(
Alkane
G
(
*
1
stable
"
Halogenation
Fa
Clr
.
.
General
7
substitution
~
ditfuse
Bra
( 2
k
chemical inactive
.
with aid of
t
tetrahedrally ( n )
bond
alkanes
*
*
)
sunlight 1 UVlight
0 reaction
→
⑤
(
I2
"
lowreactivity
)
> C 2 > Brz )
R:
Form
E
-
[
Head-
exa
x
+
HxJ
(
by product
-
Gl g
.
Mono
.
CH 4
Cl 2
+
CH 3 Cl
→
ll
( H4 .
turlubstitution
HCl
-
+
)
bydrogen
Chloromethane
C 13 Cl
cl 2
+
uv CH 2 ( l
→
chloride
Hl
Dichloromethanehydrogen
2
+
chlovide
( H 2 Cl 2
+
Cl 2
ur
→
CHCl 3
1
Trichloromethane
CHCls +
cl 2 →
uv
ccls
t
HCl
hydrogen
chloride
Hcl
hydrogen
chlorideTetrachloromethane
*
The reactants
*
Test for
are
hydrogen
B
Beaction
(*
Br
halides
soaked
、 vn
radical
( Hx )
明 denehite fume
-
-
→
只
NH 3 + HX → NH
]
4
X
. dense
.
Br
mixtur
Cottonwoolwith
Emixture
l
Stepwise
white fume
/
.
…
)
( H3
methy
1
radical
( Alkene
cisltrans s quareplanar
isomerst
*
→
( Hydrogenation >
*
General
tqn
[
:
( addition venition )
!
CC
-
H
H
→
,
]
(
t
+
alkane
*
with aid
H
of
metal
catalyist
|
{
+
pt / Pd
RTP
+
NI
A
TP
1500 C
& 5
(
*
Halogenation
test for
[
c it
I
C.
C
=
!
+
Hr
Ptlpd
→
X
2
C
-
2
.
NM
C
…
!
C
冰
+ H2
,
HIgUT
Reactivity of
:
ie
react
,
quickly )
]
halogen
=
F2
(l
7
2
Br
>
pale yellow
→
≤
&P
thanalkane
faster
*
→
(
double bond
(
Cll
-
…
Dinaloalkane
*
c
c
> ( addition reaction )
presence of
H
|
2
Orange
→
Cl (
7
I2
|
H
H
-
Alkane
时
Substitution
!
ofhaloyen
1 Halogenation
General tquation
CH 4
=
X2
+
of
with aid
!
CH 3 X
→
uv
HX
:
. NH 3
conc
NH 3
HX → NH 4 X (
+
5
( ]
g
HX
+
halomethane
Test for
suniyht / Ur 1 yht
hydrogenhalide
《
)
fume
dense white
Alkene
Aadition
reaction
!
"
C:
Generaltquation
!
=
C
Y
→
C
-
-
c
-
"
Hydrogenation
I)
X
+
-
ralkane
—
“
tH
cat
*
cx
|
2
Catalyst
*
Halogenation
2)
X
["
c (…
Alkene reaots
*
[!(
OH OH
+
C
OA
*
4)
=
:
2O +
H
o]→
[
+
KMnOF 1 H
:(
!
eg
=
H
.
c+
-x
H
tends to
CH 3 CH
⾶
=
sub
(
!
Addition of HX
[
=
Rate
:
Fr
( lr
→
tast
→
→
Br
→
2
I2
)
slow
OH
6f
Addition
33
C ( bond
↑
thanAikane (
tasfer
BTP
test for
∵ ]
!
…
+
=
orPt / Pd ;
HighT & p
Ni ;
:
!
!
c
HCrrOf
"
→
6 with
(H2
moreH
→
叮
-
→
noreaction
H
→
l
more
OCH 3
艾
Major
CH 3
OCH 36 H 26 H
Product
( major )
2
×
( minor )
时
Markouuikov
'
s
Rule
Haloalkane
ofoy
Substitution
-
General tqnation
*
OH
*
Bate
-
usually
:
RX
:
Grp
t
R [ 7 RBr
fast
1
OH
+
(
metal
7 Bll >
sl
→
→
0
ie
RF
^
ROH
+
TOH .NaUH . …
,
o
X
.
)
Bond
Podarity
w
Alkanol
I)
→
Halogenation
reactwith
[ BUH
*
+
HX Volitaile
HX
Chalides
HX
→
)
BX
+ H2 O
]
Produce from acid
i
&
GrpSalt
M
/
Ir | Br 2 → HL
3 PO 3 +
b)
Elr
→
H
2
SO 4
+
MCl
→
(
H 2 sO 4
→
-
further reaction )
H2
+
Alkene
Alkane
>
NiihighTrP
^
PdiBTpptl
vmajov
⼽
H 2 SO 4 + Ml
↓
2
iHsPO 4
minol
( ovlignt )
Stepwice
HX
+
l
Xa
X2 /
+
Denydration
+
+
Vmajor /
H
⻔
Haloaikane
8
MBrII
minov
+
OT
B 2
*
{
花
H 2 δ O 4 ; A ( 180 )
,
Alco 3
,
;
A
7
HHb
) NaB14 / H O
,
+
a)
O
I liAlH 4 lether
.
2
0
时
上
_
HCV OF / H
+b
2
b)
台
2H
NaB 14 / HI
、
、
Ketone
Aldehyde
,
0⽉
BA
⽄ MnO41 H
⼀
G
I . LiAlH 4 lethe )
,
+
b HCr UF / H +
H+
,
2
。
「
Carboxyl
Acin
⼉
fAlcohol
,
COH 6 H 2 SO 4
.
'
hydvolys
salt
-
s
; A
Lesterification 3
Gfest for
、
Ester
30 Allchol
20 A 1 coho
⽄ MnO41 H
G
.
.
.
Acid
BCOO
OA
I LiAlH 4 lether
2
Carboxylic
+
(
BA
⼀
2
/ etHanol
/ NGOH
( 3504
10 A 1 cohol
a)
I2
01
'
COML
2
Alcohol
-
-
-
OH
/
-
COOH
KMMO41 H
+
HCr OF / HH
2
2
CHI 3
)
yello
42
迅
Qu
CO 2
K
+
H
+
2
HOH
H
"
+⇌
号
)
CH 3 ( 1 ( HCH 3
4
↑
d
3 CH
2 63
^
iHcHCH
lvzO ] / H +
后
+
majov
HBv
OH
↑ NaOH
E
3
1
CH 3 CH 2
minor
F
>
G
+
NaOH
v
I
2
/ NGOH
L
>
+
M
( H 3 (H 2 ( H
A
Ketone
.
_
2
0
-
-+
O
H
-
H 4 lether
LiAl
→,
2
C
怡
lHs
KMnO 4 / H + ; A
.
B
⼀点
( Hs ( - H 26 H
H
2
iA
I
HCl
Dminou
3
J
lcumoiHisu
Cmajor
CH
NazlO 3
CH 3 UH
.
=
.
Ht
CHCH 3 D
. CH 3 CHICH =
tEF
3 UHCH 2 CH 3
CH 3h 管 CH
.
il
H
G
.
I
J
K
.
.
CH
3
CH 3
CH 2
(H
2
CH 3 CH 2 CH 2
2
Hz
CH
CH 3 LH 2 CHC
符
( H 2 Br
CH 2 CH 2 CH
,
(
OH
LUOH
COUNaI
CH LH 2 ( H 2
3
2
.
CH 3
CH 2 lOO
-
Na
+
M ( HI 3
.