Lesson Plan in Earth and Life Science San Guillermo National High School Leyte Division Date: Grade 11-Dosinia/Conch (1:00-2:00) I. OBJECTIVE At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to: State the different hypotheses explaining the origin of the universe. (S11/12ES-Ia-e-1) II. SUBJECT MATTER A. Topic: Theories on the Origin of the Universe B. References: Curriculum guide (page 1 of 12) K to 12 Physical Science Teacher’s Guide Exploring Life Through Science Senior High School Earth Science (pages 2-8) C. Materials: Laptop, chalkboard, projector D. Values Integration: Rationality— able to form judgements from data gathered and to think logically. III. PROCEDURE A. Elicit Have the students a quick review about the composition of the universe using the concept map below. B. Engage The age of the observable universe is about 13.8 billion years. Imagine counting up to 13.8 billion using one second for each year. It will take you about 437.6 years to finish it. The Solar System, which Earth is a part of, is relatively younger at about 4.54 billion years. The skeleton of Lucy, the first and famous early human ancestor was dated 3.2 million years old. If you are going to represent the history of the universe in one calendar year with the big bag taking place at midnight of January 1, what day did Earth form? What day did Lucy live? At what day and time were the first humans born? C. Explore The students will create a model of expanding universe using the following steps: a 1. In this activity, you are going to create a model of the expanding Universe. You will need one balloon, a flexible metric ruler and a paper strip for conducting measurements, copy of this page, and a marker. 2. Use the markers to make 10 - 15 dots on the balloon and number 10 of them after the balloon is partially inflated. 3. Inflate balloon with 4 medium breaths to about the size of your fist; do not over inflate the balloon! 4. Bend the end of the balloon down and paper clip it so that no air escapes. 5. Record below what happens to the dots. Be very specific - use complete sentences. 6. Measure and record the distance between dot number one (your "home" dot) and neighboring dots with the METRIC RULERS. Be careful not to indent the balloon by pressing on it. and 7. Now measure and record the distance between dot number one (your "home" dot) the other 10 dots with the paper strip. Note any differences in the two measuring techniques. 8. Double the size of the balloon by inflating it slowly; do not over inflate the balloon! Measure and record the data from the enlarged balloon using both tools. D. Explain Origin of the Universe Non-scientific Thought Book of Genesis From the Hindu text Rigveda Greek philosophers: Anaxagoras – believed in primordial universe and explained that the original state of the cosmos was a primordial mixture of all its ingredients which existed in infinitesimally small fragments of themselves Leucippus and Democritus – believed in atomic universe Aristotle and Ptolemy – geocentric universe where Earth stayed motionless in the heavens and everything is revolving round it Modern Theories on the Origin of the Universe Big Bang Theory Describes the universe as expanding and originated in an infinitely dense point around 14 billion years ago. According to the theory, matter was not present at the beginning of time; there was only pure energy compressed in a single point called singularity. The fundamental statement of the big bang theory is attributed to Belgian Roman catholic priest Edouard Lemaitre in 1927. It was later supported by Edwin Hubble’s demonstration of the continuously expanding universe through his observation of galactic redshifts in 1929 and the discovery of the cosmic microwave background radiation by Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson in 1965. Oscillating Universe Albert Einstein’s favored model after rejecting his own original model. The oscillating universe followed the general theory of relativity equations of the universe with positive curvature. This curvature results in the expansion of the universe for a time, and then to its contraction due to the pull of its gravity in a perpetual cycle of big bang and big crunch. Steady State Theory Proposed by astronomers Fred Hoyle, Thomas Gold, and Hermann Bondi. The steady state theory predicted a universe that expanded but did not change its density – matter was inserted into the universe as it expanded in order to maintain a constant density. Inflationary Universe American physicist Alan Guth proposed a model of the universe based on the big bang theory. He incorporated a short early period of exponential cosmic inflation in order to solve the uncertainties of the standard big bang model, such as horizon and flatness problems. This became known as the inflationary model. Multiverse Russian-American physicist Andrei Linde developed the concept of inflationary universe from his chaotic inflation theory in 1983. This theory sees the universe as just one of many “bubbles” that grew as a part of a multiverse. E. Elaborate Using the graph posted on the board, have students explore the various axes and look for clues to what the graph might mean. In particular, the horizontal axis is distance from our galaxy, the Milky Way, to other galaxies. The vertical axis is recessional velocity. Note how there is a clear proportionality between distance and recessional velocity. This proportionality is known as the Hubble Law. The slope of this line, with dimensions of velocity over distance, is called the Hubble Constant. The inverse of the Hubble Constant then has the dimension of time and can be taken as an estimate of the age of the Universe. F. Evaluate Encircle the letter of the best answer. 1. The first person to establish a geocentric universe in which a fixed, spherical Earth is at the center surrounded by concentric celestial spheres of planets and stars. a. Anaxagoras b. Aristarchus c. Aristotle d. Ptolemy 2. The phenomenon observed by Edwin Hubble which was used to explain the expansion of the universe. a. Photons b. Redshift c. Gravitational pull d. Conservation of momentum 3. The Belgian priest to whom the big bang theory is attributed. a. Edwin Hubble b. Albert Einstein c. George Lemaitre d. Nicolas Copernicus 4. According to the big bang theory, there was only a pure energy compressed in a single point called _______________. a. Expansion point b. Universal point c. Singularity d. Regularity 5. A model of the universe by Alan Guth was based on the ______________. a. Oscillating universe b. Steady state theory c. Inflationary universe d. Multiverse G. Extend Ask the learners to submit a brief report on the following topic/questions: Prepared by: What is the fate of the universe? Will the universe continue to expand or will it eventually contract because of gravity? JESSA A. LORETO Teacher I Checked by: RONALD E. MACEDA School Head