Self study 16
Task 1
1.1What is the commodity market ?
A commodity market is a marketplace for buying, selling, and trading raw
materials or primary products.
Commodities are often split into two broad categories: hard and soft
commodities. Hard commodities include natural resources that must be mined or
extracted—such as gold, rubber, and oil, whereas soft commodities are agricultural
products or livestock—such as corn, wheat, coffee, sugar, soybeans, and pork.
Commodities markets allow producers and consumers of commodity
products to gain access to them in a centralized and liquid marketplace. These
market actors can also use commodities derivatives to hedge future consumption or
production. Speculators, investors, and arbitrageurs also play an active role in these
markets.
Certain commodities, such as precious metals, have been thought of to be a
good hedge against inflation, and a broad set of commodities as an alternative asset
class can help diversify a portfolio. Because the prices of commodities tend to move
in opposition to stocks, some investors also rely on commodities during periods of
market volatility.
In the past, commodities trading required significant amounts of time, money,
and expertise, and was primarily limited to professional traders. Today, there are
more options for participating in the commodity markets.
Trading commodities goes back to the dawn of human civilization as tribal
clans and newly established kingdoms would barter and trade with one another for
food, supplies, and other items. Trading commodities indeed predates that of stocks
and bonds by many centuries. The rise of empires such as ancient Greece and Rome
can be directly linked to their ability to create complex trading systems and facilitate
the exchange of commodities across vast swaths via routes like the famous Silk
Road that linked Europe to the Far East.
Task 2
2.1 Translate the following words and make up sentences with either of them:
1.income- доход
2. intelligence- интеллект
3. job slots- рабочие места
4. laborer-подсобный рабочий
5. labour rate-ставка заработной платы
6. labour turnover-текучесть рабочей силы
7. letter of application- бланк заявки
8. marital status- семейное положение
1.
Income is the consumption and savings opportunity gained by an entity
within a specified timeframe, which is generally expressed in monetary terms.
2.
During World War II, Cabot worked in army intelligence and
operations in Africa, Sicily and Italy.
3.
They know they can be choosey, Noble said, and they have to be more
careful committing to the expense of filling an empty job slot.
4.
But it also found wide support for German compensation payments to
Nazi-era slave laborers and said 80 percent believe that only a small minority of
Germans are anti-Semitic (source)
5.
What they found is insurance labor rates for aluminum repairs are
about double that of steel and also the amount of time to complete the repair was
twice as long.
6.
With a 13 % labour turnover rate in the UK, it's very likely you'll end
up changing jobs in your career.
7.
Applicants are invited to submit a letter of application, a curriculum
vitae outlining your related qualifications and experience, and a one page sample of
pedagogical documentation.
8.
The only difference is that you already know some things about the
person's background such as age, marital status, likes and dislikes, hopes and
aspirations, and among other aspects in life that he or she was able to disclose to
you.
Task 3
3.1 Read the following text and translate into your native language.
AQSHDAGI PUL TURLARI
Pul naqd puldan ko'ra ko'proq pul haqida o'ylaganingizda, faqat qog'oz
pullar va tangalar haqida o'ylashingiz mumkin. "Bankda pul bor" degani nimani
anglatadi? Pul va deyarli pul Bugungi kunda ishlatiladigan pul faqat valyutadan
iborat emas. Shuningdek, u banklar va jamg'arma muassasalaridagi chek va
jamg'arma hisobvaraqlaridagi depozitlarni, shuningdek, boshqa investitsiyalarni o'z
ichiga oladi. Valyuta. Bugungi kunda muomaladagi barcha Amerika tangalari token
tangalardir. Har bir tangadagi metallning qiymati uning almashinuv qiymatidan
kamroq. Masalan, chorak mis va nikel aralashmasidan iborat. Agar siz chorakni
eritib yuborsangiz - bu noqonuniydir - hosil bo'lgan metallning qiymati 25 sentdan
kam bo'ladi. Barcha tangalar Moliya vazirligi tarkibiga kiruvchi zarbxona byurosi
tomonidan ishlab chiqariladi. Bugungi kunda AQShda muomaladagi naqd
pullarning qariyb 9 foizini tangalar tashkil etadi. 78 Milliy valyutaning katta qismi
Federal zaxira banknotalari shaklida. Federal zaxira banklari ushbu banknotlarni
chiqaradilar. G'aznachilik departamentining bir qismi bo'lgan Chop etish va o'yma
byurosi barcha Federal zaxira qog'ozlarini chop etadi. Ular 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 va 100
dollarlik nominallarda chiqariladi. G'aznachilik departamenti ham AQShning atigi
100 dollarlik kupyuralarini chiqardi. Ushbu qog'ozlarning tepasida "AQSh
eslatmasi" so'zlari bosilgan va ularni Federal rezerv banknotasidan G'aznachilikning
qizil muhri bilan farqlash mumkin. Qo'shma Shtatlar banknotalari muomaladagi
qog'oz pullarning 1 foizidan kamrog'ini tashkil qiladi. Federal rezerv banknotalari
ham, AQSh banknotalari ham fiat pul yoki qonuniy to'lov vositasidir. Tekshiruvlar.
Tekshiruv hisobvarag'i bankka qo'yilgan pul bo'lib, shaxs istalgan vaqtda chek yozib
olishi mumkin. Bank chek miqdorini to'lash uchun taqdim etgandan keyin, ya'ni
talab bo'yicha to'lashi kerak. Bunday hisobvaraqlar ilgari talab qilinmagan depozitlar
deb atalar edi. Bugun biz bu depozitlarni cheklar deb ataymiz va ular turli moliya
institutlari tomonidan taklif etiladi. Ilgari tijorat banklari hisobvaraqlarni
tekshirishni taklif qiladigan yagona moliya instituti edi. Bugungi kunda barcha
jamg'arma institutlari - o'zaro omonat kassalari, jamg'arma va kredit uyushmalari
(S&C) va kredit uyushmalari - tekshiriladigan depozitlarni taklif qiladi. Kredit
kartalar va debet kartalari. Ko'pchilik tovarlar va xizmatlarni sotib olish uchun kredit
kartalaridan foydalanishsa-da, kredit karta o'z-o'zidan pul emas. U na hisob birligi,
na qiymat ombori sifatida ishlamaydi. Kredit kartangizdan foydalanish aslida bank,
chakana savdo do'koni, gaz kompaniyasi yoki American Express bo'ladimi, karta
emitenti tomonidan sizga berilgan kreditdir. Aslini olganda, kredit kartadagi "pul"
keyinchalik pulga bo'lgan kelajakdagi da'volarni anglatadi. Kredit kartalari puldan
foydalanishni o'z ichiga olgan to'liq operatsiyalarni emas, balki kechiktiradi. Debet
karta avtomatik ravishda joriy hisobdan pul yechib oladi. Biror narsa sotib olish
uchun debet kartangizdan foydalansangiz, siz bankingizga to'g'ridan-to'g'ri bank
hisobingizdan do'konning bank hisobiga pul o'tkazishni buyurasiz. Debet kartasidan
foydalanish kredit yaratmaydi. Debet kartasining "puli" hisobvaraqdagi pul bilan bir
xil. Maniga yaqin. Ko'pgina boshqa aktivlar deyarli pulga o'xshaydi, ammo unchalik
emas. Ushbu aktivlar pulga yaqin deb ataladi. Ularning qiymati pul ko'rinishida
ifodalanadi va aktsiyalar kabi boshqa investitsiyalarga nisbatan yuqori likvidlikka
ega. Deyarli pulni valyutaga yoki chek kabi to'lov vositasiga nisbatan oson va
qiymatini yo'qotish xavfisiz aylantirish mumkin. Masalan, bankda omonat
hisobvarag'ingiz bo'lsa, unga chek yoza olmaysiz. Biroq, siz bankka borib,
mablag'laringizning bir qismini yoki barchasini olishingiz mumkin. Shundan so'ng
siz ularni o'z hisob qaydnomangizga qayta kiritishingiz yoki summaning bir qismini
yoki hammasini naqd pulda olishingiz mumkin. Muddatli depozitlar va omonat
hisobvaraqlaridagi qoldiqlar pulga yaqin. Ikkalasi ham foizlarni to'laydi va hech
kimni chek orqali qaytarib bo'lmaydi. Muddatli depozitlar omonatchidan ma'lum
vaqt ichida, ko'pincha 10 kun ichida pulni olishdan oldin moliya muassasasini
xabardor qilishni talab qiladi. Omonat hisobvaraqlari odatda bunday ogohlantirishni
talab qilmaydi. Pul taklifi Bugungi kunda AQShda qancha pul bor? Bu savolga javob
berish unchalik oson emas. Birinchidan, pul massasini aniqlash va kelishish kerak.
Hozirda ikkita asosiy ta'rif qo'llanilmoqda, ammo boshqalar mavjud. Birinchisi M1,
ikkinchisi esa M2 deb ataladi. Ikkala ta'rif ham muomaladagi barcha qog'oz pullar
va tangalarni o'z ichiga oladi. M1, pul massasining eng tor ta'rifi, darhol sarflanishi
mumkin bo'lgan va cheklar yozilishi mumkin bo'lgan pullardan iborat. Bunga
valyuta, sayohat cheklari va chekli depozitlar kiradi. Pul massasining kengroq ta'rifi
M2 barcha M1ni, shuningdek, pul bozoridagi o'zaro fond qoldiqlari va evrodollar
kabi pulga yaqin mablag'larni o'z ichiga oladi.
Task 4
4. Complete the sentences by changing the form of the word in capitals when
this is necessary
1. I wonder if you could tell me who was awarded the scholarship
2. Do you think that you pay enough attention in class?
3. Could you tell me what the solution to number seven is?
4. My dad said I'd better spend more time on my studies.
5. I would like to know what qualifications teachers require in your country.
6. Joshua was suspended from school for a week for bad behavior.
7. I did six hours of revision for the test, and I still failed!
8. Please send photocopies of all your certificates to us at the address below