SQL BASICS
The structure queries language is a language that enable to create and operate on relational database
,which are sets of related information stored in tables .SQL has clearly established itself as the
standard relational database language.
PROCESSING CAPABILITY OF SQL:
The various capability of sql are:
1. DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE(DDL): The sql DDL provides commands for defining
relations schemas ,deleting relations ,creating index and modifying relations schemas.
2. INTERACTIVE DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE(DML): The sql DML includes the
queries language based on both the relational algebra and the tuples relational calculas. It includes
also command to insert ,delete and modifying in the database.
3. EMBEDDED DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE: The embedded form of sql is designed for
use within general purpose programming language such as pl/1,cobol ,fortran,pascal and c.
4. VIEW DEFINITION : The sql DDL also includes commands for defining views
5. AUTHORIZATION : The sql DDL includes command for specifying access rights to relation and
views.
6. INTEGRITY: The sql provides forms of integrity checking. Future products and standard of sql
are likely to include enhanced features for integrity checking .
7. TRANSACTION CONTROL: Sql includes command for specifying the beginning and ending of
transaction along with commands to have a control over transaction processing.
EX: NO: 1
DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE (DDL) COMMANDS
Aim:
To execute and verify the Data Definition Language commands and constraints
1.1 DDL (DATA DEFINITION LANGUAGE)
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CREATE
ALTER
DROP
RENAME
TRUNCATE
COMMENT
Procedure:
STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Create the table with its essential attributes.
STEP 3: Execute different Commands and extract information from the table.
STEP 4: Stop
SQL COMMANDS
1. Command name
: CREATE
Command description: CREATE command is used to create objects in the database.
2. Command name
: ALTER
Command description: ALTER command is used to alter the structure of database
3. Command name
: DROP
Command description: DROP command is used to delete the object from the database.
4. Command name
: RENAME
Command description: RENAME command is used to rename the objects.
5. Command name
: TRUNCATE
Command description : TRUNCATE command is used to remove all the records from the
table
6. Command Name
: COMMENT
Command description : COMMENT allows to store some comments about tables, views or
columns in the data dictionary
1) Creating a table
Syntax for creating a table:
SQL: create <obj.type> <obj.name> (column name.1 <datatype> (size),
column name.1 <datatype> (size) ……………………………);
Q1. Write a query to create a table employee with empno, ename, designation, and salary.
SQL>create table emp (empno number (4), ename varchar2 (10), designation varchar2 (10),
salary number (8,2));
Table created.
Describing the table:
Syntax for describe the table:
SQL: desc <table name>;
Q2. Write a query to display the column name and data type of the table employee.
SQL> desc emp;
Name
null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ------------Empno
number(4)
Ename
varchar2(10)
Designation
varchar2(10)
Salary
number(8,2)
Creating a table from an Existing Table With All Fields
Syntax
SQL> create table <traget table name> select * from <source table name>;
Q3. Write a query for create a from an existing table with all the fields
SQL> create table emp1 as select * from emp;
Table created.
SQL> desc emp1
Name
null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -----------------Empno
number(4)
Ename
Designation
Salary
varchar2(10)
varchar2(10)
number(8,2)
Creating a table from an Existing Table With Selected Fields
Syntax
SQL> create table <traget table name> select empno, ename from <source table name>;
Q4. Write a query for create a from an existing table with selected fields
SQL> create table emp2 as select empno, ename from emp;
Table created.
SQL> desc emp2
Name
null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------Empno
number (4)
Creating a new table from an existing table without any record
Syntax
SQL> create table <traget table name> as select * from <source table name> where <false
condition>;
Q5. Write a query for create a new table from an existing table without any record:
SQL> create table emp3 as select * from emp where 1>2;
Table created.
SQL> desc emp3;
Name
null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -----------------------Empno
number(4)
Ename
varchar2(10)
Designatin
varchar2(10)
Salary
number(8,2);
2) Alter & modification on table
Alter & Modify on a Single Column:
Syntax :
SQL > alter <table name> modify <column name> <datatype> (size);
Q6. Write a query to alter the column empno number (4) to empno number (6).
SQL>alter table emp modify empno number (6);
Table altered.
SQL> desc emp;
Name
null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------Empno
number(6)
Ename
varchar2(10)
Designatin
varchar2(10)
salary
number(8,2)
Altering a table with multiple column:
Syntax :
SQL > alter <table name> modify <column name1> <datatype> (size), modify <column
name2> <datatype> (size) ………………………………………….;
Q7. Write a Query to Alter the table employee with multiple columns (empno, ename.)
SQL>alter table emp modify (empno number (7), ename varchar2(12));
Table altered.
SQL> desc emp;
Name
null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------Empno
Ename
Designation
Salary
number(7)
varchar2(12)
varchar2(10)
number(8,2);
Adding a new column
Syntax:
SQL> alter table <table name> add (<column name> <data type> <size>);
Q8. Write a query to add a new column in to employee
SQL> alter table emp add qualification varchar2(6);
Table altered.
SQL> desc emp;
Name
null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------Empno
number(7)
Ename
varchar2(12)
Designation
varchar2(10)
Salary
number(8,2)
Qualification
varchar2(6)
Adding a multiple columns
Syntax:
SQL> alter table <table name> add (<column name1> <data type> <size>,(<column name2>
<data type> <size>, ………………………………………………………………);
Q9. Write a query to add multiple columns in to employee
SQL>alter table emp add (dob date, doj date);
Table altered.
SQL> DESC EMP;
Name
null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------Empno
number(7)
Ename
varchar2(12)
Designation
varchar2(10)
Salary
number(8,2)
Qualification
varchar2(6)
Dob
date
Doj
date
3) REMOVE / DROP
Dropping a new column
Syntax:
SQL> alter table <table name> drop column <column name>;
Q10. Write a query to drop a column doj from an existing table employee
SQL> alter table emp drop column doj;
Table altered.
SQL> desc emp;
Name
null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ------------Empno
number(7)
ename
varchar2(12)
designation
varchar2(10)
salary
number(8,2)
qualification
varchar2(6)
dob
date
Dropping multiple columns
Syntax:
SQL>
alter
table
<table
name2>,……………………………..;
name>
drop
Q11. Write a query to drop multiple columns from employee
SQL> alter table emp drop (dob, qualification);
Table altered.
SQL> desc emp;
Name
null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -------------Empno
number(7)
Ename
varchar2(12)
Designation
varchar2(10)
Salary
number(8,2)
4) RENAME
Syntax:
SQL> alter table rename <old name> to <new name>
Q12. Write a query to rename table emp to employee
SQL> alter table emp rename emp to employee;
SQL> desc employee;
Name
null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- -------------Empno
number(7)
Ename
varchar2(12)
Designation
varchar2(10)
Salary
number(8,2)
<column
name1>,<column
5) TRUNCATE
Syntax:
Truncate table table_name;
Q13. Write a query to truncate the table employee
SQL> truncate table employee;
Table truncated
Difference between DROP and TRUNCATE Statement:
If a table is dropped, all the relationships with other tables will no longer be valid, the integrity
constraints will be dropped, grant or access privileges on the table will also be dropped, if want use
the table again it has to be recreated with the integrity constraints, access privileges and the
relationships with other tables should be established again. But, if a table is truncated, the table
structure remains the same, therefore any of the above problems will not exist.
6) COMMENT
The comment statement allows to store some comments about tables, views or columns in the data
dictionary
Syntax:
SQL> --Add a comment on a table, issue the following command:
SQL > comment on table <table name> is “comments”
Q14. Write a query to write the comments “this is a table for employee” on the emp table.
SQL> comment on table emp is 'This is a table for Employee.';
Comment created.
The comments for tables and views can be retrieved with something like
Syntax:
select table_name, comments from user_tab_comments where table_name like 'SOME%';
Table_name
comments
------------------------------ -------------------------------------------------SOME_TABLE
some hopefully meaningful comment for some_table
SOME_VIEW
Views can also be commented, yet the statement is
still: comment on table
SQL> select table_name, comments from user_tab_comments
Table_Name
Comments
Emp
'This is a table for Employee”
Dept
Setting of CONSTRAINTS
Constraints are part of the table definition that limits and restriction on the value entered into
its columns.
TYPES OF CONSTRAINTS:
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Primary key
Foreign key/references
Check
Unique Not null
Null
Default
CONSTRAINTS CAN BE CREATED IN THREE WAYS:
● Column level constraints
● Table level constraints
● Using DDL statements-alter table command
Column level constraints are applicable to that column only, whereas table level constraints are used
to define composite keys like primary key for the combination of two or more columns in a table
OPERATION ON CONSTRAINT:
i)
ENABLE
ii)
DISABLE
iii) DROP
1) Primary key
Column level constraints Using Primary key
Syntax:
SQL:> create table tablename(column name.1 <datatype> (size)<type of constraints> , column
name.1
<datatype> (size) ……………………………);
Q1. Write a query to set a primary key on empno of employee table.
SQL> create table employee(empno number(4) primary key, ename varchar2(10), job varchar2(6),
sal number(5), deptno number(7));
SQL> desc employee1;
Name
Null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------Empno
not null
number(4)
ename
varchar2(10)
job
varchar2(6)
sal
number(5)
deptno
number(7)
Column level constraints Using Primary key with naming convention
Syntax:
SQL: > create table tablename (column name.1 <datatype> (size) constraints <name of the
constraints> <type of the constraints> , column name.1 <datatype> (size)
……………………………);
Q2. Write a query to set a primary key constraint EMP_EMPNO_PK on empno of employee
table.
SQL> create table employee(empno number(4) constraint emp_empno_pk primary key, ename
varchar2(10), job varchar2(6), sal number(5), deptno number (7));
SQL> desc employee;
Name
Null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------
Empno
ename
job
sal
deptno
not null
number(6)
varchar2(20)
varchar2(6)
number(7)
number(5)
Table Level Primary Key Constraints
Syntax for Table level constraints Using Primary key:
SQL: >create table <tablename> (column name.1 <datatype> (size) , column name.1
<datatype> (size), constraints <name of the constraints> <type of the constraints>);
Q3. Write a query to set a primary key constraint EMP_EMPNO_PK on empno of employee
table.
SQL> create table employee (empno number(6), ename varchar2(20), job varchar2(6), sal
number(7), deptno number(5), constraint emp_empno_pk primary key(empno));
Table level constraint with alter command (primary key):
Syntax for Column level constraints Using Primary key:
SQL:> create table <tablename> (column name.1 <datatype> (size), column name.1
<datatype> (size) );
SQL> alter table <table name> add constraints <name of the constraints> <type of the
constraints> <column name>);
Q4. Write a query to create employee table with the following column empno, ename, job, sal ,
deptno and alter the table to add the primary key constraint
SQL> create table employee(empno number(5), ename varchar2(6),
number(6), deptno number(6));
job varchar2(6), Sal
SQL> desc employee;
Name
null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------empno
number(5)
ename
varchar2(6)
job
varchar2(6)
sal
number(6)
deptno
number(6)
SQL>alter table emp3 add constraint emp3_empno_pk primary key (empno);
SQL> desc employee;
Name
null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------empno
not null
number(5)
ename
varchar2(6)
job
varchar2(6)
sal
number(6)
deptno
number(6)
Reference /foreign key constraint
Column level foreign key constraint
Parent Table:
Syntax for Column level constraints Using Primary key:
SQL:> create table <tablename> (column name.1 <datatype> (size)<type of constraints> ,
column name.1 <datatype> (size) ……………………………);
Child Table:
Syntax for Column level constraints Using foreign key:
Sql:> create table <tablename> (column name.1 <datatype> (size), column name2
<datatype> (size) references <table name> (column name> ………………);
Q5. Write a query to set a foreign key on deptno of employee table that refers the dept table.
SQL> create table dept(deptno number(2) primary key,
varchar2(15));
dname varchar2(20),
location
SQL>create table emp4 (empno number(3), deptno number(2) references dept(deptno), design
varchar2(10));
Column level foreign key constraint with naming conversions:
Parent Table:
Syntax for Column level constraints Using Primary key:
SQL:> create table <tablename> (column name.1 <datatype> (size)<type of constraints> ,
column name.1 <datatype> (size) ……………………………);
Child Table:
Syntax for Column level constraints using foreign key:
Sql:> create table <tablename> (column name.1 <datatype> (size) , column name2 <datatype>
(size) constraint <const. Name> references <table name> (column name>
……………………………);
Q.6. Write a query to create foreign key constraints with column level
SQL> create table dept1 (deptno number(2) primary key,
varchar2(15));
dname varchar2(20), Location
SQL> create table emp4a (empno number(3), deptno number(2)constraint emp4a_deptno_fk
references dept(deptno), design varchar2(10));
SQL> desc dept1;
Name
null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------deptno
not null
number(2)
dname
varchar2(20)
location
varchar2(15)
SQL> desc emp4;
Name
null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------empno
number(3)
deptno
number(2)
design
varchar2(10)
Table Level Foreign Key Constraints
Parent Table:
SQL:> create table <tablename> (column name.1 <datatype> (size)<type of constraints> ,
column name.1 <datatype> (size) ……………………………);
Child Table:
Syntax for Table level constraints using foreign key:
SQL:> create table <tablename> (column name.1 <datatype> (size), column name2 <datatype>
(size), constraint <const. Name> references <table name> (column name> );
Q.7. Write a query to create foreign key constraints with Table level
SQL> create table dept3 (deptno number (2) primary key, dname varchar2(20), Location
varchar2(15));
SQL> create table emp5 (empno number(3), deptno number(2), design varchar2(10) constraint
enp4_deptno_fk foreign key (dept no) references dept3 (deptno));
Table Level Foreign Key Constraints with Alter command
Parent Table:
SQL:> create table <tablename> (column name.1 <datatype> (size)<type of constraints> ,
column name.1 <datatype> (size) ……………………………);
Child Table:
Syntax for Table level constraints using foreign key:
SQL:> create create table <tablename> (column name.1 <datatype> (size) , column name2
<datatype> (size));
SQL> alter table <table name> add constraint <const. Name> References <table name>
(column name>);
Q.8. Write a query to create foreign key constraints with Table level with alter command.
SQL> create table dept1 (deptno number(2) primary key, dname varchar2(20), Location
varchar2(15));
SQL> create table emp5 (empno number(3), deptno number(2), design varchar2(10));
SQL>alter table emp5 add constraint emp5_deptno_fk foreign key (deptno) references
dept1(deptno);
SQL> desc dept1;
Name
null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------deptno
not null
number(2)
dname
varchar2(20)
location
varchar2(15)
SQL> desc emp5;
Name
null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------empno
number(3)
deptno
number(2)
design
varchar2(10)
SQL> alter table emp5 add constraint emp5_deptno_fk foreign key (deptno) references
dept1(deptno);
Table altered.
SQL> desc emp5;
Name
null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------empno
number(3)
deptno
number(2)
design
varchar2(10)
SQL> drop table dept1;
drop table dept1
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-02449: unique/primary keys in table referenced by foreign keys
Check constraint
Column Level Check Constraint
Syntax for clumn level constraints using Check:
SQL:> create create table <tablename> (column name.1 <datatype> (size) constraint
<constraints name> <type of constraints> (constraitns criteria) , column name2 <datatype>
(size));
Q.9. Write a query to create Check constraints with column level
SQL> create table emp7(empno number(3), ename varchar2(20), design varchar2(15), sal
number(5)constraint emp7_sal_ck check(sal>500 and Sal<10001), deptno number(2));
Table Level Check Constraint
Syntax for Table level constraints using Check:
SQL:> create table <tablename> (column name.1 <datatype> (size), (column name2
<datatype> (size), constraint <constraints name> <type of constraints > (constraitns criteria))
;
Q.10. Write a query to create Check constraints with table level
SQL> create table emp8(empno number(3), ename varchar2(20), design varchar2(15), sal
number(5),deptno number(2), constraints emp8_sal_ck check(sal>500 and sal<10001));
Check Constraint with Alter Command
Syntax for Table level constraints using Check:
SQL:> create table <tablename> (column name.1 <datatype> (size), (column name2
<datatype> (size), constraint <constraints name> <type of constraints> (constraitns criteria)) ;
Q.11. Write a query to create Check constraints with table level using alter command
SQL> create table emp9(empno number, ename varchar2(20), design varchar2(15), Sal
number(5));
SQL> alter table emp9 add constraints emp9_sal_ck check (sal>500 and sal<10001);
Unique Constraint
Column Level Constraint
Syntax for Column level constraints with Unique:
SQL :> create table <tablename> (<column name.1> <datatype> (size) constraint <name of
constraints> <constraint type>, (column name2 <datatype> (size)) ;
Q.12. Write a query to create unique constraints with column level
SQL>
create
table
emp10(empno
number(3),
ename
varchar2(15)constraint emp10_design_uk unique, sal number(5));
Table Level Constraint
varchar2(20),
desgin
Syntax for Table level constraints with Unique:
SQL :> create table <tablename> (<column name.1> <datatype> (size), (column me2
<datatype> (size), constraint <name of onstraints> <constraint type>(column name);) ;
Q.13. Write a query to create unique constraints with table level
SQL>create table emp11(empno number(3), ename varchar2(20), design
number(5),constraint emp11_design_uk unigue(design));
varchar2(15), sal
Table Level Constraint Alter Command
Syntax for Table level constraints with Check Using Alter
SQL :> create table <tablename> (<column name.1> <datatype> (size), (column name2
<datatype> (size)) ;
SQL> alter table add <constraints> <constraints name> <constraints type> (column
name);
Q.14. Write a query to create unique constraints with table level
SQL> create table emp12 (empno number(3), ename varchar2(20), design varchar2(15), sal
number(5));
SQL> alter table emp12 add constraint emp12_design_uk Unique(desing);
Not Null
Column Level Constraint
Syntax for Column level constraints with Not Null
SQL :> create table <tablename> (<column name.1> <datatype> (size) constraint <name
of constraints> <constraint type>, (column name2 <datatype> (size)) ;
Q.15. Write a query to create Not Null constraints with column level
SQL> create table emp13 (empno number(4), ename varchar2(20) constraint emp13_ename_nn
not null, design varchar2(20), sal number(3));
Null
Column Level Constraint
Syntax for Column level constraints with Null:
SQL :> create table <tablename> (<column name.1> <datatype> (size) constraint <name
of constraints> <constraint type>, (column name2 <datatype> (size)) ;
Q.16. Write a query to create Null constraints with column level
SQL> create table emp13 (empno number(4), ename varchar2(20) constraint emp13_ename_nn
null, design varchar2(20), sal number(3));
Constraint Disable \ Enable
Constraint Disable
Syntax:
SQL> alter table <table-name> disable constraint <constraintName>
Q.17. Write a query to disable the constraints
SQL>alter table emp13 disable constraint emp13_ename_nn null;
Constraint Enable
Syntax:
SQL> alter table <table-name> enable constraint <constraintName>
Q.18. Write a query to enable the constraints
SQL>alter table emp13 enable constraint emp13_ename_nn Null;
EX: NO: 2
Implementation of Data Manipulation Language (DML) Commands
(Performing Insertion, Deletion, Modifying, Updating and Viewing and writing SQL queries to
retrieve information from the database)
Aim:
To execute and verify the DML commands
DML (DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE)
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SELECT
INSERT
DELETE
UPDATE
PROCEDURE
STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Create the table with its essential attributes.
STEP 3: Insert the record into table
STEP 4: Update the existing records into the table
STEP 5: Delete the records in to the table
STEP 6: use save point if any changes occur in any portion of the record to undo its original state.
STEP 7: use rollback for completely undo the records
STEP 6: use commit for permanently save the records.
SQL COMMANDS
1. Command name
Command description
2. Command name
Command description
3. Command name
Command description
4. Command name
Command description
: insert
: insert command is used to insert objects in the database.
: select
: select command is used to select the object from the database.
: update
: update command is used to update the records from the table
: delete
: delete command is used to delete the records form the table
1) INSERT
Syntax for Insert Records in to a table:
SQL :> insert into <table name> values< val1, 'val2',…..);
Q1. Write a query to insert the records in to employee.
SQL>insert into emp values(‘x’, ‘manager’,30000);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from employee;
Name
designation
salary
-------------------- -------------------- ---------x
manager
30000
y
supervisor
20000
z
salesrep
20000
INSERT A RECORD USING SUBSITUTION METHOD
Syntax for Insert Records into the table:
SQL :> insert into <table name> values< '&column name', '&column Name 2',…..);
Q2. Write a query to insert the records in to employee using substitution method
SQL > insert into employee values ('&name', '&designation', &salary)
Enter value for name: a
Enter value for designation: sales rep
Enter value for salary: 20000
old 1: insert into employee values('&name','&designation',&salary)
new 1: insert into employee values('a','sales rep',20000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: b
Enter value for designation: clerk
Enter value for salary: 25000
old 1: insert into employee values('&name','&designation',&salary)
new 1: insert into employee values('b','clerk',25000)
1 row created.
SQL> /
Enter value for name: c
Enter value for designation: junior assistant
Enter value for salary: 22000
old 1: insert into employee values('&name','&designation',&salary)
new 1: insert into employee values('c','junior assistant',22000)
1 row created.
SQL> select * from employee;
Name
designation
salary
-------------------- -------------------- ---------x
manager
30000
y
supervisor
20000
z
salesrep
20000
a
sales rep
20000
b
clerk
25000
c
junior assistant
22000
6 rows selected.
2) SELECT
Syntax for displaying all Records from the table:
SQL> select * from <table name>;
Q3. Write a query to display the records from employee.
SQL> select * from employee;
Name
designation
salary
-------------------- -------------------- ---------x
manager
30000
y
supervisor
20000
z
salesrep
20000
a
sales rep
20000
b
clerk
25000
c
junior assistant
22000
6 rows selected.
Syntax for selecting single column from the table
SQL> select <column name> from <table name>;
Q4. Write a query to list all employee names from employee.
SQL> select name from employee;
Name
-------------------x
y
z
a
b
c
6 rows selected.
Syntax for selecting multiple columns from the table
SQL> select <column name1>, <column name2> from <table name>;
Q5. Write a query to list all employee names along with their salary from employee.
SQL> select name, salary from employee;
NAME
SALARY
-------------------- ---------x
30000
y
20000
z
20000
a
b
c
20000
25000
22000
6 rows selected.
Syntax for selection with arithmetic operation
SQL> select <column name1><arithmetic operation>, <column name2> from <table name>;
Q6. Write a query to list all employee names , their salaries and also add 1000 rupees to the salaries
of all employees.
SQL> select name, salary+1000 from employee;
Name
salary+1000
-------------------- ----------x
31000
y
21000
z
21000
a
21000
b
26000
c
23000
6 rows selected.
Syntax for selection with alias
SQL> select <column name1> “ alias” , <column name2> from <table name>;
Q7. Write a query to list all employee names , their salaries and also add 1000 rupees to the salaries
of all employees. Display the salary column with the name “with bonus”
SQL> select name, salary+1000 "with bonus" from employee;
or
SQL> select name, salary+1000 as "with bonus" from employee;
Name
with bonus
-------------------- ----------x
31000
y
21000
z
21000
a
21000
b
26000
c
23000
6 rows selected.
Syntax for rename a column during selection:
SQL> select <column name> “new name” from <table name>;
Q8. Write a query to list all employee names along with their salary from employee but the display
the column salary as sal in the result.
SQL> select name, salary "sal" from employee;
NAME
sal
-------------------- ---------x
30000
y
20000
z
20000
a
20000
b
25000
c
22000
6 rows selected.
Syntax for selection with concatenation operator
SQL> select <column name1> || || <column name2> from <table name>;
Q9. Write a query to concatenate all employee names along with their salary from employee in the
result.
SQL> select name||salary from employee;
Name||salary
-----------------------------------------------------------x30000
y20000
z20000
a20000
b25000
c22000
6 rows selected.
Syntax for selection with literal character strings
SQL> select <column name1 || ‘ ‘ || ‘ character strings’ || ‘ ‘ ||<column name2> from employee;
Q10. Write a query to list all employee names along with their salary from employee and include the
character strings in the result
SQL> select name||' '||'is getting'||' '||salary from employee
NAME||''||'ISGETTING'||''||SALARY
-----------------------------------------------------------------------x is getting 30000
y is getting 20000
z is getting 20000
a is getting 20000
b is getting 25000
c is getting 22000
Syntax for selecting distinct values
SQL> select distinct <column name1 > from employee;
Q11. Write a query to list unique employee names
SQL> select * from employee;
Name
designation
salary
-------------------- -------------------- ---------x
manager
30000
y
supervisor
20000
z
salesrep
20000
a
sales rep
20000
b
clerk
25000
c
junior assistant
22000
x
salesrep
20000
SQL> select distinct name from employee;
NAME
-------------------a
b
c
x
y
z
DML SELECTION with
●
●
●
●
●
●
Between…and
In
Not in
Like
Relational Operators
Logical Operators
SQL> select * from cust;
CNAME
CID CADDR CACCNO CACCTYPE CBALANCE
--------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- --------------------------------Anusha
1
Chennai 1001
savings
15000
Shriram
2
Pondy
1002
savings
25000
Chamundi
3
Salem
1003
fd
36200
Madhan
4 Salem
1004
checkings
5000
Subha
5 Trichy
1005
checkings
10000
Jayashree
6
Pondy
1006
fd
15000
Sridharan
7
Kanchi
1007
fd
22000
7 rows selected.
SQL> select cname,caddr from cust where cbalance between 1000 and 10000;
CNAME
CADDR
--------------- ---------Madhan
Salem
Subha
Trichy
SQL> select cname,cid,cacctype from cust where cacctype in ('savings','checkings','fd');
CNAME
CID CACCTYPE
--------------- ---------- ---------Anusha
1
savings
Shriram
2
savings
Chamundi
3
fd
Madhan
4
checkings
Subha
5
checkings
Jayashree
6
fd
Sridharan
7
fd
7 rows selected.
SQL> select cname,cid,cacctype from cust where cacctype not in ('savings','checkings');
CNAME
CID CACCTYPE
--------------- ---------- ---------Chamundi
3
fd
Jayashree
6
fd
Sridharan
7
fd
SQL> select cname,cbalance from cust where cname like '_a%an';
CNAME
CBALANCE
--------------- ---------Madhan
5000
SQL> select cname,cbalance from cust where cbalance>=15000;
CNAME
CBALANCE
--------------- ---------Anusha
15000
Shriram
25000
Chamundi
36200
Jayashree
15000
Sridharan
22000
5 rows selected.
SQL> select cname,cacctype,cbalance from cust where cbalance>20000 and
CNAME
CACCTYPE CBALANCE
--------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------Chamundi
fd
36200
Sridharan
fd
22000
2 rows selected.
cacctype=’fd’;;
3) update
Syntax for update Records from the table:
SQL> update <<table name> set <columnane>=<value> where <column name=<value>;
Query:
SQL> update EMP SET SALARY=16000 WHERE EMPNO=101;
1 row updated.
SQL> select * from emp;
Empno
ename
designatin
salary
--------------------------------------101
x
lecturer
16000 102
y
lecturer
15000
103
104
z
Asst. prof 30000
prof
45000
a
UPDATE MULTIPLE COLUMNS
Syntax for update multiple Records from the table:
SQL> update <<table name> set <columnane>=<value> where <column name=<value>;
Query:
update emp set salary = 25000, designatin='asst. prof' where empno=102;
1 row updated.
SQL> select * from emp;
empno ename
---------- -----------101 x
102 y
103 z
104 a
designatin
---------lecturer
asst. prof
asst. prof
prof
salary
---------16000
25000
20000
45000
4) DELETE
Syntax for delete Records from the table:
SQL> delete <table name> where <column name>=<value>;
Query:
SQL> delete emp where empno=103;
1 row deleted.
SQL> select * from emp;
empno ename
designatin
---------- --------------------101
x
lecturer
102
y
asst. prof
104
a
prof
salary
---------16000
25000
45000
EX: NO: 3
TCL (TRANSACTION CONTROL LANGUAGE)
Aim:
To execute and verify the following Transaction Control Language commands and constraints
● COMMIT
● ROLL BACK
● SAVE POINT
1) SAVEPOINT
Syntax for save point:
SQL> SAVEPOINT <SAVE POINT NAME>;
SQL> select * from stud;
ROLLNO
---------110
200
NAME
-------------------x
z
SALARY
---------20000
30000
SQL> insert into stud values(401,'cc',48000);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into stud values(201,'aa',38000)
1 row created.
SQL> insert into stud values(301,'b',36000)
1 row created.
SQL> select * from stud;
ROLLNO
---------110
200
401
201
301
501
NAME
-------------------x
z
cc
aa
b
dd
SALARY
---------20000
30000
48000
38000
36000
46000
SQL> savepoint ss;
Savepoint created.
2) ROLL BACK
Rollback with savepoint
Syntax:
SQL> ROLL BACK <SAVE POINT NAME>;
SQL> insert into stud values(666,'aaa',45000);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from stud;
ROLLNO NAME
SALARY
---------- -------------------- ---------110 x
20000
200 z
30000
401 cc
201 aa
301 b
501 dd
666 aaa
48000
38000
36000
46000
45000
7 rows selected.
SQL> rollback to ss;
Rollback complete.
SQL> select * from stud;
ROLLNO NAME
SALARY
---------- -------------------- ---------110 x
20000
200 z
30000
401 cc
48000
201 aa
38000
301 b
36000
501 dd
46000
6 rows selected.
Rollback without savepoint
select * from stud;
ROLLNO
---------110
150
200
NAME
-------------------x
y
z
SALARY
---------20000
25000
30000
SQL> delete from stud where rollno=150;
1 row deleted.
SQL> select * from stud;
ROLLNO
---------110
200
NAME
SALARY
----------------------------x
20000
z
30000
SQL> delete stud where rollno=110;
1 row deleted.
SQL> select * from stud;
ROLLNO
---------200
NAME
-------------------z
SALARY
---------30000
SQL> rollback;
Rollback complete.
SQL> select * from stud;
ROLLNO
---------110
150
200
NAME
-------------------x
y
z
SALARY
---------20000
25000
30000
3) COMMIT
Syntax for commit:
SQL> COMMIT;
QUERY:
SQL> select * from stud;
ROLLNO
SALARY
------------------110
150
200
NAME
-------------------x
y
z
20000
25000
30000
SQL> delete from stud where rollno=150;
1 row deleted.
SQL> select * from stud;
ROLLNO
---------110
200
NAME
-------------------x
z
SALARY
---------20000
30000
SQL> commit;
Commit complete.
SQL> select * from stud;
ROLLNO
NAME
----------------------------110
x
200
z
SALARY
---------20000
30000
SQL> rollback;
Rollback complete.
SQL> select * from stud;
ROLLNO
---------110
200
NAME
-------------------x
z
SALARY
---------20000
30000
EX: NO: 4
QUERIES
NESTED QUERIES AND JOIN
EX: NO: 4 A
Nested Queries
AIM
To execute and verify the SQL commands for Nested Queries.
OBJECTIVE:
Nested Query can have more than one level of nesting in one single query. A SQL
nested
query is a SELECT query that is nested inside a SELECT, UPDATE, INSERT, or DELETE
SQL query.
PROCEDURE
STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Create two different tables with its essential attributes.
STEP 3: Insert attribute values into the table.
STEP 4: Create the Nested query from the above created table.
STEP 5: Execute Command and extract information from the tables.
STEP 6: Stop
SQL COMMANDS
1. COMMAND NAME: SELECT
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: SELECT command is used to select records from the
table.
2. COMMAND NAME: WHERE
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: WHERE command is used to identify particular
elements.
3. COMMAND NAME: HAVING
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: HAVING command is used to identify particular elements.
4. COMMAND NAME: MIN (SAL)
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: MIN (SAL) command is used to find minimum salary.
Table -1
SYNTAX FOR CREATING A TABLE:
SQL: CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE>
(SIZE), COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) ……………………………);
SQL> CREATE TABLE EMP2(EMPNO NUMBER(5),
ENAME VARCHAR2(20),
JOB VARCHAR2(20),
SAL NUMBER(6),
MGRNO
NUMBER(4),
DEPTNO NUMBER(3));
SYNTAX FOR INSERT RECORDS IN TO A TABLE:
SQL :> INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> VALUES< VAL1, 'VAL2',…..);
INSERTION
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1001,'MAHESH','PROGRAMMER',15000,1560,200);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1002,'MANOJ','TESTER',12000,1560,200);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1003,'KARTHIK','PROGRAMMER',13000,1400,201);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1004,'NARESH','CLERK',1400,1400,201); 1
ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1005,'MANI','TESTER',13000,1400,200); 1
ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1006,'VIKI','DESIGNER',12500,1560,201);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1007,'MOHAN','DESIGNER',14000,1560,201);
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1008,'NAVEEN','CREATION',20000,1400,201); 1 ROW
CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1009,'PRASAD','DIR',20000,1560,202); 1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO EMP2 VALUES(1010,'AGNESH','DIR',15000,1400,200); 1 ROW CREATED.
SYNTAX FOR SELECT RECORDS FROM THE TABLE:
SQL> SELECT * FROM <TABLE NAME>;
SQL> SELECT *FROM EMP2;
EMPNO
---------1001
1002
1003
1004
1005
1006
1007
1008
1009
1010
ENAME
---------MAHESH
MANOJ
KARTHIK
NARESH
MANI
VIKI
MOHAN
NAVEEN
PRASAD
AGNESH
JOB
SAL
------------------PROGRAMMER
TESTER
PROGRAMMER
CLERK
TESTER
DESIGNER
DESIGNER
CREATION
DIR
DIR
MGRNO
DPTNO
------------------15000
1560
200
12000
1560
200
13000
1400
201
1400
1400
201
13000
1400
200
12500
1560
201
14000
1560
201
20000
1400
201
20000
1560
202
15000
1400
200
TABLE- 2
SYNTAX FOR CREATING A TABLE:
SQL: CREATE <OBJ.TYPE> <OBJ.NAME> (COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE),
COLUMN NAME.1 <DATATYPE> (SIZE) ……………………………);
SQL> CREATE TABLE DEPT2(DEPTNO NUMBER(3), DEPTNAME VARCHAR2(10),
LOCATION VARCHAR2(15));
Table created.
SYNTAX FOR INSERT RECORDS IN TO A TABLE:
SQL :> INSERT INTO <TABLE NAME> VALUES< VAL1, 'VAL2',…..);
INSERTION
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(107,'DEVELOP','ADYAR'); 1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(201,'DEBUG','UK');
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(200,'TEST','US');
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(201,'TEST','USSR');
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(108,'DEBUG','ADYAR');
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> INSERT INTO DEPT2 VALUES(109,'BUILD','POTHERI'); 1 ROW CREATED.
SYNTAX FOR SELECT RECORDS FROM THE TABLE:
SQL> SELECT * FROM <TABLE NAME>;
SQL> SELECT *FROM DEPT2;
GENERAL SYNTAX FOR NESTED QUERY:
SELECT "COLUMN_NAME1" FROM "TABLE_NAME1" WHERE "COLUMN_NAME2"
[COMPARISON OPERATOR] (SELECT "COLUMN_NAME3" FROM "TABLE_NAME2"
WHERE [CONDITION])
SYNTAX NESTED QUERY STATEMENT:
SQL> SELECT <COLUMN_NAME> FROM FRORM <TABLE _1> WHERE <COLUMN_NAME>
<RELATIONAL _OPERATION> 'VALUE' (SELECT (AGGRECATE FUNCTION) FROM
<TABLE_1> WHERE <COLUMN NAME> = 'VALUE' (SELECT <COLUMN_NAME> FROM
<TABLE_2> WHERE <COLUMN_NAME= 'VALUE'));
NESTED QUERY STATEMENT:
SQL> SELECT ENAME FROM EMP2 WHERE SAL> (SELECT MIN(SAL) FROM EMP2
WHERE DPTNO= (SELECT DEPTNO FROM DEPT2 WHERE LOCATION='UK'));
Nested Query Output:
ENAME
---------MAHESH
MANOJ
KARTHIK
MANI
VIKI
EX: NO: 4 B - JOINS
AIM
To execute and verify the SQL commands using Join queries.
OBJECTIVE:
SQL joins are used to query data from two or more tables, based on a
relationship
between certain columns in these tables.
PROCEDURE
STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Create the table with its essential attributes.
STEP 3: Insert attribute values into the table
STEP 4: Execute different Commands and extract information from the
table.
STEP 5: Stop
SQL COMMANDS
COMMAND NAME: INNER JOIN
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: The INNER JOIN keyword return rows when there
is at least one match in both tables.
COMMAND NAME LEFT JOIN
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: The LEFT JOIN keyword returns all rows from the
left
table (table_name1), even if there are no matches in the right table
(table_name2).
COMMAND NAME : RIGHT JOIN
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: The RIGHT JOIN keyword Return all rows from the
right table (table_name2), even if there are no matches in the left table (table_name1).
COMMAND NAME : FULL JOIN
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: The FULL JOIN keyword return rows when there is a
match in one of the tables.
LEFT JOIN or LEFT OUTTER JOIN
Table:1 - ORDERS
SQL> CREATE table orders(O_Id number(5), Orderno number(5), P_Id number(3));
Table created.
SQL> DESC orders;
Name
---------------------
Null? Type
-------- -----------
O_ID
NUMBER(5)
ORDERNO
NUMBER(5)
P_ID
NUMBER(3)
INSERTING VALUES INTO ORDERS
SQL> INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id);
Enter value for o_id: 1
Enter value for orderno: 77895
Enter value for p_id: 3
old 1: INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id)
new 1: INSERT into orders values(1,77895,3)
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id);
Enter value for o_id: 2
Enter value for orderno: 44678
Enter value for p_id: 3
old 1: INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id)
new 1: INSERT into orders values(2,44678,3)
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id);
Enter value for o_id: 3
Enter value for orderno: 22456
Enter value for p_id: 1
old 1: INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id)
new 1: INSERT into orders values(3,22456,1)
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id);
Enter value for o_id: 4
Enter value for orderno: 24562
Enter value for p_id: 1
old 1: INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id)
new 1: INSERT into orders values(4,24562,1)
1 row created.
SQL> INSERT into orders values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id);
Enter value for o_id: 5
Enter value for orderno: 34764
Enter value for
p_id: 15
old 1: INSERT into orders
values(&O_Id,&Orderno,&P_Id)
new 1: INSERT into orders
values(5,34764,15)
1 row
created.
TABLE
SECTI
ON:
SQL> SELECT * FROM
orders;
O_ID ORDERNO
P_ID
---------- -------------------
1
2
3
4
5
77895
3
44678
3
22456
1
24562
1
34764
15
TABLE -2:
PERSONS
SQL> CREATE table persons(p_Id number(5), LASTNAME varchar2(10),
Firstname varchar2(15), Address varchar2(20), city varchar2(10));
Table
created.
SQL> INSERT into persons
values(&p_Id,'&Lastname','&firstname','&Address','&city');
Enter value for
p_id: 1
Enter value for lastname:
Hansen
Enter value for
firstname: Ola
Enter value for address:
Timoteivn 10
Enter value for city:
sadnes
old 1: INSERT into persons
values(&p_Id,'&Lastname','&firstname','&Address','&city')
new 1: INSERT into persons values(1,'Hansen','Ola','Timoteivn
10','sadnes')
1 row
created.
SQL> INSERT into persons
values(&p_Id,'&Lastname','&firstname','&Address','&city');
Enter value for
p_id: 2
Enter value for lastname:
Svendson
Enter value for
firstname: Tove
Enter value for address:
Borgn 23
Enter value for city:
Sandnes
old 1: INSERT into persons
values(&p_Id,'&Lastname','&firstname','&Address','&city')
new 1: INSERT into persons values(2,'Svendson','Tove','Borgn
23','Sandnes')
1 row
created.
SQL> INSERT into persons
values(&p_Id,'&Lastname','&firstname','&Address','&city');
Enter value for
p_id: 3
Enter value for lastname:
Pettersen
Enter value for
firstname: Kari
Enter value for address:
Storgt 20
Enter value for city:
Stavanger
old 1: INSERT into persons
values(&p_Id,'&Lastname','&firstname','&Address','&city')
new 1: INSERT into persons values(3,'Pettersen','Kari','Storgt
20','Stavanger')
1 row
created.
SQL> SELECT * FROM
persons;
P_ID LASTNAME FIRSTNAME
----------
1
2
3
------------------Hansen
sandnes
Svendson
Sandnes
Pettersen
Stavanger
---------------
ADDRESS
CITY
-------------------
Ola
Timoteivn 10
Tove
Borgn 23
Kari
Storgt 20
LEFT JOIN
SYNTAX
SQL> SELECT column_name(s) FROM table_name1 LEFT JOIN
table_name2 ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name
LEFT JOIN
EXAMPLE
SQL> SELECT persons.lastname,persons.firstname,orders.orderno FROM
persons LEFT JOIN rders
ON persons.p_Id = orders.p_Id ORDER BY persons.lastname;
OUTPU
T
LASTNAME FIRSTNAME ORDERNO
------------------ -------------------------------Hansen
Ola
Hansen
Ola
Pettersen
Kari
Pettersen
Kari
Svendson
Tove
22456
2
4
5
6
2
7
7
8
9
5
4
4
6
7
8
F
U
L
L
O
U
T
T
E
R
J
O
I
N
SQL> SELECT * FROM persons;
P_ID LASTNAME FIRSTNAME
ADDRESS
CITY
---------- --------------- -------------------------------------------1
Hansen
Ola
Timoteivn 10
sandnes
2
Svendson
Tove
Borgn 23
Sandnes
3
Pettersen
Kari
Storgt 20
Stavanger
SQL> SELECT * FROM orders;
P
_
O_ID
I
---------D
1
2
3
ORDERNO
---------77895
44678
22456
3
3
1
FULL OUTER JOIN SYNTAX
SQL>SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
FULL JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name
FULL OUTER JOIN EXAMPLE
SQL> SELECT persons.lastname,persons.firstname,orders.orderno
FROM persons
FULL OUTER JOIN orders
ON persons.p_Id = orders.p_Id
ORDER BY persons.lastname;
RIGHT OUTTER
JOIN
RIGHT OUTTER JOIN SYNTAX
SQL>SELECT Persons.LastName, Persons.FirstName, Orders.OrderNo
FROM Persons
RIGHT JOIN Orders
ON Persons.P_Id=Orders.P_Id
ORDER BY Persons.LastName
RIGHT OUTTER JOIN EXAMPLE
SQL> SELECT persons.lastname,persons.firstname,orders.orderno
FROM persons
RIGHT OUTER JOIN orders
ON persons.p_Id = orders.p_Id
ORDER BY persons.lastname;
LASTNAME FIRSTNAME ORDERNO
------------------- -------------------------------Hansen Ola
24562
Hansen Ola
22456
Pettersen Kari
44678
Pettersen Kari
77895
INNER JOIN
INNTER JOIN SYNTAX
SQL>SELECT column_name(s)
FROM table_name1
INNER JOIN table_name2
ON table_name1.column_name=table_name2.column_name
INNTER JOIN
EXAMPLE
SQL> SELECT persons.lastname,persons.firstname,orders.orderno
2 FROM persons
3 INNER JOIN orders
4 ON persons.p_Id = orders.p_Id
5 ORDER BY persons.lastname;
LASTNAME FIRSTNAME
ORDERNO
------------------ -------------------------------Hansen
Ola
22456
Hansen
Ola
24562
Pettersen
Kari
77895
Pettersen
Kari
44678
LASTNAME FIRSTNAME
ORDERNO
------------Hansen
Hansen
Pettersen
Pettersen
Svendson
6 rows selected.
--------------Ola
Ola
Kari
Kari
Tove
---------2
2
4
5
6
2
4
5
6
2
7
7
8
9
5
4
4
6
7
8
3
4
7
6
4
EX: NO: 5
VIEWS
AI
M
To execute and verify the SQL commands for Views.
OBJECTIVE
:
•
•
•
Views Helps to encapsulate complex query and make it reusable.
Provides user security on each view - it depends on your data policy security.
Using view to convert units - if you have a financial data in US currency, you can
create view to convert them into Euro for viewing in Euro currency.
PROCEDUR
E
STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Create the table with its essential attributes.
STEP 3: Insert attribute values into the table.
STEP 4: Create the view from the above created table.
STEP 5: Execute different Commands and extract information from the View.
STEP 6: Stop
.SQL
COMMANDS
1. COMMAND NAME: CREATE VIEW
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: CREATE VIEW command is used to define a view.
2. COMMAND NAME: INSERT IN VIEW
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: INSERT command is used to insert a new row into the view.
3. COMMAND NAME: DELETE IN VIEW
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: DELETE command is used to delete a row from the view.
4. COMMAND NAME: UPDATE OF VIEW
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: UPDATE command is used to change a value in a tuple
without changing all values in the tuple.
5. COMMAND NAME: DROP OF VIEW
COMMAND DESCRIPTION: DROP command is used to drop the view table
COMMANDS EXECUTION
CREATION OF TABLE
------------------------------SQL> CREATE TABLE EMPLOYEE (
EMPLOYEE_NAMEVARCHAR2(10),
EMPLOYEE_NONUMBER(8)
,
DEPT_NAME VARCHAR2(10),
DEPT_NO NUMBER (5),DATE_OF_JOIN DATE);
Table created.
TABLE DESCRIPTION
------------------------------SQL> DESC EMPLOYEE;
NAME
NULL?
------------------------------- -------- -----------------------EMPLOYEE_NAME
EMPLOYEE_NO
DEPT_NAME
DEPT_NO
DATE_OF_JOIN
T
Y
P
E
VAR
CH
AR2
(10)
N
U
M
B
E
R
(
8
)
VAR
CHA
R2(1
0)
N
U
M
B
E
R
(
5
)
D
A
T
E
SUNTAX FOR CREATION OF VIEW
-------------------------------------------------SQL> CREATE <VIEW> <VIEW NAME> AS SELECT
<COLUMN_NAME_1>, <COLUMN_NAME_2> FROM <TABLE NAME>;
CREATION OF VIEW
-----------------------------SQL> CREATE VIEW EMPVIEW AS SELECT
EMPLOYEE_NAME,EMPLOYEE_NO,DEPT_NAME,DEPT_NO,DATE_OF_JOIN FROM
EMPLOYEE
;
VIEW CREATED.
DESCRIPTION OF
VIEW
-------------------------------- SQL>
DESC EMPVIEW;
NAME
NULL? TYPE
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------EMPLOYEE_NAME
VARCHAR2(10)
EMPLOYEE_NO
NUMBER(8)
DEPT_NAME
VARCHAR2(10)
DEPT_NO
NUMBER(5)
DISPLAY VIEW:
---------------------SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPVIEW;
EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME
---------- ----------- ---------- ---------RAVI
124 ECE 345 CSE
VIJAY
98 IT
RAJ
100 CSE
GIRI
DEPT_NO
8
9
2
1
2
2
6
7
I
N
S
E
R
T
I
O
N
I
N
T
O
V
I
E
W
-
INSERT STATEMENT:
SYNTAX:
SQL> INSERT INTO <VIEW_NAME> (COLUMN NAME1,………)
VALUES(VALUE1,….);
SQL> INSERT INTO EMPVIEW VALUES ('SRI', 120,'CSE', 67,'16-NOV-1981');
1 ROW CREATED.
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPVIEW;
EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME DEPT_NO
---------- ----------- ---------- ---------RAVI
124
ECE
89
VIJAY
345
CSE
21
RAJ
98
IT
22
GIRI
100
CSE
67
SRI
120
CSE
67
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPLOYEE;
EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME
---------- ----------- ---------- ---------- --------RAVI
124 ECE 345 CSE
VIJAY
98 IT
RAJ
100 CSE 120 CSE
GIRI SRI
DEPT_NO DATE_OF_J
8
9
1
5
J
U
N
0
5
2
1
2
1
J
U
N
0
6
O
2
V
D
2
E
3
8
L
0
1
E
6
T
S
7
I
E
1
O
P
6
N
O
0
N
F
6
O
V
6
V
I
7
E
1
8
W
4
1
:
N
DELETE STATEMENT:
SYNTAX:
SQL> DELETE <VIEW_NMAE>WHERE <COLUMN NMAE> ='VALUE';
SQL> DELETE FROM EMPVIEW WHERE EMPLOYEE_NAME='SRI';
1 ROW DELETED.
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPVIEW;
EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME
---------- ----------- ---------- ---------RAVI
124 ECE
89
VIJAY
345 CSE
21
RAJ
98 IT
22
GIRI
100 CSE
67
DEPT_NO
UPDATE STATEMENT:
SYNTAX:
AQL>UPDATE <VIEW_NAME> SET< COLUMN NAME> = <COLUMN NAME>
+<VIEW> WHERE <COLUMNNAME>=VALUE;
SQL> UPDATE EMPKAVIVIEW SET EMPLOYEE_NAME='KAVI' WHERE
EMPLOYEE_NAME='RAVI';
1 ROW UPDATED.
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPKAVIVIEW;
EMPLOYEE_N EMPLOYEE_NO DEPT_NAME
---------- ----------- ---------- ---------KAVI
124 ECE
89 VIJAY
345 CSE
21
RAJ
98 IT
22
GIRI
100 CSE
67
DROP A VIEW:
SYNTAX:
SQL> DROP VIEW
<VIEW_NAME>
EXAMPLE
SQL>DROP VIEW EMPVIEW;
VIEW
DROPED
CREATE A VIEW WITH SELECTED FIELDS:
SYNTAX:
DEPT_NO
SQL>CREATE [OR REPLACE] VIEW <VIEW NAME>AS SELECT <COLUMN
NAME1>…..FROM <TABLE ANME>;
EXAMPLE-2
:
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW EMPL_VIEW1 AS SELECT EMPNO, ENAME,
SALARY FROM EMPL;
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPL_VIEW1;
EXAMPLE-3
:
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW EMPL_VIEW2 AS SELECT * FROM EMPL WHERE
DEPTNO=10;
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMPL_VIEW2;
Note:
Replace is the keyboard to avoid the error "ora_0095:name is already used by an existing
abject".
CHANGING THE COLUMN(S) NAME M THE VIEW DURING AS SELECT
STATEMENT:
TYPE-1:
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW EMP_TOTSAL(EID,NAME,SAL) AS SELECT
EMPNO,ENAME,SALARY FROM EMPL;
View created.
EMPNO ENAME
SALARY
---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------7369 SMITH 7499
1000 1050
MARK 7565 WILL
1500 1800 1500
7678 JOHN 7578
1500
TOM
7548 TURNER
6 rows selected.
View created.
SALARY
EMPNO ENAME
M
G
R
N
O
DE
PT
N
O
---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- ---------------------------7578 TOM
1500
7298
10
7548 TURNER
1500
7298
10
View created.
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP_TOTSAL;
TYPE-2:
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW EMP_TOTSAL AS SELECT EMPNO "EID",ENAME
"NAME",SALARY "SAL" FROM EMPL;
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP_TOTSAL;
EXAMPLE FOR JOIN VIEW:
TYPE-3:
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW DEPT_EMP AS SELECT A.EMPNO "EID",A.ENAME
"EMPNAME",A.DEPTNO "DNO",B.DNAM E "D_NAME",B.LOC "D_LOC" FROM EMPL
A,DEPMT B WHERE A.DEPTNO=B.DEPTNO;
SQL> SELECT * FROM DEPT_EMP;
EID
NAME
SAL
---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------7369 SMITH 7499 MARK 7565
WILL 7678 JOHN 7578 TOM
7548 TURNER
6 rows selected.
1
0
0
0
1
0
5
0
1
5
0
0
1
8
0
0
1
5
0
0
1
View created.
EID NAME
5
0
0
S
A
L
---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------7369 SMITH 7499
1000 1050
MARK 7565 WILL 7678
1500 1800 1500
JOHN 7578 TOM
1500
7548 TURNER
6 rows selected.
View created.
EID EMPNAME
DNO
D
_
N
A
M
E
D
_
L
O
C
---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------- -----------------------7578 TOM
10
ACCOUNT
NEW YORK
7548 TURNER
10
ACCOUNT
NEW YORK
7369 SMITH
20
SALES
CHICAGO
7678 JOHN
20
SALES
CHICAGO
7499 MARK
30
RESEARCH ZURICH
7565 WILL
30
RESEARCH ZURICH
VIEW READ ONLY AND CHECK OPTION:
READ ONLY CLAUSE:
You can create a view with read only option which enable other to only query .no dml
operation can be performed to this type of a view.
EXAMPLE-4
:
SQL>CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW EMP_NO_DML AS SELECT * FROM EMPL WITH
READ ONLY;
WITH CHECK OPTION
CLAUSE
EXAMPLE4:
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW EMP_CK_OPTION AS SELECT
EMPNO,ENAME,SALARY,DEPTNO FROM EMPL WHERE DEPTNO
=10 WITH CHECK OPTION;
SQL> SELECT * FROM EMP_CK_OPTION;
JOIN VIEW:
EXAMPLE-5:
SQL> CREATE OR REPLACE VIEW DEPT_EMP_VIEW AS SELECT A.EMPNO, A.ENAME,
A.DEPTNO, B.DNAME, B.LOC FROM EMPL A,DEPMT B WHERE A.DEPTNO=B.DEPTNO;
SQL> SELECT * FROM DEPT_EMP_VIEW;
View created.
EMPNO ENAME
SALARY DEPTNO
---------- -------------------- ---------- ---------7578 TOM
1500
10
7548 TURNER
1500
10
View created.
EMPNO ENAME
DEPTNO DNAME LOC
------------------------------ -------------------- ---------- -------------------7578 TOM
10 ACCOUNT
NEW YORK
7548 TURNER
10 ACCOUNT
NEW YORK
7369 SMITH
20 SALES
CHICAGO
7678 JOHN
20 SALES
CHICAGO
7499 MARK
30 RESEARCH
ZURICH
7565 WILL
30 RESEARCH
ZURICH
6 rows selected.
RESULT: Thus the SQL commands for View has been verified and executed successfully.
EX. NO: 6
SINGLE ROW FUNCTIONS
🗹
Character Functions
🗹
Number Functions
🗹
Date Functions
SQL> DESC EMPLOYEE22;
Name
Null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------ENO
NOT NULL
NUMBER(5)
ENAME
VARCHAR2(50)
DEPTID
NUMBER(3)
SALARY
NUMBER(7)
JOB
VARCHAR2(5)
MGRID
NUMBER(3)
COM
VARCHAR2(6)
SQL> select * from employee22;
ENO
1
2
3
4
5
ENAME
x
y
z
a
b
DEPTID
10
20
20
30
40
SALARY
100000
50000
25000
15000
10000
JOB
MD
Mgr
Mgr
Mgr
Emp
MGRID
0
1
2
2
3
COM
15
10
2
1
5
SQL> select * from employee22 where LOWER(ename)='x';
ENO
1
ENAME
X
DEPTID
SALARY
JOB
MGRID
10
100000
MD
0
COM
15
SQL> select * from employee22 where UPPER(ename)='y';
no rows selected
SQL> select * from employee22 where UPPER(ename)='Y';
ENO
2
ENAME
y
DEPTID
20
SALARY
50000
JOB
MGRID
Mgr
SQL> select 'Salary of ' || ename || ' is ' || salary from employee22;
'SALARYOF'||ENAME||'IS'||SALARY
-------------------------------------------------------------------------Salary of X is 100000
Salary of y is 50000
Salary of z is 25000
Salary of a is 15000
Salary of b is 10000
1
COM
10
SQL> select * from employee22 where LOWER(ename)='x';
ENO
ENAME
DEPTID
1
X
10
SALARY
100000
JOB
MGRID
MD
COM
0
15
SQL> select * from employee22 where UPPER(ename)='y';
no rows selected
SQL> select * from employee22 where UPPER(ename)='Y';
ENO
2
ENAME
y
DEPTID
20
SALARY
50000
JOB
MGRID
Mgr
1
COM
10
SQL> select 'Salary of ' || ename || ' is ' || salary from employee22;
'SALARYOF'||ENAME||'IS'||SALARY
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------Salary of X is 100000
Salary of y is 50000
Salary of z is 25000
Salary of a is 15000
Salary of b is 10000
SQL> create table sample(name varchar2(30),fname varchar2(10),lname varchar2(10));
Table created.
SQL> desc sample
Name
Null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------NAME
VARCHAR2(30)
FNAME
VARCHAR2(10)
LNAME
VARCHAR2(10)
SQL> alter table sample add(fno float(10));
Table altered.
SQL> desc sample
Name
Null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------NAME
VARCHAR2(30)
FNAME
VARCHAR2(10)
LNAME
VARCHAR2(10)
FNO
FLOAT(10)
SQL> insert into sample values('Hello world','Lovelyn','Divya',120.856);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into sample values('Welcome everyone','Dhivyaa','Meens',340.15);
1 row created.
SQL> insert into sample values('Hi everybody','Harsha','Innanji',280.59);
1 row created.
SQL> select * from sample;
NAME
FNAME
LNAME
FNO
------------------------------ ---------- ---------- ------------------------------Hello world
Lovelyn
Divya
120.9
Welcome everyone
Dhivyaa
Meens
340.2
Hi everybody
Harsha
Innanji
280.6
SQL> select concat(fname,lname),fno from sample;
CONCAT(FNAME,LNAME)
FNO
-------------------- --------------------------------LovelynDivya
120.9
DhivyaaMeens
340.2
HarshaInnanji
280.6
SQL> select upper(name) from sample;
UPPER(NAME)
-----------------------------HELLO WORLD
WELCOME EVERYONE
HI EVERYBODY
SQL> select lower(lname) from sample;
LOWER(LNAME)
---------divya
meens
innanji
SQL> select substr(fname,1,5) from sample;
SUBST
------------Lovel
Dhivy
Harsh
SQL> select length(name) from sample;
LENGTH(NAME)
------------------------11
16
12
SQL> select length(lname) from sample;
LENGTH(LNAME)
------------5
5
7
SQL> select name,instr(name,1) from sample;
NAME
INSTR(NAME,1)
------------------------------ ---------------------Hello world
0
Welcome everyone
0
Hi everybody
0
SQL> select name,instr(name,'e',1) from sample;
NAME
INSTR(NAME,'E',1)
------------------------------ ----------------Hello world
2
Welcome everyone
2
Hi everybody
4
SQL> select fname,instr(fname,'a') from sample;
FNAME
INSTR(FNAME,'A')
---------- ----------------------------------Lovelyn
0
Dhivyaa
6
Harsha
2
SQL> select lpad(lname,10,'*') from sample;
LPAD(LNAME)
-----------------*****Divya
*****Meens
***Innanji
SQL> select rpad(fname,10,'*')from sample;
RPAD(FNAME)
---------Lovelyn***
Dhivyaa***
Harsha****
SQL> select trim('d' from 'dhivyaa')from sample;
TRIM('
-----hivyaa
hivyaa
hivyaa
SQL> select trim('d' from 'dhivyaa')from sample where fno=340.2;
TRIM('
-----hivyaa
SQL> select trim('a' from fname)from sample;
TRIM('A'FR
---------Lovelyn
Dhivy
Harsh
NUMBER FUNCTIONS:
SQL> select ROUND(45.923,2),ROUND(45.923,0),ROUND(45.923,-1) from DUAL;
ROUND(45.923,2) ROUND(45.923,0)
ROUND(45.923,-1)
--------------- --------------- ---------------------------------------------------------45.92
46
50
SQL> select trunc(45.923,2),trunc(45.923),trunc(45.923,-2) from DUAL;
TRUNC(45.923,2)
TRUNC(45.923)
TRUNC(45.923,-2)
--------------- ------------- ------------------------------------------------------45.92
45
0
SQL> desc sample
Name
Null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------NAME
VARCHAR2(30)
FNAME
VARCHAR2(10)
LNAME
VARCHAR2(10)
FNO
FLOAT(10)
HIREDATE
DATE
SQL> insert into sample values('REC CSE','Anitha','Anu',320.7,'21-mar-88');
1 row created.
SQL> insert into sample values('Hi chennai','aishwarya','sukumar',170,'30-oct-87');
1 row created.
SQL> select * from sample;
NAME
FNAME
LNAME
FNO
HIREDATE
------------------------------ ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------------------------------Hello world
Lovelyn
Divya
120.9
Welcome everyone
Dhivyaa
Meens
340.2
Hi everybody
Harsha
Innanji
280.6
REC CSE
Anitha
Anu
320.7
21-MAR-88
Hi chennai
aishwarya
sukumar
170
30-OCT-87
SQL> select lname,hiredate from sample where lname like 'a%';
no rows selected
SQL> select lname,hiredate from sample where lname like 'A%';
LNAME
HIREDATE
---------- --------------------------Anu
21-MAR-88
SQL> select sysdate from DUAL;
SYSDATE
----------------22-AUG-07
SQL> select fname,(sysdate-hiredate)/7 as weeks from sample where fno=170;
FNAME
WEEKS
---------- ---------aishwarya
1033.78013
SQL> select fname,hiredate,months_between(sysdate,hiredate) from sample where fno=320.7;
FNAME HIREDATE MONTHS_BETWEEN(SYSDATE,HIREDATE)
---------- --------- ----------------------------------------------------------------------Anitha
21-MAR-88
233.047329
SQL> select fname,hiredate,add_months(hiredate,6),next_day(hiredate,'friday'),last_day
(hiredate) from sample;
FNAME HIREDATE
ADD_MONTH NEXT_DAY( LAST_DAY(
---------- --------- --------- --------- --------------------------------------------------Lovelyn
Dhivyaa
Harsha
Anitha
21-MAR-88 21-SEP-88 25-MAR-88 31-MAR-88
aishwarya
30-OCT-87 30-APR-88 06-NOV-87 31-OCT-87
SQL> select fname ,hiredate,round(hiredate,'Month'),trunc(hiredate,'month') from sample where
fno=170;
FNAME
HIREDATE ROUND(HIR TRUNC(HIR
---------- --------- --------- ----------------------------------------aishwarya 30-OCT-87 01-NOV-87 01-OCT-87
EX. NO:7
MULTIROW FUNCTIONS
🗹
Order By
🗹
Group By
🗹
Aggregate Functions
SQL> select * from cust;
CNAME
CID CADDR CACCNO CACCTYPE CBALANCE
--------------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ---------- ------------------------------------------Anusha
1
Chennai
1001
savings
Shriram
2
Pondy
1002
savings
Chamundi
3
Salem
1111
fd
Madhan
4
Salem
1004
checkings
Subha
5
Trichy
1005
checkings
Jayashree
6
Pondy
1006
fd
Sridharan
7
Kanchi
1007
fd
15000
25000
36200
5000
10000
15000
22000
ORDER BY
========
SQL> select cname from cust order by cname desc;
CNAME
--------------Subha
Sridharan
Shriram
Madhan
Jayashree
Chamundi
Anusha
7 rows selected.
SQL> select cname,caccno,cbalance from cust order by cbalance desc,cname asc;
CNAME
CACCNO CBALANCE
--------------- ---------- -------------------------Chamundi
1003
36200
Shriram
1002
25000
Sridharan
1007
22000
Anusha
1001
15000
Jayashree
1006 15000
Subha
1005 10000
Madhan
1004
5000
7 rows selected.
GROUP BY
=========
SQL> select max(cbalance),cacctype from cust group by cacctype;
MAX(CBALANCE) CACCTYPE
------------- ---------25000 savings
10000 checkings
36200 fd
AGGREGATE FUNCTIONS
=======================
SQL> select count(*) from cust;
COUNT(*)
---------7
SQL> select count(distinct cname) from cust;
COUNT(CNAME)
-----------7
SQL>select sum(cbalance) as totbal,avg(sum(cbalance)) as average from cust where
cacctype='savings';
TOTBAL AVERAGE
----------------------------40000
20000
SQL> select max(cbalance),min(cbalance) from cust;
MAX(CBALANCE)
MIN(CBALANCE)
----------------------------------------------------36200
5000
EX: NO: 8
Sequences, Index, Synonym
A sequence is a user-defined schema bound object that generates a sequence of
numeric values according to the specification with which the sequence was created. The
sequence of numeric values is generated in an ascending or descending order at a defined
interval and can be configured to restart (cycle) when exhausted. Sequences, unlike identity
columns, are not associated with specific tables. Applications refer to a sequence object to
retrieve its next value. The relationship between sequences and tables is controlled by the
application. User applications can reference a sequence object and coordinate the values across
multiple rows and tables.
Syntax:
CREATE SEQUENCE [schema_name . ] sequence_name
[ AS [ built_in_integer_type | user-defined_integer_type ] ]
[ START WITH <constant> ]
[ INCREMENT BY <constant> ]
[ { MINVALUE [ <constant> ] } | { NO MINVALUE } ]
[ { MAXVALUE [ <constant> ] } | { NO MAXVALUE } ]
[ CYCLE | { NO CYCLE } ]
[ { CACHE [ <constant> ] } | { NO CACHE } ]
[;]
Example:
CREATE SEQUENCE customers_seq
START WITH 1000
INCREMENT BY 1
NOCACHE
NOCYCLE;
Creating an Index Explicitly
CREATE INDEX emp_ename ON emp(ename)
TABLESPACE users
STORAGE (INITIAL 20K
NEXT 20k
PCTINCREASE 75);
DROP INDEX Statement
DROP INDEX index_name
CREATE SYNONYMS:
CREATE SYNONYM statement is used to create a synonym, which is an alternative name for
a table, view, sequence, procedure, stored function, package, materialized view, Java class
schema object, user-defined object type, or another synonym.
Syntax:
CREATE SYNONYM offices
FOR hr.locations;
Public Synonym:
CREATE PUBLIC SYNONYM emp_table
FOR hr.employees@remote.us.oracle.com;
Ex. No : 09
PROGRAMS
SIMPLE PL/SQL
Aim : To work with different PL/SQL programs
1) SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> declare
2 a number;
3 b number;
4 c number;
5 begin
6 a:=&a;
7 b:=&b;
8 c:=a+b;
9 dbms_output.put_line('sum of'||a||'and'||b||'is'||c);
10 end;
11 /
Enter value for a: 5
old 6: a:=&a;
new 6: a:=5;
Enter value for b: 5
old 7: b:=&b;
new 7: b:=5;
sum of5and5is10
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
2) Finding the MAXIMUM NO
SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> declare
2 a number;
3 b number;
4 c number;
5 d number;
6 begin
7 dbms_output.put_line('enter a:');
8 a:=&a;
9 dbms_output.put_line('enter b:');
10 b:=&b;
11 dbms_output.put_line('enter c:');
12 c:=&b;
13 if(a>b)and(a>c) then
14 dbms_output.put_line('A is maximum');
15 elsif(b>a)and(b>c)then
16 dbms_output.put_line('B is maximum');
17 else
18 dbms_output.put_line('C is maximum');
19 end if;
20* end;
21 /
Enter value for a: 9
old 8: a:=&a;
new 8: a:=9;
Enter value for b: 6
old 10: b:=&b;
new 10: b:=6;
Enter value for c: 10
old 12: c:=&b;
new 12: c:=10;
enter a:
enter b:
enter c:
C is maximum
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
3) REVERSING THE NO
SQL> set serveroutput on
SQL> declare
2 given_number varchar(5):='1234';
3 str_length number(2);
4 inverted_number varchar(5);
5 begin
6 str_length:=length(given_number);
7 for cntr in reverse 1..str_length
8 loop
9 inverted_number:=inverted_number||substr(given_number,cntr,1);
10 end loop;
11 dbms_output.put_line('the given no is'||given_number);
12 dbms_output.put_line('the inverted number is'|| inverted_number);
13* end;
14 /
the given no is1234
the inverted number is4321
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
Ex.No 10:
CONTROL STRCTURE
Aim:
To write a PL/SQL block using different control (if, if else, for loop, while loop,…)
statements.
OBJECTIVE:
PL/SQL Control Structure provides conditional tests, loops, flow control and branches that
let to produce well-structured programs.
SQL Program for IF Condition:
1. Write a PL/SQL Program using if condition
PROCEDURE
STEP 1: Start
STEP 2: Initialize the necessary variables.
STEP 3: invoke the if condition.
STEP 4: Execute the statements.
STEP 5: Stop.
PL/ SQL GENERAL SYNTAX
FOR IF CONDITION:
SQL>
DECLARE
<VARIABLE
DECLARATION>;
BEGIN
IF(CONDITION)THEN
<EXECUTABLE STATEMENT
>;
END;
2) PL/ SQL GENERAL SYNTAX FOR IF AND ELSECONDITION:
SQL>
DECLARE
<VARIABLE
DECLARATION>;
BEGIN
IF (TEST CONDITION) THEN
<STATEMENTS>;
ELSE
<STATEMENTS>;
ENDIF;
END;
Less then or Greater Using IF ELSE
SQL> declare
n number;
begin
dbms_output. put_line('enter a
number');
n:=&number;
if n<5 then
dbms_output.put_line('entered
number is less than 5');
else
dbms_output.put_line('entered
number is greater than 5');
end if;
end;
Input
Enter value for number: 2
old 5: n:=&number;
new 5: n:=2;
Output:
entered number is less than 5
PL/SQL procedure successfully
completed.
3) PL/ SQL GENERAL SYNTAX FOR LOOPING STATEMENT:
SQL>
DECLARE
<VARIABLE
DECLARATION>;
BEGIN
LOOP
<STATEMENT>;
END LOOP;
<EXECUTAVLE
STATEMENT>;
END;
SUMMATION OF ODD NUMBERS USING FOR LOOP
SQL> declare
n number;
sum1 number default 0;
endvalue number;
begin
endvalue:=&endvalue;
n:=1;
for n in 1..endvalue
loop
if mod(n,2)=1
then
sum1:=sum1+n;
end if;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('sum
='||sum1);
end;
/
INPUT:
Enter value for endvalue: 4
old 6: endvalue:=&endvalue;
new 6: endvalue:=4;
OUTPUT:
sum =4
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
4) PL/ SQL GENERAL SYNTAX FOR LOOPING STATEMENT:
SQL>
DECLARE
<VARIABLE
DECLARATION>;
BEGIN
WHILE <condition>
LOOP
<STATEMENT>;
END LOOP;
<EXECUTAVLE
STATEMENT>;
END;
*********SUMMATION OF ODD NUMBERS USING WHILE LOOP**********
SQL> declare
n number;
sum1 number default 0;
endvalue number;
begin
endvalue:=&endvalue;
n:=1;
while(n<endvalue)
loop
sum1:=sum1+n;
n:=n+2;
end loop;
dbms_output.put_line('sum of
odd no. bt 1 and'
||endvalue||'is'||sum1);
end;
INPUT:
Enter value for endvalue: 4
old 6: endvalue:=&endvalue;
new 6: endvalue:=4;
OUTPUT:
sum of odd no. bt 1 and4is4
PL/SQL procedure successfully
completed.
RESULT:
Thus the PL/SQL block for different controls are verified and executed.
EX: NO: 11
PROCEDURES
AIM
To write a PL/SQL block to display the student name, marks whose average mark is above 60%.
Algorithm:
STEP1:Start
STEP2:Create a table with table name stud_exam
STEP3:Insert the values into the table and Calculate total and average of each student
STEP4: Execute the procedure function the student who get above 60%.
STEP5: Display the total and average of student
STEP6: End
PROCEDURE FOR GCD NUMBERS
III) PROGRAM:
SQL> create or replace procedure pro
is
a number(3); b number(3); c number(3); d
number(3);
begin
a:=&a; b:=&b;
if(a>b) then c:=mod(a,b); if(c=0) then
dbms_output.put_line('GCD is');
dbms_output.put_line(b);
else
dbms_output.put_line('GCD is');
dbms_output.put_line(c);
end if;
else
d:=mod(b,a); if(d=0) then
81
dbms_output.put_line('GCD is');
dbms_output.put_line(a);
else
dbms_output.put_line('GCD is');
dbms_output.put_line(d);
end if; end if;
end;
/
Enter value for a: 8
old 8: a:=&a; new 8: a:=8;
Enter value for b: 16
old 9: b:=&b; new 9: b:=16;
Procedure created.
SQL> set serveroutput on;
SQL> execute pro;
GCD is
8
PL/SQL procedure successfully completed.
RESULT:
Thus the PL/SQL procedures are executed.
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EX: NO: 12
FUNCTIONS
AIM
To write a Functional procedure to search an address from the given database.
SQL> create table stud(rno number(2),mark1 number(3),mark2 number(3),total
number(3),primary key(rno));
Table created.
SQL> desc stud;
Name
Null? Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------RNO
NOT NULL NUMBER(2)
MARK1
NUMBER(3)
MARK2
NUMBER(3)
TOTAL
NUMBER(3)
SQL> select * from stud;
RNO MARK1
MARK2
TOTAL
---------- ---------- ---------- -----------------1
80
85
0
83
2
3
4
75
65
90
84
80
85
0
0
0
SQL> create or replace function stude(rnum number) return number is
2 total number;
3 m1 number;
4 m2 number;
5 begin
6 select mark1,mark2 into m1,m2 from stud where rno=rnum;
7 total:=m1+m2;
8 return total;
9 end;
10 /
Function created.
SQL> select stude(2) from dual;
STUDE(2)
---------159
SQL> create table purchase (icode number(3),iname varchar2(13),price number(6),quantity
number(3),rate number(8),primary key(icode),unique(iname));
Table created.
SQL> desc purchase;
Name
Null?
Type
----------------------------------------- -------- ---------------------------ICODE
NOT NULL NUMBER(3)
INAME
VARCHAR2(13)
PRICE
NUMBER(6)
QUANTITY
NUMBER(3)
RATE
NUMBER(8)
SQL> select * from purchase;
ICODE INAME
PRICE QUANTITY
RATE
---------- -------------------- ---------- ------------------- ---------100
PenSet
20
10
0
101
ParkerPen
60
10
0
102
180pg Note
24
10
0
103
80pg Note
10
25
0
104
StickFile
10
20
0
84
SQL> create or replace function pur(itmcd number) return number is
2 qt number;
3 pr number;
4 rate number;
5 begin
6 select price,quantity into pr,qt from purchase where icode=itmcd;
7 rate:=qt*pr;
8 return rate;
9 end;
10 /
Function created.
SQL> select pur(102) from dual;
PUR(102)
----------240
RESULT:Thus the Function for searching process has been executed successfully.
Ex NO : 13
Cursors
Aim : To work with PL/SQL cursors.
Implicit Cursors
Following are the cursor attributes available
● SQL%ROWCOUNT – Number of rows returned/changed in the last executed query. Applicable for
SELECT as well as DML statement
● SQL%ISOPEN – Boolean TRUE if the cursor is still open, else FALSE. For implicit cursor it is
FALSE only
● SQL%FOUND – Boolean TRUE, if the cursor fetch points to a record, else FALSE
● SQL%NOTFOUND – Inverse of SQL%FOUND. The flag is set as FALSE when the cursor pointer
does not point to a record in the result set.
DECLARE
L_SAL NUMBER;
BEGIN
SELECT SALARY
INTO L_SAL
FROM EMPLOYEES
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WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID=110;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Salary for KING is : ’||TO_CHAR(L_SAL));
END;
Explicit Cursor
These cursors are explicitly declared in the DECLARE section of the block. They possess a specific
name and a static SELECT statement attached to them. Explicit cursors are manually executed by the
developers and follow complete execution cycle.
Attributes:
●
●
●
●
CURSOR%ROWCOUNT
CURSOR%ISOPEN
CURSOR%FOUND
CURSOR%NOTFOUND
Cursor Execution Cycle
OPEN stage
●
●
●
●
●
PGA memory allocation for cursor processing
Parsing of SELECT statement
Variable binding
SELECT Query execution
Move the record pointer to the first record
FETCH stage
The record, to which the record pointer points, is pulled from the result set. The record pointer moves
only in the forward direction. The FETCH phase lives until the last record is reached.
CLOSE stage
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After the last record of the result set is reached, cursor is closed, and allocated memory is flushed off
and released back to SGA. Even if an open cursor is not closed, oracle automatically closes it after the
execution of its parent block.
Syntax and illustration
Cursor definition
CURSOR [CURSOR NAME] IS
[SELECT QUERY]
Opening a Cursor
OPEN [CURSOR NAME]
Fetching records from the cursor
FETCH [CURSOR NAME] INTO [LIST OF VARIABLES]
Closing a cursor
CLOSE [CURSOR NAME]
Example Code [4] – The PL/SQL block below declares a cursor, which select employee name, job id
and salary for the employees with employee id 100. Note the opening, fetching and closing of the
cursor. Here cursor returns a single record.
DECLARE
CURSOR C_EMP IS
SELECT EMPLOYEE_NAME, JOB_ID, SALARY
FROM EMPLOYEES
WHERE EMPLOYEE_ID=100;
L_ENAME VARCHAR2(100);
L_JOBID VARCHAR2(10);
L_SALARY NUMBER;
BEGIN
OPEN C_EMP;
FETCH C_EMP INTO L_ENAME, L_JOBID, L_SALARY;
DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(‘Employee ‘||L_ENAME||’ with Job function of
‘||L_JOBID||’ draws ‘||TO_CHAR(L_SALARY)||’ per month’);
CLOSE C_EMP;
END;
87
RESULT:
Thus different cursor programs are executed and verified.
EX.NO: 14
TRIGGERS
AIM:
To write a PL/SQL block to create a trigger for a table while inserting record to a table.
DESCRIPTION:
A database trigger is a stored procedure that is fired when an insert, update or delete statement
is issued against the associated table. Database triggers can be used for the following purposes.
●
●
●
●
●
To generate data automatically.
To enforce complex integrity.
To customize complex security authorizations.
To maintain replicate tables.
To audit data modifications
SYNTAX:
Create or replace trigger<trigger_name>
[before/after][insert/update/delete] on <table_name>
[referencing/{old[as]old/new}]
[for each statement /for each row][when<condition>]PL/SQL_block.
TYPES OF TRIGGERS:
Triggers are categorized into the following types based on when they are fired.
88
●
●
●
●
Before
After
For each row
For each statement(default)
PROGRAM 1:
create or replace trigger vote_trig after insert on voters_ passed for each row
declare
v_id number(5);
w_id number(5);
begin
v_id:=: new.voter_id;
w_id:=: new.ward_id;
delete from voters_master where voter_id=v_id and ward_id=w_id;
end;
SQL>create table voters_master(voter_id number(5), name varchar2(15),
ward_id number(5), dob date, address varchar2(20), primary key(voter_id,ward_id));
Table created.
SQL>insert into voters_master value(&voter_id,’&name’,&ward_id,’&dob’,’&address’);
rows created.
SQL>select * from voters_master;
VODER_ID NAME
WARD_ID
DOB
ADDRESS
---------------- ----------------------------- --------------- -----------------22
vivin
77
12-MAR-86
salem-25
110
priya
76
30-JUN-78
salem-24
55
arun
89
05-AUG-62
salem-12
21
saranya
45
17-JUL-87
salem-18
SQL>create table voters_passed(voter_id number(5),
ward_id number(5), primary key(voter_id,ward_id));
Table created.
SQL>select * from voters_passed;
no rows selected
OUTPUT:
Trigger created.
SQL>insert into voters_passed values (21,45);
1 row created.
SQL>select* from voters_master;
VODER_ID NAME
WARD_ID
DOB
ADDRESS
---------------- --------------------------- --------------------22
vivin
77
12-MAR-86 salem-25
110
priya
76
30-JUN-78
salem-24
89
55
arun
89
05-AUG-62
salem-12
SQL>select * from voters_pased;
Voter_id
ward_id
---------------------21
45
PROGRAM 2:
SQL>create table phone25(cno number(10),cname varchar2(10),salary number(10));
Table created.
SQL>desc phone25;
Name
Null Type
------------------------------ -------- --------------------------------------------------------------------CNO
NUMBER(10)
CNAME
VARCHAR2(10)
SALARY
NUMBER(10)
SQL>insert into phone25 values(&cno,'&cname',&salary);
row created.
SQL>select * from phone25;
CNO
CNAME SALARY
--------------------- ---------- ---------------------1
ram
12000
2
seeta
17000
3
lakshman 43000
SQL>create or replace
trigger salr_trig
after insert or delete or update on phone25
for each row
begin
if updating then
dbms_output.put_line('Table is updated');
else if inserting then
dbms_output.put_line('Table is inserted');
else if deleting then
dbms_output.put_line('Table is deleted');
end if;
end if;
end if;
end;
Output:
trigger salr_trig Compiled.
SQL>update phone25 set salary=90000 where cname='seeta';
90
1 rows updated.
Table is updated.
SQL>insert into phone25 values (5,'gita',45000);
1 rows inserted
Table is inserted
SQL>delete from phone25 where cname='ram';
1 rows deleted.
Table is deleted.
PROGRAM 3:
SQL>create table mark00(rno number(5),mark number(5),primary key(rno,mark));
create table succeeded.
SQL>desc mark00;
Name
Null
Type
--------------------- ------------- ------------------RNO
NOT NULL NUMBER(5)
MARK
NOT NULL
NUMBER(5)
SQL>create table mark01(rno number(5),sname varchar2(10),mark number(5),primary
key(rno,mark));
create table succeeded.
SQL>desc mark01;
Name
Null
Type
-------------------- ----------------- ------------------------RNO
NOT NULL
NUMBER(5)
SNAME
VARCHAR2(10)
MARK
NOT NULL
NUMBER(5)
SQL>insert into mark01 values (&rno,'&sname',&mark);
row created.
SQL>select * from mark01;
RNO
SNAME MARK
---------------- ------------------ ------------1
ram
500
2
seeta
780
3
hanuman
600
SQL>create or replace
trigger m9
after insert on mark00
for each row
declare
r_no number(5);
m number(5);
91
begin
r_no:=:new.rno;
m:=:new.mark;
delete from mark01 where rno=r_no and mark=m;
dbms_output.put_line('row deleted');
end;
Output:
M9 Compiled.
SQL>insert into mark00 values(2,780);
1 rows inserted
dbms output:
set serveroutput on
row deleted
SQL>select * from mark01;
RNO
SNAME
MARK
------------ -------------- --------------1
ram
500
3
hanuman
600
SQL>select * from mark00;
RNO
MARK
------------- -----------------2
780
RESULT:
The PL/SQL block for creating the triggers was executed and the output was verified.
92
EX.NO: 15
Mini Project
Banking Enterprise
Design Window
93
Adding Library
Project = > References => Microsoft ActiveX Data Objects 2.0 Library
Coding
Dim Con As New ADODB.Connection
Dim Rs As New ADODB.Recordset
Private Sub CmdAddNew_Click()
Rs.AddNew
txtClear
Text1.SetFocus
End Sub
Private Sub CmdDelete_Click()
On Error Resume Next
If Rs.EOF Then
94
MsgBox "No Records"
Else
Rs.Delete
Rs.MoveNext
DisplayText
MsgBox "Record Deleted"
End If
End Sub
Private Sub CmdFirst_Click()
Rs.MoveFirst
DisplayText
End Sub
Private Sub CmdNext_Click()
Rs.MoveNext
If Not Rs.EOF Then
DisplayText
Else
MsgBox "End Of The Record"
Rs.MovePrevious
End If
End Sub
Private Sub CmdUpdate_Click()
Rs(0).Value = Val(Text1.Text)
Rs(1).Value = Text2.Text
Rs(2).Value = Text3.Text
Rs(3).Value = Val(Text4.Text)
Rs.Update
MsgBox "Record Updated"
End Sub
Private Sub Form_Load()
Con.Open "Provider=MSDAORA.1;User ID=cse101;Password=cse101;Data Source=ibmrec;Persist
Security Info=False"
Con.CursorLocation = adUseClient
Rs.Open "select * from Bank", Con, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic
End Sub
Sub txtClear()
95
Text1.Text = ""
Text2.Text = ""
Text3.Text = ""
Text4.Text = ""
End Sub
Sub DisplayText()
Text1.Text = Rs(0).Value
Text2.Text = Rs(1).Value
Text3.Text = Rs(2).Value
Text4.Text = Rs(3).Value
End Sub
Private Sub CmdTransact_Click()
Form2.Show
End Sub
Transaction Window
Design
Coding
Dim Con As New ADODB.Connection
Dim Rs As New ADODB.Recordset
Private Sub CmdDeposit_Click()
Dim AccNo As Integer
AccNo = Val(Text1.Text)
Rs.MoveFirst
96
Do While Not Rs.EOF
If Rs(0).Value = AccNo Then
Rs(3).Value = Rs(3).Value + Val(Text2.Text)
Rs.Update
MsgBox "Amount Deposited"
End If
Rs.MoveNext
Loop
End Sub
Private Sub CmdWithdraw_Click()
Dim AccNo As Integer, Bal As Double
Rs.MoveFirst
AccNo = Val(Text1.Text)
Do While Not Rs.EOF
If Rs(0).Value = AccNo Then
Bal = Rs(3).Value - Val(Text2.Text)
If Bal >= 500 Then
Rs(3).Value = Rs(3).Value - Val(Text2.Text)
Rs.Update
MsgBox "Amount Withdrew"
Else
MsgBox "Balance Problem"
End If
End If
Rs.MoveNext
Loop
End Sub
Private Sub Form_Load()
Con.Open "Provider=MSDAORA.1;User ID=cse101;Password=cse101;Data Source=ibmrec;Persist
Security Info=False"
Con.CursorLocation = adUseClient
Rs.Open "select * from Bank", Con, adOpenKeyset, adLockOptimistic
End Sub
Exercises:
1) Hospital Management System.
2) Railway Reservation System.
3) Personal Information System.
4) Web Based User Identification System.
5) Timetable Management System.
97
6) Hotel Management System
7) Banking system
8) Library management system.
9) Blood bank system
10) Insurance system.
98