Typical Signs and Symptoms of Psychiatric Illness Defined
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1.
Signs
Clinician's observation and objective findings such as
patient's constrict affect
2.
Symptoms
Subjective experience described by patients such as depressed mood or lack of energy
3.
Syndrome
Group of signs and symptoms that together make-up a
recognizable condition which can be more equivocal than
a specific disorder or disease
4.
Neurosis
-Chronic or recurrent NONpsychotic disorder characterized mainly by ANXIETY, which is experienced or expressed directly or is altered through defense mechanisms; appears as a symptom
-Encompasses a broad range of disorders of various sign
and symptoms. As such, it has lost precision, except to
signify that the person's gross reality testing and personality organization are intact.
5.
Psychosis
-Loss of reality testing and impairment of mental functioning manifested by delusions, hallucinations, confusion,
and impaired memory.
-Most common psychiatric use of the term, psychotic became synonymous with severe impairment of social and
personal functioning characterized by social withdrawal
and inability to perform the usual household and occupational roles.
-On psychoanalytic concepts, it specifies the degree of
ego regression.
- Grossly impaired reality testing, persons incorrectly
evaluate accuracy of their perceptions and thoughts and
make incorrect inferences about external reality, even in
the face of contrary evidence.
-Mental disorder in which the thoughts, affective response, ability to recognize reality, and ability to communicate and relate to others are sufficiently impaired to
interfere grossly with the capacity to deal with reality;
- Classic characteristics of psychosis are impaired reality
testing, hallucinations, delusions, and illusions.
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6.
Narcissism
In psychoanalytic theory, divided into primary and secondary types
Primary narcissism: the early infantile phase of object
relationship development, when the child has not differentiated the self from the outside world and all sources
of pleasure are unrealistically recognized as coming from
within the self, giving the child FALSE SENSE OF OMNIPOTENCE.
Secondary narcissism: When the libido once attached to
external love objects, is redirected back to self.
7.
Consciousness
State of awareness with response to external stimuli
8.
Disturbances of -Apperception
Consciousness -Sensorium
-Unconscious
Disorientation
Clouding of consciousness
Stupor
Delirium
Coma
Coma Vigil
Akinetic Mutism
Vegative Signs
Twilight State
Dreamy State
Somnolence
Confusion
Sundowning
Vertigo
Tinnitus
Scotoma
Anaclitic
9.
Disorientation
Confusion; impairment of awareness of time, place, and
person. Characteristic of cognitive disorder
10.
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Typical Signs and Symptoms of Psychiatric Illness Defined
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Clouding of con- Any disturbance of consciousness in which the person
sciousness
is not fully awake, alert, oriented. Occurs in delirium,
dementia, and dementia
11. Stupor
State of decrease reactivity to stimuli and less than full
awareness of one's surroundings; it indicates a condition
of partial coma or semicoma.
Used synonymously with mutism and does NOT necessary imply a disturbance of consciousness
12. Catatonic Stupor Patient that are ordinarily aware of their surroundings
13. Delirium
Acute reversible mental disorder characterized by confusion and some impairment of consciousness, generally associated with emotional lability, hallucinations or
illusions and inappropriate, impulsive, irrational or violent
behavior
14. Coma
State of profound unconsciousness from which a person
cannot be roused with minimal or no detectable responsiveness to stimuli; seen in injury or disease of the brain
in systematic condition. Also occur in severe catatonic
states and in conversion disorder.
15. Coma vigil
Coma in which patient appears to be asleep, but can be
aroused. Also known as Akinetic Mutism
16. Akinetic Mutism Absence of voluntary motor movement or speech in a
patient who is apparently alert. Seen in psychotic depression and catatonic states.
17. Vegative Signs
In depression, denoting characteristic symptoms such
as sleep disturbance, decreased appetite, constipation,
weight loss, and loss of sexual response
18. Twilight State
Disturbed consciousness with hallucinations
19. Dreamy State
Likened to a dream situation, which develops suddenly
and usually last a few minutes; accompanied by visual,
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auditory, and olfactory hallucinations. Commonly associated with temporal lobe lesion
20. Somnolence
Pathological sleepiness or drowsiness from which one
can be aroused to a normal state of consciousness
21. Confusion
Manifested by a disordered orientation in relation to time,
place or person
22. Sundowning
a syndrome in older people usually occurs at night characterized by drowsiness, confusion, ataxia and falling as
the result of being overly sedated with medications. Also
called sundowner's syndrome
23. Vertigo
Sensation that one or the world around one is spinning or
revolving. a hallmark of vestibular dysfunction, not to be
confused with dizziness
24. Tinnitus
Noises in one or both ears, such as ringing, buzzing, or
clicking; an adverse effect of some psychotropic drugs.
25. Scotoma
in psychiatry: a figurative blind spot in a person's psychological awareness,
neurology: localized visual field defect
26. Anaclictic
Depending on others, especially as the infant on the
mother; anaclitic depression in children results from an
absence of mothering.
27. La Belle Indiffer- Inappropriate attitude of calm or lack of concern about
ence
one's disability. May seen in patient with conversion disorder
28. Disturbances of Distractibility
attention
Selective inattention
Hypervigilance
Trance
29. Attention
Concentration; the aspect of consciousness that relates
to the amount of effort exerted in focusing on certain
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aspects of an experience; activity or task. usually impaired
in anxiety and depressive disorder,
30. Distractability
Inability to focus one's attention patient does not respond
to the task at hand but attends to irrelevant phenomena
in the environment
31. Selective inattention
Blocking out only those things that generate anxiety
32. Hypervigilance
Excessive attention and focus on internal and external
stimuli; usually seen in delusional or paranoid state
33. Trance
Sleep-like state of reduced consciousness and activity
usually seen in hypnosis, dissociated disorders and ecstatic religious experiences
34. Disturbances in State of uncritical compliance with influence or uncritial
Suggestibility
acceptance of idea, belief or attitude; commonly observed
among persons with hysterical traits
35. Folie a deux or communicated emotional illness between two or three
Shared Psychot- persons usually involving a common delusional system
ic Disorder/ folie
a trois
36. Hypnosis
Artificially induced alteration of consciousness characterized by increased suggestibility and receptivity to direction
37. Emotion
Complex feeling state with psychic, somatic and behavioral components; external manifestation of emotion is
affect
38. Affect
Subjective and immediate experience of emotion attached to ideas or mental representation of objects. Affect has outward manifestations that can be classified as
restricted, blunted, flattened, broad, labile, appropriate, or
inappropriate
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39. Appropriate affect
Emotional tone is in harmony with the idea, thought or
speech
40. Inappropriate
ffect
Emotional tone out of harmony with the idea, thought or
speech. Seen in schizophrenia
41. Blunted affect
Disturbance of affect manifested by severe reduction in
the intensity of externalized feeling tone; one of the fundamental symptoms of schizophrenia
42. Restricted affect Reduction in intensity of feeling tone, less severe in blunted affect but clearly reduced
43. Constricted affect
Reduction in intensity of feeling tone that is less severe
than blunted affect
44. Flat affect
Absence or near absence of any signs of affective expression
45. Labile affect
Affective expression characterized by rapid and abrupt
changes unrelated to external stimuli
46. Mood
Pervasive and sustained feeling tone that is experienced
internally and that in the extreme can markedly influence
virtually all aspects of a person's behavior and perception
of the world
47. Dysphoric Mood Feeling of unpleasantness or discomfort; mood of general
dissatisfaction and restlessness. Occurs in depression
and anxiety
48. Euthymic Mood Normal range of mood, implying absence of depressed or
elevated mood
49. Expansive Mood Expression of feelings without restraint, frequently with an
overestimation of their significance or importance. Seen
in mania and grandiose delusional disorder
50. Irritable Mood
State which a person is easily annoyed and provoked to
anger
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51. Mood swing (La- Oscillation of person's emotional feeling tone between
bile mood)
periods of elation and periods of depression
52. Emotional Labili- Excessive emotional responsiveness characterized by
ty
unstable and rapidly changing emotions
53. Elevated Mood
Air of confidence and enjoyment; a mood more cheerful
than normal but NOT necessarily pathological
54. Euphoria
Intense elation with feelings of grandeur that is inappropriate to real events. Can occur with drugs such as opiates,
amphetamines and alcohol
55. Exaltation
Feeling of intense elation and grandeur
56. Ecstasy
Feeling of intense rapture
57. Ineffability
Ectstatic state which person insist that their experience is
inexpressible and indescribable and impossible to convey
what it is like to one who has never experienced it
58. Exited
Agitated, purposeless motor activity uninfluenced by external stimuli
59. Depression
Mental state characterized by feelings of sadness, loneliness, despair, low self-esteem and self-reproach; accompanying signs include psychomotor retardation or at times
agitation, withdrawal from interpersonal contact and vegatative symptoms such as insomnia and anorexia
60. Mania
Mood state characterized by elation, agitation, hyperactivity, hypersexuality, and accelerated thinking and speaking
(flight of ideas). Seen in bipolar 1
61. Hypermania
Mood abnormality with the qualitative characteristics of
mania but less intense. Seen in cylothymic disorder
62. Anhedonia
Loss of interest, and withdrawal from all regular and pleasurable activities
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63. Bereavement
Feeling of grief or desolation, especially at the death or
loss of loved one
64. Grief
Sadness appropriate to a real loss; normally it is self-limited
65. Mourning
Syndrome following loss of a loved one, consisting of
preoccupation with the lost individual, weeping, sadness
and repeated reliving of memories
66. Alexithymia
Inability or difficulty in describing or being aware of one's
emotions or moods; elaboration of fantasies associated
with depression, substance abuse, and post-traumatic
stress disorder (PTSD)
67. Suicidal Ideation Thoughts or act of taking one's own life
68. Other emotions
69. Anxiety
Feeling of apprehension caused by anticipation of danger,
which may be internal or external
70. Aerophagia
Excessive swallowing of air. Seen in anxiety disorder
71. Bruxism
Grinding or gnashing of the teeth, typically occurring during sleep. Seen in anxiety disorder
72. Carebaria
Sensation of discomfort or pressure in the head
73. Cephalagia
Headache
74. Hyperventilation Excessive breathing, generally associated with anxiety,
which can reduce blood carbon dioxide concentration and
can produce lightheadedness, palpitations, numbness,
tingling periorally and in the extremities and occasionally
syncope
75. Intropunitive
Turning anger inward toward oneself. Commonly observed in depressed patient
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76. Free-floating
anxiety
Severe, pervasive, generalized anxiety that is NOT attached to any particular idea, object, or event. Observed
particularly in anxiety disorders, although it may be seen
in some cases of schizophrenia
77. Fear
Unpleasurable emotional state consisting of psychophysiological changes in response to realistic threat or danger.
78. Agitation
Severe anxiety associated with motor restlessness
79. Tension
Physiological or psychic arousal, uneasiness, or pressure
toward action; an unpleasurable alteration in mental or
physical state that seeks relief through action.
80. Panic
Acute intense attack of anxiety associated with personality disorganization; anxiety is overwhelming and accompanied by feelings of impending doom.
81. Apathy
Dulled emotional tone associated with detachment or
indifference; observed in certain types of schizophrenia
and depression.
82. Ambivalence
Coexistence of two opposing impulses toward the same
thing in the same person at the same time. Seen in
schizophrenia, borderline states, ad obsessive-compulsive disorders (OCDs).
83. Abreaction
A process by which repressed material, particularly a
painful experience or a conflict, brought back to consciousness, in this process person not only recalls but
also relieves the repressed material which is accompanied by the appropriate affective response
84. Shame
Failure to live up to self-expectations; often associated
with fantasy of how person will be seen by others
85. Guilt
Emotional state associated with self-approach and the
need for punishment. In psychoanalysis refers to a feeling
of culpability that stems from a conflict between ego and
superego (conscience). Guilt has normal psychological
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and social functions, but special intensity or absence of
guilt characterizes many mental disorders such as depression and antisocial personality disorder. Psychiatrists
distinguish shame as less internalized form of guilt that
relates more to others than to the self
86. Impulse Control Ability to resist an impulses, drive, or temptation to perform some action
87. Melancholia
Severe depressive state used in term involutional melancholia as a descriptive term and also in reference to a
distinct diagnostic entity
88. Cathexis
In psychoanalysis, a conscious or unconscious investment of psychic energy in an idea, concept, object, or
person.
89. Acathexis/Decathexis
Lack of feeling associated with an ordinarily emotionally
charged subject; in psychoanalysis, it denotes the patients detaching or transferring of emotion from thoughts
and ideas. Occurs in anxiety, dissociative, schizophrenic
and bipolar disorders
90. Dyspareunia
Physical pain in sexual intercourse, usually emotionally
caused and more commonly experienced by women, can
also result from cystitis, urethritis, or other medical conditions
91. Psychological
signs of somatic usually automatic dysfunction, most ofdisturbances
ten associated with depression also called vegetative
associated with signs
mood
92. Anorexia
Loss or decrease in appetite. In anorexia nervosa, appetite may be preserved but patient refuses to eat
93. Hyperphagia
Increase in appetite and intake of food
94. Insomia
Difficulty in falling asleep or difficulty in staying sleep
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Typical Signs and Symptoms of Psychiatric Illness Defined
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der
Middle - Waking up after falling asleep without difficulty
and then having difficulty in falling asleep again
Terminal - Early morning awakening or waking up at least
2 hours before planning to wake up
95. Hypersomia
Excessive time spent asleep. Can be associated with
underlying medical or psychiatric disorder or narcolepsy,
can be part of Kleine-Levin syndrome or may be primary
96. Diurnal Variation Mood is regularly worst in the morning and immediately
after awakening improves as the day progresses
97. Diminished Libido
Decreased sexual interest and drive
98. Constipation
Inability to defecate or difficulty in defecating
99. Fatigue
Feeling of weariness, sleepiness or irritability after a period of mental or bodily activity. Seen in depression, anxiety,
neurasthenia, and somatoform disorders
100. Pica
Craving and eating of nonsubstances such as paint and
clay
101. Pseudocyesis
Rare condition in which a non pregnant patient has sign
s and symptoms of pregnancy
102. Bulimia
Insatiable hunger and voracious eating: seen in bulimia
nervosa and atypical depression
103. Encopresis
Involuntary passage of feces, usually occurring at night or
during sleep
104. Enuresis
Incontinence of urine during sleep
105. Galactorrhea
Abnormal discharge of milk from the breast; may result
from the endocrine influence of dopamine receptor antagonists such as phenothiazines
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106. Gynecomastia
Female-like development of the male breast
107. Motor behavior
(Conation)
Aspects of the psyche that include impulses, motivations,
wishes, drives, instincts, and craving as expressed by a
person's behavior or motor activity
108. Echopraxia
Pathological imitation of movements of one person by
another
109. Catatonia and
postural abnormalities
seen in catatonic schizophrenia and some cases of brain
diseases such as encephalitis
110. Catalepsy/Waxy Condition in which persons maintain the body position
Felibility/ Cerea into which they are placed; observed in severe cases of
Flexibilitas
catatonic schizophrenia
111. Catatonic excite- Excited, uncontrolled motor activity. Patient in catatonic
ment
state may suddenly erupt into a excited state and may be
violent
112. Catatonic stupor Stupor in which patients ordinarily are well aware of their
surroundings
113. Catatonic rigidity Fixed and sustained motoric position that is resistant to
change
114. Cotatonic posturing
Voluntary assumption of an inappropriate or bizarre posture, generally maintained for long period of time. May
switch unexpectedly with catatonic excitement
115. Akinesia
Lack of physical movement as in the extreme immobility of
catatonic schizophrenia; can also occur as an extrapyramidal effect of antipsychotic medication
116. Negativism
Verbal or nonverbal opposition or resistance to outside
suggestions and advice commonly seen in catatonic
schizophrenia in which the patient resists any effort to be
moved or does the opposite of what is asked
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117. Cataplexy
Temporay sudden loss of muscle tone, causing weakness
and immobilization; can be precipitated by a variety of
emotional states and often followed by sleep. Commonly
seen in narcolepsy
118. Stereotypy
Continuous mechanical repetition of speech or physical
activities; observed in catatonic schizophrenia.
119. Mannerism
Ingrained, habitual involuntary movement
120. Automatism
Automatic performance of an act or acts generally representative of unconscious symbolic activity
121. Command auCondition associated with catalepsy in which suggestions
tomatism/ Auto- are followed automatically
matic Obedience
122. Mutism
Organic or functional absence of the faculty of speech
123. Overactivity
Abnormality in motor behavior
124. Psychomotor ag- Physical and mental overactivity that is usually nonproitation
ductive and is associated with feeling of inner turmoil, as
seen in agitated depression
125. Hyperactivity
(hyperkinesis)
Increased muscular activity. term is commonly used to describe a disturbance found in children that is manifested
by constant restlessness, overactivity, distractibility and
difficulties in learning
126. Tic
Predominantly psychogenic disorders characterized by
involuntary, spasmodic, stereotyped movement of small
groups of muscles; seen most predominantly in moments
of stress or anxiety, rarely as a result of organic disease
127. Sleepwalking
Motor activity during sleep
(somnambulism)
128. Akathisia
Subjective feeling of motor restlessness manifested by
a compelling need to be in constant movement; may be
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seen ass an extrapyramidal adverse effect of antipsychotic medication. May be mistaken for psychotic agitation
129. Compulsion
Uncontrollable impulse to perform an act repetitively
130. Dipsomania
Compulsion to drink alcoholic beverages
131. Kleptomania
Pathological compulsion to steal
132. Nymphomania
Abnormal excessive insatiable desire in a woman for
sexual intercourse
133. Satyriasis
Morbid, insatiable sexual need or desire in a man
134. Trichotillomania Compulsion to pull out hair
135. Ritual
Formalized activity practiced by a person to reduced anxiety
OCD: ceremonial activity of cultural origin
136. Ataxia
Lack of coordination in physical and mental
Neurology: loss of muscular coordination
Psychiatry: intrapsychic ataxia to lack of coordination between feelings and thoughts: seen in schizophrenia and
in severe OCD
137. Polyphagia
Pathological overeating
138. Tremor
Rhythmical alteration in movement which is usually faster
than one beat a second; typically, tremors decrease during periods of relaxation and sleep and increase during
periods of anger and increased tension
139. Hypoactivity (hy- Decreased motor and cognitive activity, as in psychomopokinesis)
tor retardation; visible slowing of thought, speech, and
movements
140. Mimicry
Simple, imitative motion activity of childhood
141. Aggression
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Forceful, goal-directed action that can be verbal or physical; motor counterpart of the affect of rage, anger, or hostility. Seen in neurological deficit, temporal lobe disorder,
impulse control disorders, mania and schizophrenia
142. Acting
Behavioral response to an unconscious drive or impulse
that brings about temporary partial relief of inner tension;
relief is attained by reacting to present situation as if it
were the situation that originally gave rise to the drive or
impulse. Common in borderline state
143. Abulia
144. Abulia
Reduced impulse to act and think
145. Astasia Abasia
Inability to stand or walk in a normal manner, even normal
leg movements can be performed in sitting or lying down
position. Gait is bizarre an is not suggestive of a specific
organic lesion
146. Coprophagia
Eating of filth or feces
147. Dyskinesia
Difficulty in performing movements
148. Muscle Rigidity
State which the muscles remain immovable
149. Bradykinesia
Slowness of motor activity with decrease in normal spontaneous movement
150. Dysmetria
Impaired ability to gauge distance relative to movements
151. Chorea
Movement disorder characterized by random and involuntary quick, jerky, purposeless movement. Seen in huntington's disease
152. Convulsion
An involuntary, violent muscular contraction or spasm
153. Clonic Convulsion
An involuntary, violent muscular contraction or spasm in
which muscle alternately contract and relax. Characteristic phase in grand mal epilectic seizure
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154. Tonic Convulsion
Convulsion in which muscle contraction is sustained
155. Seizure
An attack or sudden onset of certain symptoms, such as
convulsions, loss of consciousness and psychic or sensory disturbances; seen in epilepsy and can be substance
induced
156. Generalized/
Tonic-Clonic/
Grandual/
Psychomotor/
Grand Mal
Seizure
Generalized onset of tonic-clonic movements of the limbs,
tongue-bitting and incontinence followed by slow, gradual
recovery of consciousness and cognition
157. Simple Partial
Seizure
Localized onset of seizure without alterations in consciousness
158. Complex Partial A seizure characterized by alterations in consciousness
Seizure
that may be accompanied by complex hallucinations
(sometimes olfactory) or illusions. During seizure, a state
of impaired consciousness resembling a dream like state
may occur, the patient may exhibit repetitive, automatic,
or semipurposeful behavior
159. Dystonia
Extrapyramidal motor disturbance consisting of slow, sustained contractions of the axial or appendicular musculature; one movement often predominates, leading to
relatively sustained postural deviations; acute dystonic
reactions are occasionally seen with the initiation of antipsychotic drug therapy
160. Adynamia
Weakness and fatigability, characteristic of neurasthenia
and depression
161. Atonia
Lack of muscle tone
162. Cenesthesia
Change in the normal quality of feeling tone in a part of
the body
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163. Cycloplegia
Paralysis of the muscles of accommodation in the eye;
observed, at times, as an autonomic adverse effects of
antipsychotic or antidepressant medication
164. Dysphagia
Difficulty in swallowing
165. Thinking
goal directed flow of ideas, symbols and associations
initiated by a problem or task and leading toward a reality-oriented conclusion; when a logical sequence occurs,
thinking is normal;parapraxis (unconsciously motivated
lapse from logic is also called a freudian slip) considered
part of normal thinking
166. Thought Disorder
Any disturbance of thinking that affects language, communication, or thought content; hallmark feature of schizophrenia. Manifestation range from simple blocking and
mild circumstantiality to profound loosening of associations, incoherence, and delusions; characterized by failure to follow semantic and syntactic rules that is inconsistent with the person's education, intelligence or cultural
background
167. General Disturbances in Form
or Process of
Thinking
Mental Disorder
Psychosis
Fantasy
Reality Testing
Formal Thought Disorder
Illogical Thinking
Dereism
Autistic Thinking
Magical Thinking
Primary Process Thinking
Secondary Process Thinking
Emotional Insight
Hyperpragia
168. Mental Disorder / Psychiatric illness or disease whose manifestation are
Psychosis
primarily characterized by behavioral or psychological
impairment of function, measured in terms of deviation
from some normative concept; associated with distress or
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disease, not just an expected response to particular event
or limited to relations between a person and society
169. Fantasy
Daydream, fabricated mental picture of situation or chain
of events. Normal form of thinking dominated by unconscious material that seeks wish fulfillment and solutions
to conflicts; may serve as the matrix for creativity. Content
of the fantasy may indicate mental illness
170. Reality Testing
Fundamental ego function that consists of tentative actions that test and objectively evaluate the nature and limits of the environment; includes the ability to differentiate
between external world and internal world and accurately
judge the relation between self and environment
171. Formal Thought Disturbance in the form rather than the content of thought;
Disorder
thinking characterized by loosened associations, neologisms, and illogical constructs; thought process is disordered, and the person is defined as psychotic. Characteristic of schizophrenia
172. Illogical Thinking Thinking containing erroneous conclusions or internal
contradictions; psychopathological only when it is marked
and not caused by cultural values or intellectual deficit
173. Dereism
Mental activity that follows a totally subjective and idiosyncratic system of logic and fails to take the facts of
reality or experience into consideration. Characteristic of
schizophrenia
174. Autistic Thinking Thinking in which the thought are largely narcissistic and
egocentric with emphasis on subjectivity rather than objectivity, and without regard for reality; used interchangeable with autism and dereism. Seen in schizophrenia and
autistic disorder
175. Magical Thinking Form of dereistic thought; thinking similar to that preoperational phase of children, in which thoughts, words, or
actions assume power (e.g. To prevent or to cause)
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176. Primary Process In psychoanalysis, mental activity directly related to the
Thinking
function or id and characteristics of unconscious mental
processes; marked by primitive prelogical thinking and
by the tendency to seek immediate discharge amd gratification or instinctual demands. Includes thinking that
is dereistic, illogical, magical; normally found in dreams,
abnormally in psychosis
177. Secondary
Process
Thinking
In psychoanalysis, form of thinking that is logical, organized, reality oriented, and influence by the demands of
the environment; characterizes mental activity of the ego
compare with primary process thinking
178. Emotional Insight
Level of understanding or awareness that one has emotional problems. It facilitates positive changes in personality and behavior when present
179. Hyperpragia
Excessive thinking and mental activity. Generally associated with manic episodes of bipolar 1 disorder
180. Specific Distur- Neologism
bance in Form of Word approximation
Thought
Paraphasia
World salad
Circumstantiality
Tangentiality
Incohenrence
Perseveration
Verbigeration
Echolalia
Condensation
Irrelevent Answer
Loosening of associations
Derailment
Flight of ideas
Clang association
Blocking/ thought deprivation
Thought latency
Glossolalia
Speaking in tongue
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181. Neologism
New word or phrase whose derivation cannot be understood; often seen in schizophrenia. It has also been used
to mean a word that has been incorrectly constructed
but whose origin are nonetheless understandable but
such construction are more properly referred to as word
approximation
182. Word approxima- Use of conventional words in an unconventional or intion
appropriate way (metonymy or new words that are developed by conventional rules of word formation) (e.g.,
handshoes for gloves and time measure for clock); distinguished from a neologism, which is a new word whose
derivation cannot be understood
183. Word Salad
Incoherent, essentially incomprehensible, mixture of
words and phrases commonly seen in far-advanced cases of schizophrenia
184. Circumstantiality Disturbance in associative thought and speech processes
in which a patient digresses into unnecessary details and
inappropriate thoughts before communicating the central idea. Observed in schizophrenia, obsessional disturbances, and certain cases of dementia
185. Tangentiality
Oblique, disgressive, or even irrelevant manner of speech
in which th central idea is not communicated
186. Incohenrence
Communication that is disconnected, disorganized, or
incomprehensible
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