The human skeleton. Axial Skull Cranium Facial bones Clavicle Thoracic cage (ribs and sternum) Vertebral column Sacrum Scapula Sternum Rib Humerus Vertebra Radius Ulna Appendicular Bones of Pectoral Girdle Upper limb Bones of pelvic girdle Carpals Phalanges Metacarpals Femur Patella Tibia Lower limb Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view Bone Markings (ligament & tendon attachment, form articulations, and passageway for vessels) Projections Projections Raised areas on bone • • • • • • • • Tuberosity Crest Trochanter Line Tubercle Epicondyle Spine Process Tendon & Ligament attachment © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. • • • • • • • • • • • Head Facet Condyle Ramus Groove Fissure Foramen Notch Meatus Sinus Fossa Form articulations Depressions/Openings Allow vessels to travel through The pectoral girdle and clavicle. What am I looking at? How am I looking at it? Posterior Anterior Acromial (lateral) end Right clavicle, superior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Sternal (medial) end The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Acromial end Anterior Sternal end Posterior Conoid tubercle (PIL) Posterior-Inferior-Lateral Right clavicle, inferior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The scapula. Coracoid process Supraspinous fossa Coracoid process Acromion Acromioclavicular Joint (AC) Acromion Glenoid cavity Glenoid cavity at lateral angle Glenohumeral Joint (shoulder) Spine Subscapular fossa Infraspinous fossa Supraspinous fossa Right scapula, anterior aspect Right scapula, posterior aspect Acromion Supraglenoid tubercle Supraspinous fossa Infraspinous Subscapular fossa fossa Posterior Subscapular Fossa (Subscapular Muscle) Supraspinatus Fossa (Supraspinatus Muscle) Infraspinatus Fossa (Infraspinatus Muscle) Coracoid process PA: Biceps Brachii Spine Anterior Infraspinous fossa Glenoid cavity Infraglenoid tubercle Subscapular fossa Right scapula, lateral aspect © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. PA: Triceps Brachii The pectoral girdle and clavicle. Shoulder Separation AC Separation Acromioclavicular joint Clavicle Sternoclavicular Joint First Rib to Sternum Joint (cartilaginous joint) Scapula Shoulder Dislocation Glenohumeral Joint (synovial joint) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Articulated pectoral girdle Sternocostal Joint The humerus of the right arm and detailed views of articulation at the elbow . Greater tubercle DA Supraspinatus Infraspinatus Teres Minor Epicondylitis—Tennis Elbow Anterior view at the elbow region Humerus Lesser tubercle DA: Subscapularis Head of humerus Coronoid fossa Greater tubercle Capitulum Intertubercular sulcus lateral condyle Deltoid tuberosity Deltoid tuberosity medial condyle Head of radius Radial tuberosity Radius Trochlea Coronoid process of ulna Radial notch DA: Deltoid Ulna DA: Deltoid Humeral-Ulna Joint Coronoid fossa (Elbow Joint) Olecranon fossa Olecranon Capitulum Olecranon fossa Capitulum Trochlea Trochlea Anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior view Humeral-Radial Joint Proximal Radial-Ulna Joint Posterior view of extended elbow Radius and ulna of the right forearm. Olecranon Radial notch of the ulna Head Radial tuberosity DA Biceps Brachii Olecranon Olecranon Fossa Trochlear notch Coronoid process Trochlear notch View Coronoid Fossa Head of radius Coronoid process Radial notch Head of Radius Proximal radioulnar joint Proximal portion of ulna, lateral view Supination Pronation Articulation for lunate Fibrous Joint Interosseous membrane View Ulna Radius Ulnar styloid process Radial styloid process Distal radioulnar joint Anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Radius Radial styloid process Articulation for scaphoid Ulnar styloid process Radio-Carpal Joint (Wrist) Radial styloid process Posterior view Distal ends of the radius and ulna at the wrist Bones of the right hand. 3 4 2 D Phalanges (14) 5 • Distal • Middle • Proximal I DIP Joints 1 P PIP Joints MCP Joints Metacarpals (5) Carpals (8) So • Scaphoid Long • Lunate MCC Joints To • Triquetrum Pinky • Pisiform III II V IV I The Thumb Here Comes Pinky To Long So Carpals (8) • Hamate Here • Capitate Comes • Trapezoid The Trapezium Thumb Distal Radial-Ulna Joint Radio-Carpal Joint (Wrist) Ulna Anterior view of right hand © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Radius Pelvis. (posterior wall of pelvis) Base of sacrum Iliac crest Iliac fossa Sacroiliac joint Anterior superior iliac spine Ilium Hip bone (coxal bone or os coxae) 2 Hip bones made of 3 bones Sacrum Pubis Coccyx Anterior inferior iliac spine Pelvic brim Acetabulum Ischium Pubic symphysis (cartilaginous joint) Pubic Arch/Angle © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. . Area above inlet (greater pelvis) False pelvis Area between inlet and outlet Sacral promontory True pelvis Coccyx Pelvic inlet (space enclosed Pelvic outlet by pelvic brim) (a) Pelvis, False pelvis medial view True pelvis (b) Anterolateral views Coccyx Sacral promontory Pelvic inlet (space enclosed by pelvic brim) Ischial spine Pubic symphysis Ischial spine Pelvic outlet Male Pubic symphysis Female (c) Pelvis, Anterosuperior views Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. The hip (coxal) bones. Ilium Ala Iliac crest Anterior PA: Sartorius superior iliac spine Posterior superior iIiac spine Anterior inferior PA: Rectus Femoris iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Acetabulum (formed from 3 bones) Ischial spine Pubis Ischium Ischial tuberosity Lateral view, right hip bone © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Obturator foramen Inferior pubic ramus The hip (coxal) bones. Ilium Iliac crest Anterior superior iliac spine Anterior inferior iliac spine Iliac fossa Body of the ilium Superior pubic ramus Posterior superior iliac spine Posterior inferior iliac spine Auricular surface Ischial spine Pubis Obturator foramen Articular surface of pubis (at pubic symphysis) Ischium Inferior pubic ramus Medial view, right hip bone © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (1 of 3) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (2 of 3) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Comparison of the Male and Female Pelves (3 of 3) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. . Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Sacroiliac joint Sacrum Acetabulum Pelvic inlet Head of femur Neck of femur Greater trochanter Obturator foramen Ischial tuberosity Lesser trochanter Pubic tubercle Pubic symphysis © Mediscan/Visuals Unlimited (b) Pelvis radiograph, anterior view Right knee and thigh. Ligamentum Captis Fovea capitis Neck Greater trochanter PA: Vastus Lateralis Head Gluteal tuberosity Lesser trochanter DA: Iliopsoas DA: Gluteus Maximus Linea aspera Anterior PA: Vastus Medalis Lateral condyle Articulates with tibia Intercondylar fossa Posterior Adductor tubercle Patella (kneecap) Patellar surface DA: Adductor Medial condyle Anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Femur (thigh bone) Articulates with tibia Posterior view Medial condyle Lateral condyle Head Tibial tuberosity The tibia and fibula of the right leg. Head of fibula DA: Quadriceps Superior tibiofibular joint Interosseous (Fibrous Joint) membrane (Proximal) Fibula Anterior view (Distal) Inferior tibiofibular joint (Ankle) Lateral malleolus © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Tibia Medial malleolus Inferior articular surface Fibula (Ankle) Lateral malleolus Posterior view The tibia and fibula of the right leg. Parts of fractured fibula © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. X ray of Pott’s fracture of the fibula Bones of the right foot. D DIP Joints I PIP Joints P Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal I Medial cuneiform II III IV Metatarsals V Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Navicular Cuboid Tarsals Talus Trochlea of talus Calcaneus Superior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of the right foot. Talus Medial malleolar Navicular facet Sustentaculum tali (talar shelf) Intermediate cuneiform First metatarsal Phalanges Distal Middle Proximal I II Medial cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Navicular III IV Metatarsals V Lateral cuneiform Medial view Lateral malleolar facet Cuboid Calcaneus Medial cuneiform Calcaneal tuberosity Navicular Intermediate cuneiform Lateral cuneiform Tarsals Talus Talus Trochlea of talus Calcaneus Superior view Calcaneus Lateral view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Cuboid Fifth metatarsal Arches of the foot. Medial longitudinal arch Transverse arch Lateral longitudinal arch Lateral aspect of right foot © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. X ray, medial aspect of right foot . Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Fibula Tibia Talus Calcaneus Navicular Proximal Metatarsal I phalanx I Cuneiform Cuboid Lateral longitudinal arch (b) X-ray of right foot, lateral view © Walter Reiter/Phototake The skull: Cranial and facial divisions and fossae. Bones of cranium (8) Coronal suture Squamous suture Lambdoid suture (14) Facial bones Cranial and facial divisions of the skull © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The skull: Cranial and facial divisions and fossae. Anterior cranial fossa (Frontal Lobe) Middle cranial fossa (Temporal Lobe) Posterior cranial fossa (Cerebellum) Superior view of the cranial fossae © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The skull: Cranial and facial divisions and fossae. Temporal lobe of cerebrum Frontal lobe of cerebrum Cerebellum Posterior Cranial fossae Middle Anterior Lateral view of cranial fossae showing the contained brain regions © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Major cavities of the skull, frontal section. Cranial cavity Frontal sinus Sphenoid Sinus Orbit Orbit Frontal bone Zygomatic bone Ethmoidal air cells Ethmoid bone Maxillary sinus Inferior nasal concha Nasal cavity Oral cavity Maxilla Vomer Mandible © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Paranasal sinuses. Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells (sinus) Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus Anterior aspect Frontal sinus Ethmoidal air cells Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus Medial aspect © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Anatomy of the anterior aspects of the skull. Parietal bone Nasal bone Sphenoid bone (greater wing) Temporal bone Ethmoid bone Lacrimal bone Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen (CN 5 Maxillary Division) Maxilla Mandible Mental foramen (mental nerves) Anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Frontal bone Supraorbital foramen (notch) (supraorbital nerve) Superior orbital fissure Optic canal (optic nerve) Inferior orbital fissure Middle nasal concha Ethmoid Perpendicular plate bone Superior nasal concha can’t be seen in this view Inferior nasal concha Vomer Inferior portion of nasal septum Superior portion of nasal septum Anatomy of the posterior aspects of the skull. Sagittal suture Parietal bone Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone External occipital protuberance Mastoid process External occipital crest Occipital condyle forms atlantooccipital joint Posterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external view. Frontal bone Sphenoid bone Coronal suture (greater wing) Parietal bone Ethmoid bone Temporal bone Lacrimal bone Lambdoid suture Squamous suture Lacrimal fossa (nasolacrimal duct) Nasal bone Occipital bone Zygomatic bone Maxilla Zygomatic process External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Mandible Styloid process Condylar process Mental foramen Mandibular ramus Mandibular angle External anatomy of the right side of the skull © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Coronoid process The base of the cranial cavity. Frontal bone View Cribriform Ethmoid plate bone Crista galli Attachment for Falx Cerebri Sphenoid Lesser wing Cribriform Foramina Olfactory Nerve CN 1 Optic Canal Optic Nerve CN II Greater wing Foramen Ovale (CN 5 Mandibular branch) Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Foramen Lacerum Temporal bone Internal acoustic meatus (CN 7 & 8) Jugular foramen ( CN 9, 10, 11 & Internal Jugular Vein) Parietal bone Occipital bone Hypoglossal canal (CN 12 Hypoglossal) Foramen magnum Medulla Oblongata CN 11 Accessory Vertebral Arteries © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Superior view of the skull, calvaria removed Inferior aspect of the skull, mandible removed. Maxilla Hard palate (palatine process) Infraorbital foramen Palatine bone Maxilla Zygomatic bone Sphenoid bone Temporal bone (greater wing) (zygomatic process) Foramen ovale Vomer Foramen lacerum Mandibular fossa Carotid canal (internal carotid artery) Styloid process External acoustic meatus Mastoid process Jugular foramen Temporal bone Occipital condyle Parietal bone External occipital crest External occipital protuberance Inferior view of the skull (mandible removed) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Occipital bone Foramen magnum . Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Anterior Frontal bone Coronal suture Parietal bone Sagittal suture Sutural bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Posterior Skull of a newborn. Frontal bone (Not in adults) Anterior fontanelle Parietal bone Posterior fontanelle Superior view Occipital bone Anterior Fontanelle Parietal bone Posterior fontanelle Occipital bone Lateral view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of the lateral aspect of the skull, external and internal views. Parietal bone Squamous suture Temporal bone Lambdoid suture Occipital bone Occipitomastoid suture External occipital protuberance Internal acoustic meatus Sella turcica of sphenoid bone Coronal suture Frontal bone Greater wing Sphenoid bone Lesser wing Frontal sinus Crista galli Nasal bone Sphenoidal sinus Ethmoid bone (perpendicular plate) Vomer Incisive fossa Maxilla Alveolar processes Pterygoid process of sphenoid bone Mandible Mandibular foramen Palatine bone Palatine process of maxilla Midsagittal section showing the internal anatomy of the left half of skull © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The sphenoid bone. Optic canal Greater wing Hypophyseal fossa of sella turcica Body of sphenoid Superior view Body of sphenoid Greater wing Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Foramen rotundum Foramen ovale Foramen spinosum Lesser wing Superior orbital fissure Pterygoid process Posterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The ethmoid bone. Crista galli Cribriform plate with cribriform foramina Left lateral mass Orbital plate Ethmoidal air cells Perpendicular plate © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Middle nasal concha Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla. TMJ Temporomandibular joint Mandibular notch Mandibular fossa of temporal bone Coronoid process Mandibular foramen Condylar process Alveolar process Mental foramen Ramus of mandible Mandibular angle Body of mandible Mandible, right lateral view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Detailed anatomy of the mandible and the maxilla. Orbital surface Zygomatic process (cut) Maxilla, right lateral view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Articulates withfrontal bone Frontal process Infraorbital foramen Anterior nasal spine Alveolar process Bones that form the orbits. Roof of orbit • Lesser wing of sphenoid bone • Orbital plate of frontal bone Supraorbital notch Lateral wall of orbit • Zygomatic process of frontal bone • Greater wing of sphenoid bone • Orbital surface of zygomatic bone Inferior orbital fissure Zygomatic bone Superior orbital fissure Optic canal Medial wall • Sphenoid body • Orbital plate of ethmoid bone • Frontal process of maxilla • Lacrimal bone Nasal bone Floor of orbit • Orbital process of palatine bone • Orbital surface of maxillary bone • Zygomatic bone Infraorbital foramen Contribution of each of the seven bones forming the right orbit © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones that form the orbits. Photograph, right orbit © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of the nasal cavity. Superior, middle, and inferior meatus Frontal sinus Superior nasal concha Middle nasal concha Ethmoid bone Inferior nasal concha Nasal bone Anterior nasal spine Maxillary bone Sphenoidal (palatine process) sinus Sphenoid Pterygoid bone process Palatine bone Palatine bone (horizontal plate) (perpendicular plate) Bones forming the left lateral wall of the nasal cavity (nasal septum removed) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Bones of the nasal cavity. Ethmoid bone Crista galli Cribriform plate Frontal sinus Sella turcica Nasal bone Sphenoidal sinus Perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone Septal cartilage Vomer Palatine bone Alveolar process Hard Palatine process of maxilla palate of maxilla Nasal cavity with septum in place showing the contributions of the ethmoid bone, the vomer, and septal cartilage © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The hyoid bone, anterior view. Does not articulate with any other bone Muscle attachment Greater horn Lesser horn Body © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. The vertebral column. C1 2 3 4 Cervical curvature (concave) 7 vertebrae, C1 – C7 5 6 7 T1 Spinous process 2 3 Transverse processes 4 5 6 7 8 Thoracic curvature (convex) 12 vertebrae, T1 – T12 9 10 11 Movable Intervertebral discs Intervertebral foramen 12 L1 2 3 Lumbar curvature (concave) 5 vertebrae, L1 – L5 4 5 Sacral curvature (convex) 5 fused vertebrae sacrum Coccyx 4 fused vertebrae Anterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Right lateral view Fused Lift Head 1 Secondary (Lordotic) Primary 2 (Kyphotic) Crawl Walk 3 4 Single curve in fetus Primary (Kyphotic) Four curves in adult (c) Fetal and adult curves Secondary (Lordotic) Abnormal spinal curvatures. Scoliosis Poor Posture Weakened Vertebrae Weakened Muscles © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Kyphosis Elderly Lordosis Pregnant Overweight Typical vertebral structures. Posterior (TP) Transverse process (SP) Spinous process Superior articular Facet Process (Spinal Cord) Inferior articular facet & process Vertebral foramen IVD Body (centrum) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Can’t be seen in this view Facet Joints Anterior . Transverse process Superior Articulating Process/Facet (IVD) Intervertebral Joint Intervertebral disc L2 Body (centrum) Inferior articular process of L2 Superior articular process of L3 L3 Intervertebral Joint (Facet Joint) Inferior Articulating Process/Facet Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. (a) Posterior View . . Left lateral view L1 Superior articular process of L1 Inferior vertebral notch of L1 Spinal Nerves (IVF) Intervertebral foramen Superior vertebral notch of L2 L2 L2-L3 Intervertebral Facet Joint (Facet Joint) L3 Intervertebral disc L2-L3 Intervertebral Disc Joint (IVD) Inferior articular process of L3 POSTERIOR POSTERIOR Facet of superior articular process Spinal cord Spinous process ANTERIOR Spinal cord Transverse process Facet of superior articular process Vertebral arch: Lamina Pedicle Vertebral foramen Spinal nerve Facet for head of rib Intervertebral foramen Vertebral body Facet for head of rib ANTERIOR (a) Superior view Spinous process Intervertebral disc Vertebral body Inferior articular process (b) Right posterolateral view of articulated vertebrae Intervertebral foramen Vertebral body Annulus fibrosus of intervertebral disc Normal intervertebral disc Compressed intervertebral disc in a weight-bearing situation (d) Intervertebral disc . Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Superior views Spinous process Lateral views Superior articular facet Transverse foramen Body Transverse process Spinous process (a) Cervical vertebrae Inferior articular process Superior articular facet Spinous process Transverse costal facet Transverse process Superior costal facet Only type to have costal facet Transverse costal facet Inferior costal facet Inferior articular facet (b) Thoracic vertebrae Spinous process Long & Angles down Spinous process Superior articular facet Superior articular process Transverse process Body Spinous process Big & Square (c) Lumbar vertebrae Inferior articular facet . (No Body) Articulates with Occipital Condyles Atlantooccipital Joint (C1-Occiput Joint) Anterior tubercle (Lateral mass) Superior articular facet Transverse Foramen (Vertebral artery & vein) Lateral mass Fovea Dentis Lateral mass (Articulates with Dens) Atlantoaxial Joint C1-C2 Joint Posterior tubercle (No Spinous Process) Atlas Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. . Dens (odontoid process) Articulates with Fovea Dentis Atlantoaxial Joint (C1-C2 Joint) Superior articular facet Body Transverse foramen Transverse process Inferior articular process Spinous process Axis Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. . Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Axis of rotation Fovea Dentis Dens Atlas Transverse ligament Axis Atlantoaxial joint C1-C2 Joint No Joint The first and second cervical vertebrae. C1 Posterior Posterior Lateral masses Posterior tubercle Posterior arch Transverse foramen Superior articular facet Anterior arch Anterior tubercle Superior view of atlas (C1) C2 Posterior Inferior articular process Transverse process Dens Superior view of axis (C2) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Spinous process Lamina Pedicle Superior articular facet Body Posterior tubercle Posterior arch Inferior articular facet Transverse process Lateral masses Transverse foramen Facet for dens Inferior view of atlas (C1) Anterior arch Anterior tubercle Posterolateral views of articulated vertebrae. Dens of axis Transverse ligament of atlas C1 (atlas) C2 (axis) C3 Inferior articular process Bifid spinous process Transverse processes C7 (vertebra prominens) Cervical vertebrae Transverse process Superior articular process Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Intervertebral disc Body Spinous process Inferior costal facet (for head of rib) Inferior articular process Thoracic vertebrae Superior articular process Transverse process Body Intervertebral disc Inferior articular process Spinous process © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Lumbar vertebrae Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Supraspinous ligament Transverse process Sectioned spinous process Ligamentum flavum Interspinous ligament Inferior articular process Intervertebral disc Anterior longitudinal ligament Anterior longitudinal ligament Intervertebral foramen Posterior longitudinal ligament Anulus fibrosus Body of a vertebra Intervertebral disc Nucleus pulposus Sectioned body of vertebra Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating the composition of the discs and the ligaments © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Posterior longitudinal ligament Anterior view of part of the spinal column, showing the anterior longitudinal ligament Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Vertebral spinous process (posterior aspect of vertebra) Spinal cord Spinal nerve root Transverse process Nucleus pulposus of intact disc Herniated portion of disc Anulus fibrosus of disc Superior view of a herniated intervertebral disc © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Nucleus pulposus of disc Herniated nucleus pulposus MRI of lumbar region of vertebral column in sagittal section showing herniated disc . Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display. Herniation of nucleus pulposus Crack in anulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus (c) Herniated disc Spinal nerve roots Spinal nerve Anulus fibrosus Sacrum & Coccyx Sacral Canal Facet of Superior Articular Process Ala Auricular surface Median sacral crest Sacral Foramina Coccyx Anterior © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Coccyx Posterior Thoracic Cage Clavicular notch Manubrium Body True ribs (1–7) Sternum Xiphoid process T2 Jugular notch T3 T4 False ribs (8–12) Sternal angle Heart T9 L1 Floating ribs (11, 12) © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Thoracic Cage, Anterior View Xiphisternal joint Midsagittal section through the thorax, showing the relationship of surface anatomical landmarks of the thorax to the vertebral column Ribs. Shaft Facets for articulation with vertebrae Junction with costal cartilage Head Costal groove Articular facet Neck on tubercle Angle of rib A typical rib (rib 6, right), posterior view © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Ribs. Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Angle of rib Superior costal facet (for head of rib) Body of vertebra Head of rib Intervertebral disc Neck of rib Tubercle of rib Shaft Sternum Crosssection of rib Costal groove Costal cartilage Vertebral and sternal articulations of a typical true rib © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Ribs. Articular facet on tubercle of rib Spinous process Shaft Ligaments Neck of rib Head of rib Superior costal facet (for head of rib) Transverse costal facet (for tubercle of rib) Body of thoracic vertebra Superior view of the articulation between a rib and a thoracic vertebra © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Posterior longitudinal ligament Anterior longitudinal ligament Body of a vertebra Intervertebral disc © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Anterior view of part of the spinal column, showing the anterior longitudinal ligament Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Supraspinous ligament Transverse process Sectioned spinous process Ligamentum flavum Interspinous ligament Inferior articular process Intervertebral disc Anterior longitudinal ligament Intervertebral foramen Posterior longitudinal ligament Anulus fibrosus Nucleus pulposus Sectioned body of vertebra Median section of three vertebrae, illustrating the composition of the discs and the ligaments © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Vertebral spinous process (posterior aspect of vertebra) Spinal cord Spinal nerve root Transverse process Herniated portion of disc Anulus fibrosus of disc Superior view of a herniated intervertebral disc © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc. Nucleus pulposus of disc Ligaments and fibrocartilage discs uniting the vertebrae. Nucleus pulposus of intact disc Herniated nucleus pulposus MRI of lumbar region of vertebral column in sagittal section showing herniated disc © 2013 Pearson Education, Inc.
