NAME: DIAN MUTIA LESTARI
CLASS: A
SEMESTER: 6
SUBJECT: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Chapter I Introduction
Chapter 1 of the thesis contains an explanation of the problem to be studied. You must
have sufficient arguments and information so that the title of your research is approved
by the supervisor.
1) Background Problem, which contains statements and arguments about the
phenomenon under study.
2) Problem Formulation, which is the substance of the problem under study. The
formulation of the problem is stated in a question sentence (?).
3) Research Objectives, contains answers to the formulation of the problem.
4) Research Benefits, contains the expected contribution of research results in the
form of academic benefits and practical benefits.
5) Writing Systematics, contains an explanation of each chapter in the thesis.
B. CHAPTER II – Theoretical Basis
Entering Chapter 2, students will explain the theory used in preparing their thesis. This
chapter has 3 parts:
1. Theoretical Framework, contains any theories that are relevant to the
research.
2. Literature Review, contains a conceptual description, references to previous
thesis as a reference for preparation, as well as a framework in the form of
a chart.
3. Hypothesis, contains conclusions or temporary answers from the results of
the study, marked by the sentences "... there is influence ..." and "... there is
no influence..."
C. CHAPTER III – Research Methodology
In Chapter 3, students explain the procedure for thesis research including data collection
and analysis techniques. This chapter consists of:
1) Research Approach, students can choose to use objective or subjective
interpretations.
2) Type of Research, students can choose to use explanatory, descriptive,
explorative, or evaluative research types.
3) Research Methods, students can choose surveys, experiments, content analysis,
phenomenology, case studies, or other appropriate methods.
4) Data Collection Techniques, students can use questionnaires, interviews, FGDs,
literature studies, observations, or other appropriate techniques to collect
information.
5) Data Analysis Techniques, students explain how to present and interpret data.
The techniques used can be in the form of semiotics, framing, or with the help
of SPSS applications.
ANOTHER EXPLAIN
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background
The background contains a number of paragraphs that describe the things that motivate
researchers to conduct research. In general, the things that motivate researchers are
related to the existence of problems in an aspect so that research needs to be carried
out. In describing this background, the researcher should consider the topic or
discussion of the essential and interesting problem, so as to realize the importance of
research on that aspect.
B. Problem identification.
In problem identification, you need to identify the problems that arise in the background
of the problem. This will show the urgency of your research. As stated earlier, the
writing technique is related to the prevailing policy. So, the technique of writing
problem identification is like that, some write it descriptively in the form of paragraphs
but some write it in the form of points (1,2,3, etc.).
C. Research Objectives
The research objectives contain several statements related to the purpose of the research
to be carried out.
D. Benefits of Research
Generally, the benefits of research outline some of the benefits of research theoretically
and practically. For example:
1. Theoretical Research Benefits - Adding to library references related to the
application of learning strategies.
2. Practical benefits of research - Provide input to teachers or schools to be able to
apply learning strategies to be able to improve students' physics learning
achievement.
Chapter II Literature Review, Framework and Hypothesis.
In this chapter, it is stated clearly, concisely, and concisely about the results of the literature
review related to the problem to be studied to then describe the framework of thought and state
hypotheses for those who need hypotheses. Therefore, this chapter will include a description
of about:
1. Literature Review
The literature review contains the theoretical basis and discussion of research
results or publications related to the research topic or problem. (publications) related to
the topic or research problem. In this case, the theoretical basis and arguments compiled
by the students themselves are described as a guide to solving research problems and
formulating research problems. by students as a guide to solving research problems and
formulating hypotheses. hypothesis. The theoretical basis can take the form of
qualitative descriptions and or models that are directly related to previous research.
related to previous research. In this section, it is systematically described about the
results of research obtained by previous researchers and related to the research. previous
researchers and related to the research conducted. In this presentation It should be
shown that the problem under study has not been answered, has not been solved
satisfactorily and or the same research is applied. satisfactorily and or the same research
is applied in different dimensions of time and place. different time and place. The facts
and data presented as far as possible are taken from the original source.
2. Relevant Research
In relevant research, include some research that has been done that is related to the
research to be carried out. The inclusion of relevant research is very useful to strengthen
your research, so that your research is considered quite essential. You can obtain
relevant research from research journals in your discipline.
3. Framework and Hypothesis
a. Theoretical Framework
A series of reasoning in a framework based on concepts or theories to arrive at
conclusions that end in hypotheses that will be tested empirically (if necessary,
displayed in the form of a flowchart). will be tested empirically (if necessary,
displayed in the form of a flowchart of thought).
b. Hypothesis
The hypothesis contains a brief statement concluded from the theoretical basis,
literature review and research objectives which contains a temporary answer to
the problem at hand. Therefore, it still has to be proven empirically.
4. Research Hypothesis
The research hypothesis contains the researcher's conjecture on his research. The
research hypothesis itself is divided into two, namely statistical hypothesis and
theoretical hypothesis
CHAPTER III METHDOLOGY RESEARCH
A. Type of Research
The type of research is an explanation of the research approach and methods used. The
reason for using the method used is explained simply. For example, qualitative,
quantitative, developmental, experimental and survey research, and others.
B. Types of Data
Data types are divided into primary data and secondary data. The explanation is as
follows:
1. Primary data
Primary data is data obtained in research obtained by conducting questions and
answers and direct observations or interviews and obtained through questions that
are in accordance with the focus of research prepared by researchers.
2. Secondary data
Secondary data is data obtained through several sources of information, including:
 Documents.
 Scientific books, research results and mass media relevant to the research focus.
 Internet.
C. Population and Research Sample
In research, experimentation and development (in the product test section) samples or
product test objects are needed. It aims to provide an overview of the area of acceptance
of the impact of the treatment provided. Samples are needed to make it easier for
researchers to draw conclusions that apply to the population because research that does
not require generalization of results does not require until but is referred to as the object
of research.
D. Research Methods
The research method contains complete research steps. The prosedor is described
according to the form of research accompanied by the subject, time and place of the
research carried out. All steps that may exist in the research design but cannot be carried
out are also written in the research design.
E. Data Collection Techniques
In collecting data, the author must adjust the situation and conditions in the field. There
are several data collection techniques that can be used by researchers, namely:
a. Library Research
The use of libraries as a means of collecting data by studying books that have
something to do with the title and discussion of the thesis / research.
b. Field Work Research

Observation, Observation is a way of collecting data by conducting direct
research.

Interview, Interview is to hold questions and answers to complete
information related to research.

Documentation, Documentation is a data collection technique using
documents as data sources.
F. Data Analysis Techniques
Data analysis is an effort made by researchers to process data into information. The
characteristics and properties of data analysis can be easily understood, and can be
useful for answering problems related to the process of research activities. Data analysis
techniques used in experimental research and development are usually divided into two,
namely descriptive analysis and also inferential statistical analysis.
1. Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive statistics contain how what is in the field is calculated based on simple
statistics to get the average, standard deviation, highest value, lowest value, mode
and median of the data overlay. Not all types of data mentioned earlier must be
included in research depending on the needs of researchers because the purpose of
statistics is to provide an overview of the expanse of research or descriptive data.
2. Inferential Statistics
Inferential statistics is a type of generalized statistics, where this type of statistics
will test data taken from a sample so that it can be inferred as the value or nature of
a population. Types of analysis are numerous and depend on the type of research.
As a brief overview, here are some types of descriptive statistics.
 Regression – A test conducted to determine the influence of one variable on
other variables, such as the influence of learning outcomes on students' science
process skills. In this case, the bound variable and the independent variable take
the form of scale data.
 Correlation – Very widely used as a classical reliability test of the instrument.
The correlation test connects two or more similar variables from different
measurements, for example measurements can be done twice by different times
or done by the same two people simultaneously. The result is said to be reliable
if it has a Cronbach alpha value of more than 0.7 (some experts say 0.8)
 T test – One of the comparative test techniques of two or more groups with a
small amount. The t test is very precise on samples less than 25 to 60.
 Test F – A comparative test of two or more groups with a large sample
distribution. The test is very good in use for sample counts greater than 50.
 Anova – Analysis of variance from a data overlay of a sample. One type of
regression test
 Mannova – Multi analysis of variance is a regression test with the number of
variables bound to more than one variable.
 Anacova and Mancova – The regression test is the same as Annova and
Mancova, only it is needed for data from those that do not have good variance.
 Genelar Linear Model Test – A path analysis performed where changes are not
only measured from two points but many points and repeated. Changes are
measured periodically from the first, second, third measurement and so on.
 General Linear Model Repeated Variate Test – Path Analysis that compares
changes in two groups of samples but from the same variefl.
 Normality Test – A test performed to determine the shape of the distribution of
data on the sample. This test will determine the appropriate type of statistics in
the data.
 IRT – Item response theory or test conducted to measure instrument
characteristics based on student responses. The test is similar to the correlation
test, except that IRT comes from a more modern theory where the measurement
results do not depend on the sample.