Приложение Irregular Verbs Infinitive be bear beat become begin bite blow break bring build burn burst buy can catch choose come cost cut deal dig do draw dream drink drive eat fall feed feel fight find fly forbid forget forgive freeze get give go grow hang Past Simple Past Participle was/were bore beat became began bit blew broke brought built burnt (burned) burst bought could caught chose came cost cut dealt dug did drew dreamt (dreamed) drank drove ate fell fed felt fought found flew forbade forgot forgave froze got gave went grew hung (hanged) been born(e) beaten become begun bitten blown broken brought built burnt (burned) burst bought – caught chosen come cost cut dealt dug done drawn dreamt (dreamed) drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt fought found flown forbidden forgotten forgiven frozen got given gone grown hung (hanged) Infinitive let lie light lose make mean meet put read ride ring rise run say see seek sell send set sew shake shine shoot show shut sing sit sleep smell speak spell spend spill split spoil spread spring stand steal stick sting strike Past Simple let lay lit lost made meant met put read rode rang rose ran said saw sought sold sent set sewed shook shone shot showed shut sang sat slept smelt (smelled) spoke spelt (spelled) spent spilt split spoilt (spoiled) spread sprang stood stole stuck stung struck Past Participle let lain lit lost made meant met put read ridden rung risen run said seen sought sold sent set sewn shaken shone shot shown shut sung sat slept smelt (smelled) spoken spelt (spelled) spent spilt split spoilt (spoiled) spread sprung stood stolen stuck stung struck 1 Продолжение Infinitive Past Simple had heard hid hit held hurt kept knew laid led learnt (learned) left lent have hear hide hit hold hurt keep know lay lead learn leave lend Past Participle had heard hidden hit held hurt kept known laid led learnt (learned) left lent Infinitive swear sweep swim take teach tear tell think throw understand wake wear win write Past Simple Past Participle sworn swept swum taken taught torn told thought thrown understood woken worn won written swore swept swam took taught tore told thought threw understood woke wore won wrote The English Alphabet [e] [b] [s] [d] [] [ef] [] Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg [e] [a] [e] [ke] [el] [em] [en] Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn [əυ] [p] [kj] [ ] [es] [t] [j] Oo Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu [v] [ d blj] [eks] [wa] [zed] Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz В английском языке 26 букв. При этом гласных букв, можно сказать, 5,5: a, e, i, o, u, y. Половина — это буква y, которую называют полугласной. Например, в слове try она читается как гласный звук [a] или в rhythm — как гласный звук [], а вот в слове yesterday как согласный звук [j]. И вот эти 5,5 гласных букв могут давать 20 гласных звуков! Что это означает? Это означает, что с чтением гласных могут возникать проблемы, потому что эти 5,5 гласных букв будут в различном положении, в сочетании с различными буквами читаться по-разному. Посмотрим, как они будут читаться под ударением. 2 Чтение гласных букв под ударением В английских словах выделяют 4 типа слога. I тип слога — открытый слог Этот слог заканчивается на гласную. В открытом слоге гласные читаются так, как они называются в алфавите. Обратите внимание! Буква е на конце слов, как правило, не читается, поэтому её называют немая е. a [e] e [] fa-me la-ke ra-te sha-me ga-te be he she we Ste-ve 1 i [a] hi fi-ne dri-ve wi-fe ri-de o [əυ] no go do-me no-te sto-ve u [j] du-ke mu-le fu-me hu-ge cu-te y [wa] try fry my ty-pe sty-le а) Read the words in the table above. b) Copy the table in your copybook and add words read by this rule from your textbook. II тип слога — закрытый слог Это слог, который заканчивается на согласную. Гласные буквы в закрытом ударном слоге читаются так: a e i o u y [] [e] [] [ɒ] [ ] [] man men lit top cup gym sad bed bin stop cuff myth ban Ben tip dot blunt rythm span pen split hot nut tan ten fist pot plump 2 a) Read the words in the table above. b) Copy the table in your copybook and add words read by this from your textbook. Обратите внимание, что широта звука в английском языке имеет принципиальное значение. Как бы широко мы ни произносили звук [э] в русском языке, смысл слова от этого не поменяется. А в английском? Произнесём широко и открыто bad [bd], получится плохой. Сделаем звук более закрытым bed [bed], получится кровать. 3 3 Read the words below with sounds [ ] and [e]. [] широкий открытый звук [e] закрытый звук bad (плохой) bed (кровать) man (человек, мужчина) men (люди, мужчины) tan (загар) ten (десять) fan (веер, болельщик) fen (болото) bat (летучая мышь) bet (пари, ставка) pan (кастрюля, сковорода) pen (ручка) sand (песок) send (отправлять) bag (сумка) beg (умолять) pack (упаковывать) peck (клевать) band (группа) bend (нагнуться) III тип слога (гласная + r (на конце слова) или гласная + r + согласная) Rr после гласных не читается, но она меняет звучание гласных (они читаются не так, как в I и II типах слогов). ar [ ] or [] er ir ur yr [] scar corn nerve bird curve myrtle smart north herb girl burn myrrh march horn merge dirt turn darts port term stir nurse bark sort serve sir murk 4 Read the words in the table above. Обратите внимание, что долгота (длительность) гласных звуков в английском языке имеет принципиальное значение. Как бы долго мы ни тянули гласные звуки в русском языке, смысл слова от этого не поменяется. А в английском? Произнесём с долгим звуком [d k], получится dark — тёмный. Произнесём с кратким звуком [d k], получится duck — утка. 5 4 Read the words below with long and short sounds. [ ] долгий звук dark (тёмный) smart (сообразительный) cart (тележка) calm (спокойный) [ ] краткий звук duck (утка) smut (сажа) cut (резать) come (приходить) [] долгий звук sport (спорт) short (короткий) port (порт) [ɒ] краткий звук spot (место) shot (выстрел) pot (горшок) [] долгий звук pool (пруд) fool (глупец) [υ] краткий звук pull (тянуть) full (полный) [] долгий звук sheep (овца) meal (еда, трапеза) steal (красть) bean (боб) heal (исцелять) beat (бить) heat (жара) bead (бусинка) seal (тюлень) deal (сделка) seat (сиденье) lead (вести) least (наименьший) feast (праздник) reach (достигнуть) eat (есть) [] краткий звук ship (корабль) mill (мельница) still (по-прежнему) bin (мусорное ведро) hill (холм) bit (кусочек) hit (ударить) bid (заявка) sill (порог) dill (укроп) sit (сидеть) lid (крышка) list (список) fist (кулак) rich (богатый) it (он, она, оно) IV тип слога (гласная + r + гласная) a [eə] share care rare dare bare 6 e [ə] here mere sphere where there o [] more store bore wore tore u [jυə] i [aə] lure cure pure matúre endúre fire hire shire empire admire y [aə] tyre byre lyre Read the words above. Давайте вспомним, что в английском языке есть и согласные буквы, которые в разном положении будут читаться по-разному. Например, c и g. Cc читается [s] перед тремя гласными, которые могут давать звук []. Cc [s] e cent, centre, ice, nice, lace, face i city, cinema, Cinderella, circle, circus y cycle, cypress, Cyprus, bicycle Cc [k] перед всеми остальными буквами (cap, cost, cup, clean, cry) 5 Gg может читаться [] перед e, i и y (но есть исключения). Gg [] e general, generous, generation, genetic, gentle i giraffe, giant, gin, gist y gym, gymnasium, gymnastics (Исключения: get, gift, give, girl …) Gg [g] перед всеми остальными буквами (gap, go, gun, grey, globe) 7 Read the following words. Centre, cry, clean, nice, face, case, cinema, bicycle, come, rice, lace, cent, mice, accent, account, accept, accident, success, concert, concept, scene, place, price, page, cage, giraffe, gene, green, glad, gym, great, good, ginger, pigeon, region, stage, range, giant, geography, geology, genetics, gentleman, get, give, gift, girl. Grammar Exercises 1 Write the -ing form of the verbs in the correct column: rebel, star, split, stare, deny, enter, drip, provide, disapprove, reach, tie, travel, bite, stay, fail, die, spin, amuse, foresee, admire, lie, cancel, stir, begin, throw, revise, open, hit, forgive, tip, tidy, suppose, forbid. + -ing e + -ing double consonant + -ing double l + -ing ie y + -ing 2 6 а) Write the following time expressions in the correct column: since 7 am, rarely, on Wednesdays, this month, at the moment, for two weeks, on weekdays, in the morning, all night, in autumn, next Thursday, since 2005, these days, at weekends, tonight, all day tomorrow, for five minutes, now, since last Saturday, occasionally, hardly ever, at present, for seven years. Present Simple Present Continuous Present Perfect Continuous b) Using the time expressions above or your own ideas, write three questions in the Present Simple, three questions in the Present Continuous and three questions in the Present Perfect Continuous. c) In pairs ask each other these questions, write the answers and tell your group. Questions What time do you usually get up on weekdays? Answers at a quarter past 7 1. ? 2. ? 3. ? 4. ? 5. ? 6. ? 7. ? 8. ? 9. ? 1. (name) usually gets up at a quarter past 7 on weekdays. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 7 3 Write questions and answers, as in the example. be/to Oslo? — two years ago — with my family A: Have you ever been to Oslo? B: Yes, I have. A: When did you go to Oslo? B: I went there two years ago. A: Who did you go with? B: I went there with my family. 1. be/to the Kremlin? — last month — with my class A: B: A: B: A: B: 2. be/on a boat trip? — last summer — with my parents A: B: A: B: A: B: 4 Put the adjectives in the correct position. a silk/long/violet/beautiful/scarf 1. a woolen/new/black/skirt 2. a small/gold/antique/brooch 3. a pair of silk/French/purple/gloves 4. blue/gorgeous/big eyes 5. a wooden/rectangular/brown table 6. a china/white/small/cup 7. tomato/delicious/hot soup 8 a beautiful long violet silk scarf 8. a black/old/large/wardrobe 9. a woollen/new/nice/blue/sweater 5 a) Write the description of three things you have in your room. b) In pairs, read your descriptions to each other and try to guess what the objects are. If you can’t guess, read the description to your group to guess. 1. 2. 3. 6 Revision of irregular verbs. Add 7 verbs which have -i- in V1, -a- in V2 and -u- in V3. V1 Infinitive (Неопределённая форма) -i- V2 Past Simple (Прошедшее простое время) -a- V3 Past Participle (Страдательное причастие прошедшего времени) -u- 1. to begin (начинать) 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 7. 7 Revision of irregular verbs. Add 4 verbs which have -ought in V2 and V3 and 2 verbs which have -aught in V2 and V3. Write the translation of the verbs. 9 V1 Infinitive (Неопределённая форма) 1. to bring (приносить) V2 Past Simple (Прошедшее простое время) V3 Past Participle (Страдательное причастие прошедшего времени) -ought -ought brought brought -aught -aught 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 3. be/to the Polytechnic Museum — three days ago — with my brother A: B: A: B: A: B: 8 Translate the following sentences from English into Russian. He has been at school since half past eight. — Он в школе с половины девятого. 1. They have solved three tasks. 2. How long was he the headmaster of this school? 3. He has been ill since last Monday. 4. How long have you known each other? 5. We have lived in Moscow for ten years. 6. They have left for Novgorod. 7. How long did you study at that school? 8. How long have they had these bicycles? 10 9. Has she found her purse? 10. I haven’t seen her since Monday. 11. We have been here since Tuesday. 12. How long has he worked for this company? 13. Has he come back yet? 14. They lived in Paris for a year. 15. How long did he work at the local hospital? 9 Revision of irregular verbs. Add 5 verbs which have -o- in V2 and -o-en in V3. Write the translation of the verbs. V1 Infinitive (Неопределённая форма) V2 Past Simple (Прошедшее простое время) V3 Past Participle (Страдательное причастие прошедшего времени) -o- -o-en broke broken 1. to break (сломать) 2. 3. 4. 5. 10 Fill in must or can’t, as in the example. When we came back home, the light was on. We must have forgotten to switch it off. 1. He failed his exam yesterday. He have prepared well for it. 2. I can’t find my gloves anywhere. I have left them in the taxi. 3. Look! The fridge is full. Our parents 4. Henry is a very polite person. He have been to the shop. have said such rude words. 5. Now it’s 10 pm. He’s been working since 8 am. He 6. His marks are very bad. He 7. He 8. He 9. You be exhausted. be satisfied with his results. have read this book. He started reading it an hour ago. be at home now. He is usually at work at this time. have seen Dan at the party last Sunday. He was ill. 10. We’re waiting for him for 2 hours! He have overslept. 11
