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Tt/arer Supply
Engineering
S.K. Garg
Contents
Introduction to S.I. Units
Interconversion of MKS and S.I. Units
(xuii)
(rr)
Cnagrens
1. Introduction
1.1 Importance and Necessity for planned
1.2
1.3
L.4
2.
Their Development in India
Pricing of Municipal Water Supplies
Planning and Execution of Modern Water
Supply Schemes
Water Demands
Various Types of Water Demands
Total Requirement of Water for a Town or a City
The Per Capita Demand (q)
Factors affecting Pert)apita Demand
Factors affecting Losses and Wastes
Variations in Demand
Effects of Variations in Demand on the
2.8
2.9
Design Capacities of Different Components
of a Water Supply Scheme
Design Periods
Population Data and Population growth
Population Forecasting Methods
Sources of Water, Hydrological Concepts,
and Study ofSurface Sources
3.1 Generallntroduction
Hydrological Concepts
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
3.7
3.8
3.9
3.10
3.11
I
2
D
6
8
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
2.5
2.6
2.7
2.L0
3.
.
Water Supplies
Financing of Water Supply Schemes and
I
Hydrological Cycle
Precipitation
Types of Precipitation
8
15
16
16
20
20
23
27
,.R
30
ot
ot
58
58
-59
Rainfall and Its Distribution
Measurement of Rainfall
Measurement of Snow
Average Annual Rainfall, Minimum Annual
Rainfall, and Index of Wetness
Water Budget of India
Characteristics of Rain Storm
Run off and Estimation of Run off
(r)
60
61
67
67
68
69
70
(xi)
PAGES
CHAPTERS
Surface Sources of Water
3.12
3.13
3.14
3.15
Ponds and Lakes as Surface Sources ofSupplies
Streams and Rivers as Surface Sources of
Water SuPPlies
Storage Reservoirs as Surface Sources ofSupplies
Quality and Quantity of Surface Waters and
their usefulness for Public Water Suppiies
Sub Surface or Underground Sources
Factors Governing the Selection ofa
Particular Source of Water
4.
Development of Ground Water
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
4.g
Occurrence of Ground Water
Geological Factors Governing the Occurrence
/bl
108
109
110
rt?
1L2
of Ground Water
Zones of Under-ground Water
Ltz
Movement of Ground Water and its Velocity
Coefficient of PermeabilitY
Drainage of Ground Water
116
Ground WaterYieid
Aquifers and their TYPes
Certain Other Important Terms Related to
Ground Water
Various Forms of Underground Sources
4.10 Infiltration Galleries
4.11 Infiltration Wells
4.12 Springs
Wells
4.13 Open Wells or DugWells
4.14 Tubewe]Is
4.15 Yield of Wells and Tubewells by Thiem's
114
L20
122
122
L24
127
L28
131
133
135
r47
Equilibrium Formulas
4.16 Dupuit's Equilibrium Formuias for Estimating
Yield of Wells and Tubewells
4.1? Partial Penetration of an Aquifer by a Well
4.18 Spherical Flow in a Well
182
4.19 Interference among Wells
195
198
4.20 Surface ofSeepage and Free Surface Ctrrve
4.21 Weil loss and Specific Capacity of Wells
4.22 Efficiency of a Well
187
190
194
20L
202
(xii)
CHaprnns
Pacrs
4.23 Non-Equilibrium Formula for Confined Aquifers
(Unsteady Radial Flows)
4.24 Design of Strainer Tubewells
4.25 Quality and Quantity of Groundwater and
its Usefulness for Public Water Supplies
4.26 Comparative study
Pipes as Gravity Mains
Flow in Pipe Systems
Forces Acting on pressure Conduits
Certain Important Definitions
Various Types (Materials) of pressure pipes
Layout of Water Supply pipes
Pipe Appurtenances
6.10 Testing of the Water Mains (pipe lines)
.a
7. PumpsforLiftingWater
7.L Generallntroduction
7.2 \rpes of Pumps
i.A Factors Affecting the Selection
7.4
7.5
7.6
8.
225
231
231
23L
233
235,
237
247
25L
255
255
256
260
275
284
309
310
325
326
334
338
of a particular
338
340
Type ofPump
358
Horse Power and Efficiency of pumps
Economical Diameter of the pumping Mains
Pumping Stations
359
360
365
Q-uality Control of Municipal and Industrial
lYater Supplies
8.1
8.2
8.3
224
Types of Intakes
Simple Submerged Intakes
Intake Towers
Medium Sized River Intake Structures
Canal Intakes
Intakes for Sluiceways of Dams
6. Conduits for Transporting lVater
6.1 Definition and General Lltroduction
6.2 Various Tlpes of Conduits
6.3 Hydraulics of Flow and Design of pressure
6.4
6.5
6.6
6.7
6.8
6.9
272
of surface and
.
subsurface Supplies
5, fntakes For Collecting Surface Water
5.1 Definition and General Introd.uction
5.2 Factors governing the Location ofan Intake
5.3
5.4
5.5
5.6
5.7
208
Generallntroduction
Characteristics of Water
Water Borne Diseases and their Control
377
377
378
4L5
(
xiii
)
Cnaprnns
8.4
8.5
Pecns
Quality Standards for Municipal or
Domestic Supplies
Quality Standards for Industrial Supplies
9. Purification of Water Supplies
9.1 Generallntroduction
9.2 Methods of Purifrcation of Water
Screening
9.3
Course and Fine Screens
9.4
9.5
9.6
Theory of Sedimentation
9.7
9.8
9.9
Plain Sedimentation (Type I settling)
418
435
440
440
44C
441
441.
442
SedimentationTanks
443
450
Tube Settlers
+t6
Sedimentation Aided with Coagulation
Analysis of Flocculent Settling (Type 2 Settling)
Chemicals used for Coagulation
The Constituents of a Coagulation Sedimentation
Piant
478
479
482
490
9.10 Combined Coagulation cum Sedimentation Tanks
9.11 Laboratory Testing for Determining Optimum
Coagulant Quantities
501
.503
9.12 Production ofSludge in the Coagulation
Sedimentation Process
Filtration
9.13 Theory of Filtration
9.14 Filter Materihls
9.15 Types of Filters and Their Classification
9.16 Slow Sand Filters
9.17 Rapid Gravity Filters
9.18 Design of Filteing Media for Rapid Gravity Filters
9.19 Hydraulics of Sand Gravity Filters
9.20 Slow Sand Filters Versus Rapid Gravity Filters
9.21 Pressure Filters
9.22 Other Types of Filters
Disinfection or Sterilisation
9.23 Minor Methods of Disinfection
9.24 Chlorination
Water Softening
9.25 Methods of Removing Temporary Hardness
9.26 Methods of Removing Permanent Hardness
Miscellaneous Treatments
9.27 Removal ofColours, Odours and Tastes
from Waters
504
508
509
510
511
511
517
537
541.
550
DD.J
556
558
. DDY
563
583
584
D6D
610
611
(xiu)
PAGES
CHAPTERS
9.28 Removal
Water
of Salt and Dissolved Solids from
;
i.e. Desalination
o9q Removal of Iron and Manganese from Water
from Water
9.30 Addition to and Removal of Fluorides
Removal from Water
9.31 Arsenic Contamination and its
Water
9.32 Removal of Radioactivity from
Supplies
Water
Treating
of
methods
9.33 Domestic
9.34 Packaged Natural Mineral Waters
9.35 BIS Siandards for Packaged DrinkingWater
oiir". tft"" Packaged Natural Mineral Waters
10. DistributionSYstem
10.1 General Introduction
System
10.2 Requirements of a Good Distribution
10.3 Anangement of Distribution
Pipes and Other
Accessories
10.4 Layouts of Distributioh Networks
10.5 Methods of Distribution
10.6 Pressures in the Distribution System
10.7 SYstems of SuPPIY
Distribution Reservoirs
10.8 Functrons of Distribution Reservoirs
10.9 Types of Distribution Reservoirs
10.10 Stand PiPes
Reservoirs
10. 11 Storage Capacity of Distribution
Distribution
10.12 Location and Height of the
Reservoirs
System
Wastage of Water in the Distribution
Pipes
Distribution
the
in
10.13 Detection of Leakage
Design of Distribution Networks
of a Simple Distribution
10' 14 Fixing the Sizes of Pipes
SYstem
-
10.15 Analysis of Complex Pipe Netvror!:s
System
Appurtenances in the Distribution
10.16 Fire HYdrants
10.1? Water Meters
11. Water supply Plumbing
Systems in
and Houses
ii. i
11.2
11.3
11.4
Buildings
Plumbing Svstem in Water Supplies
The House Water Connection
StoP Cocks
Water TaPs and Bib Cocks
6L7
633
'
"
634
644
651
652
665
672
681
681
681
682
683
688
692
693
694
695
695
699
700
719
723
724
726
726
733
745
749
753
760
760
760
762
762
\xu
)
PAGES
Cneptnns
Pipe Fittings
11.6. Storage of Water in Buildings
LLl Water Piping Systems in Buildings
11.8 Design Considerations for Water Piping Systems
11.5
in Buildings
IIot Water Appliances and Installations
11.9
Hot Water Requirement
11.10 Domestic Hot Water Appliances
11.11 Solar Water Heaters
11.12 Centralised Hot Water Systems
L2, Water Supplies of Small Communities
in Rural Area
L2.l
Introduction
L2.2
Sources of Water for Small Communities
in Rural Areas
L2.6
12.7
12.8
Rural Water SuPPIY Scheme
Assessing the Required Water Treatment for
a Given Source
Treatment Methods for High Fluorine Water
Treatment Methods for Removing lron
Chlorinating Small Community Supplies
and Preparing Water Supply Projects
13.1 Geieral Introduciion
13.2 Data to be Collected
13.3 Analysis of Data and Project Formulation
,13.4 Project Drawings
13.5 Project Estimates
13.6 Project RePorts
13. Planning
Process Design of a ComPlete Water
Treatment Plant Project as a Whole
14. Water Treatment in Swimming Pools
Shape and Structural Design of
Swimming Pools
Essential Requirements of Swimming Pool
Waters and of its Surroundings
Systems of Supply in Swimming Pools and
L4.L Layout,
14.2
I4.3
Recycling of Pool Water
t4.4
778
79L
'749
793
801
806
816
816
831
832
833
836
845
858
q61
861
861
863
864
864
865
868
900
900
900
903
Swimming Pool Water Treatment System for
Recycling of Pool Water
14.5
77L
816
12.3 Selection of the Suitable Source of Water
12.4 Quantitative Requirement of Water in a
12.5
763
765
Pollution Zones
in
a Swimming Pool
906
909
(xui)
Pacns
CHAPTERS
14.6 Controlling the Water Quality of
a Swimming Pool
L4.7 Chlorination of Swimming Pools
15. Laboratory Experiments in Water Supply
.- Engineering
of
\ isr"-
r:
911
915
920
Co pind'ttre Turbidity of a Given Sample
Water bY
(1) Jackson's Turbidimeter
(2) BaYli's Turbidimeter; and
(3) Photometers and Nephelometers
of Water
To Find the Odour of the Given Sample
Water
of
Samplb
a
Given
of
Find the Colour
15.2.
15.3. To
15.4. To Determine the pH Value of a Given Sarnple
of Water
and
15.5. To Determine the Carbonate' Bicarbonate
of Water
Hydroxide Alkalinity in a Given Sample
in
15.6. To Find out tlfu Concentration of Chlorides
the Given SamPle of Water
15.7. To Find out the Hardness of the Given Sample
of Water bY Standard EDTA Method
a
15.8. To Determine the Residual Chlorine in
bY
Water
of
Given SamPle
(1) Orthotolidine Test
(2) Starch Iodide Test
(3) DPD Test
a Given
15.9. To Determine the Chlorine Demand of
SamPle of Water
Percentage
15.10. To Determine the Available Chlorine
Powder
in a Given Sample of Bleaching
Dissolved
15.1-1. To Determine the Amount of
of Water
Sample
(D'O')
Given
the
in
Oxygen
Winkler Method
(SS) ;
15.12. To Find out the Suspended Solids
(TS) in
Dissol'ved Solicls (DS;) and Total Solids
a Given SamPle of Water
Required
15.L3. To Determirie the Quantity of Alum
Water
Raw
of
Sample
to Coagulate a Given
bY
16. Chapterwise Multichoiee^Objective Questions
ifro,i Cttopter 7 to 11-300 Questions)
in.*ur. .od tti.ttt to Solve Starred Objective
Questions
92L
923
923
924
925
926
929
937
940
945
946
949
951
952
953
959
960
964
994
(
xuii
)
CnerrsRs
L7.
Conventional Questions of the Engineering
Services Competitive Exams
Pecns
998
(Questions Solved from the year 1979 to 2007)
Objective Questions of the Engineering
Services Exams
(Questions from the year 1993 to 2007 with Answers
and Hints for Solving Starred Questions)
19. Conventional Questions of Civil Services
Exams (Water Supply Portion)
18.
1032
lo74
(Questions Solved from the year 1979 to 2007)
20. Objeetive Questions of AMIE Exams
(New Scheme effective from 1993)
(Questions from the year 1993 to 2003)
Answers and Hints for Solving Starred Questions
Appendix Table A-1. Existing Water Rates for
Domestic Water Supplies over Various States of India
Appendix Table A-2. Existing Water Rates for
Commercial and Industrial Water Supplies over
Various States of India
Appendix Table ^{,3. Drinking Water Pricing around
the World in U.S. Dollars ($) per kL
Appendix Table A-4. Density of Water at Different
Temperatures
Appendix Table A-5. Boiling Point of Water at
r113
1136
r140
LI.44
lt.44
Different Pressures
Appendix Table A-6. Useful Conversions between
Different Units
tt45
Bibliography
It50
Index
t 146
r165-1180