J. Dela Cruz / Chemistry 26.1 (2016)
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Quantitative Determination of Total Hardness in Drinking Water by Complexometric EDTA
Titration
G. Masinna1
1
Institute of Chemistry, College of Science, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101
Performed 27 April 2023; Submitted 4 May 2023
(1 space, Cambria 10)
ABSTRACT (Cambria 10, ALL CAPS)
A condensed version of the entire paper, summarizing the essential aspects of the paper, significance of the study, purpose
of the experiment, brief methodology, major results, and major conclusions. This should be written in past tense and third
person. It should give the reader an idea of the scope of the study. Do not include too much background information.
Typically 100-200 words, make the abstract brief and concise.
(1 space, Cambria 10)
Introduction (Cambria 10, Bold)
This must give the background information of the study.
Give only relevant information. Show the importance of the
study. A summary of the procedure, as well as objectives of
the experiment must also be presented here. Include
citation [1] for all borrowed information. References must
be arranged as they are used in the report.
Introduction must be in third person (Cambria 10,
justified)
Methodology (Cambria 10, Bold)
This summarized the procedure performed in the
experiment in paragraph form (do not include parts that
were not done). It is in past tense form and passive voice.
Do not include diagram or procedural steps in preparing
setups (Cambria 10, justified)
Results and Discussion (Cambria 10, Bold)
Present the results as they are discussed. Figures or tables
which are not discussed must be omitted. Place raw data in
the appendix part. Rationalize the methodology and the
significance of each technique and reagent added. Organize
data into properly labeled tables, figures, etc., whichever is
applicable. When requiring regression curve, use an XY
scatter plot and insert the regression curve. The equation
of the best fit curve must be presented in the discussion
and not part of the figure.
Each figure should have a brief caption describing it, along
with symbols to aid interpretation. Figures should be
numbered sequentially, i.e., “Figure 1.”, “Figure 2.”, etc.
and must be cited in the text as “figure 1,” “figure 2,” etc.
Tables and figures should be centered unless they occupy
the full width of the page. Captions should be placed on top
of the table. Tables should be numbered sequentially, i.e.,
“Table 1.”, “Table 2.”, etc. and should be referred to in the
text as “table 1,” “table 2,” etc.
Equations should be prepared using Equation Editor or
MathType. Equations should be numbered sequentially,
i.e., (1), (2), etc., un-italicized and center-justified in the
text. (Cambria 10, justified)
Example:
One factor affecting the rate is the temperature as shown
by the Arrhenius equation (1) where k is the rate constant,
A is the Arrhenius constant, Ea is the activation energy, R is
the gas constant and T is the temperature. Using this
equation, however, results to an exponential graph which
makes interpolation harder. Hence, the linearized form of
the Arrhenius equation (2) was used to prepare figure 1.
−Ea
(1)
k = Ae RT
ln k =
−Ea
RT
+ ln A
(2)
Figure 1 below shows that the plot of ln (1/T) and (1/T) is
inversely proportional. The equation of the line given by
the figure is
y = -4977x + 11.92 with linearity value R2
equal to 0.998.
ln
(1/T)
1/T
Figure 1. Effect of temperature on reaction rate by the
Arrhenius equation.
Table 1. Calculated values for dissociation and stability
constants.
A1
A2
A3
K1
4.64E-06
1.18E-05
2.4E-06
K2
2.00E-05
3.98E-06
2.81E-05
J. Dela Cruz / Chemistry 26.1 (2016)
Analyze and interpret results. Include answers to guide
questions for discussion. Give the % error and propagation
for uncertainty, as well as pooled standard deviation and
account for the deviations, include sources of error.
Conclusion and Recommendations (Cambria 10, Bold)
Summary of important results should be shown here.
Discuss degree of success or failure of the experiment.
Include recommendations for improvement. (Cambria 10,
justified)
References (Cambria 10, Bold)
[1]
Caleja, H., 2010. How to Write a Formal Report.
Quezon City: UP Diliman. 21-30.
(Author/s. Title of the book or journal. Year. City: Publisher.
Page number.)
You may use other formats (MLA or APA citation).
Minimum of 3 print references and maximum of 2 online
sources.
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J. Dela Cruz / Chemistry 26.1 (2016)
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Appendix (Cambria 10, Bold)
A. Answers to Questions (not necessary)
-If possible, integrate the ATQ to the appropriate parts in the FR body
B. Figures (not necessary)
-If possible, integrate in the results and discussion of the FR
C. Raw Data Table (if necessary)
- Include only raw or “untreated” data (i.e., in your data sheets)
D. Working Equations
E. Sample Calculations
Other remarks:
 Maximum of four (4) pages (including references but excluding appendix)
 Appendix should still be paginated. A two column format should be followed in the body until references.
Appendix should follow single column format.
 Attach your data sheets when submitting your formal report