Formula 1
V6 Turbo HYBRID ENGINE AND the ERS SYSTEM
Internal Combustion Engines
(Me 385)
Assoc., Prof. Haytham Mourad El-Zomor
Adham Alaaeldin Hanafy
20107425
Mechanical Engineering Department
Smart Village
Presentation Contents
 Brief about F1 and the FIA
 Introduction about the V6 turbo hybrid Engine and the ERS (Energy Recovery System).
 System Layout
 Main components and how they operate.
•
ICE
•
ERS
•
Energy Store
 Air Cooling system Operation
 Advantages and Disadvantages compared to previous engines
 Conclusion
 References
Brief about F1 and the FIA
• Formula 1 is the pinnacle of Motorsports.
• Formula 1 is a motorsport that gathers the best racing
drivers in world to compete in races around the planet.
• Every F1 season has 22 races in different countries
and cities.
• Only one driver can win the drivers’ championship
every year.
• Only one team can win the constructors’
championship every year.
• Race distance varies from 305 to 309 Km per race.
• Short for Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile.
• The FIA is the organization that governs Formula 1.
• They put regulations on teams like how many races
per season, cost limit per team, how many engines
used per season and that all cars follow one guideline.
• They also put rules on drivers like, that drivers are
prohibited from making political statements without
their approval.
• Racing drivers get their super license from the FIA.
INTRODUCTION
A new phase that encouraged and allowed car manufacturers competing in this industry to produce and
introduce this state-of-the-art V6 turbo Hybrid engine to the Formula 1 world. This phase goes by the Hybrid Era
and the 2014 is when it started.
This new Power unit was also introduced with something called an Energy recovery system that somehow
stores kinetic energy and can be deployed to add up to 160 Horsepower extra to the Main ICE. Although the
concept of ERS was used in the previous power unit, this era’s energy recovery system has new additions and
is very different to what was used before.
When manufacturers combined both the 1.6 litre V6 Turbocharged engine and the Energy Recovery System, this
creation turned out to be the most powerful engine ever used in the history of the sport.
System layout
Ref. (5)
Air Intercooler
Ref. (1)
Energy recovery System
Layout
Engine Block
Power Unit’s Main Components
• Internal Combustion Engine
• Turbocharger
• ERS
• MGU – H
• MGU – K
• Energy Store
• Control electronics
Energy Store
MGH–H
iCE
Turbocharger
Ref. (6)
MGU–K
Internal Combustion Engine
• The ICE is a four-stroke turbocharged, direct injection 1.6 litre power unit.
• It has six cylinders arranged in 90-degree V layout and has a rev limit of 15000 rpm.
• Capability to produce from 626.4 KW (840 HP) to 797.9 KW (1070 HP).
• Produces torque from 600 Nm to 822 Nm.
• Engine Specs and dimension:
•
Cylinder Bore: 80 mm
•
Piston Stroke: 53 mm
•
Valvetrain: 24-valve (four-valves per cylinder), Double overhead camshaft.
• Fuel System: 500 bar direct injection
• Oil system: Dry sump
• Water Cooling system: Single water pump
• Engine weight: 145Kg – 150Kg
• One of the things that makes this Power Unit very efficient is its Air-cooling system that allows the engine to reach very high revs without letting
the engine overheat.
Turbocharger
• The turbocharger is electronically assisted by the Energy recovery system.
• The turbine is connected to an electric generator.
• It converts excess heat and energy from exhaust gases and rotations of the turbocharger during deceleration
into usable energy that is stored in the deployable battery of the car.
• The turbocharger of the current cars is split in to two parts, the turbine on the rear of the engine and the
compressor at the front. This concept allowed all manufacturers to use smaller intercoolers since the
compressor is no longer in proximity with exhaust gases entering the turbine.
• This design also affected many aspects positively like center of gravity, the turbo design is more compact, turbo
lag is reduced, lateral acceleration and etc.
Energy recovery system
• MGU – H
•
•
•
•
•
Motor Generating Unit – Heat.
The MGU – H harvests thermal energy from the car’s exhaust and is part
of the turbocharger.
The MGU – H is placed between the turbine and the compressor.
The MGU – H acts like a turbocharger but it is made up of magnets that
spin when filled with exhaust gases producing electrical energy that will
end up the car’s deployable battery.
The MGU – H also minimizes turbo lag by providing power at throttle
input which means that acts as a motor at certain instances.
Ref. (3)
• MGU – K
•
•
•
•
•
Motor generating unit – Kinetic
Unlike the MGU – H, the MGU – K is connected to the crankshaft.
The MGU – K also acts like a motor and adds power up to 161 Hp on top
of the 850 Hp (@11000rpm) produced by the ICE, but this can only be
used for brief periods of time.
The MGU – K generates power at moments of deceleration.
The MGU – K is also made up of magnets, but those magnets spin to
harvest kinetic energy in the crankshaft which helps in the process of
slowing down the car and adds energy to the deployable battery.
Ref. (4)
Energy Store
• Energy store is a lithium-ion battery and an important factor in
this complex power unit.
• It supplies energy to the ERS as it provides a power boost of
161 Hp and controls the turbo speed, and it also harvests its
energy from it.
• Rules set by the FIA:
• The battery can only deploy 4 MJ per race lap.
• The battery can only harvest 2 MJ per race lap from the MGU –
K, but there is no limit on how much it will harvest from the
MGU – H.
• The interactions of the battery with the ERS makes the main
components very sensitive to heat which might make
deterioration high.
• To solve this problem, manufacturers decided to store a small
amount over 4 MJ as there is also a rules on weight.
• Battery weight must be between 20 – 25Kg.
Control Electronics:
• The control electronics are housed in the Energy Store.
• Control electronics are the link between the Energy Store and the ERS.
• There are 2 types:
•
•
Control Electronics – K
Control Electronics – H
Ref. (7)
Air Cooling System Operation
Ref. (2)
Ref. (1)
Ref. (1)
The air–cooling system of current Formula 1 cars is one of the factors that allow the cars to reach such
high performance. Making these cars highly efficient in racing terms.
Also, thermal management is very important so high reliability of the power unit can be achieved.
The turbocharger plays a big part in the Air–cooling system as the intercooler takes the compressed air
from the turbocharger and reuses it in the combustion process.
Formula 1 cars have big oval shaped air intakes located above the drivers’ heads when seated. These
intakes dictate how much air will enter the system, therefore; this will also dictate how much fuel the
system will burn and how much power it will produce.
In racing terms, the more fuel burnt which means more performance and power produced, the better.
Current Power unit vs previous Power unit
1.6L V6 Turbocharged Hybrid Engine
2.4 V8 Naturally aspirated Engine
• Sound: Less appealing to spectator
• Sound: More liked by the spectators
• Cost: Less expensive
• Cost: More expensive
• Power: More than the V8 engine
• Power: Less than the V6 engine
• Torque: Higher
• Torque: Lower
• Fuel consumption: Much lower
• Fuel consumption: Much higher
• Fuel efficiency: Better
• Fuel efficiency: Worse
• Uses ERS that includes both the MGU – K and the MGU – H,
both can harvest more energy more than the KERS and let
the ERS add more power to the V6 engine for longer
periods of time.
• Uses KERS that has only an MGU – K due to not using a
turbo. Meaning less energy harvested which means that the
energy can be drained more quickly so less added power
per lap. And the KERS adds less power overall compared to
the ERS.
Conclusion
Current F1 engines are known to be the most efficient internal combustion engines in the
world. F1 car manufacturers work every year on how to make their engines more efficient and
more powerful and apply new innovations and concepts to make their engines the best in
world. In the near future, new engines are going to be introduced to the sport that will
supposedly produce no carbon emissions making it 100% sustainable.
This is why F1 is the pinnacle of Motorsports and the Automotive world.
References
1.
Scarborough, C. (2020) Hybrid F1 power: how does it work? Available at: https://www.carmagazine.co.uk/hybrid/how-f1-engine-works/
2.
Isaac, I. (2015) Engines in Formula 1: from V8 to V6 Turbo Hybrids. Available at: https://www.actualidadmotor.com/en/motores-formula-1-v8-v6-turbo-hibridos/ (Accessed: December 25, 2022)
3.
Giuliana, R. (2021) Technical Insight: More F1 changes planned for 2025. Available at: https://www.motorsportweek.com/2021/09/19/technical-insight-more-f1-changes-planned-for-2025/
4.
Taro A. (2019) MGU-K. Available at: https://formula1-data.com/glossary/car/body/mgu-k.
5.
Scarborough, C. (2020a) F1 car cooling systems explained. Available at: https://motorsport.tech/formula-1/car-cooling-systems-explained.
6.
Boretti, A. (2019) F1 KERS. Available at: https://www.researchgate.net/figure/F1-KERS-ES-MGU-K-and-E-BOOST-WHR-ES-MGU-H-from-8_fig1_335070579.
7.
knut_studio (2021) Formula 1 ESS And Battery Technology. Available at: https://boldvaluable.tech/blog/formula-1-ess-batteries/.
8.
Shriber, S. (2014) Mercedes Formula 1 Turbocharger Technology. Available at: https://www.enginebuildermag.com/2014/11/mercedes-formula-1-turbocharger-technology/.
9.
Blackstock, E. (2022) Motorsport Explained: Formula 1’s MGU-H and MGU-K. Available at: https://jalopnik.com/motorsport-explained-formula-1s-mgu-h-and-mgu-k-1849355365.
10.
Beer, M. (2021) What is F1’s energy store and why do recent upgrades matter? Available at: https://the-race.com/formula-1/what-is-f1s-energy-store-and-why-do-recent-upgrades-matter/.
11.
Technology explained: F1 airboxes & filters (2018). Available at: https://www.racecar-engineering.com/articles/f1/technology-explained-f1-airboxes-filters/.
12.
Butcher, L. (2022) The best engine that will ever exist? Ultimate efficiency of F1’s hybrid. Available at: https://www.motorsportmagazine.com/articles/racing-tech/the-best-engine-that-willever-exist-ultimate-efficiency-of-f1s-hybrid?v=fbe46383db39.
13.
McLaren F1 Playbook (no date). Available at: https://www.mclaren.com/racing/f1-playbook/ice/.
14.
Mercedes-Benz (2018) INSIGHT: What Are Engine Modes? Available at: https://www.mercedesamgf1.com/en/news/2018/04/insight-what-are-engine-modes/.
15.
Wikipedia contributors (2022) Mercedes V6 Hybrid Formula One engine. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mercedes_V6_Hybrid_Formula_One_engine.
THANK YOU 
Any Questions?