zài nà jiā jiǔbā mǎi de. I ៥ ៥ wǒ ៥ ៥ me wǒ 䎳៥ 䎳៥ with me gēn wǒ Ҫ Ҫ he tā Ҫ Ҫ him tā 䎳Ҫ 䎳Ҫ with him gēn tā ៥ᰃ䎳ҪএⱘDŽ ៥ᰃ䎳ҪএⱘDŽ I went with him. Wǒ shì gēn tā qù de. I went with her. ៥ᰃ䎳ཌྷএⱘDŽ ៥ᰃ䎳ཌྷএⱘDŽ Wǒ shì gēn tā qù de. 35 Who did you go with? / You are with whom go de? Դᰃ䎳䂄এⱘ˛ Դᰃ䎳䇕এⱘ˛ Nǐ shì gēn shéi qù de? Who did you eat lunch with? Դᰃ䎳䂄ৗज令ⱘ˛ Դᰃ䎳䇕ৗज令ⱘ˛ Nǐ shì gēn shéi chī wǔcān de? to use / to use it ⫼ ⫼ yòng When did you use it? ԴᰃҔ咐ᰖ˛ⱘ⫼ ԴᰃҔМᯊ˛ⱘ⫼ Nǐ shì shénme shíhòu yòng de? Where did you use it? Դᰃા㺵⫼ⱘ˛ Դᰃા䞠⫼ⱘ˛ Nǐ shì zài nǎlǐ yòng de? Who did you use it with? Դᰃ䎳䂄⫼ⱘ˛ Դᰃ䎳䇕⫼ⱘ˛ Nǐ shì gēn shéi yòng de? The future – using “hui” I can / I know how to / I will / I would ៥᳗ ៥Ӯ Wǒ huì I’ll go to that restaurant. ៥᳗এ䙷ᆊ令ᓇDŽ ៥Ӯএ䙷ᆊ令ख़DŽ Wǒ huì qù nà jiā cāntīng. I’ll order mapo tofu. ៥᳗咲咏ယ䈚㜤DŽ ៥Ӯ⚍咏ယ䈚㜤DŽ Wǒ huì diǎn mápó dòufu. at 6 o’clock ݁咲ⱘᰖ ݁⚍ⱘᯊ liù diǎn de shíhòu 36 At 6 o’clock, I’ll go home. ݁咲ⱘᰖˈ៥᳗ಲᆊDŽ ݁⚍ⱘᯊˈ៥ӮಲᆊDŽ Liù diǎn de shíhòu, wǒ huì huí jiā. At 7 o’clock, I’ll make dinner. ϗ咲ⱘᰖˈ៥᳗خᰮ令DŽ ϗ⚍ⱘᯊˈ៥Ӯخᰮ令DŽ Qī diǎn de shíhòu, wǒ huì zuò wǎncān. afternoon ϟज ϟज xiàwǔ this afternoon Ҟϟज Ҟϟज jīntiān xiàwǔ This afternoon, I’ll make steamed buns. Ҟϟज៥᳗ࣙخᄤDŽ Ҟϟज៥ӮࣙخᄤDŽ Jīntiān xiàwǔ wǒ huì zuò bāozi. This afternoon, I won’t make steamed buns. Ҟϟज៥ϡ᳗ࣙخᄤDŽ Ҟϟज៥ϡӮࣙخᄤDŽ Jīntiān xiàwǔ wǒ bù huì zuò bāozi. I’ll buy a new laptop this afternoon. ៥Ҟϟज᳗䊋ᮄⱘᦤ䳏㜺DŽ ៥ҞϟजӮфᮄⱘᦤ⬉㛥DŽ Wǒ jīntiān xiàwǔ huì mǎi xīn de shǒutí diànnǎo. later / pass a while 䘢ϔ᳗ܦ 䖛ϔӮܓ guò yīhuìr to come ՚ ᴹ lái to come back ಲ՚ ಲᴹ huí lái I’ll come back later. ៥䘢ϔ᳗ܦ᳗ಲ՚DŽ ៥䖛ϔӮܓӮಲᴹDŽ Wǒ guò yīhuìr huì huí lái. 37 I can come back later. ៥ৃҹ䘢ϔ᳗ܦಲ՚DŽ ៥ৃҹ䖛ϔӮܓಲᴹDŽ Wǒ kěyǐ guò yīhuìr huí lái. You should come back later. Դឝ䁆䘢ϔ᳗ܦಲ՚DŽ Դᑨ䆹䖛ϔӮܓಲᴹDŽ Nǐ yīnggāi guò yīhuìr huí lái. I’ll eat lunch later. ៥䘢ϔ᳗ܦ᳗ৗज令DŽ ៥䖛ϔӮܓӮৗज令DŽ Wǒ guò yīhuìr huì chī wǔcān. When will you go to China? ԴҔ咐ᰖ᳗এЁ˛ ԴҔМᯊӮএЁ˛ Nǐ shénme shíhòu huì qù Zhōngguó? When will we make lunch? ៥ץ᳗Ҕ咐ᰖخज令˛ ៥ӀӮҔМᯊخज令˛ Wǒmen huì shénme shíhòu zuò 3 wǔcān? Want-not-want type constructions4 Do you want to go? (MTOP)5 Դץ㽕ϡ㽕এ˛ ԴӀ㽕ϡ㽕এ˛ Nǐmen yào bù yào qù? You should (MTOP) Դץឝ䁆 ԴӀᑨ䆹 Nǐmen yīnggāi Should you? / You should not should? (MTOP) Դץឝϡឝ䁆˛ ԴӀᑨϡᑨ䆹˛ Nǐmen yīng bù yīnggāi? 3 Notice how in the two sentences “When will you go to China?” and “When will we make lunch?” the position of the part meaning “when” (“shénme shíhòu”) changes. This is because, in Chinese, the “when” can go either before the “will” or after it. So for both these sentences you could put the shénme shíhòu either before the huì or after it, it’s entirely up to you! 4 Unless followed with a “ma” all questions in this section use a “want-not-want” type of construction. 5 Whenever you see “MTOP”, this lets you know that you need to use the Chinese word for “you” that you use when you’re talking to More Than One Person. So, if you see “MTOP” use “nǐmen”. 38 Should you go? (MTOP) Դץឝϡឝ䁆এ˛ ԴӀᑨϡᑨ䆹এ˛ Nǐmen yīng bù yīnggāi qù? Should we come? ៥ץឝϡឝ䁆՚˛ ៥Ӏᑨϡᑨ䆹ᴹ˛ Wǒmen yīng bù yīnggāi lái? Do we need to come? ៥ץ䳔ϡ䳔㽕՚˛ ៥Ӏ䳔ϡ䳔㽕ᴹ˛ Wǒmen xū bù xūyào lái? They would like to come. Ҫץᛇ՚DŽ ҪӀᛇᴹDŽ Tāmen xiǎng lái. Would they like to come? (ma) Ҫץᛇ՚˛ ҪӀᛇᴹ৫˛ Tāmen xiǎng lái ma? Would they like to come? Ҫץᛇϡᛇ՚˛ ҪӀᛇϡᛇᴹ˛ Tāmen xiǎng bù xiǎng lái? Would they like to come tomorrow afternoon? Ҫץᯢϟजᛇϡᛇ՚˛ ҪӀᯢϟजᛇϡᛇᴹ˛ Tāmen míngtiān xiàwǔ xiǎng bù xiǎng lái? Do they want to come tomorrow afternoon? Ҫץᯢϟज㽕ϡ㽕՚˛ ҪӀᯢϟज㽕ϡ㽕ᴹ˛ Tāmen míngtiān xiàwǔ yào bù yào lái? Can they come / Are they able to come tomorrow afternoon? Ҫץᯢϟज㛑ϡ㛑՚˛ ҪӀᯢϟज㛑ϡ㛑ᴹ˛ Tāmen míngtiān xiàwǔ néng bù néng lái? Can they come / Are they allowed to come tomorrow afternoon? Ҫץᯢϟजৃϡৃҹ՚˛ ҪӀᯢϟजৃϡৃҹᴹ˛ Tāmen míngtiān xiàwǔ kě bù kěyǐ lái? Do they need to come tomorrow afternoon? Ҫץᯢϟज䳔ϡ䳔㽕՚˛ ҪӀᯢϟज䳔ϡ䳔㽕ᴹ˛ Tāmen míngtiān xiàwǔ xū bù xūyào lái? 39 Should they come tomorrow afternoon? Ҫץᯢϟजឝϡឝ䁆՚˛ ҪӀᯢϟजᑨϡᑨ䆹ᴹ˛ Tāmen míngtiān xiàwǔ yīng bù yīnggāi lái? next year ᯢᑈ ᯢᑈ míngnián Next year, you will come. ᯢᑈˈԴ᳗՚DŽ ᯢᑈˈԴӮᴹDŽ Míngnián, nǐ huì lái. Next year, will you come to China? (ma) ᯢᑈˈԴ᳗՚Ё˛ ᯢᑈˈԴӮᴹЁ৫˛ Míngnián, nǐ huì lái Zhōngguó ma? Next year, will you come to China? ᯢᑈˈԴ᳗ϡ᳗՚Ё˛ ᯢᑈˈԴӮϡӮᴹЁ˛ Míngnián, nǐ huì bù huì lái Zhōngguó? Next year, will you go to Australia? ᯢᑈˈԴ᳗ϡ᳗এ▇߽Ѳ˛ ᯢᑈˈԴӮϡӮএ▇߽Ѯ˛ Míngnián, nǐ huì bù huì qù Àodàlìyà? Australian ▇߽ѲҎ ▇߽ѮҎ Àodàlìyà rén Is she Australian? ཌྷᰃϡᰃ▇߽ѲҎ˛ ཌྷᰃϡᰃ▇߽ѮҎ˛ Tā shì bù shì Àodàlìyà rén? Singaporean ᮄࡴവҎ ᮄࡴവҎ Xīnjiāpō rén Is she Singaporean? ཌྷᰃϡᰃᮄࡴവҎ˛ ཌྷᰃϡᰃᮄࡴവҎ˛ Tā shì bù shì Xīnjiāpō rén? Taiwanese ৄ☷Ҏ ৄҎ Táiwān rén 40 Is she Taiwanese? ཌྷᰃϡᰃৄ☷Ҏ˛ ཌྷᰃϡᰃৄҎ˛ Tā shì bù shì Táiwān rén? She is not Taiwanese. She is Singaporean. ཌྷϡᰃৄ☷ҎˈཌྷᰃᮄࡴവҎDŽ ཌྷϡᰃৄҎˈཌྷᰃᮄࡴവҎDŽ Tā bù shì Táiwān rén. Tā shì Xīnjiāpō rén. Is Paul an English teacher? 3DXOᰃϡᰃϔן㣅᭛㗕˛ 3DXOᰃϡᰃϔϾ㣅᭛㗕Ꮬ˛ Paul shì bù shì yī gè Yīngwén lǎoshī? Yes. ᰃDŽ ᰃDŽ Shì. No. ϡᰃDŽ ϡᰃDŽ Bù shì. No, he is a tourist. ϡᰃˈҪᰃϔן䘞ᅶDŽ ϡᰃˈҪᰃϔϾ␌ᅶDŽ Bù shì, tā shì yī gè yóukè. A change of situation NOTE! In the first Paul Noble Mandarin Chinese course, you learnt that “le” / “њ” is sometimes used in Chinese when people talk about things that happened in the past. For instance: I go ៥এ ៥এ Wǒ qù I went ៥এњ ៥এњ Wǒ qùle 41 I went to China. ៥এњЁDŽ ៥এњЁDŽ Wǒ qùle Zhōngguó. Last year, I went to China. এᑈ៥এњЁDŽ এᑈ៥এњЁDŽ Qùnián wǒ qùle Zhōngguó. I eat ៥ৗ ៥ৗ Wǒ chī I ate ៥ৗњ ៥ৗњ Wǒ chīle Yesterday, I ate sweet and sour pork. ᯼ˈ៥ৗњ੩౩㙝DŽ ᯼ˈ៥ৗњ੩ర㙝DŽ Zuótiān, wǒ chīle gūlū ròu. NOTE! But this is only one of the ways in which “le” / “њ” is used in Chinese. As you will hopefully recall from the audio part of your Next Steps course, it is also used to show how a situation has changed. Just take a look at the two sentences below to remind yourself of how this works: My parents are old. / My parents very old. ៥⠌႑ᕜ㗕DŽ ៥⠌ཛྷᕜ㗕DŽ Wǒ bàmā hěn lǎo. My parents have gotten old. / My parents old le. ៥⠌႑㗕њDŽ ៥⠌ཛྷ㗕њDŽ Wǒ bàmā lǎo le. NOTE! So, when “le” is used with describing words such as “old”, “big”, “good” and so on, it doesn’t mean you’re talking about the past, instead it shows you that something has changed, that the situation is somehow different from how it was before. When you use it in this way, you put the “le” at the end of the sentence. Let’s look at some more examples below! 42 He is fat. Ҫᕜ㚪DŽ Ҫᕜ㚪DŽ Tā hěn pàng. He’s gotten fat. / He’s become fat. Ҫ㚪њDŽ Ҫ㚪њDŽ Tā pàng le. big dà He’s gotten big. / He’s grown up. ҪњDŽ ҪњDŽ Tā dà le. Why should I go? ៥⚎Ҕ咐ឝ䁆এ˛ ៥ЎҔМᑨ䆹এ˛ Wǒ wèishénme yīnggāi qù? Because you’ve grown up. ⚎ԴњDŽ ЎԴњDŽ Yīnwèi nǐ dà le. NOTE! So, whenever you use “le” / “њ” with describing words, it is not to talk about the past but rather to show that the situation is somehow different from how it was before, that times have changed. And, actually, it’s not only with describing words that this can be done. Take a look at the two sentences below: I can speak Chinese. ៥᳗䁾Ё᭛DŽ ៥Ӯ䇈Ё᭛DŽ Wǒ huì shuō Zhōngwén. I can speak Chinese now. ៥᳗䁾Ё᭛њDŽ ៥Ӯ䇈Ё᭛њDŽ Wǒ huì shuō Zhōngwén le. 43 NOTE! So, as you can see, you can also put “le” at the end of a sentence even when there isn’t a describing word, as a way to show that the situation is somehow different from how it was before. So, whereas saying “wǒ huì shuō Zhōngwén” simply tells someone that you can speak Chinese, adding a “le” onto the end of that emphasises the fact that you didn’t use to be able to speak Chinese but now you can – in English we typically add the word “now” at the end of a sentence to communicate this idea. Take a look at some more examples of this type of sentence below: You can drive. Դ᳗䭟䒞DŽ ԴӮᓔ䔺DŽ Nǐ huì kāichē. You can drive now. Դ᳗䭟䒞њDŽ ԴӮᓔ䔺њDŽ Nǐ huì kāichē le. I have money. ៥᳝䣶DŽ ៥᳝䪅DŽ Wǒ yǒu qián. I have money now. ៥᳝䣶њDŽ ៥᳝䪅њDŽ Wǒ yǒu qián le. I’m a teacher. ៥ᰃϔן㗕DŽ ៥ᰃϔϾ㗕ᏜDŽ Wǒ shì yī gè lǎoshī. I’ve become a teacher. / I’m a teacher now. ៥ᰃϔן㗕њDŽ ៥ᰃϔϾ㗕ᏜњDŽ Wǒ shì yī gè lǎoshī le. I can make lunch. / I’m able to make lunch. ៥㛑خज令DŽ ៥㛑خज令DŽ Wǒ néng zuò wǔcān. I’m able to make lunch now. (By which you would be implying: I wasn’t able to make lunch earlier – for whatever reason – but now I can). 44 ៥㛑خज令њDŽ ៥㛑خज令њDŽ Wǒ néng zuò wǔcān le. NOTE! So, whereas in English we would typically use the word “now” to show that things are not how they were before, Chinese speakers will instead add “le” to the end of the sentence to achieve the same sort of meaning. 45 Tone review Cluster 1 Person Ҏ Ҏ Rén Middle Ё Ё Zhōng Country / Kingdom Guó China / Middle country / Middle kingdom Ё Ё Zhōngguó Chinese / China person / Middle country person / Middle kingdom person ЁҎ ЁҎ Zhōngguó rén Brave 㣅 㣅 Yīng Great Britain / Brave country 㣅 㣅 Yīngguó British / Brave country person 㣅Ҏ 㣅Ҏ Yīngguó rén Beautiful 㕢 㕢 Měi America / Beautiful country 㕢 㕢 Měiguó American / Beautiful country person 㕢Ҏ 㕢Ҏ Měiguó rén Cluster 2 Cluster 3 46 Cluster 4 Money 䣶 䪅 Qián Have ᳝ ᳝ Yǒu Rich / Have money person ᳝䣶Ҏ ᳝䪅Ҏ Yǒu qián rén Former ᬙ ᬙ Gù Palace ᆂ ᅿ Gōng The Forbidden City / The former palace ᬙᆂ ᬙᅿ Gùgōng Guardian ֱ ֱ Bǎo Chicken 䲲 叵 Jī Cubes ϕ ϕ Dīng ᅿֱ叵ϕ Gōng bǎo jī dīng Cluster 5 Cluster 6 Kungpao chicken / ᆂֱ䲲ϕ Palace guardian chicken cubes Cluster 7 Long 䭋 䭓 Cháng Fortified wall ජ ජ Chéng The Great Wall / Long Fortified Wall 䭋ජ 䭓ජ Chángchéng 47 Cluster 8 After / next ϟ ϟ Xià Noon ज ज Wǔ Afternoon ϟज ϟज Xiàwǔ Meal 令 令 Cān Lunch ज令 ज令 Wǔcān What? Ҕ咐 ҔМ Shénme? Because / Reason for ⚎ Ў Yīnwèi Why? / For what? ⚎Ҕ咐 ЎҔМ Wèishénme? Time ᰖ ᯊ Shíhòu When? / What time? Ҕ咐ᰖ ҔМᯊ Shénme shíhòu? To order / To point / Dot 咲 ⚍ Diǎn Ten क क Shí Ten o’clock क咲 क⚍ Shí diǎn De ⱘ ⱘ De At ten o’clock / Ten dot’s time क咲ⱘᰖ क⚍ⱘᯊ Shí diǎn de shíhòu Cluster 9 Cluster 10 48 Cluster 11 Shop / Store / Trading shop / Trading store ଚᑫ ଚᑫ Shāngdiàn Bread 咉ࣙ 䴶ࣙ Miànbāo Bakery / Bread shop / Bread store 咉ࣙᑫ 䴶ࣙᑫ Miànbāo diàn Coffee ੪ଵ ੪ଵ Kāfēi Cafe / Coffee shop ੪ଵᑫ ੪ଵᑫ Kāfēi diàn Alcohol 䜦 䜦 Jiǔ Hotel / Alcohol shop 䜦ᑫ 䜦ᑫ Jiǔdiàn Bar / Alcohol bar 䜦৻ 䜦৻ Jiǔbā Beer ସ䜦 ସ䜦 Píjiǔ Good ད ད Hǎo To eat ৗ ৗ Chī Tasty (for food) དৗ དৗ Hǎo chī To drink ୱ ୱ Hē Tasty (for drink) དୱ དୱ Hǎo hē Cluster 12 Cluster 13 49 Cluster 14 Home / Family / Family unit ᆊ ᆊ Jiā To go এ এ Qù To return ಲ ಲ Huí To go back / To return go ಲএ ಲএ Huíqù To go home / To return home ಲᆊ ಲᆊ Huí jiā Which ા ા Nǎ Inside 㺵 䞠 lǐ Where? / Which inside? ા㺵 ા䞠 Nǎlǐ Green ㍴ 㓓 Lǜ Tea 㤊 㤊 Chá Green tea ㍴㤊 㓓㤊 Lǜchá Old 㗕 㗕 Lǎo Master Ꮬ Shī Teacher / Old master 㗕 㗕Ꮬ Lǎoshī Fat 㚪 㚪 Pàng Tourist 䘞ᅶ ␌ᅶ Yóukè Cluster 15 Cluster 16 Cluster 17 50 Cluster 18 Taiwan 㟎☷ ৄ Táiwān Taiwanese/ Taiwan person 㟎☷Ҏ ৄҎ Táiwān rén Singapore ᮄࡴവ ᮄࡴവ Xīnjiāpō Singaporean/ Singapore person ᮄࡴവҎ ᮄࡴവҎ Xīnjiāpō rén Canada ࡴᣓ ࡴᣓ Jiānádà Canadian/ Canada person ࡴᣓҎ ࡴᣓҎ Jiānádà rén Australia ▇߽Ѳ ▇߽Ѯ Àodàlìyà Australian/ Australia person ▇߽ѲҎ ▇߽ѮҎ Àodàlìyà rén One ϔ ϔ Yī Two Ѡ Ѡ Èr Three ϝ ϝ Sān Four ಯ ಯ Sì Five Ѩ Ѩ Wǔ Six ݁ ݁ Liù Seven ϗ ϗ Qī Eight ܿ ܿ Bā Nine б б Jiǔ Ten क क Shí Cluster 19 51 Cluster 20 This 䗭 䖭 Zhè That 䙷 䙷 Nà With 䎳 䎳 Gēn Yet 䙘 䖬 Hái Not yet 䙘≦ 䖬≵ Hái méi If བᵰ བᵰ Rúguǒ Who? 䂄 䇕 Shéi Should ឝ䁆 ᑨ䆹 Yīnggāi Need 䳔㽕 䳔㽕 Xūyào To come ՚ ᴹ Lái Am / Is / Are ᰃ ᰃ Shì To pass 䘢 䖛 Guò A while ϔ᳗ܦ ϔӮܓ Yīhuìr Later / To pass a while 䘢ϔ᳗ܦ 䖛ϔӮܓ Guò yīhuìr Dad ⠌⠌ ⠌⠌ Bàba Mum / Mom ႑႑ ཛྷཛྷ Māma Parents ⠌႑ ⠌ཛྷ Bàmā Cluster 21 Cluster 22 Cluster 23 52 Audio track listing 1 Welcome 2 Shop / store 3 Bakery 4 Home / family / family run unit 5 That 6 Tasty (for food) 7 Because 8 Tasty (for drinks) 9 Should 10 Kung Pao Chicken 11 Practice with “should” 12 Reviewing using “le” in the past 13 Alcohol 14 Practising “…is tasty” 15 A little practice 16 Need 17 Hotel 18 My parents need to go to their hotel 19 Some practice and review 20 Where to put time / date in a sentence 21 To go back – when huí qù becomes huí 22 To go home 23 Where to put time / date in a sentence 53 24 Mum’s / Dad’s 25 At one o’clock / One o’clock’s time 26 Using the time in sentences 1 27 Numbers (1-12) 28 “Two” vs “A couple” 29 Using the time in sentences 2 30 Using the present to talk the future 31 Using the present to express the future 32 Using “yào” to express the future 33 Using “huì” to express the future 34 Three ways to talk about the future 35 Two presents, three futures 36 Some practice and review 37 Some practice and review 38 Some practice and review 39 Am / Is / Are 40 British / American 41 I’m Kai-Di. I’m Taiwanese 42 I’m a teacher 43 Are you a tourist? 44 A quick review 45 Money 46 If I had… 47 Would 54 48 If I had money, I’d go to Singapore. 49 If I were you, I wouldn’t go to Singapore. 50 Practice with “if…” 51 Some practice 52 Some more practice 53 Still a bit more practice 54 And yet a bit more practice 55 Could 56 Eat, ate, eaten before 57 Some practice and review 58 Some practice and review 59 Some practice and review 60 Some practice and review 61 Should have, could have, would have 62 Would have 63 Could have 64 Should have 65 Reviewing the past and present 66 Reviewing the future 67 Reviewing should have, could have & would have 68 When? 69 The Forbidden City 70 Not yet 71 Practising should have, could have, would have 55 72 Using “shì … de” in the past with “when” 73 Using “shì … de” in the past with “where” 74 “Le” vs. “shì … de” 75 Using “shì … de” with dates and locations 76 Using “shì … de” with dates and locations 77 Some practice and review 78 Australian / Canadian 79 WNW: Can-not-can / need-not-need 80 WNW: Should-not-should 81 WNW: Would like-not-would like 82 WNW: Is-not-is 83 WNW: Will-not-will 84 Practising “shì … de” for the past 85 “Le” vs. “shì … de” 86 “Le” vs. “shì … de” 87 Practising “shì … de” for the past 88 Practising “shì … de” for the past 89 Practising “shì … de” for the past 90 Using “shì … de” in the past with “who” 91 Practising “shì … de” for the past 92 “Le” vs. “shì … de” practice 93 When to use shì for “am”, “is” and “are” 94 Using “hěn” with describing words instead of “shì” 95 Some practice and review 56 96 Some practice and review 97 Some practice and review 98 Some practice and review 99 Some practice and review 100 Some practice and review 101 Some practice and review 102 Some practice and review 103 Some practice and review 104 Some practice and review 105 Some practice and review 106 Some practice and review 107 Some practice and review 108 Change of situation “le” 109 Later 110 Practising change of situation “le” 111 Some practice and review 112 Hěn vs. le vs. shì 113 Some practice and review 114 Main course finish 115 Course Review: Should 116 Course Review: Need 117 Course Review: When? Why? Who? 118 Course Review: Am, Is, Are 119 Course Review: Would and Could 57 120 Course Review: Could have 121 Course Review: Should have 122 Course Review: Would have 123 Course Review: Not yet 124 Course Review: The detective ‘tense’ 125 Course Review: The future – using “huì” 126 Course Review: Want-not-want type constructions 127 Course Review: A change of situation 128 Cluster number 1 129 Cluster number 2 130 Cluster number 3 131 Cluster number 4 132 Cluster number 5 133 Cluster number 6 134 Cluster number 7 135 Cluster number 8 136 Cluster number 9 137 Cluster number 10 138 Cluster number 11 139 Cluster number 12 140 Cluster number 13 141 Cluster number 14 142 Cluster number 15 143 Cluster number 16 58 144 Cluster number 17 145 Cluster number 18 146 Cluster number 19 147 Cluster number 20 148 Cluster number 21 149 Cluster number 22 150 Cluster number 23 151 Goodbye 59