Uploaded by Polina Malysheva

Semantic analysis

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There was a real sense of feeling bad that we had, in some collective way, let down
Miss Emily, but try as we might, we couldn't really follow these lectures. It was partly
her language. 'Unworthy of privilege' and 'misuse of opportunity': these were two
regular phrases Ruth and I came up with when we were reminiscing in her room at
the centre in Dover. Her general drift was clear enough: we were all very special,
being Hailsham students, and so it was all the more disappointing when we behaved
badly. Beyond that, though, things became a fog. Sometimes she'd be going on very
intensely then come to a sudden stop with something like: 'What is it? What is it?
What can it be that thwarts us?' Then she'd stand there, eyes closed, a frown on her
face like she was trying to puzzle out the answer. And although we felt bewildered
and awkward, we'd sit there willing her on to make whatever discovery was needed
in her head. She might then resume with a gentle sigh - the signal that we were going
to be forgiven - or just as easily explode out of her silence with: 'But I will not be
coerced! Oh no! And neither will Hailsham!'
In this extract you need to find and analyse examples of the following:

Contextual meaning (2-3 examples)
Drift: The main definition is “to move slowly, especially as a result of outside forces,
with no control over direction” (Cambridge Dictionary) but in the sentence above,
such a meaning does not make sense  the context dictates the following meaning:
the general meaning or message of something said or written (Cambridge
Dictionary).
Fog: The main definition is “a weather condition in which very small drops of water
come together to form a thick cloud close to the land or sea, making it difficult to
see” (Cambridge Dictionary). In this context, we are not talking about nature or
weather conditions, but about a person and her behavior  therefore the word "fog"
in this case takes on the meaning of “a confused or uncertain state, usually mentally
or emotionally” (Cambridge Dictionary)
Explode: The main definition is “If something such as a bomb explodes, it bursts (=
breaks suddenly from inside) with noise and force, and if you explode it, you make
it burst with noise and force” (Cambridge Dictionary), there is no bomb or something
like this in the text so we should not understand the meaning literally  in this
sentence, the word “explode” has rather the following meaning: “to suddenly start
shouting because you are very angry” (Cambridge Dictionary)

Denotational meaning (1 example)
Eye - one of the two organs in your face, which you use to see with (Cambridge
dictionary). Closed eyes literally mean that two organs on her face are closed so as
not to see anything. The connotative meaning is completely absent

Connotational meaning (2 examples)
Reminisce - to talk about pleasant things that happened in the past (Cambridge
Dictionary). The word has a positive connotation: despite everything that
happened, students warmly remember the years of study.
Unworthy - not deserving respect, admiration, or support (Cambridge Dictionary).
The word has a negative connotation. Тhis word conveys the speaker's frustration,
his dismissive attitude towards the object of speech.

Stylistic reference (1 example)
Thwart (formal) - to prevent someone from doing something that they want to do
(Macmillan Dictionary). There is a stylistic litter in the dictionary entry.

Examples of change in meaning (at least 3 examples)
Lecture - a formal talk on a serious subject given to a group of people, especially
students (Cambridge Dictionary).
c. 1300, "written works, literature"  late 14 c. "learning from books"  early
15c "a reading aloud, action of reading aloud"  1530s "a discourse on a given
subject before an audience for purposes of instruction" (Online Etymology
Dictionary)
Resume - If an activity resumes, or if you resume it, it starts again after a pause
(Cambridge Dictionary).
c. 1400, resumen, "repossess, resume possession" (of goods, money, etc.)  early
15c., "regain, take back, take to oneself anew" (courage, strength, hope, etc.) 
mid-15c. as "recommence, continue (a practice, custom, occupation, etc.), begin
again after interruption" also "begin again"  1802 the intransitive sense of
"proceed after interruption" (Online Etymology Dictionary)
Signal - an action, movement, or sound that gives information, a message, a warning,
or an order (Cambridge Dictionary).
late 14c., "visible sign, indication" (a sense now obsolete), also "a supernatural act
of God; a device on a banner"  from Old French signal, seignal "seal, imprint,
sign, mark"  from Late Latin signalis (adj.) "used as a signal, pertaining to a sign"
 from Latin signum "identifying mark, sign"  1590s the restricted sense of
"conventional or agreed-upon sign" (Online Etymology Dictionary)

Perform a componential analysis of any word of your choosing
Noun Countable Animated Body Organ Usually Used Contains
part
double to
organs
see
Head +
+
+
+
Eye
+
+
-
-
+
+
+
-
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