the
3
to
.
”
an
on
in
”
e.g
no
is “
as
us
,
of
,
of at
"
In
be
Modern World
those societies which are
refer
shorthand
achieving
rapidly
economically
Like most
societies
more
brevity the use
misleading
this term
because there may
way dependent
societal
achievement that are
terminological
developing
attempts
types
let
Achieving Societies in
of
.
,
by
popularized
“
,
to
the
n
,
of a
to
to
,
of
society
of or
of
,
,
.,
or
,
-
military political artistic
intellectual achieve
expanding economy
peace
greater
perhaps
Our choice
mind
achievement
even
ment
long
though
the term has been dictated partly
avoid
more accurate
periphrasis partly
Achievement with this kind
reflect the association
social expansion and partly
contrast such societies with
affluent
is
in
Entrepreneurship
of
in n
a
,
in
the past
.
in
various times
in
,
at
world and then
we
the
on
-
)
(
In
to
it
.up
in
is
it
of
"
,
Galbraith
1958
which the emphasis
the
achieving
society
n
amely
slowing down pro
reverse
what
the
duction rather than speeding
this chapter and
next
will con
cern ourselves with trying
find out whether high level
Achievement
produces achieving societies
the modern
the economic sense first
Preliterate Cultures
The hypothesis that
Achievement
particular historical
was derived from
of
is
n
with economic growth
associated
,
in
or
so
do
,
it
the
On
.
at
to
be
n
of
it
a
is
,
of
a
,
or
or
a
as
of
be
,
.
of a
to
of
a
see
to
on
of
is
so
it
an
a
in
in
is
a
to
63
.
a
,
despite
of
level
sufficiently
societies
or
in
type
these
,
as
,
sequence
testing the generality
enough information
possible
whether
powerful variable
predict economic
major variations
other factors
particular stage
social organization
historical
technology
type
economy
level
n
such
is
of
number
Achievement
development
of of
large
empirical method
there
Anthropologists
have collected
preliterate cultures
that
.
the
but fortunately
hypothesis
is
it
,
of
-
capitalism
,
,
West
free enterprise
or
only under certain conditions such
degree
open social structure
certain type
relatively advanced level
technology
From the logical
theoretical
point
view
difficult
decide how general the association might
in
only
the
to
.
in
its
the
.
of
—
a
sequence
events
Western
capitalism However
Protestant Reformation and the rise
might
applied
any society
any time
most general form
place
high level
That
Achievement might predispose any
society
vigorous economic activity
might
other hand
Europe
THE ACHIEVING
54
The
of
SOCIETY
determining the n Achievement
a
.
to
,
a
by
—
in
themselves resemble
subjects
pictures
beginning
middle
the
.
of
of
to to
be be
the
— be
“
of
a
to
the
,
in
by
are
people
motivation among
the tribe The stories
many ways
simple stories written
kind
our
They can
episodic
chosen
nature with
imaginative
and
end
and also
fantastic
in
of in
on
It
.
the
level of a preliterate
culture relies on analysis of the content of folk tales widespread in
culture
rests basically
the assumption that since these stories are
many different people
told and retold orally
the culture the way
average
which they
told will come
reflect
kind
level
method
a
of "
“
in
on
the .
50 a
to
-
for
-
or
of
-
)
(
,
.
or
,
,
to
be
.
in
or
the
in
are
or
as
we an
much
same way
laboratory
our subjects
Factual religious
specifically excluded because they may reflect existential
historical tales
differences among tribes rather than differences
their inner concerns
motivations Child Storm and Veroff
1958
made
careful search
folk tale collections and were able
select
random basis some twelve
more
less standard tales for each
over
cultures These were then
instruct
a
it
so
i.e.
,
(
of
20
into successive fifths
per cent etc.
the
Joseph Veroff
most experienced judge
who had
developed
original
scoring system for
that
the
)
.
the next shortest
,
tales
,
per cent
( we of
,
“
,
In
of
.
or
z
-
shortest
in
Achievement scores into standard
arranged the entire body
we
raw
n
the
transform
scores
their own words
length and classified them
order
20
tales
necessary
in
scores
the
proved
to
of
n
It
.
of
n
in
scoring definitions
coded
Achievement
standard manner using
developed for analysis
individual protocols
was subsequently discovered that the
Achievement scores were
significantly correlated with the length
the tales
the sample
that
For
the
to
n
one
the
group
the
,
al
.
-
-
It
to
.
et
a
Z
-
a
a
of
been
by
.
by
n
obtained
scores
a
n
)
a
,
,
.p
.
”
,
so
of
z
-
,
in
tales
each fifth
converted one judge's
Achievement scores into
equate for length
normalized
scores
1958
482.
The effect was
short
story
low
Achievement score from
that for example
larger
higher
story might actually have
score
than
somewhat
very long story Child
pooled
Achievement raw score from
judges
although
interjudge
scores obtained
agreement
three different
was much lower than usual
was therefore decided
use here only the
by
in
or
by
of
of
,
by
,
,
by
,
be
as
a "
.
of
or
and
be
of
n
who
course scored the folk tales without knowing
they
high
from which culture
came
which ones might
low
our
development
measure
economic
What could possibly
used
measure
economic growth among
widely
such
different cultures some
which earned their living
fishing others
hunting others
agriculture and gathering and still
Achievement
by "
it
if
,
itself into economic growth
the
level translates
is
Achievement
"
of
. on
to
by
.
n
by
1
which
?
of
fora
to
available
of
combination
several methods Clearly the data were not
computing measures
income per capita even
were
equate different kinds
possible
economic wants
decide how
across cultures The measure finally decided
was dictated not only
practical but also
theoretical considerations The presumed mechanism
others
SOCIETIES IN THE MODERN WORLD
ACHIEVING
class . If the n Achievement level is high , there will pre .
people
be more
who behave like entrepreneurs , acting to produce
more than they can consume . It was decided , therefore , to read the
ethnographic account of a given culture and try to decide what percentage
of
adult males were engaged
time entrepreneurial activity
entrepreneurial
the An
.
”
full
“
in
as
was
the
ably
in
It
”
in
“
”
in
.
)
or
(
it
)
or
to
(
to
of
he
"
entrepreneur
someone who exercises some control over
defined
production and produces more than
means
can consume
order
exchange
sell
for individual
household
income
was
every
nearly
specify
necessary
most
household
full time because
at
as
.”
of
his
-
a
.
is
at
be
all
"
or is
,
,
;
a
so
preliterate societies engages
activity
some entrepreneurial
defined
general
they produce some
level
that
cash crop
On the other
hand few individuals
families would
found that got
their
entrepreneurial
raising
income from
activities since
least some food
very widespread Therefore
for subsistence
full time entrepreneur was
to
,
,
,
or
,
,
(
).
,
fisheries sheep raisers
,
of
(
)
a
,
for
be
or
75
)
,
or
use
,
do
.
In
as
(
,
houses
of
per cent
defined
someone who received
more
income from
entrepreneurial
practice such people turned out
activities
traders who
not produce but acquire for resale
rental rather than
independent artisans
subsistence
shoemakers smiths carpenters
production rather than
and the like
when they control the means
wage
e.g. innkeepers export
when they work
and firm operators
of
the
of
be
the
In
.
as
of
n
to
in
at
in
way
the
of
technology and for the
also rated for their level
percentage
which property was owned
same time that
adult males
full time entrepreneurial activity was being estimated.2
Technology was thought
possible importance because individuals
with higher
Achievement might adopt improved techniques more quickly
attaining their ends
and more extensively
more efficient means
The cultures were
be
so
,
If
.
as
with higher
capital equipment
all
”
associated
“
be
Achievement should
Roughly three levels
lowest level were such
of
the .
At
a
,
at
primitive level higher
technological development
n
as
n
to
of
by
an
as
technological civilization might even
the broadest sense
rise
people with high
produce more than
seen
effort
Achievement
they could consume
efficiently and economically
possible
even
in
as .
for
,
if
,
,
,
,
to
-
a
low
,
in
by
the
.
of
its ,
)
(
in
50
per
.
as
at
,
,
engines
of
what per cent
of
boats
,
,
motor
of or
attempt was made
using equip
estimate
the tribal income was derived
Koryak
ment
each
the three levels Thus for example
tribe
deriving
Siberia was estimated
cent
income from
level
technological equipment
hunting
trapping
implements
used
and
and
tractors
any kind
An
at
,
,
as
.
were distinguished
items present
digging sticks baskets traps knives etc. The medium level
cultures
production
included fishing boats cattle and land
owned and worked
And
the highest level were such relatively modern mechanical items
)
.
,
in
(
at
to
or
,
of
-
50
per cent from
fishing etc.
medium
level equipment
boats used
proportion
equipment
Furthermore
the
the
each level which was
individually
community
owned
owned was estimated
determine
THE ACHIEVING
66
SOCIETY
.
in
has
whether or not individual ownership was more common in societies
with high n Achievement levels . The issue of theoretical interest here is
whether high n Achievement is more common where the institution of
often been maintained
private property is more highly developed, as
the arguments over capitalism versus socialism among modern nations
in
OF
ENTREPRENEURS
,
-
"
FULL TIME
OF
PERCENTAGES
.
which information
OF
"
ESTIMATES
3.1
on
tribes
OF
the
ON
TABLE
are summarized
Table
was available Several method
data obtained from these various estimates
45
3.1
The
for
INCOME
--
.269
.255
.229
50
50
80
95
Venda
.228
75
100
Azande
Cuna
Koryak
Arapaho
.209
.207
.189
.187
10
20
30
100
50
50
100
100
75
75
100
Chuckhee
lfaluk
Woleans)
Aranda
Araucanians
.156
40
30
80
Mbundu
Muria
Navaho
.126
.115
.067
-.097
.108
-.111
-.119
-.173
Chagga
-.182
N
%
%
%
-
-
10
50
50
100
100
80
100
100
100
61
67
50
75
50
-.227
-.257
40
5
100
92
-.258
--
100
100
la
100
100
75
Chenchu
Thonga
Nauruans
Basuto
-.300
-.315
-.414
.448
0 5 0
10
Kaska
Ashanti
Chiricahua
Apache
100
50
50
25
100
75
100
100
,
an
,
25
1958
High
Low
Achievementn Achievement
cultures
cultures
74
35
,
p
<
=
,
%
x
?
.
5.97
.02
,
,
.
%
.
at
in
-
at
of
45
50
NS
NS
noted that
contains
the
be
it
it
,
,
.
in
order First
should
fairly representative although
comments
cultures
are
ological
of
58
48
not significantstatistically
is
NS
=
of
of of
50
%
Percentage cultureswith leastsomefull timeentrepreneurs
Percentage cultures above median
technology i.e. with not
technology low level
more than
Percentage cultureswith 100 individual ownership
,
%
n
to
-
z
-
34
50
90
75
Mean scores
folk tales Veroff'sscores from Child
Information insufficient make
estimate.
** *
.
Western
Apache
Lepcha
Arapesh
Tenetehara
Klamath
100
23
)
0
0 5
-.022
-.028
-.042
90
100
100
en
50
Paiute
Tukuna
Kikuyu
100
(
N
=
5
0
0
100
.018
-.005
(
V
)
= .
22
)
for
12
0
.133
.129
.128
(
100
0
40
0 0 5 0
.273
100
90
96
100
70
0 0
Winnebago
Jicarilla
Apache
Wichita
Crow
Teton
Dakota
Baiga
100
80
33
100
70
0
20
10
.055
.046
.043
.034
.023
oooo0
.326
Marquesan
Pukan
Ojibway
Ainu
Kurtachi
indi
vidual
owner
ship
full time low level
tech
entrepreneurs nology
0
Masai
16
Below
median
Ach
in
n
-
75
Comanche
Yoruba
Papago
5
100
20
100
100
55
0
50
10
50
50
50
50
20
.857
.687
.612
.473
.369
Culture
0
%
%
indi
vidual
owner
ship
et
al
.,
(
in
Ach
.
*
*
Mandan
Aleut
full time low level
tech
entre
preneurs nology
-
Above
median
Culture
%
-
IS
IN
-
-
,
BASED
Low LEVEL TECHNOLOGY AND
INCOME
PRODUCING
PROPERTY WHICH
INDIVIDUALLY OWNED AMONG PRELITERATE CULTURES VARYING
ACHIEVE
MENT IN FOLK TALES
more
sample
North
ACHIEVING SOCIETIES IN THE MODERN WORLD
are
67
10
,
,
It
.
.
the estimates
was
income produced
capital equipment Percentage
various levels
low level technology
presented
since the distinction
the most reliable estimate
the table
between medium- and high level equipment was harder
make Yet even
very crude guess
the former represents
was often difficult
,
-
or to
it
for as
,
a
.
to
is
,
.
of
the
-
,
in
as
of
estimate
of
the proportion
by
particularly difficult
said about the unreliability
of
great deal should
to be
a
40
,
15
the
American tribes than it ideally should . In round numbers 20 per cent
per cent each from Asia and
per
from
Africa
South Pacific
per
Secondly
cent from South America and
cent from North America
a
are
'
“
the
the
to
,
.”
of
are
the of “
,
be
it
or
to
of
how
but then the problem arose
community
before
became the
.
”
“
to
at
in
the
or
it
cases
as
culture
household
household have
the tribes
the table
various stages
acculturation
ethnographic descriptions refer
traditional
was more
less before contact with more advanced civiliza
,
some
family
a
of
extended did
Finally many
a
property
,
,
.
”
It of
the
of
of
“
off ,
a
to
.
of
a
-
medium
In
of
particular kind
trap
example
whether
was
lowequipment The ownership estimates
level piece
also very
difficulty
rough
deciding where
because
individual
began
left
and the community
seemed unwise
hold too rigidly
criterion
individual ownership
since frequently items were
decide
no at
to
.
of
a
.
In
other cases the description refers
more recent times after the
tribe had had
lot
such contact The folk tales were also collected
tions
of
is
so
,
.
a
,
it
significant
a
in
data
relationship
folk tales and presence
culture Fortunately
.
-
absence
proved
or
n
exists between
Achievement level
full time entrepreneurial activity
of
the
flaws
of the
to
obvious
in
these
in
Despite
in
all
to
n
of
of
or
stages
time periods
acculturation
that there
that the measure
Achievement and the ratings
entret
preneurial activity refer
period
history
the same
culture's
different
assurance
it
-
.
be
which are likely
to
.
is
to
do
<
(p
) to
are
is
the
.
by
of
n
a
in
,
the
-
n
.
to
the
tell
of
the
the
-q
at
of
,
half
of
them
into each
these two categories
tribes above
median
Achievement
have
least some full time entrepreneurs
whereas only
third
the
judged
tribes with
Achievement below
median
have some
highly significant
entrepreneurs The difference
not
.02
and
likely
Although
have arisen
chance
these bare figures
not begin
have none
About three
roughly
uarters
fell
for
-
to
to
in
3.1
,
to
use the actual estimates
of
percentages
full time entre
very unreliable Instead
Table
was enough
divide the cultures more simply and reliably into those
estimated
have some full time entrepreneurs versus those estimated
unnecessary
preneurs
say
the
.
!
'
”
“
,
the
, of
‘
in
in in
athletic games
who could shoot
the
see
intensely interested
their favorite games was
to
of
,
insatiable gamblers
to
n
in
.
of It
go
84
)
.p
,
n
(
,
fit
to
the
of
is
,
story
differences between the tribes high and low
Achieve
place
ment this
not
into greater detail
will suffice
that
ethnographic descriptions
the findings usually
cultures pretty well
speaking
For example White 1959
Mandans
tribe
with the highest
Achievement
our sample
states that they
were
and that one
most arrows into
THE ACHIEVING
typical
(
by
so
are
of
activity
the
SOCIETY
for people
scale
the
are
).
at
.
n
Nearly
Achievement
the other end
vividly described
Arapesh
1935
Mead
,
gentle
ground
the
—
a
hit
before the first one
”
“
the
high
in air
68
a
are
.
n
in are
In
the
.
-
In
in
—
n
the in
of
of
a
in
,
to
only two really outstanding exceptions
the relationship
Ashanti and the Basuto both rated high
entrepreneurial activity
but very low
Achievement folk tale content
both cases
careful
rereading
difficulty very probably lies
folk tales suggests that
defect
the scoring system for
Achievement
both cultures
There
the
,
;
,
or
,
.
(
in
.
his
by
,
he
of
see
a
to is
"
)
.
the
“
a
,
is
to
he
,
a
stories about
particularly common
trickster hero
told They
among the Ashanti who explain
great detail how Ananse
the spider
able
outwit anyone
meets
Herskovits and Herskovits 1937
story
Typical
Rattray
which elephant and Ananse have
1930.
the
butting competition
which one can stand the blows
other
best The elephant tries butting Ananse first but
manages
in
to
is
it
,
a
.
of
to
to
,
as
is
as
.
to
get other large animals
place
withstanding
various ruses
take
the blows from the elephant All these large animals are killed but Ananse
just
lively
ever much
the surprise
the elephant Then
the elephant's turn
withstand blows from Ananse who gets
steel
.
,
n
be
to
,
In
,
to
in
of
involved
various types
make judgments about such
other cultures were concerned
errors
being
But
Achievement
,
as
not
the
be
motives
wiser
It
.
motives
might easily
.
he
be
about
was considered
particularly insofar
,
the
n
definition for
complicated inferences
is
or
in
affect stated
the story indicating that Ananse wants
happy when
does
other words the scoring
excessively literal
Achievement must
avoid making
beat the elephant
activities
it
no
is
there
because
to
,
a
at
it
wedge and gradually drives
into the elephant's head killing him The
story clearly involves competition and much instrumental activity aimed
competition yet
winning
scored for
Achievement
would not
since
so
in
or
if
of
a
is
it
the
of
,
of
n
in
.
is
of
are
,
in
n
likely
appears
it
.
made
of
from
bias
our own culture
that the Ashanti appear lower
than they really
because they avoid making statements
affect
argument
fact that
course post hoc but
desire
The
Achievement were defined
terms
the variety and quality
instru
literal
,
(
of
.
,
are be
be
is in
,
3.1
.
so
in
be
to
,
to
mental activity adopted
reach success
Ashanti would score very
high indeed
they
may
great
exception that they appear
that
not
the
point
Table
The main
however should not
lost sight
Despite such probable errors
undoubtedly
measurement and there
of
of
a
..
are
are
the
,
if
n
of
a
of
in
)
,
n
significantly associated with presence
others
Achievement level
preliterate tribes
entrepreneurial activities
miscellaneous sample
representing
wide variety
economic and social systems
technology and
Level
Achievement levels
not significantly
omitted
the Ashanti and Basuto
but interestingly enough
associated
a
for
an
is
.32
.
of
n
a
to
.22
of
,
insignificant
from the calculations
rank order correlation goes from
value
near significant value
There
some ground
believing that the tribes with higher
Achievement may have adopted
SOCIETIES IN THE MODERN WORLD
no
evidence
was crudely
of
as
it
,
to
n
,
of
of
in
is
,
is
of technology . On
other hand there
type
ownership
property
whatsoever that
least
any way related
measured here
Achievement
level
at
higher
69
the
ACHIEVING
levels
the
on
.
various tribes
to
n
do or
)
or
,
to
,
.
a
,
CULTURES CLASSIFIED
TALE CONTENT
-
ON THE BASIS OF FOLK
)
is
in
which occupation
dominant
important from Murdock
Low
Achievement
cultures
62
64
24
59
43
27
33
45
64
48
82
?
Religious experts
22
)
=
N
p
.05
.05
,
or
(
for
or
as
on
,
Sacred
food other
tubers
for
=
23
on
N
9
).
religious
or fall
,
of
n
in
or
forms
a
of
.
or
,
,
more difficult
,
if
all
.
engage
form
the
rice maize and
hunting
like fishing
in
)
or
,
or
in
as
other way
easier
getting food than planting
getting
like
one's food
some
Achievement
Thus tribes with higher
gaining subsistence
which require
lower level
is
viewed
and cultivating
at
in
pick tree fruits more frequently
tubers
Achievement than those that raise cereal grains
agriculture
gathering
The finding makes sense
n or
dig
not engage
an
do
roots
the mean
(
gather
below
Chapter
.
n
in
the Divine
see
experts rather than themselves
approaching
the high
Achievement group here
(
to
by
An
?
.
,
on
)
or
of
by
.
=
A
1
not significant statistically
rough index consisting
relying
those cultures classified
Murdock
gathering rather than raising cereal grains e.g.
digging roots
than meat
picking tree fruits
rating the extent
index obtained
which individuals are dependent
<
21
)
(
5.61
NS
NS
NS
p
Hunting and gathering
NS
5.52
<
)
Animal husbandry
Fishing
=
(
N
n
,
etc.
Significance
level
n
Achievement
cultures
71
(
or
High
PRELITERATE
AS
”
AMONG
ACHIEVEMENT
Per cent
,
is
a
to
OCCUPATIONS
n
IN OF
“
in
3.2
TYPES
HIGH AND LOW
NS
3.2
.
by
(
,
is
of of
of
n
A
"
be
in to
TABLE
Agriculture
Gathering
of
further light
the relationship
Achievement
various
important
economic activity
shed
Table
Dominant
gaining subsistence agriculture hunting
fishing
forms
not appear
significantly related
Achievement level but there
distinction
type
agriculture that makes
difference According
Murdock's
classification
his World Ethnographic Sample
those tribes which
little
types
n
,
study
included here
the
to
is
another
but
it
9,
Chapter
from
of
.
it
of
!
3.2
comes
in
is the
it
in
Table
cultures explained more fully
line
in
The final
at
in
a
of
higher standard
achievement Roughly speaking
Achievement does
type
not make
difference
economic activity but perhaps
does
the level
which
carried out
same
show
70
THE ACHIEVING
something . One
to excellence in
sphere
But this
The tribes with
.
at
in
to
in
of
all
that tribes with low
.
n Achievement may also excel in
theoretical possibility is that high n Achievement leads
activity and not just
forms
the economic
deduction does not seem
hold
least one instance
SOCIETY
a
of
to
or
n
If
Achievement
may
be
.
,
low
a
a
,
of
-
n
a
of
despite
in is
significantly
culture
to
variable
of
collection
such cross cultural data they
society
that the
Achievement level
entrepreneurial economic activity
related
confirm
in
Despite many flaws
the hypothesis
the
.
,
associated
n
with entrepreneurial activity
with priestly traditionalistic activity
associated
is
ment
n
in
is
of
.
So
it
,
,
n
in
Achievement more frequently insist that individuals can come
touch with the Divine or_the sacred only through the mediation
specially designated priest or_religious expert
seems safe
assume
religious expert
that the occupation
more important
more highly
developed
high
those tribes that have low
Achievement
Achieve
low
,
-
,
,
a
to
be
,
It
the
as
more general
which came
in to
a
of
is
no
a
special instance
much
there
evidence
course
,
of
date
the
.
the
To
be
may
capitalism
phenomenon
,
rise
of
of
.
in
n
to of
n
are
.
,
in
,
in
of
and
,
,
wide variations
social structure
climate means
technological development The data also hint
level
adopt more efficient
that tribes with high
Achievement
readier
earning
living while the
but also more complex and difficult means
appear
tribes with lower
Achievement
more tradition bound
particularly
the religious sphere
does
indeed seem possible that
Weber's observation
the connection between Protestantism and the
subsistence
of
.
n
to
us
.
in
let
Toat
or
of
in
is
n
;
,
change
type
first
economic activity
level
any
certainty
Achievement
nor
there
that the relationship found
such primitive levels will persist among modern complex nations
pursue these questions
Achievement levels
turn our attention
society
modern
the
United
a
great modern nation like
the survey organization existed which
assessed
in
level
be
Achievement
,
it
of
in
of
)
(
2
a
to
it
the
.
-
to
the
to
?
to
:
be
if
States
Even
random samples
individuals
these nations
would
necessary
motivation level some time
obtain
measure
still
ago before recent economic growth and
determine whether the
tests meant
same thing
individuals with very different cultural
backgrounds and attitudes toward test taking For these reasons
was
could give tests
(
1
)
Russia
can
or
How
n
to
Using Children's Stories
Assess Motivation Levels
among Contemporary Nations
.
,
of
n
to
try assessing
imagina
therefore decided
Achievement levels from
tive productions
modern nations extending the method used successfully
with primitive cultures
contemporary society where
folk tales
has almost died out The nearest equivalent appeared
to
in
corresponds
?
what
to
But
the oral tradition