majmu'at rasa^l
AL-IMAM AL-SHAHID
HASAN AL-BANNA'
CONTENT!?
Ml>SA(*r OY THE TEAC
HINGS
TODAY
BETWEEN YESTERDAY AND
OCR MISSION
MANK1M>
TO WHAT IX) WE SUMMON
5.
?
TOWARD THK LIGHT
i.
ON
«
3
JIllAl*
Uoswir? of Arabic
I
Terms
,
?
Message of the Teachings
Om
Part
Dear truthful brothers,
covenant arc ten; so grasp
the
basic
(heir
elements
of
our
meanings and memorize
(hem. They ate comprehension* devotion, action. (Jihad)
sacrifice, obedience,
therhood, and
«A>
perserverance,
trust.
By Comprehension I
tain that our cause
of Islam,
and
understand
it
resoluteness, bro-
is
mean
in full
lhat
you should be
cer-
agreement with the principles
you should understand Islam ah we
within ihe bounds of the following twenty
that
concise principles.
slain
h
of
spheres
a comprehensive .system which deals with all
life,
it
is
a
government and an umma). U
mercy and justice).
h a culture and
and a
slate
is
homeland
£or
a
morality and power (or
and
jurisprudence). U i* material and wealth (or gain and
prosperity). It is (Jihad) and a call (or army and a cause).
And finally, it is true belief and worship.
The
(Sunn
a)
glorious
a
law
Quran
(or
knowledge
and the purified
tradition
of the Prophet (peace be upon him) arc the refe-
rences oi every Mu&lirn lor the realization of the rules of
Islam.
The Quran can be understood according
to Lhe
principles of the Arabic language without affecial! cm or
J
controv-my. and
the Sunna
rence 10 the muitworih
can
be acquired
transmitters of Hadith
by
refe-
(collected
saying* of the Prophet).
3.
True
of Allah have
hearts
proper worship, and Jihad in the
belief,
and warmth
light
Allah casts in
thai
of whomever He chooses from among His
Way
the
ser-
and
visions
and
there-
fore should not be given Rny consideration except
when
vants.
Bat
inspirations, notions, revelations,
are not authentic references for Islamic Lav*
they
do not
conflict
,
with the authentic references, and
established principles of Islam.
^Talismans,
netelling,
incantations,
abrogation
geomancy, gnosis, fortu-
similar practices are all detested atrocities that
fought, except what
is
and
must be
of knowledge of the unseen,
mentioned
Ihc
in
Quran or
trans-
mitted to us as an authentic incantation of the Prophet
(peace be upon him).
The opinion of Imam or
his
deputy
matters which are of proven benefit
vided
I
hat
his
is
acceptable in
To the public,
opinion does not conflict
pro-
with any esta-
blished principle of Islam. In this regard. The opinion of
the
Imam is
preceding
allowed to marginally differ from similar
ruling.*
by virtue
of changing circumstances,
customs, and conventions of the society.
yfi. The opinion of everyone except the infallible
phet (peace be upon him),
fications.
All
is
liable to
Pro-
changes and modi-
rhar has reached us of the
opinions and
ratings of the righteous early Muslims
w acceptable to us
ihe
as long as it rs in agreement with the Quran and
Sunna. !n case of cE^agreemeflt. the Book of AUah and
the
practice
of our
of Hit Apontk are more deserving
adherence. However
,
we do not
those individuals who were
criticize
or attack any
in disagreement,
of
since we do
not know what their intention* were nor the drcumslances I hat necessitated tlieir decision.
level of
7- Every Muslim *"ho reaches the
understan-
jurisprudence
ding the aftmmcnif ot legal deduction and
encouraged to inmii&fiie ihe works of ihe four great
Imams of
or
hlaraic jurisprudence and see which
ilicrn
him most. With the help of the arguments of that
Imam And the proven opinions of trustworthy wof kers of
attracts
own age, he should be able 10 increase his knowledge
of Mamie Law and find the Isljimk solutions to the con*
temporary problems of his society, Those Muslims who
his
do so are advised to e*eit die necessary
efforts to acquire such a level of understanding.
are unable 10
Deferences
matters
opinion regarding secondary
should not be allowed to cause division, contention,
in
haired wiihin rhc ranks of ihe Muslims.
of
To every seeker
disagreement,
a reward. In cases of
of knowledge is»
however, there Is no harm in objective scientific investigation in an .irmosphere of love (for the sake of
and cooperation with the aim of realizing the
Fanaticism, obstinacy,
among true Mu&iims.
and controversy
9
have no
Allah)
truth.
place
Wasting
ters that
lime and effort
wi41
This category
not lead to action
prohibited in Islam,
is
includes debating minute aspect*
in eases which have-
never
mat-
irivial
in investigating
of rulings
investigating
occurred,
the
meaning of the Quranic verso which aTeciitl beyond the
mutashabihot verses),
scope of human knowledge {the
of
between the com pairiofu- t&ababah)
and
differentiating
the Prophet of
men*
investigating
the
of disaaree-
inslances
Every Sahabi Imay
that took p&ce among Them,
the honour and disAllah b* pleased with them all) has
Messenger of Allah
tinction of being a companion of The
and to each is the recompense of his
(peace be upon him)
,
motives.
Jjfl^Recogniring
Allah'.; existence
(may He be exalted),
are the mm!
bchevrag in Hi* oneness, and gknifying Him
sublime beliefs of
Islam.
We
upon
and authentic traditions of the Prophet (peace be
ham) which
describe «he exalted attributes
Hi* name.
ajorkfy
verses
believe in the Quranic
We
of Allah and
also
believe
in
the
allegorical
(mutftshabihat* Quranic
purpose, without
verses,
rejecting
which
serve
this
ume
attemp-
any part of Eh«ro or
aloof from
theologians
the disagreement which exists among the
with adopting
concerning these verses; we arc satisfied
ting to interpret them on our own.
We
stand
hini> and his
the attitude of the Prophet (peace be upon
companions: "And those who are established in know-
ledge say: •We
our Lord/ 1
believe in the
Book: the whole of
rn
it
is
from
into the
J£. Every innovation introduced by the people
Religion of Allah on the grounds of iheir whirm and
the
without Authentic foundation, whether by adding to
considered a
principles of Islam or taking from them, is
must there(icvifttion
from the path of trurh and
serious
fore be fought and abolished by ihc best means which
not lead to worse deviat ions
do
a difference of opinion regarding Innovaprincitions which do not contradict established Mlamic
figures wilh
ples, such as praising Imarm and religious
pronouncements of their credibility and bidding people
There
is
to acu of wonlrip
opew to one
left
honouring
of
respecting
pcopte.
pious,
We
adopt
evidence.
what can be con firmed by sound
Love
choice,
s
and
them,
their righteous achievements brings one closer
to Allah (may
extend thi* to
He be
exalted).
other than
i)ie
However, one should not
favourites of
who arc
Allah
who believed and
prestige are due co
were fearful of Allah". Honour and
Law,
them with the conditions prescribed in the Islamic
described in the Quranic
bar
we
muss
firmly
verse: "those
believe
that
they
(may
Allah
be
fates
pleased with IheuO had no power over iheir own
after
their
and, thereby* cannot avail or harm anyone
death.
Visiting
if
gravcsiies
done in the manner
upon himl
they
may
and tombs
prescribed by the
But seeking
is
an authentic
Prophet (peace be
the help of Ihe
dead,
whomever
fulitll
be, appealing to them, asking them to
I!
Sunna
certain request, vowing to them, and swearing
names instead of the name of Allah are
that must
be
fought,
gross atrocities
no matter what the excuses are.
Building high lambs, covering ihem with
nuiiaiing Ihera,
all
with their
curtains,
illu-
and throwing one's body on them are
evil
innovations that arc equally prohibited.
There is a difference of opinion regarding the use
of the names of the favourite* of Allah in supplication.
However,
this is
a matter of secondary importance and
does not
pertain
10 the fundamental*
of the
Islamic
beliefs
Erroneous practices
16,
trained irrespective of the
Ihey may be
Islamic
disguised,
principle
in its
of Ihc people should be
namre
tf
or
lilies
something
under which
contradicts
should
essence, it
res-
an
be
opposed
without
regard to
what people
call
it.
In Islam, conside-
ration is gives to the significance and meaning of
lations and not to the appellations themselves.
Belief
Jtf.
is
appel-
the basis of action. Sincere intentions
are
more important than good actions with bad or no intenHowever, the Muslim is urged to accain
tions.
improve-
ment
in
both spheres
:
purification,
of the heart and per-
formance of righteous deeds,
IS.
Islam liberates the mind, urges contemplation
or
honours science and scientists, and wclcomes all that U good and beneficial to mankind:
"Wisdom n the objective crl Ike fcfiiver Wh*p*s he
the
universe,
)2
finds
J9.
he
it.
more deserving
in
may
Islamic principles
are pure scientific principles.
the
two
for
an
classes will
to it."
be evident or Bficcrtain, as
The evident principles of
never conflict; thai
csiablKhed
scientific
fact
is, ii
one or both of them are
uncertain, then
it
uncertain.
If
impossible
contradict
an
may happen
if
one of them
is
to
Duiheniic Islamic prindpte, However, this
is
should be reinterpreted so as to remove
the contradiction. If both are uncertain, (hen the uncertain
kkamic principle Khould be given precedence over
uncertain scientific notion until the latter
a*
the
proven.
any Muslim
che two declarations (shahadati) of
[2pr Never labd a& an uabeiiever (kafir)
wno has
laith, acts
confessed
according^ and performs the obligatory (fard)
of Islam
duties
unJess
he
ctcariy professes the
word of
unbelief, refuses to acknowledge a fundamental principle
of Islam,
belies the verses
of the Quran, or commits an
evident act of unftehef.
If
you, dear brothers, understand your religion accor-
you will have perthe meaning of your slogan:
"The Quran is our
constitution, and the Prophet is our model";
ding to these twenty principles, then
ceived
(B>
By
DEVOTION F
mean
thai
a
Muslim
brother
should dedicate
of Allah
his sayings*
work, and Jihad for the sake
and the attainment of His pleasure and good
reward without seeking recognition or anticipating any
gain, honour* title, or advancemens in this world. Only
then, dear brothers, can you become ideological fighters
rather than
fighters with worldly
"Say: Truly,
my prayers
purposes and interest
and my
sacrifices,
my
and
life
arc all for Allah.
my death
Lord of the
worJds.
No
partner has He This I am commanded."
Thus, you now
understand the meaning of your
slogans: "Allah is our
goal" and MAllah is Supreme, and
all praise is due to
Him."
(O By ACTION
devotion:
4,And say:
I
1
mean
the
fruit
and
knowledge
of
Work righteousness, for soon will
your work.
Allah, His Apostle, and the
believers observe
And soon
what
will you be brought
back to the
Knower
of
hidden and what is open, then
wil] He show you
the truth of all that you did." Our
sincere brothers are
requested to work according to
the following steps;
is
Reforming th* self. A Muslim
should strive to attain
a strong body, good character, cultured
thourght. correct
and true worship, He
belief,
should he able to earn his
own
living, improve his
own condition,
and
solve his
own
problems. He should be careful about
his time, organized
in his affairs, and willing to offer help
others. These comprise the duties of
individual.
and service
to
every Muslim as an
Establishing an Islamic home. A
induce his family to respect his ideology
Muslim
should
and observe the
Islamic manners in all aspects of home
life.
He should be
wise in selecting his wife and should
advise her about her
rights and obligations, He should bring up
his children,
and other household members under
his
supervision,
according ro the principle* of Islam. These, IOQ,
artf
the
duties of every individual Muslim.
3* Instructing arid guiding the society by spreading the
call
of righteQusnc^,
thing*, encouraging
fighting atrocities
enjoining all
virtue,
and
(hat
det&ftfui
is
good,
helping the people, trying to win the public opinion lo the
and observing
side of Islam,
aspect* Of public
life.
This
the Islamic principle!}
is
in all
the duty of the individual
brothers as well as the jamaai {community) as a working
unit.
LitoeniClnn
of the iKinwUittf
foreign control* whether poliJical.
Reforming
truly Islamic
nation
ment I
in
the
from all unblamic or
economic, or ideolo-
government so
that
may become
a
governmenl. performing a& a servant to the
the [merest of the people.
mean
who perform
it
a
wbOM
government
By
Islamic govern-
officers are
ihe oblivion-" duties, of Islam,
show any
signs of rebellion against
principles,
and who work
Muslims
who do noi
the evident Islamic
arid execute their plans accor-
ding to Islamic teachings.
The
Islamic government
may
non-Muslims, when necessary,
of leadership There
is
utilize
the services
in office* crfher
flexibiiity in
of
than thoae
Islam as to the slsape
and detailed siructure of the government, as long as the
government i* in agreement with Ik general principles oi
the Islamic system of rule.
I
15
The
Islamic government
should
heavy responsibility,
to
people,
funds, and
public
and honest
just
policies.
The
Islamic government is
and order, enforce Che
Islamic
provide military security,
protect
public utilities, develop
the
public
If the
of
call
obliged to maintain
Law,
ponsibilites, then
it
or
the
land,
guard
of the people,
the morals
performs
all
above mentioned
of the
its
beobediem and
by placing their wealth
On the other hand, it
the
disposal,
government neglects
peace
public health, oversee
duties, it is incumbent upon the people
to
loyal to LI arid to cooperate with It
at ils
its
Islam.
government
and expertise
in
spread education,
the resources
treasury, strengthen
and spread the
its
companionate
the
careful about
of
be conscious
duues and
will be the
falls
of
short
its
duty of the people to
resfirst
advise and guide, then
to dismiss and
remove the
government, for "No obedience is due
to a creature who
is
disobedient to the
Rebuilding
Mamie Urnma
Creator."
the
international
by liberating
its
prominence
lands,
heritage, bringing closer the
cultures
uniting its countries so
established.
that
reviving
of
its
its
of
the
glorious
regions,
and
one Islamic Caliphate may be
Instructing the wurld about the
spreading the
call of Jslam to all
Islamic
corners
"until there is no more tumult or
Oppression
ideolog*
of (he
bv
globe
and the
Religion of Allah prevails."
that
"Allah
not allow but
will
His Light should prevail."
The responsibility for the las? four steps falls upon the
jamaat as a whole and upon every Muslim brother
because of his membership in the jamaat. The
pro-
gramme
as
whole
a
indeed, involve* great
consider
Other people may
resntfrniifciuties.
k dreams and
We
reality.
ambitious and lar reaching and,
is
imagination*,
shall never despair,
we
btil
our
for
sec
as a
ti
faith in
Allah
is
limitless.
"Allah's decree
among mankind know it
<D) Hy
which
(JKian)
mean
I
reflected
Is
always
will
prevail,
but mosi
not."
that ttivincty ordained obligation
in the following saying of
I
Mes-
lac
senger of Allah (peace be upon him) and which Muslims
are 10 carry out
Day of Judgement: ''Whoever
or wishing to
the Way of Allah,
until the
dies without slruggiing in
1
do
so,
dies a Pre-
degree is
degree
is
Islamic
Jahiliya death'
and
Ihe bean's abhorrence of evil,
fighting in the
Way
Its
its
weakest
highest
two
of AMaru Between these
degree* are numerous forms of jihad,
including snug-
gling with the tongue, pen, or
hand.^nd speaking a word
of truth to a tyrannical
No
call survive.?
ruler.
without diligent Jihad, The
lime and comprehensive the call,
ficult ie* in i:> way, the higher
adherring to
to its
it,
suitable
greater are Ihe difis
the price required for
and the more generous
upholders,
"And
strive in ihe
for iL" tnus, dear
I?
more sub-
the reward
is
Way
brothers*
of Allah as
given
is
you understand the
meaning of
youi slogan "Jihad
By SACRIFICE I
lime, energy,
There
is
sacrifice
who
mean
giving one's
and everything
no Jihad without
wuhouth
our means".
is
else for the
generous reward
cause of Islam.
nor
sacrifice,
wealth,
self,
from
there
will
be
Those
"Allah has
Allah.
renege and offer no sacrifice are sinners:
purchased of the believers their persons and
their
goods,
lor theirs in return is Paradise."
"Say:
If
it
or kinsmen;
merce
in
which you
be that your Fathers, sons, brothers, mates,
you have gained;
the wealth That
which you fear a
decline;
delight arc dearer to
Apostle or the Jihad
brings about His
com-
the
or the dwellings in
you than Allah and
His
His cause, then wait until Allah
in
Incision,
and Allah
guides
not
ihe
rebellious."
"Nothing couJd
they suffer or
reckoned to their credit
ther they suffered
thirst,
do without
having
as a deed or righteousness,
fatigue, or hunger
of Allah; walked paths chat
rawed the
ire
in the
it
wheCause
of the unbelie-
vers: or received any injury whatever
from an enemy.
Allah does not suffer the reward of those who do good
to
he
lost "
"So if you show obedience, Allah will grant you
goodly reward.*' Thus dear brothers,
you understand
the meaning of your slogan: "Death in
the Way of Allah
is our most cherished aspiration'*.
,
By OBEDIENCE
commands of
the
I
mean
full
compliance
with the
leadership and prompt execution
of
(UK command* i„
ineif implementation
pleasant or
is
Note, dear
and prosperny.
difficulty
the
brothers, that
through three different
I
r
unpleasant.
Islamic
the
trative units and
is
call i*
directed
among
preaching
the
people-
the
through adminis-
through social wrviccs.
expressed
method is sometimes
call passes
phases;
Th, s invoIvB propagating
general concept* of the Islamic
message
In this phase
whether
and
leaching,
Its
and some-
times establishing beneficial
institutions for the public.
All branches of the Muslim
Brotherhood organization
today represent Ihis phase of the
call.
Their work is
governed by the bylaws of the
organization, and (heir
methods of work are explained
Participation in the
call
in
this
jamaaiS publica-
the
in
tions.
phase
is
not limited to
member*. Anyone can contact
die januiai and take pari
he
our
agrees with oui
in
effort* if
objectives
mises to adhere lo our
a„d proprinciples.
Absolute obedience 15
not incumbent
upon member* and
associates in this phase. Respecting
the genera! principles
of the jamaat and abiding by its rules
are (he main requi-
rements.
Fermatioa:
This
is
achieved
lidating those members who can
The Training
in this phase
by selecting and consobear the
burden of jihad
comprises spiritual refinement
and military preparation. The motto
of
this
phase
is
"command and
obedience" without
tion* suspicion,
of work is
represented by
lated
or
The mode
opposition,
the Brotherhood battalions and
by the message
verifica-
hesitation,
is.
regu-
the presenl
of "The Program" and
message.
The movement
be of very
workers in this phase should
lhorou.ghly prepared
hsgh quality. Only those who have
be allowed
themselves for a long and tedious struggle will
preparedness is total
to join, The first indication of (his
obedience.
3.
phase
Implementation: The mode of work in
uncompromising Jihad and
the objective. The
pwrsisicnt effort
call here
can be withstood only by
in
a battalion,
the truthful ones-
trial which
In this phase
obedience to
accepting the message
and matting
this covenant, dear brothers,
the second
and come close io the
level
of
» a tremendous
also, success ennot be attained without total
the leadership.
By joining
pursuit
ts
ihfcrd-
herein,
you advance
to
So. full)
evaluate the responsibilities which you have undertaken,
and prepare yourself for (heir fulfillment.
ICS)
Bv
PKKSEVERANCK
brother persists in
I
mean
that
Muslim
no matter
the
bis Jihad to achieve his goal,
how far the term extends, until he meets Allah in this
grcai
state of Jihad. Thus, he will come to either Of two
Allah,
victory,
ends or martyrdom in the Way of
"Among
true to
the believers are men who have been
covenant with
their
martyred
same
Of
Allah.
some have been
them,,
Way of AHahj and some still
in the
wail for the
never having changed their determination in
fate,
remedy needs time, and patience is one
of our means, The road is long, ibe goal is far, and the
the least,"
.Social
But it is the only road
of our goal in this life and
obstacles are indeed numerous.
thai leads to ihe realization
leads' to the best
of rewards
in ike
Hereafter.
Each of the preceding six measures needs careful
planning, ample preparation, and precise execution. We
must
seize all possible opportunities, bui everything Jakes
time to achieve: ""They ask: 'When
'Maybe it
iW
By
will
he quite soon,
RESOLUTENESS
1
will
that
be?
?
Say:
*
mean rhat ymi commit
yourself to your ideology and abandon all olhcr principlesThin is because your ideology is loftier and more
worthy than
all
other ideologies: "it
baptism of Allah,
Tor,
138) There
tism?"
Ibrahim and those
people;
"We
are
clear
To
is
is
for
was rather the very
better than Allah in Bap-
you an
excellent
him when they
you and
of
We
hostility has arisen
believe in Allah
who
with
worship besides Allah.
and
I
of
example
said
to
whatever
in
their
you
have rejected you, and enmity
between us
forever, unless
you
and Him alone."
the sincere, devout brothers, the people arc
of seven
Mujahid Muslims, relaxant Muslim^ sinning
Muslims. floD-Muslims living peacefully under the
Islamic Law in a Muslim state (i.e. Dhimmies). noncategories:
21
Muslims
having
Muslims, and non-Muslims
Kach group has
Muslim
(rcaties with
own
its
at
states, neutral
war with
status within the
non-
Muslim scales.
Islamic Law, and
accordingly, we should judge each
individual or institution within thai context to determine the appropriate
action.
By
BROTH KRHOOD I mean
spirit* should be- united by the band of
the
companion of
faith,
all
and
Common
belief.
belief is Che firmest and most precious of
brotherhood is
beam
our
thai
bonds
True
and division
is
the companion of unbelief. Unity produces strength,
but
there cannot be unity without love. The lowest
degree
love
is
purity
and unspftefufness
of intentions
heart; the highest degree of loyc
is
of (he
complete selflessness:
saved
"And
their own
those
from the covetousne&s of
souls are the ones that achieve prosperity,''
The
of
Truthful brother consider* his brother's interests
more important than
his
own. This
is
can survive with or without him, while
vive with
i
he
jairmai.
because the jamaat
he can only sur-
"The wolf preys upon
sheep
rhe
that stray from the flock." "The believers
arc like a solid
structure whose parts support
"The
one
another. *'
believing men and the believing women are
Protectors of one another/' Similarly, this
should be,
helpers
is
how we
And by TRUST I mean that the soldiers have
found confidence in their commanders competence
sincerity. This confidence
.should
22
.
be the result
and
of
-pro-
and
lover.
esteem, respect, and obedience: "But no, by your Lord,
they can have
no
real faith until they refer to
disputes between them,
and then
you
in all
find in Their souls
no
resistance against your decisions, accepting cliem wilh Ihc
fullest
The
there
conviction:"
leader
is
an important pan of the movement, for
cannot be a movement without leadership.
strength
of the jamaat, the perfection of
success in achieving
and obstacles arc
all
ic$
plans, the
its
aoals ami overcoming difficulties
in proportion to the degree
between the members and
fitting for
The
leadership;
their
them was to obey and say what
of
trust
"But more
it
just/'
In the Muslim Brotherhood movement, the leader has
the rights of
a father by
virtue of his cordial relationship
to the brotherhood, t he rights of a teacher by virtue of his
educational aid to them, the rights of a preacher by virtue
of his contribution to
the rights of
their spiritual
a commander by
virtue
advancement, and
Of
his political lea-
dership. Consequently, confidence in the leadership
cornerstone of our movement
1
the
* success.
Therefore, truthful brothers, you must
the following questions, so that
is
ask
yourselves
you may know the degree
of confidence in your leadership.
Have you acquainted yourself with your leader and
gained some knowledge about the relevant aspects Of his
1,
is
Are you confident about
Are you ready
orders
his
competence and
his
and precisely carry out
to promptly
without hesitation or argument*
disobedience to Allah?
since-
And whenever
except
jo
necessary,
arc you
leader's
opinion
ready to offer advice or correction?
Arc you ready to consider
right
your
and your opinion wrong When they disagree on
matter* that are not decisively determined
in
the
Quran
and Surma?
Are you ready
all
your resources
at
to put
the dis-
posal of the leadership and give preference to the interest
of Ihe movement over your own
By
interest?
answering these questions, dear brothers, you
will
be able to judge your relationship with your leader and
evaluate your trust in him, However,
hearts are in the
He
Hands of
pleases: £<Not if
Allah,
you had spent
we
and
concede that
He
changes chem
all
a_s
the earth
could you have produced that affection, but Allah has
done
it,
for
He
is
all that is in
Exalted in Might, Wise/1
Part Ttofl
Deaj truthful brothers, your acceptance of
obliges
you to
fulfill
become strong
Devotea
You
this
covenant
the following duties so that you
may
bricks in che structure.
daily period for reading the
are to finish the whole
boot
Book of
Allah,
within a month, but not
before three to lour days.
Carefully recite the Quran,
over
its
meanings.
listen lo
and ponder
it,
Study the purified tradition
of the
Prophet (peace be upon him) and che history of the early
Muslims,
as
required
knowledge on
far
your
as
time
lected saying of the
contained in
this subject is
book The Defenders of Islam.
The minimum
permits.
the
Frequently read the col-
Messenger of Allah (peace be upon
him), and memorise
at least forty hodiths •
You
ace also
to study a dissertation on the principles of Islamic beliefs
and another on Islamic jurisprudence,
Hasten to have a thorough medical checkup, and
created
for
any ailments
you find
in
get
yourself.
Attach
importance to physical
aloof from
all
fitness
an
self'
and stand
causes of bodily weakness,
Don't drink too much coffee,
ting beverages.
defense,
tea,
or otner stiroula-
Drink ihcm only when necessary. Also,
abstain completely from smoking
Show
home and
interest in the cleanliness
and
tidiness
of your
place of work. He concerned with the cleanii-
25
tiess of your
founded on
dress, diet,
was
Islam
for
cleanliness.
Always be
Fulfil!
and person,
and never
truthful,
tell
al He,
your promises and agreements.
Never breach
covenant, regardless
Be courageous and
of the circumstances.
enduring. The
highest
of
degrees
courage are telling the -truth in
your own disfavour, keeping secrets, admitting mistakes, and
controlling yourself
when angry.
Always be serious
should
truthful
However,
and dignified.
not prevent you from
smiling
or
this
engaging
in
jesting.
Always have bashful, delicate
to beauty and ugliness;
the- first
feelings,
and the
you,
pleases
second pains you. Also, be modest
Be sensitive
without
humiliation,
servility, or adulation. If
you demand less than what you
receive what you deserv*.
deserve, you will
Always be equitable
1.
situations.
nor
a]
Never allow
and of sound
anger to
judgement
in all
make you forget merits,
affection and pleasure blind you
to defects. Don't
tow disputes to make you ungrateful.
Always, speak the
let
truth,
no matter how
yourself or
Be
painful
against the
it
is.
even if
happy when you offer
ther person. You should
feel
is
against
people dearest to you,
active, energetic, and skilled in
You should feel
it
a
public services.
service to
ano-
compelled to visit the sick,
26
assist the needy,
ill-fated,
support the weak, and give relief to the
even if
Always rush
lo
it
only a kind word of sympathy.
is
do good deeds.
Be companionate,,
others. Be
ving
and
graciously excusing
forgi-
tender, forbearing, and clement to people
and animals, and observe good manners wllh everyone.
Observe Islamic social injunctions. Be merciful to the
young and respectful to the old. Make room for your
brothers in meetings add gatherings. Don't spy or back-
before
Don't be noisy. Always seek permission
entering non-public places and make a courteous exit.
bite.
Be
proficient
read the message $f
m
"the;
reading and writing. Frequently
ikh.wa.nn]
Mushmcen
-1 h
maga-
zines, books and other publications. Establish a private
library,
if
no matter how
you are a
with
small. Delve deeply into ybur
specialist in science or art.
the general Islamic subjects
makes you capable of forming
cerning day-to- day problems.
to
Acquaint
the
Field
yourself
which
degree
general judge-ments con-
13, Undertake some economic enterprise, even
If
you
are wealthy. Try to establish a private business, regardless
of
how
small
it
may be
or
how busy or
scientifically
oriented you are.
16-
most limited
them
government jobs, for they are the
sources of income, However, don't reject
Don't run
after
unless they totally conflict with your duties
the movement,
Z7
towards
⠀ ⤀Ā ᜀ
̀
Ā ᜀ
erform your job
in the besi
Ā ᜀ
manner
Aland aloof from di&honesly and
Ā ᜀ
you can, and
cheating. Observe your
appointments, and never be late for work.
Be amicable
give others their due
awgy
Keep
from
claiming
in
Sn full,
Allah
yom
due, and
without
hasten to
procrastination.
forms of gambling, no
matter
what the Incentive may be. Avoid unlawful rnearvs
of
livelihood, regardless of what quick
profit lies therein.
Avoid che practice of charging interesi (ribe)
aJr
in
your transactions.
and
Purify yourself from
its
putrid
touch.
Foster Mamie wealth in general
by encouraging
helprng Islamic economic institutions. Be
careful
about your money. Don't la it
fall in
unlslamic hands,
regardless of the circumstances. Eat and wear
products
Islamic enterprises.
of
22_ Contribute a portion of your wealth io the move*
mem. Pay
zakau no matter how small your income
and consider
tt
the
inalienable
ri^ht
of the
is,
poor and
deprived.
Se8 aside a portion of your income to defray
reseen expenses, no matter how until
never indulge in extravagance.
your income
Struggle Tor the revival of forgotten islamic
unfo-
is,
and
prac-
tice* and
the (rumination of practices
alien to Islam in all
areas of
life.
Thu
include* greetings,
drc*§, household furnishings,
m
language, calendar,
time* of wotk
and
rest,
food and
drink,
joy and sorrow. Always
expressing
and departing* and
arriving
refer to the purified tradition
of
the Prophet (peace be upon him).
judicial
Boycott non-Islamic courts and
Also,
pers,
dissociate yourself
committed
-systems.
newspa-
from organizations,
schools, and
institutions
which oppose
your Islamic ideology.
Always be
conscious or Allah (may
He be exalted);
resoluteness.
His pleasure vuich determination and
be exalted)
by
Bring yourself closer to ASIah (may He
fasting at least
performing extra flight prayers (tahajjud),
three days every month, contemplating Allah and menseek
tioning His name, and
tions of
retiring the
personal purity and
Perfect your
their
cleanliness,
(wudu) most of
try to keep in a state of ablution
within
by upon him},
the Prophet (peace
Perfect your
respected supplica-
prayers,
congregation in the mosque
Also,
try
ti
me.
perform them
and strive to
proper lime periods.
the
and
to pray in
as frequently as
possible.
perform
Fast the whole month of Ramadan, and
can
pilgrimage to the Sacred House (Kaa-bah) if you
Hajj, make it
afford to. If you cannot afford to make
one Of the
3-Gi.
for
goals of your
life
and
strive
hard to
undertake
Always cherish the intention of jihad and the desire
martyrdom
in the SVay of Allah, and actually
29
prepare
Dissociate yourself from those organizations and
institutions with
interest
to
which you
feci
your contact
of your cause, especially
do so by your
if
not id the
is
you are commanded
leadership.
Propagate your
call
everywhere. Familiarize your
leadership with your activities, and never undertake any
action that
first
will seriously
affect
consulting your leadership.
and
tant spiritual
always consider
the
movement without
Keep yourself
practical contact
with
youf
cons-
in
call,
and
yourself a soldier in the barracks awai-
a command.
ting
Dear truthful brothers, that was a summary of your
call and a brief account of the important concepts ofyour
ideology.
The
principles outlined cart be
clauses: Allah
five
model
the
;
is
Quran
is
combined
our goal; the Messenger
our constitution; jihad
into
is
out
is
our
means; and martyrdom in the Way of Allah is our aspiration, These can he condensed further into five words;
modesty,
recitation (of
tary preparedness,
and
Quran and
HatiiLh), prayer* mili-
ethics.
So hold firmly to these (cachings, or else you will not
have difficulty finding a place among the Frivolous, the
lazy, and thoie who lag behind. On the other hand, if you
make
and
these teachings consistent with the goals of your life
act according to
this life
Vou
and
will
Them, your reward
will
be honour in
and divine favour in the Hereafter.
belong to us, and we will belong to you.
blessings
33
But
guidance, there
Iheir
and
you forsake them
if
ua P even
and cease
no connection
be
Will
according
act
lo
to
you
between
if
you Appear great among us and the people
give you the highest titles and foremost
positions in the
councils. Allah will bring you to a severe
account and
ask you about your
for yourself, and
slackness
we
and inactivity.
pray to Allah to guide
"O
you who believe, shall [ lead you
will save you from a grievous penally?
will
So choose
and help you.
to a
bargain that
That you believe
your utmost
in AJlah and His Apostle and that you
strive
in The Cause of Allah - that will be best
knew.
He
for
will forgive your sins and admit you
beneath which river* flow and
gardens of eternity.
ment.
And another
That is
favour will
love -
help from Allah and
tidings io the believers."
"O
you, if you but
you who believe, be
to
to gardens
beautiful mansions in
indeed the supreme
achieve-
He bestow, which you do
a speedy
victory.
So give glad
helpers of Allah. Jesus, the
son
of Mary, said to ihc disciples, 'Who
will be my helpers in
the work of Allah? The disciples ^aid,
'We- are- Allah's
helpers
believed,
io
those
r Then
a
portion
of
the
you.
of
enemies,
and they
Israel
and a portion disbelieved- But We
gave power
who believed against their
became chc ones who prevailed,"
May
children
the peace, mercy, and blessings
of Allah
be upon
BETWEEN VKSTERDAV AND TODAY
I
Nam*
In the
Pfaise
be
of
tailor's Preface
|'
Compassionate
blessing and salvation
Aitah, the Merciful, the
to
and
Allah
:
His
10
who
Apostle and to those
follow him.;
The Muslim Brotherhood have published tracts which
explain their mission, expound their ideology, and
outline
program. These
their
the basic
principles underlying
Now
the reader
and
Today,"
together
their mission and
and have expounded
various phases,
is
Islamic ideology
dawn of
have brought
tracts
offered this tract
t
its
truths
and goals.
"Between
Yesterday
its
concerned with the evolution of the
and its goals. It was written at the very
this ideology shortly
before the outbreak
of
Che
Second World War, and has frequently been the subject
of discussion among
the Brotherhood since that time,
it
provides an excellent exposition of the principles of Islam
as well as of the
which it
outlines
means of introducing reforms, means
and advocates.
the Islamic state at the beginning of
the
Qur'ari for its
its rise,
Ir also deals briefly with
when
it
took
constitution and the Apostle
(May
Allah
Mess and save him !) for its model and leader. Jt also
contains an accurate analysis, of the factors which
undermined
altered their
1
,
t/acti
upward movement of the Muslims and
condition; and the reader, at the conclusion
this
Thew name of
h
the editor
of
this collection
flQWbCre mentioned
a
of Hasan
^il-
Banna's
of the
tract,
remarks. For
some
find
wall
umma2
end. this
means by which ii
at
through the
ils
prosper only
will
prospered
in
begin-
its
'
1
rings.
penincni
and
instructive
'
.
Wc ask
AHahto render
chis
work pure
in His sight,
to open the hearts and minds of the Muslims for this
through the guidance of the True Religion.
Name of
In the
Praise
be
to
Muhammad,
and
lask
Compassionate ;
bless
Our Lord
Allah, the Merciful, the
and may
aIIaIi,
He
rhe Conqueror, the Seal, as also his
House
and his Companions, and may He save themThe Message of the Faithful Prophet the Way of the
Noble Qur'an
Thirteen hundred and seventy years ago,
b.
'Abd Allah,
Muhammad
the Illiterate Prophet,' proclaimed in che
2; See the Glossary of Arabic Terms. There
is
mma
no doubt
(hat the
Muhammadiyya., but Hatari
al-Banna's usage fluctuates unpredictably between this and the
editor
is
referring here- to the-
Li
modern meaning of "nAlion", Where it
latter Eneaulrig
more or
feel
in
mind. I have given the term
The
(he
Is
proof of
therefore
Its
the Arabic
form
tradition,
0"""m wis
fact that the language
rature
h\
ti
cT»al
lie
aiisla lion.
Umma Muh
has
this,
Wliefe
I
ammadiyya, I
Ifll&en
divine origin.
Matainmatl could not read or
revealed la
or the Book
b
aim
by the uri-hud gel Gabriel.
the
High Arabic uf thr
lite-
as an eTidenEiarv miracle and prcMimpti*e
Most Western
word ummi, here
to thetractitionaI.iS'1 Spirit
of ih*
obvious
umma.
3, According to Muslim
when
means tbe
teas certain ti«
have kept the Arabic
write
Js.
Biblical ''Gentile."
Orientalists,
however, see
in
translated ''illiterate*' in order to con-
of ak-Banna's
See Rudi Paret,
34
writings, the equivalent
art,
"ummi," El1 .
hean of Mecca from
kind,
am
F
apostle of Allah
whom
belongs
earth
There
:
make*
the
He
you
sent to
of the
rulcrstiip
no god but
is
f "O man-
the hillock of Al-Safa
and
heavens
He makes
:
Him
by
all,
to
live
lo
ihe
and He
AJiah and His Apostle,
believes in Allah and His
to die. Therefore believe in
who
(he Illiterate Prophet,
Words, and follow
Perhaps you
him.
will
be rightly
This universal mission was a decisive landmark for all of creation - between a murky past,
guided" [ Q.7
158
:
],
b brilliant and shining
berant
present
future,
as
-
and
well
prosperous and exuas a clear
and
a
unambiguous
announcement of a new order decreed by
wing,
the
Wise,
herald was
Its
binger, Ihe Warner,
Enlightening Qur'an, and
its
:
knoHarfind
Perspicuous
the
Pre-
soldiery were ihe First
cursors consisting ol the Emigrants and thtf
and chose who followed them in doing good,
it
was
ibc artifact of man
aim, for who is better than
the
Muhammad, the
Rook was
its
Allah,
AuKinflriesft
It
rather rhe very
was not
baptism of
Allati in baptism ? T
"Thou
Book was, nor the Faith, bur We
know what Ihe
have made it a light through which We guide those whom
ThU mound and Its WHiiuerpari, Al-Morwa, originally Puaan.
didst not
plwes nf
rirvftl
worship in Pw-fslawk Mefea. ar*
a ceremony terming
annual pilEiimaipc.
iwirl
(lie
of [he total ceremonial cycle of
in
Moirs,
who
tJfc
Muslim
Hajj.
The Emigrant* {Mahajlnin) were
mailr
oday totsren* of
tnn^rak't!
hi
the
Medina
converts
in
llir
Muhammad
Hijrai H.Hexjnil
ol
The Auxiliaries (Anw) were rfae Medinese convert to Islam
h Hum logei Iht Willi in* F migrant*, combined if> form ihe primal ve
lalimn: stale in Medina.
A
paraphrase or Q.X
:
13*.
55
Wc will
of our worshippers. And truly dosi
chou guide to
a straight paih, the paih of aMali to whom
belongs
heavens
in
the
is
and the earth. Do. not
things
ajj
0 Albf,?"|Q.42
1J.
proceed
52 ^53].
:
The Basic Principles
for
Provided
Complete Social
Reformaiion
by the NofaEe Qur'an
The Qur'an is the comprehensive work
the fundamentals of this all-embracing
which contains
reforma-
social
tion, and
Lhat
all
came gradually to be revealed 10 the Prophet
(May Aliah blesb and save him!), through whom it
announced its message to the believers rom
time to time,
according to the fall of events, circumstances,
and occasions '"In Ibis manner, so Thai We may
reinforce l h y
it
f
:
heart with it, and
We
not bring thee any
truth,
and
have
set it
simiiitude,
out in order.
And
do
they
but that we bring thee the
a better one as exposition"
[
Q. 25
;
32 •
33j
This went on until revelation
ceased through his mediation* and it was preserved in incri's breasts and
their
written notes for some twenty - two
years. NowAllah
gathered therein chc explanation of
all
for
things
uimna', and the
reformation
bases
surrimaraed
under these headings
tor
the
which He
thoroughgoing
rcveated
had
this
social
may be
!
Matters of Divinity.
The
elevation of (he
(c> The stipulation
punishment,
of
the
human
doctrine
spirit.
of reward
and
«)
The proclamation
of che brotherhood
of
man.
Advancement for men and women
the
together;
proclamation of their joint responsibility and
their equaIhe precise definition of their
lity
respective duties.
The safeguarding of society by stipulating
the right
Go life, property, work, health, freedom,
education, and
security for every member, and defining
:
the legitimate
sources of gain.
The control of
the two instincts
preservation and the
species;
find
of
the instinct
:
of the
instinct of the preservation
ihe
regulation of
the
self
alimentary
sexual
demands.
(h) Severity in punishing
The confirmation of the
condemnation of all the causes
(0
nity,
The obligation of
sake of the principles of
the
and symptoms of disu-
Consideration of the stale
ideology, as concerned to defend
well
as for
in. The
conveying
Practica]
to
*-
wage
?
*>
jihad for the
as the
it.,
embodiment
of
thj*
and as responsible
own particular society as
its
to mankind as a whole.
it
Observances
Promulgated
Regime
This Qtu-'anic order stood
c
;V*
provided by Lhis order,
{Je>
Tor realizing its aim within
V
tlin
umma
justice
umma and
unity of the
,"
.v,
crimes;
cardinal
in
opposition to
by This
all
other
poshivist systems and theoretical
philosophies. It did not
allow
principle tod teachings
to remain simpiy tJicories held by minds, or ideas relegated
to books, Or words
to be bandied about. On the contrary, it
lis
instituted prat*-
3?
tjca! ways of applying them
order to
in
implani them*
Strengthen (hem, and draw profil from their
effects and
compelled
results, il
the urn ma which believed in it end
owed
allegiance lo it to be zealous in
performing these
works, making diem obligatory duties
for (he omission of
which no indulgence was granicd. Indeed,
ic
rewards the
worker, and punishes the slacker in
such fashion as to
him
from
expel
the bounds of this Islamic
society and
him
cast
CO an abyss. The most important duties which
this order has imposed as a protective
fence for the
inculcation of its principles
arc the following 8
dnikr, repentance, asking
(fl) Prayer,
for pardon,
:
etc.
Fasting, chastity, warning
against luxury.
Zakat.
aims
- giving,
expenditure
for -benevolent
purposes..
Pilgrimage, travel,
and
discovery,
journeying,
Kingdom.
investigation of Allah's
Acquisition, work, and the interdiction
of begging.
(0 Jihad, fighting, outfitting fighters, and earing for
iheir families and interests after their
Commanding the
departure.
good and
giving sound
Forbidding evil, and intervention
place and between its perpetrator's-.
(ij
The obtaining of education and
male and Female Muslim
Items
lest four
in the various disciplines
"Five Pillars ot Islam,
duties iQi-iiiFibent
"There
knowledge
(a) pr*jrr, (b> facing, (c) zaltat, and (it)
of the
is.no
on all
when
1
'
it
takes
by every
of
life,
first is
god but Allah, and Muhammad
is
ihe
thr
-
pilgrimage are the
or <hc fundamental religion?
Muslims. The
38
advice,
creed (shahada)
AposilcofAllah",
each one
in
what
suits
him
Good deportment and
moral values*
best.
and control
health
Striving for physical
senses-
:-,)
.i
between
custodianship and obedience.
Social solidarity
It
cultivation
assiduous
is
demanded of
the
Muslim
ruler
and
ruled,
of high
of
j:;
in
the
both
these obli-
thai he fulfill
the'Qur'anie order
gations and put them into piac&ice as
per forming any
has set t hem out. He must nol s-lacken in
Noble
specified
the
in
of Inem, for they have all been
unequivocally in the
Qur' an, and have been illustrated
Aiiahbiess. and save hira!) and
deeds of the Prophet (May
Companions9 and those who followed l hern in doing
his
good,
with
simplicity
and
Hvery
clarity,
deed,
or
a
number of them, strengthens and inculcates a principle,
previously cited
or a number of them> from among Ihe
came CO bring
theoretical headings which
this
realization and to
results and effect.
mankind by virtue
IV.
On
The
the
benefit
First Islamic
deeply, applying
of their
Qur'anie social
excellent
first Islamic state arose,
it
1.0
State
foundation of this
organization the
order
meticulously,
9, The Companions (AstiabJ are :he
and
firsr
believing in
di&seminating
it
it
gencratiem of Muslims,
convened during the lifetime of the Pmphrf and -comprising IxiJli the
Emigrants and Ihe Auxiliaries,
throughout the world, so thanhefir«Ca[ipH lff
(V!ay Allah
be pleased with him !) used to say
f
"If i
should lose a
camel's haJter. would find it
fought
Allah's
those
who
refused to
pay
He
Book".
in
I
regarding
zakat.
as
(hern
apostates because they had
overthrown this pillar of the
order, and said
Adah,
"By
if they
halter
refund me a
which they used t& pay over to the Apostle
or Allah (SfeV
AlUh bless and' save him \) I wouM fight
:
them
r
as
soon as
had grasped a sword in my hand For
unity, in all its
meanings and manifestations,
pervaded this new-risen
r
uraraa. Social unity included chc general
dissemination or
the Qur'anic order and the language
or the Qur an, while
unity
political
was all- encompassing in the shadow of the
Prince of Believers" and beneath the
siandard or the
CaJiphate in the capital. The fact that
the Islamic ideo-
logy was one or
decentralization
state treasuries,
armed
of the
and Ike
administrations
proved to be no obstacle to this, since
to a single creed and a unified and
force-s,
the
provincial
acted according
all
comprehensive conThese Qur'auic principles
trol.
warred against superstitious idolatry in the Arabian Peninsula
and Persia, and
and
did away with it. They warred against
guibftl Judaism
confined it
to a narrow
its religious
HO-
the
Abu
gmt
flakr,
and political
tion,
i
Life
authority.
-whg reigned from
632 to 654, and
tni^! rebcliion of the Ridda. which
or dissolve (he early Nfuslim
A
awrned
fertile
titles
threaded
who
put 4mvfi
tnmtm
to
staw.
Urn
by [he second Caliph,
or r)» standard
an end to
They struggled with
province, putting
of all
life
according
Ulnar b. al-Khattab
ihc Sunnkc
40
to the
usual
[634- 644),
Caliphs after him.
tradi-
and
gfe
Christianity until
its
influence
was
greatly diminished in
the continents of Asia and Africa and
to
nance come
to
btf
and
spiritual
domi-
political
centered in the Islamic slate
within ihe
largest continents. 'Fins state persisted in its
against the third
from the
came
it
at
Spain, wich tU victorious
wearifrom the west, plunging into
until the siege
it
it
grew
soldiers reaching the heart of
France and penetrating as far as northern and
Italy.
It
science
succeeded in
effecting
and knowledge- Afterwards,
it
the conquest of Constantinople
and the containment of Christianity within the resr
tricted area of Central Europe.
deeps
southern
established, an imposing Mate in western Europe,
refulgent with
itself
snacks
Constantinople
continent, assaulting
and besieging
cast
some. Then
of the Mediterranean
became Islamic
lakes.
and
And
I&tanric
fleets
Red Seas,
so the armed
forces of I
East and West, and enjoyed absolute mastery
and
the
plowed
and both
Islamic state assumed she primacy of.the seas
he
both in the
over land
sea. These Islamic nations had already had contacts
with others,
but
of
Europe under the aegis of ihe Bysfrntinc Empire
Constantinople. Thus did
two
became confined
it
and had taken ever much of
they triumphed through the strength
their culture,
of their
faith
upon
and the solid fabric of the institutions ihey imposed
in doing
all of them. They Arabized I hem. or succeeded
so to a degree, and were
them over to
their language
splendor, beauty and
able to
and
vitality.
religion,
There wa* nothing
prevent ihera from adopting any
41
convert
because of their-
sway them and
at all
useful feature of
to
these
cultures,, insofar as
not have
did
it
an adverse
and political unity.
Factors Conducive to the Dissolution
effect
on
their social
Islamic State and
For
alJ this
of the
the Islamic People
imposing
strength and extensive
dominion,
the factors of disintegration came to insinuate
themselves
into the fiber of this Qur anic umraa
to
and gradually
become grave, widespread and powerful, until
they rem
this fabric apart and brought the centralized
Islamic state
to an end in the sixth century A H. {the
A.D.) at the hands of
thirteenth century
rhe Tatars. In the
fourteenth cen-
tury A.H. (the twentieth century A-D.)
they did cliis a
second tirfie,
leaving in their wake
on both
occasions
disunited nations and small stales aspiring
toward unity
and striving for resurgence. The most
significant of these
factors were the following
Political differences, partisanship,
and
supremacy
which islam had brought eo bear
ging
to
indifference
attention to
and the
positions
this aspect,
the
despite
prestige,
which
destruction of ijeoples
is
and
struggle for
forceful
in this regard,
warning
encoura-
of power and drawing
the canker
and
slates
:
of
nations
"And contend
not with one another, so that you become weak and your
strength depart, and perscver, for Allah
persevere" (Q. 8
:
46)
!
flee
with those
who
and despire die profound exhor-
tations to remain faithful to
and to
is
Allah alone in spcach and
love of fame and praise.
act,
Religious
and
turning
as constituting both doctrines and
sectarianism,
differences,
away from religion,
works, to dead works and
technical expressions
endowed
with neither spirit
not life, accompanied by indifference
and the Sunmi of the Apostle (May Allah
AUahS Book
blew and save him
to
stagnation, fanaticism in thought
?),
and 'word, and a passion for disputation, controversy,
and wrangling, AH these were among che things Islam
had warned of and forbidden most rigorously, so that the
Aposilc (May Allah bless
and save
him
"No
said"
t)
people has ever fallen into error after receiving guidance
except by
b«mg brought
indulgence in luxuries and comforts,
Self -
ving
'for
to controversy."
anything
their reading
He!)
is
a
many
Wc
fd)
m&.
The
at
to
it&
h
1
Tne-
them
agaiiisl
5
to-
16
despite
Jn«4 Famous
Borid dynasty
targe lilamcc empire
whu granted
of the
Day
I
<
-
Ls.
%
Per-
MamluksJ
wnow
3
founder*
am. Tbey reigned
contend on Fcrsia ami
thetn
only a itfgjp
Mamkt
and
].
* at another,
ihc Slti'itc
*os b> ihs iktw
Justified,
is
non-Arabs
Ptiraia province of
Sunrjfce Caliph,
inysstitare.
this
a city, We issue
and they transgress
wealth,,
time, Daylaroites
sprang from the northern
(from $45 to 1055) ttvee a
Tfee
mtn of
utterly" (Q.17 ;
l%e reference b
Iraq.
and
wksh to destroy
transfer of authority to
one
periods goes
of the Words of AtUh(ffl<ssed and Almsgruy
and so the Word
destroy
of others
recorded
"And when We
:
command
thereto,
cra-
pleasure and sensual joys eo the point thai what
has been recorded of Muslim rulers in
beyond
and
-
(hew diplomas of
political
(Slave) dynamics
fifM-chcnd
«rc ihose of
Turks, and others
who had
absorbed
never
genuine
Islam, and whoa*
or
the light
hearts hail never been illurninaied
Qur'an because of the
the
encountered in trying to grasp
ihey (
arvd
the Arabs )
i.e.,
Alroifhty is He
Words of
read the
MQ
f) ;
difficulty
concepts, for
it-5
ye
who
with
betieve
they
thai
alt
(Blessed
Allah
Do not take
f
as confidants those who arc not or
you; ihey will noi
to casC
fail
among you;
they are pleased by what
troubles you. Haired has been revealed out of
their
mouths; whai l heir hearts conceal i& yet greater. We have
nude ehe signs dear to you, if you would but
disorder
understand" fQ. 3
Indifference
;
tfl
118
].
ihc applied
And natural
sciences
science, and watte of time and loss of energy on
speculative philosophres nmd unhealthy,
abstruse,
phantasmago-
ria! pscudo
sciences, despite
Islam** urging them io
consider the universe, to explore the
secrets of creation,
and to travel about in the earth, for it commands them
-
conieinplate the Kingdom of
Ls
in
the heavens and ihc
earth
Sgypi.
ruling from
Allah
-
"
1250 to
to
'Behold what
"say -
;
Q. 10
[
The
1317.
102
:
mm
[
iagnJfDcant
cjuftgaj
wrought by ibe Ottoman conquest of 1517 were
the wbitniitiofl of a
Turkish governor for the MamJalr *uliafl and
flu imposition ol an
annual tribute. Hence the Majnluk hierarchy
remained in effactiw
rute (imtT the Frcntb [nvaaton of 179*. Th*fc
troyerf only in
AH Padia
W
tim
i
fh>*cr
was
by the founder of the fctadh/M
One,
-
The
dynasty of tJavc origin, who
tiiigenlt from central Asa antf
*o rate
and ctettwg
MatnJufc*
*ere
rcpleniiherf rhefr
Ci'rcassia,
a sultan from
hoir
Mulianmud
a .teifperreiuaUiifi
rants wlUi frc*h coa=
zraining their
f
Rftajjr tfcj.
own member*
own corpi-
44
(0 lnfaEuaclon with
and
to their power,
iheir authority, tclf
-
deception as
failure to look, into the social evolu-
tion of ibe nations Outside (hen fold, until These latter got
ahead of lhw» in preparedness and equipment and look
them by iurprise. But the Qui'an had commanded them
to
be
and had warned them of ihe consequences of
alert,
heedleHne&&t
regarding
even more deluded
u
Jaharinam
ifac
"For
;
many
heedless
We
and
jinn
as
cattle,
nay,
as
have surely created for
men,
having
Hearts
mih.
which they discern not, having eyes with which they see
not. having ears with which they hear 1101 - these are tike
caule,
even nrotc deluded: these are the heedless"
riay,
[Qv? :
J70] 4
Self
-
deception through
the
of hostile
works and the oni
admiration for their
flatterers,
intrigues
ward
way of
and unthinking imitation of
them in ways thai were harmful rather than beneficial,
despite the stringent prohibition again*i modeling Themforms of
their
on rhem,
from them and
selves
life,
the clear
10
command
preserve
the
to
basic
remain different
elements of the
Islamic ununa, and the warning ol ibe consequences of
Ihi*
mimicking, 10 which effect the Noble Qur'an says
"O
yc
who
you obey those who disbelieve,
they will throw you back upon your heels, and you will be
turned into losro" [ Q-3 S 149 J.
believe
!
If
VI. Political Struggle
14,
One
of the
Quran* hdU,
ibe equivalent of Gehenna.
These factors began to operale within the
ummn, and
Islamic state And the Islamic
thought
nations
mwf wbh
revenge and 10 do
conquered
earlier
mores
their
dawn
their lands
ripe
take their
to
this
titanic *twe which had
and
altered rhe character of
departments of
all
the suppressed
The Tatars
fife.
s*vepr
u devastating flood upon the Islamic stale and
like
began
in
lime nvas
ihai the
of the
life
tearing
Baghdad, the
trampled
apart
fi
piecemeal,
of
Capital
{he
underfoot
ii
until
came
the*
and
'Abbasid Caliphate,
in
ihe
person of
to
the
Caliph
Al-Musla
'sirttJ
5
So
was the
of the
unity
asunder* and the knoi 0/ the Caliphate
time.
first
The nations fell
apart
flare renfi
undone
for the
into small siaics,
and
every Iribe had a pulpai and a Prince of Believers. Christianity revived in
Europe, gathered
back the Muslim East
in
its
forces,
and hurled
Mitt and Africa with
ihroughtwght nine crusading assaults, In
its
legion*
which the best
of ihcir chivalry, royally, and arrnamems were deployed.
These invading forces were able
He
in
Crusader
Jerusalem, *o threaten the nation? oflslam in Che
East and
Wen, and
powerful of these
Revival :
did noi
yet
was able
some of
10 establish a
to attack Egypt, at Thai time the moat
states..
But
AJluh (Blessed
and Almighty
is
He
5)
allow vanity 10 overcome iiuth, and Egypt
to gather about hetwHf ihc
minor
warned
forces of
and she hurled chcrn at the
throaJ of the Crusader*, under the leadership of Salah
af-Din ts$ fading she recovered Jerusalem from Jlieni, aiid
l$. tn
Chtflji/
these
stales,
1258, at rhc conquest of B^tuliw! by Htitajju. piandaun of
Khan.
«hou>ed them
rtood up
to
the meaning of defeat at
undo
Tatars
the
f*ce
Then »he
Hattiiv'*
of
leadership
the
Al-tthir Baybars, 17 lhrew ibcm back upon
heels,
their
broken, at Ayn Jatut, and restored ihe form of ihe Cahphuie onci? again." Then God willed chat
a slat* extensive
in domain, boJd in courage, and
on the $idc of
unanimity antl
welding
Islam,
uniting under
it*
formidable in power rise
people
into complete
banner most or the
iis
Islamic nation* and peoples. lr& lofty
ambitions
imperative ihar it attack Christianity in its very
conquered Constantinople, and
the heart of Europe
was the
(c> Fruit*
state
until
its
of the Ottoman
m
of the Renaissance
1*.
OWi
17-
authority, it accepted
The
Battle yf Hattta
i
1 1
&7(
was
Europe
the Crusaders, leading to
The fourth Vtaraluk j'ulcr of
SilIuIj
The islamic
:
lunjty defeated the Mongols
al-Dln's
(1260 -
no notice
MttsHlM.
J277J wlio crus-
En 1260. thereby raring
Frcsm rhedetftueiton a:ici milage of
and
greatest victory
of
the fecapturt
EfcftH
10
Turks.
natively and look
it
li
Vienna. This
state was tranquil under the banner of the Ottomans
ihejfl
it
Laic
authority extended
reached a* far t&
it
made
E$ypn
and Syria
Man^l eonquesH
Iraq
In
and
The Mamlulr* wup» Oudo*
Caliphme Lu
Cairo
by
a
scion of the Abbuid hoiu* with the iltk after the fall
to- the Mongol*. He and hi* succcwars were even
lew
than rtie Uughdad calipltii nt the tart«r 'AppHiid
period.
these died in Cairo in
3
M3.
quer of Egypt- Thereafter
l*reni>-*i*
yean after the
the <itfc of Caliph
came
irivttt
of
ing
Bagdad
meajiMiafuJ
The
last
oi
Ottoman con-
more and rauie to
by the Otioroan lultani,
special
tq impress their
standing among Muslim rulen froth #m Europe and
on ihe ren of the
Islamic »<iHd. This reniorwlon "Of the form of die
Caliphate*' CO
he appropriated
which al-Flanm' jefen was iherefnrr
DO mote tnaa an empty gesture
ort the pari of 1hc Mumluks.
e7
of what was happening
come
into contact with
Wc»i
the
the
Crusades,
by best
i
round it. Bui Europe, whit* had
she superior culture of islam in
and
through Spain,
in
the East
no opportunity and did not
lost
lessons.
Through
fail
to profit
She began to build up her forces* and in
unite under the banner of ihc Franks in the land of Gaul,
and
thereafter she
assault in the
was able
Wesi and
to
to
stem the tide of the Islamic
vjw dissension within fhe
ranks
of the Spanish Muslims, employing some to assail other*,
until ihc finally drove I hem overseas ro the? African coastThe young Spanish state took their place, and Europe
continued to build up her forces,
acquire knowledge, 10
to unite,
to plan, to
traverser foreign lands,
and
to dis-
cover new countries until the discovery of America was
made by Spain and the discovery of the route to India by
Portugal. Then cries for reform followed swiftly on one
another throughout Europe, numerous reformers arose,
and she eagerly embraced natural science and fruitful,
productive knowledge. These revolutions of the Refor-
mation resulted
and the
ties
pose
at
in the creation
rise
of a number of
nationali-
of a strong state aiming with single pur-
the diMiu-mbermcn!
of ihe
Mamie
state,
which
Europe parcelled out arid whose place she usurped
Asia and Africa. These yuuftg Mates formed alliances
this purpose, which
at times rose to the level
in
for
of sacred
pacts.
(d'j
to
A new
attack
discoveries,
Travels to the
:
European power expanded, thanks
expeditions
may
throughout the
distant horizons
*
a* far as
world,
and
many of
the
4t
more remote
Islamic countries like India,
as well as to
some of the neighboring Islamic provinces. Europe began
to
work earnestly at dismembering the powerful, fai
-flung
Islamic
this end, referring lo
tibtl"
and
them
it
toward
plans,
ques-
at times as "the Eastern
of Europe". Every
opportunity as
numerous
lay
others as "dividing
at
Man
Sick
and to
slate
arose, to
up
the inheritance of Che
state
adop the
proceeded to
seize
flimsiest excuses, to
attack the peaceful, negligent Islamic state, and to reduce
its
periphery or break off portions of
This onslaught
continued
over
its
a long
integral fabric
period of time,
many
during which the Ottoman Empire was stripped of
an
Islamic
European
domination,
which
Territory
e.g.,
Then
Morocco
and
non-Islamic areas previously under
independent during
this-
under
fell
North
Ottoman
time, e.g., Greece
Many
Africa.
rule
became
and the Balkan
The final round in this struggle was the First
World War, from J914 10 1918. which ended in the defeat
of Turkey and her allies^ and which provided the stronstates.
of Europe, England and France, and under
patronage, Ualy, with a perfect opportunity. They
gest nations
their
reached out 10 grasp this grandiose heritage consisting of
the Islamic nations
and peoples and imposed thek
over them under various
teeship or mandate
-
titles
-
occupation, colony
and divided them up
in the
>
rule
trus-
iollowing
manner
North Africa
(Morocco.
Algeria,
became French colonies interpenetrated
and Tunis)
by a
?one of
irucrnationaS influence in Tangier and a Spanish colony
4y
in the Kif.
,!»
Tripoli and Barca became an
Italian
which Italy did not wish any
forced Italian
"South
citizenship
ItaJy'".
hungry
upon
Then she
trace of Islam to
it
filled
families and wild
Egypt and the Sudan
tion,
neither
one
and gave
possessing
it
fell
a
remain. She
name of
thousands of
the
il
with
beasts
colony in
in human
under
form.
English protecof independent
shred
authority.
Palestine became
EngEand took the
they might
liberty
establish therein
an
of
English
selling
to chc
Jew* so
a national Zionist
Syria became a French
which
colony,
homeland.
colony.
Iraq became an English -colony,
The Hijaz possessed a weak,
charity and clinging
and worthless covenants.
poverty
and
govern-
unstable
ment dependent on
-Yemen possessed
to false treaties
an outmoded governmeni
stricken populace exposed
to attack
at any time.
-
The remaining nations
thai
of the
and a
anywhere
Arabian peninsula
consisted of small emirates who.se rulers Jived
under the
wing of the British consuls and who fought
one another
for
the
crumbs
falling from ihcir tables,
their
breasts
burning with mutual resentment and
hatred. This was the
The northern
coastal region
50
of
Morocco.
case despite the reassuring promises and binding treaties
drawn
up by
the Allies with the mightiest potentate of the
Peninsula, King Husayn, staling
that
they
would help
him achieve the independence of the Arabs and
the authority of the Arab Caliphate,*
(1.0)
s
jpporl
Iran and Lhe Afghans possessed shaky govern-
means beset by the greed of the strong on every
they were under the wing of one nation
ai
and
one time and
side,
under that of .and her at orher times.
(1
Olndia was an English colony.
Turkestan and tnc adjoining regions were Rus-
sian
colonies, subjected to (he bilicr
harshness
of the
Bolshevik authorities. Apart from these. Inert; were
Islamic minorities scattered Through
many countries,
knowing no
recourse,
iheir
state
10 -whose protection they might
nor any well
nationality,
as,
have
armed government to defend
e,g., the Muslims in Ethiopia,
-
China, the Balkans, and the lands of Central, South, East
and West Africa. Under such conditions, Europe won
the political struggle,
and
dismembering the
Islamic
finally
Islamic state and erasing
accomplished her
empire,
it, politically
in
will in
annihilating The
speaking, from the
rosier of powerful, living nations.
20,
The Sharif Husayn
King of the Arabs'* by
tiis
Mecca, who bad himself proclaimed
who proMecca n clique in 1916, and
<if
was pvw rtW*
claimed hjnwelf CkJJph in 1924. Neither of these titles
grazed 'by the European- puwers jWr by any Islflxnic rulers or nations,
At no time in
liis
carcar
could
tic
mightiest potentate-of lhe Peninsula,"
51
be seriously described as "the
(e)Back 10 Power Again :
Bui this flagrant
hostility
and contempt for treaties and covenants tormented men's
hearts and aroused their spirits, and these nacioas began
to -demand their independence and to struggle EC regain
their freedom, and glory Toward this end, revolts flared
up within their borders : Turkey revolted, Egypt
revolted* Iraq and Syria revoked, and repealed revolts
took place in Palestine and the Rif in Morocco. Every
where people began to stir, and as a result the Islamic
peoples obtained some of their rights. Turkey became
independent williin her new frontiers, Kgypi and Iraq
were
recognized
sovereign
as
staler
the
state
of
the
Su'udis rose in thcHijaz and Najd,. while, Yemen, Iran,
and Afghanistan preserved their already existing hidependente, and Syria came close to winning recognition of
her independence.21
Palestine 'drew- the attention of the
world to. herself through her struggle, and the Muslims,
without any doubt, took significant steps, even if they
were few and slow, toward the noble aims they sought to
achieve, the restoration of their freedom and glory
and
of their state. .Although these steps led to
the concept of local nationalism, with each nation
demanding its eight to freedom as an independent entity,
and while many of those who worked for this revival
the rebuilding
purposely
ignored
outcome of these
Editor'* note :
r«0"
:;-vi
the
of
idea
Unity,
nevertheless
the
steps will be, without a doubt, consoli
Syria finally afr&fned her freedom,
iFie
nations
htr iadepe-ndejicc. and the French evacuated her territo-
ries:
52
and a
emtio ti
fied slate
embracing the
There
and
and bearing
material
of suffering and
interests,
A
uni*
mes-
its
participation in
joinr
and similarity
hope that hold the Muslims logefher.
spiritual
a
world held together by The
in the
unu^
as.
of the Islamic
scattered peoples
no nation
is.
of linguistic
kind
of the Islamic empire
rhe banner of lsEam
world, raising
sage.
resurrection,
New War
The European nations emerged from
the First World War with the seeds of rancor and hatred
deeply implanted within many of them. The peace conference tnofc place and the ensuing treaties were sharp
slaps in the face to some and a painful disillusionment to
many others; furthermore, many new concepts and ideo(0
:
logies,
strongly
Such a
situatioji
made
their
appearance.
these nations
mu$i
lead inevitably
chauvinistic,
among
new antagonisms and a terrible, devastating war which
will tear them asunder and rend apart (heir unity, bringing chetn back to their senses and deterring them from
Co
And it
injustice.
opportunity to
will
close
give the
Islamic nations another
ranks,
their
to
unite, to
finally
'
'
I
achieve their freedom and independence and to
their state
and
of Believers
:
who had been
their unity
,lAnd
regain
under the banner of the Prince
We
desired
to
show Favor
to those
rendered weak in the earth, and to
them leaders and make them
inheritors'
1
[Q.2K
:
make
5
J.
VII. Social Strugeie
A
into
new
civilization
contact
:
The European
with Islam and
5J
its
nations,
peoples
which came
in
the
Ease
through Lhc wars
of the
and
Crusades,
West
in the
through the proximity of The Arabs of Spain and
from
intercourse with them, did not
profit
solely in terms of heightened
sensibility,
political unification
intellectual
with
ail
cohesion,
A
scientific
its
Church rose to combat
the .strength at
and
cultural Renais-
appearance among thenu
chis strange phenonrienort
command- U
its
subjected
scholars and humanists to the bitterest punishments
courts
or
awakening, acquiring numerous sciences and
sance,, vast in scope* made
the
this contact
they also profited through a greai
:
branches of knowledge,
and
their
of the Inquisition waged
I
:
heir
(he
war upon them and
aroused the wrath of states and people against chem. But
and .is teachings could not
stand up before the truths and discoveries of science. The
scientific Renaissance emerged entirely victorious,
and
the state thereby awoke and it too fought the Church
all this
served
until
overcame
it
nothing,,
it
completely from
it
its
and European
authority. Its
society
was delivered
men were
driven into
the
shrine and the cloister, the Pope was confined to the
Vatican, and the work of the clergy was limited to a restricted area in the affairs
nor go and to which their
retained
its
of
beyond which they could
efforts were confined. Europe
life
Christianity only as a his-torica) heirloom,
as
one factor among others for educating the simple
minded and naive among the masses, and as a means for
conquest, colonization, and the suppression of political
aspirations.
The domain of
science stretched out before
Europe, and the scope of invention and discovery broa-
54
dened. The machine doubled
industrial cast
hand wilh
to
all
the rise
production
and
gave an
of life. At'l this proceeded hand in
of the strong slate whose authority
and regions. The world
eagerly welcomed these European nations, arousing (heir
cupidity for the profits to be gained everywhere. Ii
reached
out to
poured out
many
lands
wealth to them from all sides,
natural (hereafter that European life
its
and it
was
and culture
of relishould rest upon ihe principle of llie elimination
regards
gion from all aspects of social life, especially- as
onlv
The state, the law - court, and the school; the domination
of (he materialistic outlook, and iu enthronement as the
for
criterion
culture
everyfihin.
became purely
revealed
As a
utterly those principles
character of this
what
the
demolishing
promulgated and contradicting
which True Islam had established
and made the foundations of
spiritual and the material.
traits
tfoe
materialistic,
had
religions
result,
of European
united the
its culture wHieli
Among
the most important
-civilization arc the following.:
Apostasy, doubt
denial
in Allah,
of the soul,
obli-
viousness to reward or punishment in the world to corne.
and
of material, tangible exis"They know something external of the life of this
fixation wiihtn the limits-
tence
:
world,
"
Chey
are heedless
'
;
[.Q,36': 7
],'
'
{2) Licentiousness,
versatility in self
the lower
come
of the world to
but
-
;
*
!'
,
unseemly dedication to pleasures,
indulgence, unconditioned freedom lor
instinct:*, gratification
of Ihe l»&5 of the
belly
and
the
women
equipment of
rhe
genitals,
technlque of
seduction and incitement,
practices until they shatter
pernicious,
mind, destroying the
home
ning the happiness or the
take their enjoyment and
their dwelling -
place'"
Individual
vaunls
priaie all
<4)
all
and
class
others, and tries
granting
various forms and
practice among
to
man wants
selfishness,
is
rhc
each
for
seeks
engulf
dealings
and
appro-
to
and
regarding
expertise
for
the
in
blems have multiplied,
appearance,
These purely
the weakening of
destructive ideologies
economic,
social,
and
have made
political
longer stand
stable foundations. Nations have been torn
apart
and parties, and peoples have fought one
their
mora-
and ruinous revolutions
have been shaken and no
gely because' of
general
war against creime. while pro-
devastating
have burst forth, and
as
produced
traits
and flacciduy
it
are
under its
a
it
and individuals.
nation.?
which
those
making
have
within European
corruption
society
of the spirit,
titutions
the Fire
].
every
legal recognition,
it
varieties,
materialistic
their
and
and national Selfishness,
a principle of business
lity,
J2
disbelieve
bigoted on behalf of ha members, dispa-
is
Usury,
for
:
over the others and
profits to itself;
each nation
rages
itself
"Those who
:
Q.47
[
and excess in
both body and
family and threate-
the-
eat as cattle eat,
selfishness,
goad only for himself;
class
oT
integrity
wilh every
ins-
upon
bv sects
another savagreeds and hatreds, This modern
civilization lias
con Firmed
human
or
rantee Ihe security
peace and tranquility within
failure to
gram men
all
it,
just as
it
its
has disclosed to them, as
it
it
has made
and despite the power and authority it
embody it throughout
has brought to the states which
earth, even though
establish
has confirmed
ihe means ro wealth and opulence
available to them,
much
and to
society
happiness, despite all the truths of
science and knowledge that
well as
absolute impotence to gua-
its
it
has not
yet
been
in existence tor
the
m
as a century.
VIII.
The Tyranny of Materialism Over the Lands
of
islam
The Europeans worked
Of
this materialistic life,
murderous germs, to
assiduosuly to enable rhe tide
with
its
corrupting
overwhelm
all
traits
the Islamic
and
its
lands
toward
which their hands were'outstretched.
An ill destiny overtook hese under their domination, for they were
t
avid to appropriate for themselves ihe elements of power
and prosperity through) science, knowledge, industry, and
good organisation, while barring these very nations from
them. They laid their plans for this social aggression in
masterly fashion, invoking the aid of their political
acumen and their military predominance until they had
They deluded the. Muslim headers by granting them loans and entering into financial
dealings with chein, making all oi this easy and effortless
for them, and thus they were able lo obtain the right to
infiltrate the economy and to flood the countries with
accomplished
[heir desire.
37
their capital, their banks,
and
over (he workings of the
their
companies; to take
economic machinery as they
wished; and to monopolize, to the exclusion of the inhabitants,
enormous
and immense wealth. After
profits
thai, they were able to alter the. basic principles- of
government, justice, and education, and co imbue political, juridical,
and
liar character in
tries.
cultural systems with their
pecu-
even the most powerful Islamic coun-
They imported
their half
-
naked-
regions, together with their liquors,
dance
own
women
into these
their thcaires
r
their
amusements, their stories, their newspapers, their novels, their whims, their silly games, and
their vices. Here they countenanced crimes they did not
their
halls,
tolerate in their
own
countries,
and decked out
this frivo-
and redolent with
yioe, to the- eyes of deluded, unsophisticated Muslims of
wealth and prestige, and to those of rank and authority.
strident worlds reeking vkli sin
lous,
This being insufficient
and
scientific
and
for them, they founded shcools
cultural institutes in the very heart
the Islamic domain, which cast
souls of
disparage
selves,
doubt and heresy into the
sons and (aught Iheni
its
their
of
religion
how
to
and
their
divest thetneselves of their traditions
and
demean themfatherland,
beliefs,
and
10
regard && sacred anything Western, in ihe belief that only
that
which had a European source could serve as a model
be
10
emulated
in
this
These schools took in the sons -of the upper ctass
alone, and became a preserve restricted to them. The sons
life.
of
this'
class
consisted of the mighty
and
and those who would shortly hold within
keys
to
all
important matters thai
38
ruling group,
their grasp the
concerned
these
nations and
finishing
Those who did not
peoples.
these
in
guarantee them
local
found
institutes
sliKfem mission*.22 This drastic,
well campaign had a tremendous success,
dered most attractive to
would
of
scries
organised social
since
the mind, arsd would
exerc a strong intellectual
that
sill
continuing
finishing in the
this-
complete their
was ren-
it
continue iq
influence on individual*
over
&
long period of time. For this reason, it was more
dangerous than the political and military campaigns
by far, and
some Islamic countries
admira-
went overboard in their
tion for this European civilkation and in
their dissatisfaction with their own Namic character, 10
the point thai
Turkey declared itself
a non-Islamic state
the Europeans with the utmost rigor
Aman Allah
21
did,
khan,
-
King
in
and imitated
everything they
Afghanistan, tried
Tins,
of
but the attempt swept away his throne, and
in fecypi the
manifestations or this mimicry increased and
became so
serious
chat one of
openly tliat
the only
civilization with all
and
bitter,
These
dents
it
intellectual
leaders
could
path to progress was to
contained of
the appealing
were,
Muhammad
her
and the
adopt this
good and evil,
hateful,
say
Wm.
the -praise*
famous
student
missions
inaugurated
by
Ali Pasha in Egypt* Croups of promising
Egyptian stu-
would be
the
sene to
Europe
to.
lata
modern Western language
hjjJ sciences, so thai they might be able to transtofe
works dealing
with these disciplines into Arabic and Tuikish on the
completion of
their studies Many also taught in the new
ih«r return Ti> E*ypt. Sec
ihe
Hittorv
J.
or Ldueaiiun
governitau schools on
Heyworth-Dunne; An InueKluctinn io
in
Ruler of Afghanistan from
Milturn
1919,
5&
Ea,vpt,
His premature
attempt to
From Egypt it
worthy and the reprehensible.
w
began
spread rapidly and vigorously into neighboring countries,
until
reached Morocco and circumambulated the very
it
We may
shrines in the purlieus of the Hijaz
subdivide
ihc
IMamic countries, according to the degrees to which I hey
were affected
dOminalion Of
by
this
materialistic
materialism
its
and
civilization
Over
them,
into
the
three
groups
Countries
in
which
this
influence
has
reached
mind and ihe
forms and conventions.
serious proportions, penetrating even the
feelings, apart
A mong
from outward
these countries arc Turkey and Egypt, where even
the slightest trace of Islamic ideology has disappeared
from all social situations, and has been driven off to take
up Quarters
and
inside the
mosques and Sufi
esiablismeni*
retreats,
Countries which have been influenced hy
lization in their official observances
in which
it
this civi-
and conventions, but
has not triumphed over their inward sensibih*
tics. Such ate Iran and ihe countries of North Africa.
Countries which have not been influenced by this
civilization, cncepi for a particular class consisting
Of the
wcllcducaled and Ihc ruling group, to the exclusion of the
common people and the masses. Such are Syria, Iraq, the
Mijaz. many sections of the Arabian Peninsula, and the
remainder of ihe Islmic countries.
emulate Egypt und Turkey by Instituting
country led to op<n revolt
jmi
his
AO
modernist reforms
in his
forced abdication anJ exile.
Nevertheless
h
wave
this
We
spreading out vvith
is
speed
of lightning to reach into minds, social classes, and mores
that
has not yet
it
Muslim
deceive
various
in
vance, arid
and draw a thick
intellectuals
by depicting Islam
the eyes of the zealous
detective
0/ doctrine,
aspects
and inane
rices, superstitions,
over
veil
itself"
can
as being
ritual
obser-
accommodating a host of
morality, beside*
them to carry out
Enemies of Islam
penetrated.
forcnalitics.
What
helps
the Muslims'
igno-
rance of the true fneaning of their religion, so that
many
of them are
with
it,
of them that
with
satisfied
and accept
it
is
deception
this
it.
h'or
this presentation^ rest content
so long a time has this been true
difficult for
understand that Islam
is
with
it is
its
social
wake any of them
us to
a perfect system of social orga-
nization which. CflLcOmpasses
result,
is
all
the affairs of
life.
.As a
possible for us to say thai Western civilization,
materialistic
struggle over
ideology,
has
triumphed
islamic civibxation, with
its
in this
sound
and matter, in the very
territories of Islam, and in a ruthless was whose battlefield has. been tbe spirits and souts of Muslims as well a*
ideology comprising both
spirit
and intellects, exactly as it has triumphed on
the political and military batdcilckis. It is no wonder, for
the phenomena of life arc not fragmented
what is strong
is wholly strong,
and what is weak is wholly weak
"These art the days which we apportion to mankind in
turn** (
Q.3 : 140 }. And even if the ideology and
their betiefs
:
tea.-
chings
ol"
islam have gone astray,
essential nature,
abundantly
fertile
si
it
is
and
poweful in
vital,
its.
attractive
and enchanting
in
remain so because
splendor and beauty,
its
it
will
and human existence
ihc truth,
is
it
and
and virtue through any
other means. And because it is of God's creation and
under His cart
"La. We have sem down ihc Reminder
will
never
achieve
perfection
:
and
We
lo,
are
Protestor"
its
QJ5
9
;
"tied refuses
];
|
uught hut
He
that
should perfect
unbeteevers fed aversion"
Awakening
in
arousing nationalist
had
its
effect
have been
Of ft
in
aagression
Voices
demanding a
return to
an applica-
precepts. an d
soon come when the castles
be laid low upon the
hrir Inhabitants. Then they will reel the burning
spiritual
JO up
effect
its
social
litis
islamic ideology.
imm
The day
this materialistic
heads of t
the
irnderstendinfi of its
rule*.
32 J.
:
feelings, so
raised on every hand,
islam, an
tion of its
of
reviving
in
though Ihc
light,
as political aggression had
Jtisi
:
Q.9
[
His
civilization will
hunger
flames,
in
which
and hey
I
their hearts
will
find
and
souls will
no siwrrnanee. no
no remedy, save in the leaching? of this Noble
Hook: "O man, an admonition from your Lord has
come to you, and a healing for what is in your hearts, a
guidance and a mercy ror ihe believers. Say
'In God'i
healing,
:
bounty, and
in His
mercy
:
la ibem rejoice in that."
better than what they hoard
IX.
Our Mission
is
0
[
It
is
Q.10
:
58
-
59
].
one of Reawakening and Delive-
rance
A
Wesftluy Heritage
tha! wc
inherit
:
So. Brethren,
this heritage
ft2
did
Allah
will
weighty with consequence,
that
and
i
he
of your tni^ion glow amidst this darkness,
prepare you to exalt His Word -and reveal
light
ihat Allah
His Sacred
aid
surely
Law and reestablish His state :
ons who helps Him, Allah
;"
Glorious
[
Q.22
40
;
"Allah will
Mighty^
is
ji
Our General Aims
What do we want. Brethren 7
Do we want to hoard up wealth, which is an evanescent
shadow T Or do we wane abundance of fame, which is a
transient accident ? Or do we went dominion over the
:
earth ?
"The
-
whom He
will
earth is Allah's
of
His-
read the Speech of
servants"
AJJaJi
He
r
gives to inherit
Q.l
[
:
127
-
|
{Bles&ed and Almighty
it
those
even as we
He
is
t)
Abode oT the Hereafter which We assign to
those who do not wain exaltation in che earth,., nor any
corruption. The final consequence is
to the pious"
83 ].
May Allah witness that we do not want aiiy
f Q.28
'"That
is
the
:
of
our wort
these, that
is
not toward these
end**,
and
tliat
on their behalf, Rather always hear
mind that you have two fundamental goals :
in
from
ail
our mission
is
not
{1) Thai the
Islamic
foreign domination, for this
to every
fatherland
is
be
freed
a natural right
human being which only
belonging
the unjusL Oppressor or
the conquering exploiter will deny,
(2) That a
fatherland,
applying
principles,
free
acting
its
social
may
Islamic seate
according to
regulations,
and broadcasting
its
kind. For as long as this state
63
arise
in
this
free
of Islam,
proclaiming its sound
the precepts
sage mission to
do«
ail
man-
not emerge, the Mus-
him
sible
in their totality are
committing wn, and arc respon-
before Allah the Lofty, the Circa? for their failure to
establish
ir
and for
their slackness in
bewildering circumstances,
a state should arise, e*toil
it
dealing
It.
In these
counter to humanity that
an ideology of injustice and
iv
mg
white
there
propaganda of oppcrsi-ioq,
should be no one anions at] mankind working for the
proclaiming a
ad van i of a state founded on truth, justice, and peace.
We want lo realize these two goals in the Nile Valley and
the Arab domain, and in every land which AJlah has made
fortunate through the Mamie creed
a religion* a nationalUy, and a creed uniting all Muslim*.
:
Our Special Aims
Following these two aims, we
have some special aim* without the realization of which
our society cannot become completely Islamic- Brethren,
recall thai more than 60 percent of ihe Egyptians live at a
.subhuman level, that they get enough to eat only through
the most arduous toil,
and Egypt is threatened by
murderous famines and exposed 10 many economic pro:
blems of which only
too that there are
Egypt
,
Allah
know
more than 320
monopolizing
facilities in
can
all
public
the outcome. Recall
foreign companies in
utilities
and
all
important
every part of ihc country; that die wheels of
commerce, industry, and
economic institutions are in
the hands of profiteering foreigner*; and thai our wealth
speed from the
In land is being transferred with lightning
all
possession of our compatriots to
that
of these others.
Recall also that Egypt, out of the entire civilized world,
is
the most subject
t.o
and
diseases, plagues,
that
illtuab.cs;
over 90 percent of The Egyptian people are threatened by
infirmity, the loss or soaie sensory perception,
physical
of sicknesses, and ailments; and ihat Egypt
backward, with no more than one- fifth of the
audi a variety
is
still
population possessing any education, and of these moic
chan 100,000 have never gone farther than the elementary
school
chat
level.
an alarming rale to the poiiu that
increasing: at
is
ii
out more graduates
the prisons are putting
schools;
<hal
doubled in Egypt,, and
Retail that crime has
up
to
the
present
army
unable to outfit a single
Egypt
time
division wirli
She
.than
been
has
full
its
com-
plement of materiel; and that these sympioms and phe-
nomena may be observed
any Islamic country.
in
Among
your aims art to work for the reform of education; to war
ignorance*
against
poverty,
create
an exemplary
disea^ and
which
society
will
crime; and fo
deserve
to
be
associated with the Islamic Sacred Law.
Our General Means of Procedure
arrive at these goals ? Speeches,,
lessons,
tion
and
of
How
pronouncements,
will
we
letters,
lectures, diagnosis
of the ailment and prescrip-
the medicine
these by themselves are useless,
will never
single
:
-
ail
realkea single aim, nor
will they
advance a
agent of our mission to any one of his
Nevertheless, missions do have certain
goals.
means of proce-
which
dure which they must adopt ami according to
they
must operate. The general procedural means Hied by at]
missions arc
invariable
and unchanging, and they are
limited to the three following matters
65
Deep
faith.
Precise organization,
UFinterrupted work.
your
are
Tlic^e
general
procedural measures., Brethren, so believe in your ideo-
form your ranks about
logys
itand unwaveringly by
it
may be
there
adopted and
behalf and
its
it.
Additional Procedures :
cedures
work on
>
Besides these general pro-
additional
which must be
ones,
There arc negative and
positive ones, Some of which accord with people's cusadhered
strictly
to.
tomary behavior and others which go against such behavior, differ from it, and contradict it. there are mild ones
and we mutsi train ourselves
of these and to be prepared to resort
and rigorous
with
all
ones,,
We may
thefn in order to guarantee success.
CO put
lo
up
any of
be asked, to
go against entrenched habhs and usages, and to rebel
against regulations and w'luaiions which people lake For
granted and arc
essence^
familiar "with.
our mission
i$
actually
accepted usage and a change
you then prepared
do
these
building an
tracts-
umraa
a
in habits
in
its
rebellion
and
deeper
against
situations.
Are
Brethren ?
Tor this,
Some Discouragement
what
But then
:
Many
people
will
<vay
;
mean ? Of what use can they be lor
and rebuilding a society burdened
with (ncse chronic problems and sunk in such a welter of
How will you manage the economy on a
nonprofit basis? How will you act on the woman question? How will you obtain your rights without the use of
corruptions ?
66
force? know;
brethren,
his whispered
Satan slip*
that
suggestions into the aspirations of every reformer, but that
Allah cancels out what Satan whispers; then Allah
decrees His-miracles,- for Allah
is
knowing. Wise. Remind
past
and
all of these people lhaL history, in telling us of
contemporary nations, also gives us admonitions and
lessons. And a nation that
is
determined to
live
cannot
dte.
Our Path
frankly that your mission
Obstacles
and
people,
grasp
its
in
that
:
on
and
would
is -still
like Eo
avow
unknown
its
you
to
many
to
the day they find out about
import and
antagonisms
I
and
it
aims, you will encounter violent
sharp
You
hostility.
will
find
many
many
hardships ahead of you, and
before you,
Onjy
at
that
tread the path of those
time you are
presenr
time will
who come
still
obstacles will rise
you have begun
up
Lo
with a mission. At the
unknown, and yon are
still
smooting the way lor your mission and getting yourselves
ready for the necessary struggle and campaign
-
the ignc-
ranee of the people as to what constitutes (rue Islam
stand
as
an obstacle
in
your way, and you
will
will
find
among the clerical classes and the religious establishment
those who will regard your undemanding of Islam as
outlandish... arid
censure your campaign
on
thai account.
and men of rank and authority will hate
you, all governments will rise as one against you, and
every government will try to set limits to your activities
and to put impediments in your way. The spoliators will
Chiefs, leaders,
67
use every pretext
oppose you, and to extinguish the
of your mission. For that end they will invoke the
light
to
weak government and
aid of
a
weak morality, and oflbr
hands stretched out co them in beggary aod toward you
malignity and hotiiiry.
(They
«k up
will all
in
around your
mission [he dutf of suspicion and unjust accusations., and
they will try to
display
endow ii with every
before the people in the most
it
on
sible guise, relying
by
tified
their
their
"They
mouths, but
with their
light
[Q. 61
68
:
rience trials
you
a doubt,
without h
|.)
grid tribulations,
you
Allah will
(hen
to it"
expe-
be imprisoned,
will
and persecuted, and your goods
be confiscated, your employments, suspended, and
arrested,
will
transported,
your homes searched. This period of
time
will
for-
desire to
be averse
perfect His light though the unbelievers
to
cpuanant pos-
f
power and authority and
wealth and influence.
extinguish Allah's
and
possible defect
:
believe,
imagine i^at
and
they will
thai
Bin Allah
be
be
rot
left to say
put
to
a long
last
the
'We
:
itsAV*
promised you afterwards the
triumph of those who have striven and the reward of
[
Q.29
"Do men
may
trial
those
;
2
J
who work
chdsttfiement
against
61
:
:(h)
their
good
for the
show you a commerce
:
"O
We
who
yc
sustained those
enemy, and they became
10 and 14
}.
Are you resolved
The Factors
-for Success:
remember. Brethren,
as
we
believe, shall I
you from a painful
that will save
Then
?...
haft
face
who
victorious*'
believed
[
Q,
to be Adah's helpers 1
It
all
is
proper
that
we
These obstacles, chat
we
are proclaiming Allah's missions, which
is
the
Loftiest
we are promulgating the Islamic
ideology, which is the most poweful system of ideas; and
that we are offering to mankind Use Sacred Law of the
of
missions;
all
Qur'an, which
chat
is
most
the
of
just
all
revealed
law
-
"The baptism of AUah - and who is better than
Allah in baptism]" ( Q.2 :
JW], Let remember that the
entire world is in need of this message, and that all that
codes
:
crisis in
it is
preparing and smoothing out
its
path before
and that we, Allah be praised, are free from persona]
ambition and far from seeking personal advantage- We
it,
seek nothing but Allah's Face and the welfare of mankind,
and we labor desirous only of His approval.
We look
forward lo Allah's support and His aid, for he whom Altai*
overcome
aids cannot be
defender of those
vers have
who
no defender"
"Thai
;
believe,
[
Q;47
mission* the world's need for
;
it,
is
because Aiiah
is
(he
and because the unbelieJ
]. The strength of our
1
the nobility of our goals
and Allah's support for us are rhe factors for success
before which no obstacle can stand nor any hindrance
impede
"And Allah has the upper hand in His affairs,
but most of -mankind do not know" [ Q.12 : 21 ].
:
X.
An
Exhortation
Muslim Brethren,
listen
Through these words. I
wished to
logy to your close scrutiny., for
times await us,
you will be
exit
and
off lor
that
a.
!
your ideo-
possible that critical
is
it
present
communication between
while so that
69
I
me
and
may not be able to
you u> pander
them by hear* if you can,
speak Of wriie to you- Therefore
Ihese words carefully, to learn
advise
J
them your wholehearted acceptance.
behind every word he manifold meanings.
and
give
Lo
For
Brethren, you are not a bencvokat
organization, nor a
political party, nor a local association with uricdy limited
aims. Rather you are
anew
spirit
making jn way
into The
and revivifying it through the Qur'un;
dawning and scaitcrlng ibe darkness of
heart of this nation
ft
new
light
materialism through
the
knowledge
of
menage
voice rising and echoing the
Alia* bless and save himf).
It
a resounding
AJbh;
of the Apostle
(May
simply the truth, and no
that
you ore bearing the
is
you know
burden after the rest of mankind have shunted if off. If
someone should ajk you
To whai end is your appeal
made ?, SAy
We are calling you to Islam, which was
exaggeration, that
:
;
brought by
Muhammad (May
*i|jh bless
and save
him!
;
I
pan of it, freedom is one of its religious
duties. If someone should say to you
"Hii$ is politic* I,
say
This is Islam, and we do not recognize such divigovernment
is
:
:
sions.
someone should say to you
If
revolution
peace
in
I,
say
:
We
:
are agents
you arc agent* of
of the
truth
and of
which wc believe and which we caalt If you
up against us and offer hindrance
rise
our message, kW
has given us permission lo defend ourselves, and you will
be unjust rebels. If someone shouJd say to you :
You are
asking the help of individuals and associations !, say
to
:
"We
believe in
Altai alone, and
reject that
70
which you were
associating with Hton."2*
tility,
say :
And
if
"Peace be unto
for
the ignorant
"
Q. 28 :
I
they persist in their
vrni
We
I
hos-
have no deairc
53 J.
XI. Duties
Brethren,
We
believe in AlWIi, exult in the
upon Him and
knowledge of Him,
rely
upon Him. Fear no one bui Him,
stand in awe of no otter than Him. Perform His commandments and shun whai lie has forbiddeh-
Modd
lean
yourselves
fection*.
Be strong
on
in
the virtues and cleave 10
your morality and
might which Atta*1 has given
to the
through the nobility of the sincerely pious,.
as&iduously, and devote yourselves ro the Pure
than wranglers , for when
people
He
inspires
belivcra,
the Qur'an, and vtudy
Prophet, taking counsel from
Be
it.
Aiij.ii
per-
mighty through
the
Apply yourselves to
lise
ix
and
together
Life of
the
active workers rut her
bestows His guidance on
a
them to work. And people do not go
astray after receiving guidance, except
when disputation
becomes the vogue among them.
Love one another,
union, tor
tress
A
this, fc
and hold
fast
zealously to your
the secret of your strength
and
the but-
of your success. Si-and fast until Allah judges justly
paraphrase 0?
alone. «AfJ
:
rejec* rhit
94 wbteh suy*
;
"Wc
believe in Allah
which wc w^rc auoctwin?
with
Hh»".
you
between
and
your people,
He U
for
the
of
best
Judges.
Listen,
fort, in
and obey your leaders both in duress and com-
good rimes and
conviction and the
bad:, for this
bond of
(he
is
solidarity
token of your
among
you.
look forward to Allah's aid and His support.
The occasion will come, without a doubt
"And then the
Finally,
:
believers
and He
rejoice in Allah
is
*
aid.
He
aEdfc
the Mighty, the Merciful"
[
whom He
Q. 30
:
will,
4 ].
Allah grant u* and you success in whai He loves
and approve*, and conduct us and you along the paths of
May
the
the
good who are
life
rightly guided;
He
give us to live
of the glorious and the forlhunate. and give us to
die the death of the martyrs
For
may He
is the best
who
have striven
of Masters, and the
72
best
in jihad.
of Defenders.
OUR MISSION
We
of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate
Name
In the
would
like so
Preamble
apprise mankind of our
1
goal, put our
program before them, and address our mission to them wilhouth obscurity or ambiguity - brigh ter lhan
he sun,
clearer than the wrack of daw n, and mote luminous than
J
the fullness of the day.
Exoneration
At the same lime, we would Hie our people to know
and all Muslims are out people - that the mission or the
Muslim Brotherhood
such heights of purity that
has aspired to
cended the
a pure and unblemished one.
is
held material
gain
in
has. trans-
ii
of merely personal ambition
limit*
It
:
U has
abandoned ail selfish
forward on the road
contempt,
impulm and goals
and gone
mapped out for the missionary by iheTrulh
;
1
(Blessed and
almighty is He')
"Say
*This is ra^y way ; I summon
unto Allah according to a clear evidence I and
:
r
whosoever
me.
follows
potyiheisu'"
kind
we
them,
a
in the
wage from them.
nor do we desire
(hanks
it is
:
Allah,
J-
We
I
am
not
of
the
ask nothing of man-
we make no monetary demands of them, nor do
;
sock
|
Glory unto
Q. 12 108
We
gain
of them
no
credit
any recompense or
Whatever be our recompense
hands of our Creator.
through
in this regard,
"The
Trutti/'
AMIaqq,
is
a
common
Mt
of God.
Fellow -
Fceline
In Ihe same way, we wish our people io know
thai we
love Ihern more than ourselves* and that
ji is
pleasing to
us lo be offered up as a sacrifice for their greatness,
we
if
muse make
such a sacrifice, and to pay the price
glory, their nobility, their religion, and their
for their
hopes,
possess the requisite
suaded us to
feeling which
keeps
we
One thing alone has per-
wealth.
lake this position in their regard
seizes
if
our
us from sleep, and brings us
ti
the
fdlow
our emotions
masters
hearts,
-
difficult,
our peopEe are pre-
tears.
It is
indeed very difficult,, to see how
sently beleaguered, and inert to resign ourselves
to.hurnilily, or accept a submissive role, Or abandon ourselves
to
despair. For when we work for mankind
in Allah's- way,
it is
we work harder
than for ourselves : we are Tor you and
for no one else, beloved, nor shall we ever be against
.you,
even for a day,
Allah's
We
that
Is the Virtue
and Ihe
Munificence
are conferring no special favor, nor do we
suppose
we
derive any
particular virtue tor ourselves
in this
matter. We simply believe in what Mali
(Blessed and
Almighty is He !) has said : "Rather
has AJiah conferred a
benefit upon you in chat He has guided you to
faith, if
speak the truth"
you
Q 49 : 17'
But we whh
behalf -
if wishes avail
-
that our hearts be laid
haring of our
observe whether they see
sight and
their advantage,
on your
].
[
people, so thac
in
bare to the
our brethren may
them aught but desire for
compassion
toward
them,
and
seH-
sacrifice for their welfare.
Will they find aughL but consuming grief for the
cumstance*
chat Allah
in
which wc find ourselves.
knows
all this, that
a successful outcome, and
AU*h guide,
leads asiray has
will
no
bese of Guarantors,
Let
is
the guarantor of
it
suffice us
and (he
keys
to (hem.
He
nor be misled^ but he whomAiiah
guide.
Is
alone
?
that in His hands lie the gui-
ding reins of men's hearty
whom
He
cir-
He is
not
our sufficiency, *nd the
AlUh
sufficient
for Hia
wr-
Faor Types
wc would desire of mankind is that they
before ui as one welded oul of these Tour types
All
siou-d
:
Any person who has faith in our mission, brieves in what we say, approves of our principles,
aiKl sees therein some good in which hia soul may find
satisfaction
and hit heart be comen*
ii
one whom we
The Belkier
:
,
invite to
hasten la join us tuid to work with us so that the
number of those who
and the voice
of
strive in Allah's, way-'
may
increase,
the agents of our mission be augmented
unless
by his voice. There is no meaning to faun
it
be
accompanied by works, and no profit in a doctrine which
does not impel its
possessor 10 bring
sacrifice himself for its sake.
2-
The lerm used Kern
•\raWc Tenni.
is
it
(o fruition
Such were ihe
and to
First Precur-
mujuhld, which Mfl In the
Oomsy of
w>n> of chose whose breasts were opened byAiUfa
guidance, so lhat Chey followed H
prophets, has
His revealed scriptures, and
these will Allah
thai thev will
lowed them
will
Him. On
strove mightily lor
fact
have the same reward as those who
not lessen (heir wages id the slightest.
fol-
bestow His most generous wage
Anyone
:
in
to
whom
we have Mud,
whai
wavering, arid we
rim
leave
him, however, to
or
remains
truth
the
or
ideals
sincerity
and
he&iiant
is
We counsel
to his hesitancy.
more mimate contact
get in
read about us sooner
and
faith in
(|
unclear, and who has not discerned the
clu^s.
i
Latter,
study our writings
r
with
irt.
visit
our
become personally acquainted with
Brethren, Then he
have confidence in
will
ling, for the altitude of (he waverer*
followed the
Hi*,
The
The Waverer
and moral profit
io
Aa
:
Attah
wil-
among those who
former limes was identical.
apostles in
The Opportune*
us,
our
for the person
who doe* not wish
Co lend his aid except after finding out how
much
get back as profit, and how much
flain his
he
will
contribution
him, we say Co him
"Take
prize to offer e&ccp aiuiA reward
will net
:
il
easy
if
I
We have no
you are
sincere,
and
Paiadisc if He recognizee any good in
you. A* for us, we
are unimportant and poor
our concern is to offer wba(ever we have as sacrifice and to contribute whatever we
:
po»fr« Our hope
Matter* and [he
the veil from
is Allah'*
grace, for
best of Helpers.
his
covetouaeasvs from
his
mind,
He
" Then,
and dispels
henn, he
will
Ihc besi
is
the
if
Allah
of
removes
nightmare
of
know that the ihings
and
MJah are belief and more lasting,
vhicb are oF
will
tie
such goods of
reward in the
this world as he possesses to obtain Aiiah'b
but that
Afterlife, for what you po&sess will pass away,
otherwise. Allahisin
which is of AJJah is everlasting. If it is
join Ally's battalion to
give generously of
no need of those who do
not see thai to AJIah bcloflfte
term in
was
death. It
world and the next, their life and their
adopted when
same attitude thai people like them
(May
Swear fealty to the Apostle of Mfoh
first right over their persons, their wealth,
this
tfte
the
they refused to
Allah bless and save him
unless they were
!)
their
granted the
God
"The
bupreme authority after him. His sole response (May
bless and save hhn
earth
i&
J)
was co
inform them thaL
Allah's : he gives to
inherit
it
those
of His servants, and. the final consequence
t0%
the pious" [ Q-7 :
The prejudiced
is
in
is
favor of
has
sons of doubts and
all
looking at us through dark passes and will
about us only in
talk
whom He
The individual who looks on us wirh
and
suspicion,
misgivings
about us,
:
;
terms indicative
of
vexation and
delusions,
skepticismHe remains &oUdIy fixed in his
wrapped up in his doubts, and enveloped tn his fancies.
On
behalf of
we pray AUah to $ive us
follow it; and
grant us to
ourselves and hite;
to see the (ruth
as truth
and
to
togtve us to see vanity a* vanity and
si;
to grant us to
shun
and to inspire both us and him with right guidance.
invite
him,
if lie will
accept the invhartcwu
We
and summon
him,
if
he
will reply to ihe
summons; and we
pray Aliabon
He. Glory unto Him,
his behalf, for
ts
the Cynosure of
hope. Allah revealed the following concerning one type of
man
whom
those
10- 28
tha^i love*!, but Afcth
5$
;
We
),
convinced by our mission,
word of
10 us aforetime
do not know
We
the Elect'
will"
10 us
our only slogan
(May
my
and he
the gui-
and save him
Allan bless
forgive
is
thai
I)
people, for they
!*'
wish that
one with
whom He
f aides
come over
will
for
"My Afitfc,
:
dost indeed not guide
however, continue to Jove
shall,
hope that he
individual and
ding
"Thou
His Noble Apostle :
to
all
people ol these lypes were united a*
us, for the rime has
come when
Muslim must
the
pursue his goal atid define his objective, and work Jo ward
he attains his goal. As for thh mis-
this objective until
guided negligence, these
silly
notions, these heedless turn*
of mind, \hh blind mdtrision of
his.
every Torn, Dick, and Harry
atfter
and
bib
Ihis is in
following
no way the
palh of the believer.
Annihilation
Besides
Only he is
it
in
this,
fit
demanded of
and
our people
ta
know
(hat
who comprehend*
and who devotes,to ii all thai may be
liim in
terms of bis person, his wealth,
hi*
"If your fathers, your sons, your
your wives, your kin. the wealth you have
his health
brothers,
like
to respond to this mission
aspects,
all its
firtic.
we would
:
earned, the commerce whose falling off you fear, and the
3,
"The Fled." Al-Mi>sc»lk.
Muhamiua<[,
is
9
coramms
title
of the Prophci
than Alton
more beloved by you
and hw Apostle, and struggle In His. way
then
wail
God
dwelling* in which you rejokc, are
until
-
brings His
command; a
an iniquitous people" [Q. 9 :
For
it
loyally,
h
is
through
prepared to accept
him, Whosoever
will be deprived of the reward
not
divided
tolerate
and
ihat of total unity,
is
it
docs not guide
]_
mission which does
a
since iu very nature
whosoever
lives
24
Lib
I
through
will live
it
as
it
too weak for this
burden
of those who sirivc* and
is
will remain with
he backsliders and stay with the slackers. Allah will extend His Invitation to him
Lo
another
I
people In his stead
"humble
;
toward
powerful against unbeliever*, striving
in the
way of Allah,
and fearing not the reproach of any reproadier
the bounty of
I Q*5 34],
which He brings
Allah,
to
and
believers
That
is
whom He wilH
:
Clarity
We summon
mankind
to accept a principle
well defined principle already accepted by
are acquainted with
if,
believe in
it,
-
them
a clear,
all
:
and acknowledge
all
its
and Ihey know Ihat their &Kation, prosperity,
and peace of mind depend on it - a principle whose
validity,
eternal validity ha* been attoied eo by experience and the
judgment of
history,
reform of temporal
as.
well as
existence.
by Us applicability to the
Two
The
are
all
difference between us and our people, though
accord iri
in
among them
their souls,
according
whereas
kened
Faiths
in
an anesthetized
is
whose
LO
the.
amazing
principle, is
this
that
dormant within
one to which they do not wish to submit and
it
faith,
they do
dlcatates
not.
wish
a burning* blaiong, intense faith
is
it
our failh in
we
to
fully
aci;
awa-
Muslim Brotherhood. There is
which we Easterners, as we!3 as
souls of the
spiritual quality
others perceive
wiehin our
souEs;
namely, that we tellev£
our ideology with a faith which, when we discuss it
with people, leads them to believe that ic will impel us to
in
shatter mountains.
to
our persons and our
up
offer
wealth, bear misfortunes, and struggle against adversities
until
we triumph through
it,
or
it
through us- Neverthe-
once he hurly - burly of debate grows quiet, and ihe
group break up and go their ways* each individual forgets
less*
I
his faith
and ignores
acting in
his ideology, giving
order to further
it,
no thought to
nor urging himself to put
on its behalf- In fact, he may
carry this forgctfulness and negligence so far that he will
even act against it, unwittingly or not. Do you not laugh
in amazement when you sec a man, thoughtful, -active,
and educated, merely within the space of two consecutive
forth
the
slightest effort
hours out of the
apostates,
This
entire
and a
listlesivness,
torpidity - call
it
day turn into an apostate among
believer
or
-among believers ?
forget fulness,
whaL you will
- as
or negligence,
what has made
us
try
or
to
accepted by
of this
souls
arouse our principle <the very same principle
people) to copiousness
beloved people.
our
Various
Therefore
are
first
statement, and say
Brotherhood
the prea-
is
and West today there
and iedologies and
principle, for in ihe East
various missions and principles
schools of chougM and
which sow
the
.Vlissiutts
shali return 10 may
L
thai the mission of the Muslim
ching of a
within
iopiaions and objectives - all
of
men andwar within
shown in Lhe best pos-
division in che minds of
their'hearts. Each one of the in is
sible lighl
by its adherents : each one has
spread about by
its
creatures, its
its
propaganda
devotees,
followers,, its
and excelpretensions as
lences for it, and make such exaggerated
to
il attractive, captivating, arid striking
will render
&nd
its
disciples.
Tftey claim
special
virtues
-
people.
Propagandists
Propagandists of today are not
They are educated,
well-
like those ol yesterday.
equipped,
and
trained specialists, particularly in the Western
where there are trained corps specializing
logy, clarifying
Futures, and
its
abstruse points,
inventing
means
displaying
of
methods of propagandizing for it.
out the- easiest, most effortless,
at
in
its
thoroughly
countries,
every ideogood
dissemination
and
Of its behalf, (hey feel
and most convenient
way* co
influence the minds of people,
conviction and
leading to inner
conversion.
The Methods
Similarly, the methods of propaganda
today arc not
those of yesterday. The propaganda of
of
sisted
a verbal message given out
yesterday
a speech
in
con-
or
at
a
meeting, or one written in a tract or letter.
sists of
publicaSions,
Today, k con-
magazines, newspapers,
articles,
plays, films, and radio broadcasting. All these
have made
mankind, women as
easy
to influence the minds of all
well as men, in their tomes, place*. of business,
it
and
Therefore it
has become necessary that
perfect all these means so thai
desired results.
Now why
more
of
factories
field?.
ail
am
I
making
propagandists
may yield the
their efforts
this digression ?
1
that the world today h surfeited with
kinds -
political
n>
shall
once
propaganda
economic,
mission of tae
naeiontdist, patriotic,
military, and pacifist- And what is the
Muslim Brotherhood alongside this confused wdter ?
will give rnc the chance to speak to you on two
It
ters
:
first,
the simple,
positive framework
of om mis-
sion; then, afterwards, our siand with
respect to
every one of
Do
made
not judge
mat-
each and
these other missions,
me
too harshly for this digres$»c
a resolution Co write as
I
;
I
speak, and to dbOfts
had
my
82
topic in (his manner, wiihou! stylistic artifice or preciosity. I simply wish people 10 know me as
am, and to ltet
I
my
message reach their minds devoid of ornament and
enabellishtneni-
Our Islam
by che
comprehensively
word
Our mission
Brother :
Listen,
has a meaning
term
al]
life,
one described
"I&Iwmic,
11
mo«
though
this
broader than the narrow definition
understood by people generally.
ad
is
We
believe that Islam
is
embracing concept which regulates every aspect of
-
adjudicating
bing fur
it
a
on
every one
its
concerns and prescri-
and rigorous order.
solid
docs not stand
£t
helpless
before life's problems, not the steps one must
take
improve
to
understand
by
mankind. Sorwe people mistakenly
Islam -something restricted to -certain types
and con-
of religious observances or spiritual exercises,
and their understanding CO
areas determined by their limited grasp.
line themselves
But
we
understand
I
slam
as
-
opposed to
narrow
ihe&fi
this
view -very
broadly and comprehensively as regulating the affairs of
men
in this
world and
fihe
ctaim out of presumption, nor do
the basis of
solely
on our understanding of
first
do not make
we enlarge upon
our own preconceptions
biographies of the
We
next.
the
Muslims.
:
on
it
is bused
rather it
Book of
If the
chis
Allah,
and the
reader wishes to
understand the mission of the Muslim Brotherhood in a
sense broader than the mere
word "Islamic,"
81
let
him take
up
Qur an and rid himself of whimsy and prejudgmeni. Then he will gel to understand what the Qur'an is
about, and will see right
here the mission ol
he Muslim
his
I
I
Brotherhood.
Yes indeed, our mission
'Islamic"
is
in
every sense of
the word, That taken into account, unUcrsiaxid by
you
will,
as
long as
Ally's Bool:, the $unnaJ
phics
of
I
und^rsinndmg
this
Allah's
Apostle
is
confined to
of his Apostle, and the
Muslim
he cariy
foundation of I
is
whai
it
dam and its
trio-gra-
pietist
,
Book
is
pillar,
and the Surma of
the explanation and
the
commentary on
while the biographies of the early pietists5
the
< AJittr*
His.
Book,
grace be
upon them ;) embody Ttiejr execution of its commands
and their obedience Lo its teaching*. They arc the practical exemplars and ihc paradigmatic
modd* of these
commandment and teachings.
Our
Altitude
Our Maud
Toward
the Various
with respect to (he various
MKuoan
misskm- which
a veritable flood in this era, and which have divided
men's hearts and thrown (heir minds into cosifuuoa - is
are
The Sunns oj ihc Prophet ^vir^prncs »II hii murUtC umngv
opinions, and Jul praciYed in the Traditi&nv, In ihc MuUim view,
dww eofitfiiute a practical commentary on the cuhtcul ami firuas
precepts laid
down
in
ihc Qui an, and therefore Pf7*uk
aad
ideal
model wltkti ihc pioiis Muslim whouW rtciiaic
bus duty We.
s3*o Auona and hudhfc in the Gloomy of Arabk lam
The SaJafF or
eaciicst
generiuicm of
during the ProheTi ministry. The term
is
Ylu.Uiirvk
cnaraunui 19
KMncaoKft
Ihr %Ri>nd gcncrjlh>n, ihc Imbi un, as writ.
wm$
Sec
bkm
to mctude
that
we weigh them
in
the balance of our mission. Wha-
in accord with
it
is
tever
is
dashes with
we
it,
that our mission
that
dt>es
it
welcomed^
but
whatever
(herefrom. We believe
universal and all - encompassing, but
are absolved
is
not turn
back on the beneficial aspects of
its
any other mission, without familiarizing
and recommending Eh em,
itself
with them
Patriotism
People are
times seduced by. the appeal to patriotism, at other times tay thai, of nationalism, especially in
the East,
at
tavern peoples are aware of the
abuses of the West toward them, abuses that have done
where
the
irajury to their dignity, their
dence; as well as commandeered
honor, and their indepen-
and shed their
Hood; and where these peoples suffer under the Western
their wealth
yoke which has been forced upon them. Hence they are
frying to free themselves
resistance, oposition,
from it
and endurance they arc
summoning up. The tongues of
gi
with whatever strength*
capable of
their leaders
have been
ven free rein, a stream of newspapers has gushed forth,
their writers
have written, their orators have made
ches, and their
name or
This
that
is
broadcasters have broadcast
good and
.try
being Muslim
in
in
patriotism and the majesty of nationalism.
when you
Islam
all
,
speethe
a state
line.
But
it
is
neither
good nor
to acquaint the Eastern peoples
with the fact
That
this is to
they
be found in
-
more complete, more pure, more
85
fine
lofty,
and more exalted than anything
that,
can be found
in
The
utterances of Westerners and the books of Europeans,
they reject it
and
claiming
Islam belongs
that
persist in imitating these latter blindly,
in
one category
and
this
Some fflhcm think that this is what
of the nation and weakens the solidarity
ideology in another,
splits the unity
of
their youth.
This mistaken notion has been a danger for the Eastern
peoples from every standpoint,
would now
turn to
like to
and with
notion
this
I
of the Muslim
the attitude
Brotherhood and their mission, insofar as they deal with
the idea of patriotism - the attitude they approve of for
themselves, and which they desire
and are trying to con-
vince the people to adopt with them.
The Patriotism or Sentiment
If
by it
the propagandists for patriotism
mean
love of
attachment lo it, sentiment toward it, and
affection toward it,. it is something, anchored in the very
this
Land,
nature of the soul,
for
ode thing; and for another,
prescribed by islam- Bilal,6
Pilal
b.
Rabah
(?-S4])
«tfly convert co
toiCure because of hts
a Victim
1*tfln»,
ieILj(ioLi£
the
first
paigns, and
scaie treasurer.
died
in.
Damascus
in
every way
for
who
His pagan master subjected him
and
1)$
one 10 perform the office at
"mucMin") in Islam, and
He
toughr in
after the
all
fro
was bought and
first
the faithful ia prayer (mu'MJhdlifa,.
was the
suffered
slave of Ethiopian origin
convictions,
freed by Atw Bakr. He was
Ufia
who
is
it
rlie
eal-
Prophet's onrn-
Muslim conquest of
Syria.
the sake of his creed and his religion,
who
uttered
Exile,7 filled with longing for
wing with tenderness and
Would
&ame
the
Bilal
House of
sentiment in the
following
the-
was
Mecca, in verses overflo-
replete with sweetness
:
knew if I shall spend a single night
once more In a valley, about me sweet - smelling
herbs and panic
gras^; Or if I shall come down
some day to the waters of Majanna, And if Shama
that I
-
The Apostle of
(May
Allah
our hearts
let
if
to tree
mean
they
tfce
pendence
that
and
it
this too.
this* as
He
(Blessed
I
its
the
Usayyil,
sons
laid
lo increase its
-
then
we
are with them
the .greatest stress
is
inde-
of freedom and
principles
and Almighty
He;) says
:
upon
"Great'
His Apostle, and the believers, but
(fcrnitj aiinr.)
Majanna. Shamft. and
Usayyil, a
"O
r
his
o Medina. Lhecity lo which Ihc Muslims emigrateci
a body in the Hijra
of Mecca.
said
and
had
necessary to tnake every elTort
ravagcrs,
For Islam has
A f-efefi5ii.ee
£,
%
10 instill
ness belongs to Alia; .,
as,
i
its
greatness in the souls of
in
IJSflryytii*
)
Freedom and Greatness
otf
land from
>
He
it.
him
rest quiet 11 .
PalrioUsm
Or
Mecca by
up in yearning; for
tears welled
and save
Allah bless
listened to a description of
8
up before me.
arid Tafil shall ever rise
t
of 622.
#JK arc rawuniain*
in
the neighborhood
name assigned to 3 number of the Prophet's con-
Whoever il waft he was asked by the Prophet or by the
departure
Prophet's v/i£c '.Viiha it> describe Mecca at the lime of EiU
to utter these ox
for Medina- His dcKeription moved the Prophet
leraporMte*.
similar sentiments.
«7
know
the Hypocrites 10
not*' [
"Allah will never grant
the believers " [Q, 4
:
they
if
S
:
];
to the unbelievers
and He says
;
a way against
141 ].
Patriotism nf
Or
Q. 63
Omrmiity
mean by "patriotism"
reinforcing the bonds
which unite individuals within a given country, and guiding them to the means of putting this reinforcement to
work toward their best interests - itoen we are also in
agreement with, them on this. For Islam regards this as a
AHah
necessary religious duty, and its Prophet (May
and save him f) s.a5d :
"Be worshippers of Anah.
brethren,"'
Do
believe 1
you t
while the Noble Qur'an says
1
by
to cast
fail
what
We
yet greater.
who were
hue
what
has
who
Q.
[
{Munafiqunj
3
make
you
if
M8].
:
were
Methnese
half-hearted
pcofewetl loyally to the Prophet
evidently ready to
been
their breasts conceal
have made the signs clear to you*
-Hypocrites
convert! (o Islam
Hatred
you.
troubles
would but under stand"
The
who
ye
who are not of
disorder among yon; they
revealed out of their moulhs ;
is
**0
and
not take as confidants (.hose
they will not
are pleased
:
bless
and
ttia
peace with the juzj.-.s
faith.
in
the
event of a serious Muslim defeat, and were therefore waving to sec
which way the chips would
all
fall..They
effective political authority co
»ittanct» with the
II
A
.
See A.
Wesniek
4:115.
hftdiih
in
the
r-dvdMH
to
wntff&Bf
Muhammad by &n*t
Medioeae Jewish
Tound
arc also
up
theit
tribes.
Mn?m>d
pf
Ahimadfc
H«tbri.
J.
et
al.,
Comxirdantr
tt
indue* d*
la
irartna aMwloiuJi*.
Patriotism of C«itqueil
Or if
mean by "patriotism"
they
couniries and
lordship over the earth,
ordained thai
conquest
the
Islam has
of
ready
aJ
and has seni out conquerors to carry out
the most graciou* of colonizations and the- most
of
bleised
,
conquests. Thi*
"Fight hem
i
is
ti3l
Almighty, says
no longer discord., and the
whftl lie, the
there
is
isAibbV 10-2:
gion
193
reli-
J.
Patriotism or factionalism
Or if they mean by "pairioinni" dividing ap the nation
into parties which engage in mutual throat cutting,
haired and vituperalion, hurling accusations
ther,
further
and banding
one another,
deceiving
posilivi^ courses
of action
one
at
ano-
together
da
to
by
rated
their
desires, informed by
and inierprrted by
selfish interests all this
lor his
ihrir
motives and
personal
their
minds to accord with
goals,
own
their
then the enemy will take advantage
own ends, encouraging
chis
fixe
of
to blaze
forth all themore fiercely, causing ihetn to differ
over the
truth but be united on the false. Further, he will
prevent
any communication or
will
allow them
around
him,
10
cooperation between ihern,
communicate wirh
but
him and io rally
with the result that they will seek only his
purlieus, and only chose who come to him as visitors will
encounter one
another- This
which does no good cither
for
its
is
a
counterfeit patriotism,
propagandist*
or for
people in
general.
Now
you have already seen thai wc
arc
on the side of
sound ideas
it
the country and
their
extremists
contains
its
with
which redound
people. Arid you
this extensive and
respect
wideranging
to
to the
bone
the
benefit
of
have also seen that
patriotic
propaganda
constitutes no more than a part of the
teachings
The
all
The limits of Our
of contention between
of Islam.
Patriotism
us and
them
is
thai
define patriotism according to the
standard of credal
while
they
belief,
define it according to
we
territorial
borders
and geographical boundaries. For every region in which
there is a Muslim who says
"There is no god but AJlah,
:
and Muhammad is the Apostle of Aiiah'% is a fatherland
in our opinion, possessing its own inviolability
and sanctity,
and demanding love, sincerity,, and
earnest
effort for
the sake of its
welfare. All Muslims
in chese geographidetermined
cally
countries are our people and our brethwc are concerned about them,
ren
and we share their
feelings and sensibilites. Propagandists
for patriotism
alone are not like this, since all that interests
r
them
concerns a
and narrowly
is
what
delimited region of the
This practical difference shows
forth clearly
never any one of the nations deyres to
aggrandize itself
whethe expense of any other one, for we do not
at
approve of
chis taking place at the expense of
any Islamic country.
We seek power onEy thai we may
all share in it together,
But the propagandists for pure
patriotism see nothing
wrong in this; and as a result, bonds of
amicable relationship -are snapped, power is
dispersed, and the enemy
specific
earth.
90
strikes out
at
some by making use of
others.
The Goal of Our Patriotism
This
is
one
The second
factor.
patriots seek for the most
pan
that
is-
to free their
and then afterwards to build up
it*
slrengrh
purely local
own
on
country,
the mate-
Europe js doing today. We, on the other
that the Muslim is duty bound to give of his
rial side, just as
hand, believe
person, his blood, and hib wealth 10 carry out his
namely, to guide mankind by the
its
light
trust,
of Islam and to
lift
banner On high above the regions of the earth, without
desiring thereby wealth, rank, or
power over anyone, nor
the enslavement of any people.
He
Face and the
felicity
desires only Allans
of the world through His
religion
and the exaltation of His word. This is what spurred on
the pious early Muslims (Allah's grace be upon them !) (o
which astounded the world and
went bayond anything history had known in their swiftthose
saintly 'victories
ness, justice, nobility,
and
virtue.
would like to draw your attention eo the egregious
that acting on this
error of that leading figure who says
I
principle
would tear apart the unity of Ihe narion
t
which
is
different retagious elements.' 2
composed of
which
is
and
(he very religion of unity
tees the maintenance of the
ties
Now Islam,
equality, guaran-
uniting the whole,
.so
long
as they continue to cooperate
not forbid you to deal
against
you
in
for die good : "Allah docs
with those who have not
fought
religion
your homes, with
kindness and justtee*
lov« the just" [0.#>:8
could dissension
You
have
agreement
and have nai expelled you
|.
Now
from
for indeed
ihen, from what
Aliah
source
spring ?
seen
after
all
how much we arc
this
with the most ardent patriots
as regards love
of the country's good and
earnest struggle for the sake
its liberation, its welfare,
progress.
and
its
in
of
We do, and we
supper; everyone who will endeavor lo procure these
with
sincerity. Even more, J warn you to know
their
thai
endeavor, if it should resulr in freeing the fatherland
and
restoring its glory, would represent lo the Muslim
Brotherhood mereiy a part of ihe way,
or simply a single
stage of ii. For after that, it still remains for
(hem w
strive to raise the standard of the Islamic
high over all
the regions of the earth,
fatherland
on
and to unfurl the
banner of the Qur'an everywhere.
12,
Here Ai-Banuu' N
ediKainr
Ahmad
Lutll al Sayytd
numcroui tliKir-lea,
ikm
naitai*fcni
famous wrlrcr and
-1^3), or to
one *i his
probably retelling to ifcc
who
campaigned uo behalf of
u
an
opposed 10 b<*h pan-Mmum and
Sec, far tnumpfc, Charles Wendell. The Kroltiilon
of ihc
National IniAge; fmm
229-21 1. 256 - 237.
Hh OrifflitH
92
lo
atden
E*yp-
Pan-Aubi*nu
Rupiiqn
Ahmad V*m akSavvid. no
Nationalism
And now I
speak 10
shall
you
about our attitude
toward the principle of nationalism.
Nationalism of Glory
If,
by what
.they
vaunt as the principle of nationalism,
chey mean that the
of fheir
ancestors,
ttfrms should follow in the footsteps
grandeur;
on the ladder of glory and
thai i hey should emulate them in their faculties of excep-
tional ability and resolution; that they Should take them
as a good example to follow, and that the grandeur of the
forefathers something
and
through which
their descendants
may
they
may
discover
boast of,
bravery
and
magnanimity by virtue? of intimate connection and inhcritance - then it is a worthy, fine goal which wc encourage
and
advocate. Doe? our apparatus for awakening the
ardor of the present generation exist far any other reason
;han to spur them on through the glories of those gone
oefore ? Perhaps a clear directive for this may be seen in
what the ApOsiIe of AUith (May Allah bless and save him !)
said : "Men
are treasure
troves
-
the best of them in
:
Islam, if Lhey but
pagan times are the best of them in
knew", 15 There you see now that Islam does not deny this
excelteot
A
and noble quality to nationalism.
hadilh to be
found
in Al-Biikhari,
I.udolf KrchJ and Th. W.- JuyflboH).
CotKordaike, 2 :I00 and 4 : 156.
93
Book
Al-Jami al-Sahlh (*ds. m.
«0, Section
1*9. .See.
also
Nalicmaibm
«>f
tonununil?
Political
Or if They mean by "nationalism" that a
his nation are the motf deserving put
of
man's kin and
hit benevolence a ad devotion, and the most
favor and
zealous- striving
for who docs
|
think
riot
deserving of manttind of
worthy of
then k if
jihad
|
thai
his
hi*
mankind of
all
people
ihe truth,
the
arc
zealtm* efforts,
lift
when
most
he has
sprung from Ihem and has grown up among ihcm?
By mv life, a man's kin arc greater m forbearance
Toward him. even if they mount him on all kinds of
saddles. 14
Nationalism of Discipline
If what ta intended by "natiofialisni" is that all of
us are put co the test and held accountable to work
and strive assiduously, it is up to every collectivity to
realize the goal from lis own vantage point until wc
converge. Aflat, willing,, in the forecourt
of victory,
and then this division ftill have been a good thing
indeed
Who is for its, in company with those who
!
spur on the
on its own
felicity
baufcfietd,
umU wc
converge
liberation?
of freedom and
Meaning. "Even
if they subject
dwcomforis," From 3 poem
ewiilrd
each one
Eastern peoples in phalanxes,
but there are
94
in
the
vanousannoynncesand
mnih-crmmy
the cwci
recent Egyptian edition orthi* work,
KfuuJd b. Nadla.
m
him
in she fcunnu*
AJ-Hama&a, compir«3 by
all
amboiojj'
Abu Tarnuwra. In
ihe author's
numer™
name
is
.fcivon
ihr
*4
other attribution*.
All this and
nationalism
the like comprised by the
concept of
not
our
and wonderful
Islam does
J&ct,
reject it - [stain being our criterion - but in
hearts arc open to receive it, and we urge all to
accept
is fine
it.
(Nationalism nf Paganism
If, however,
of the
the revival
meant by "nationalism" is
have
customs of a pagan ^'whi^
what
is
been swept away, and
manners
lization
extinct
the reeonstitution of
benevolent
gone by, while a
which has long been established
that have-
and the bonds and attachment* of Islam are
is
civi-
effaced,
dis-
racial
solved by the propaganda of nationalism and
sclfaggrandizemcnt, as
taking extreme measures
some
to annihilate the characte-
Islam and Arabism
ristic crakscf
personal names, the
have done by
states
letters
-
extendi
tig
even to
of the alphabet and the
vocabulary, and to the reviving of long - dead pagan
customs - then this ingredient of nationalism is
reprehensible, deleterious in its consequences and
evil
in its
results.
bankruptcy,
its
is
'
It
causing
presiige-will thereby
intrincie
This
1
\nH lead the East to a serious
it
to forfeit
its heritage,
decline, and
qualities, together with the
a clear reference
ctj
Us
while
mosi
most
haUowed
the sweeping ccfoiirts institute
by
Mustafa Kemal Ataruric in the years following the emergence of the
Turkish
republic; in
l'>23.
characteristics of
Bui this
harm
will
honor and
kit
AJUfa's religion noi at all
He
you turn your backs,
and they
ther people,
and
is
lis
It
Char rhe
of a
to the dis-
continued existence, as preached for
Italy
nay more.
j
claimed by every nation which preaches
idea.
racial sel-
races. aggression against then),
euunple by Germany and
over
:
victimization for the take of the nation'
ihcif
glory and
rity
if
of Agression
faggrandi/emem to a degree which leads
paragement of Other
"And
:
you with anonot be like you" |Q. 47
meant by "nationaJtaft^
what
If
lost.
will replace
will
Naiiririulisra
be
nobility, will
all
has
(hen this too
no share
in humamtariariisin,
human
superio-
a reprehensible
others -
is
it*
as.
and means
race will Liquidate itself for the sake
-delusion with
no
basis in
(act
and embodying
hoc the slighter good-
Two PHbr*
The Minimi Brotherhood do
not believe in a
nationalism containing these ideas or their
do
like,
nor
they advocate Ptauraonism. Arabism. Phoeni-
cianism, or Syrianiun, or employ any of those epiThets
by which peoples arc held up
to insult.
Ihcy do believe in what the ApostEc of
96
But
God (May
AlUh bless and
save him *)
most perfect teacher
the Perfect Man,
r
,f,
(he
t
mankind (he
wfeo has ever taught
Allah has removed from you
the arrogance
of paganism and the vaunlingol your ancestry : mankind
good,
sulci
,L
:
springs from Adam, and
Arah ha* no
Adam
spring* from dust.
superiority over ihc
How
17
virtue Of
kits
jusf I
Mankind are of Adam, and
piety."
equals, and people
and
tlieir
ii
i!
which, if
pillars,
would
Adam,
are sprung from
b
human
mankind up
lift
in
how line and
is.
they
therefore
one another
vie witti
duty to be rivals
Arab except by
non
splendid this
Tlie
doing good -
arc
works,
in their
iwn firm
were only huih upon
Sift-
to the Inches: heat ens
(hem,
Mankind
!
they are brethren and it
their duty to cooperate with one another, io keep the
among
peace
another,
Jhemsetves, to deal mercifully wiih one
to guide
with one another
duty to
therefore
in
one another toward the good and
performing good work*.
strive /eakmsly, each within his sphere,
It
10
vie
their
fc.<
so that
mankind may advance. Have you ever wen humanity rise
16, In
fcdeal
Arabic, "At-
model
Iman
al-kamcL
ihixxJ,
'
the First
Intelligence
Sufi ordrr, ibis
9
to Muhammad ai
is Of Course, Che
of
believer, tut in Vk\»
Ttie Prophet
of Muslim virtue and piety for the
A^HannaYeari* a/niiatiott-with
Allusion
*
the Primordial Arvhciype
who mediates between
tion, as Creation, as for example In the mystical
al-Ara&i and Abd
*-KanJJ/* Eft
'
al-Kiuim
IT. T'hcic words wecc
Mecca
hi
beencJcansri of its
Sec lbn
Jiliao.
idols
al-Jlli.
uttered h>
a* iw wood
and
Tat Ufr
See
RB
all
or
alsi>
an
or nicphe-
God md
Crea-
of Lbn
philosophic*
at chc ctiBqtKM;
Kw'tM. which
Ii.kI
after trace- o1 |v«lvihcis-i,-
MafcammMl.
97
be
AsntJdex, an. "Al-lnsan
Muhammad
the dixir of the
at
may
p
.
553.
ar'
iusi
uonhip.
CO heights loftier Than
this,
or a teaching more
than this?
excellent
Oiunicterislics of Ar&bdoui
Nevertheless, we arc
nations have their own
quality and
know
that
own share of
ics
and we know
fiber,
denying
that
distinct qualities
m
moral characters, for
own
not
the
various
and particular
every people has
excellence
its
and moral
too iha£ in this respect
(he various
peoples differ from one another
and vie with one another
in excellence. We -believe thai in ihe.se respects
Arabdom
possesses the fullest and most abundant
share, but this
docs not mean ihai
peoples should seize
ic>
upon these
characteristics as a pretext for aggression.
Rather should
them
adopt
they
as a means of realising the foremost task
(Or which every people is responsible
the renaissance or
-
humanity. Probably you will not find in
one or the peoples or this earth who
concept as fully as did
the
Companions or
and
s-ave
This
is
it
the
a digression
would rather not
this
phalanx consisting of
"(May
Allaii
bless
Hence
I
by the context of our
continue in this vein,
now return to our
of interest.
The Bond
Now
have grasped
Apostle of Allah
demanded
Lake us ioo far afield.
chief point
of history any
him!).
dweussion, but -I
lest
that Arabian
all
that you
have
of CredaJ
learned all
98
ttortrine
this
-
may Allah sustain
know
Muslim Brotherhood regard mana-vis themselves
kind as divided into two camps visone, believing as they believe, inAUah's religion and His
you!
-
thaL the
-
:
of Mis Apostle and what tie
brought with him. These are attached to us by the most
hallowed of bonds, the bonds uf crcdal doetfinCt which is
Book,,
and
the mission
in
bond of blood or of soil. These are
relatives among the peoples :
we feel
to us hotter than the
our closest
sympathy toward them, wc work on
defend them and we
for
chem
iacrifice ourselves
may
in whatever land they
origin they
may
their
As
spring.
behalf,
and our wealth
whatever
from
be* or
we
for other people
with whom
he at peace with
we do not yet share Ihis bond, V?£ will
them as long as they refrain from aggression against US.
We believe, however, that a bond does exist between us
and (hem - the bond of our mission - and nhat it is our
duty to invite
best
fJiat
there to
what we adhere to because
humanity has
and means
to offer, arid eo
to succeed in this mission as
mow
toward
virtuous
repelled-
Book of
we
our
faith
If you wish
to
the
has
who show
shall repel their aggression
means through which such
Allah, .listen
"The
fore
us,
is
employ such ways
designated for that end. As. for those of them
hostility
it
hostility
by the
may be
hear this authenticated by the
I
believers are
none
other thart brothers; There-
make peace between your two brothers"
99
[
Q
.
49
:
noI forbid you to
"Allah does
have
not fought
again
si
you
in
deal wjih
and have not
religion,
expelled you from your homes,
them with kindness and justice,
those who
you should
thai
for indeed, Allah loves ihe
juu. He
religion,
forbids you only those who fought against
and expelled you from your homes, and helped
to evpel you,
thai
you should Cake
treat
you
in
Q.
ihern a? friends" |
60:8-9].
Perhaps
through rim I
of our mission
enigmatic
il
have revealed to you an aspect
wluch will not leave it ambiguous or
your mind.
know what kind of
And
perhaps after
organization the
this*
you will
Muslim Brotherhood
Ib law Face of Religion Difference*
1
will now speak to you on the subject of our mission
vis-6-via religious differences
Joining, not
enlighten you !
and sectarian opinions.
separailftf
:
kaow
that the mission
rust
may
-
Allah
of the Muslim
Brotherhood is a general one unaffiliated with any particular
and thai
Met,
does not favor any opinion known
among people as possessing a parchial cast and parcftiaJ
preconceptions and conclusions. Ii addresses itself lo the
-
ii
heart and
core
of
religion,
and we would
various interests and points of view unified so that
like
to
sec
our
work may be more producisve and our results greater and
more
significant,
rhood «
For
the mission of The
pure and unsullied,
3013
Muslim Brothe-
unblemished by any
stain,
and
It
on the
is
side
of truth wherever
may
it
be found,
warmly espousing unanimity and detesting deviancy. The
from which Muslims have suffered lias been
that of separatism and disagreement v while the basis or
all their victories has been Jove and unity. The last of this
umnta will prosper only through the same means as did
greatest trial
the first
a fundamental principle and acknow-
this is
:
ledged goal to every Muslim Brother.
belief
It
firmly anchored within our souls
origin to
Differences
on
•
wc owe our
in
the
subordinate
these
It
is
it.
aspects of religion
impossible for us
subordinate
schools of thought for a
or
article
Withal, wc believe that
are inevitable :
absolutely unavoidable.
united
an
and we appeal to others to accept
it>
differences
are
is
aspects,
number of
all
<o be
opinions,
and
Among
these
reasons.
are difference* of intellectual capacity to undertake pro-
found
investigation,
grasp
of rigorous proofs,
do
or incapacity to
or
so;
conscious
ignorance of them;
and
varying ability to penetrate into the depths of ideas and
the interconnccfcdncsk of essentia!
gion
texts
containted in Qur'aruc verses*
is
subject
to
within the bounds
sec
by language and
people are very
escaping
dissension.
liadith in
at
its
odds
Aslo among
breadth and paucity of
Sec
much
Formal
Traditions, 18
intellectualexposition
this score
IS.
truths.
reli-
and
and judgement
rules,
and on
arid there is
these
factors,
no
are
knowledge. Foe one individual
Ux-OJossary of Arabic Terms.
101
will
beard of something
have
that another has not, ;and
the next one will be in a similar predicament. Malik1 * said
Abu
of
Allan
(May
Allah
"The Companions of the Apestfe
have been scattered
bless and save him 5)
about
in
the
various
10
Ja'far*
:
settlements2'*
military
group has its store of knowledge. If
accept one opinion, there will be
among
Malik
tcv
b.
Anas
{d. 795), VEcdincsc jural
MalikUe School of Simnile law. His Kanh
Also
sunna of Medina, and the
preserves the
McJiiiesc
and jurists up to
w.'holairs
Lhc frequent use
tiis
and the founder of the
vtuwaita'
time. His
in
Abu
&
*he earbest
and
survived,
consensus
<ijjna)
work
it
of Ihe
is notable for
(ja» where both tradition
suitable answers. The Malikite
to givtS
failed
prevalent in North and Weal Africa,
School 'is
Imam
of independent judgment
and customgry taw
formerly
ai-
diffe-
will see the
Muslim law which has
extensive wjmpendiun) of
Upper Egypt, and
Muslim Sapin.
'Abd Allah
Caliph of the 'Abbasid
j50.
strife."22
each.wUl differ according to the
of each environment, You
rent nature
19.
civil
these factors are differences of environment* so
that adaptation
.
and each
you compel them to
Ja'fai
Hound
built The original
b-
Muhammad
who
Al-Maasur, the second
reifiiwd from 754 - 775.
He
City of Baghdad as the
new
capital
of the
WarDic Empire.
The
military aeutemenls (umsar)
w«e
vflr&t temporary head-
quarters tor the Muslim -armies during ihe early years o£ the -seventhcenittrs' concjiKsts.
urban cenlers.
Vusuf
(Cairo
:
h.
e.g..
Abd
rud.), I
Many
of these posts gradually became important
Cairo. Basrah, Shirai, Kairouan.
al-BaiT, J
:
ami Huyaa
IJZ
102
al-llib
we
TintII hi.
2 vols.
Al-Shafii23
legal
(May
be pleased with him
Aiteh
opinions according to
lucid to
delivering
old &ystem of Iraq and
the
according to the new system in Egypt24
was acting
E)
In each case he
-
accord with what seemed perfectly clear and
in
htm; in neither case did he go beyond ferreting
And among
out the trulb.
these factors are differences in
the degree
of inward confidence placed
particular
Imam,
accepting
him wholeheartedly, you
a received trathis
dition as ici& promulgated; for while you may regard
particular traditionist as authoritative, according to this
and
fee)
quite
in
with him,
satisfied
may
him
find
regarded as faulty by another iaiam, because of what he
may know of
factors
Also among these
the evaluation of proofs; for
his real circumstances-
are differences in
Muhammad
Idris
Medina
76? to study under Malik
in
and Egypt, and
Iraq
founder of the
origin, he left
Mecca
.820),
Of Qurayshite
Shafi'iSe school of Sunnitc Saw.
for
(767 -
al-Sfaafl't
b.
settled in Fufitat in the latter
tomb-mosque neai the Muqartam
sysum, ilw ^tyr'an and
hia
phet override
oibec pittsablc sources of law,
pt&. he aiaO recognized the ijma of the
analogy
iqiras)
ba^ed
on
I
lisfc
The
on
Ihr
i-iiiul iicn^iiiii)
shafi'ite
Sources of
School pievails
live
in
of his
His
life.
a favorite sice
is
&unna of the Pro-
A&
substdiacy priiKi*
ecttire MusUflj-coitiiUDfcy,
he two primary
important work, from the standpoint of
laugbi both in
pan
Cairo
Hills ease of
of pilgrimage. In
all
He
Anas.
and
principles. I Ii>
iuost
juristic theory. Is the
Trca-
Law {AlRteala
flnsri aJ-Tlqh),
lower £!gyp(, Easl Africa, Soulbeasi
Asia, Indonesia, and part* of South Arabia, India, and Central Asia.
24,
Meaning
Lhat Al-Shafi'i
would hav* recourse
to the Theories
the so-called "ancient schools of law** in Arabia and.
earlier period
and
of his
life,
before eJaboraEiug his
rLth!v-nin£ the Kisala.
103
own
Irati
during
of
the-
theories in Egypt
this
one
will
consider, for example, thai
the course of
action adopted by the people as a whole has priority over
!hc
welfare or the.
one disagrees
while that
individual,
with him, and 50 forth.
Unanimity on Minor Details
Is
Impossible
All these comribuling factors have convinced us that
even
unanimity on
a single question culled from the
minor detail of religion is a hopeless wish. Nay, it is even
incompatible
with
of
nature
the
desires only that this religion last* survive,
ages and eons.
We
We
and endure for
for this reason easy, flexible* simple,
It is
and mild, without
since AJJah
religion,
rigidity or severity.
Our
Apologize fur
believe this,
Differences
and apologtee
sincerely to chose
from us in some details. We feel that this
will never be an obstacle to friendly relations,
differ
esteem, and cooperation
sweeping concept of
for the good; that the
Islam will contain both
who
difference
mutual
broad,
and them
within its excellent bound* and capacious limits. Are we
not Muslims as they are ? Do we nol wish 10 achieve peace
of
us
Do we not claim that we wish
for our brethren what we wish for ourselves ? In what
way
mind as they do ?
do we then
subject
among
differ ?
for discussion
us?
among
Why should
an atmosphere of
Why
should not our views
ihcrrt,
as
their
be a
views are
we not understand one another in
serenity
and
m
affection,
whom the
iris-
ligation to
mutual understanding
exists ?
The
Miah
very Companions of the Apostle of Allah (May
bless and save him 0 used to have difference of
opinion, bill did this create
ihem
My
?
Or
did
it
concerning
Qurayza.
between
sunder Ehetf Of dissolve their solidarity
not There is
Allah,
essential differences
w
tradition
lianu
the
nothing Improbable in the
afternoon
the
?
among
prayer
If these men differed with one another even chough
aposthey were, of all mankind, ihe closest in time to the
colic age and ihe mast familiar with he context in which
hs
precepts were revealed,
who
are
another
we to cut one
to bits over trifling differences of no importance whatever ? If the imams, who were Ihe nuM erudite of mail-
kind with
Apo&tle,
respect M>Aftah
differed
should wc not be
Book and
y
f
and disputed with one
satisfied with
what
s&lisfied
the
Sunna of
Hifc
why
another,
them ? If
arose concerning the most well-known and
unambiguous of detail, such as the call to prayer which is
differences
—
pagan
Ihe BfltiS* of the Trench tn 627, In wlik'h the
ihe ProVhrir Bffdi>uU allfe* wlv* unable i» (Me* M&dina,
25. After
inns and
pile* »•» cornmandwt by GafcrteI
the
Bmiu Qurayra,
Prophet ordered
the Lust remaining Jewish I rib* in
lh*f
ant hiving
feftag
arrh-rd rfier ihe
pvrfomkrij In* iftt nraon pnr>vf
lu
ihe city.
Thw
Ift
rreouq;
a6eda*"« (o
prtryti.
t\
rfiH
k nrder-
pmyer. Al-Bunna" twn;
ihe
prtat oat Ihe CAisience ut oc<aaiona1 dirfrr*iw:cs in
Oniraflcr rhe*r
Is
!* «Wter of
no on* should perform rlw afternuun prayer
Ourayw iiuaHrr. Th*. PropheL laid stege 10 rh?
he rearbed the
quarter, trot *#m* of *H men
np:i>
10 advajKc iftatafl
riteal practice of
arrival did ib*>
tH
ptrfarm
earth* Muslim
EJfe q9 Wiaamawrf, p. 461.
103
ibis
ppar-ratton. *ws? tftm
khaq.
The
performed
a day, with relevant text* and hisbdnj handed down in attestation, what
five times
torical traditions
have you
which
do
10
original
learned
in
points Of such questions,
(he fine
tvith
and painstaking
discussion
research ?
There
used to
is
one more matter worth looking
him iccoum
into.
to the Caliph and the law
People
-
enfor-
cement agency or the lmamale2h when they differed, and
he would judge between them, and
Where
the dispute.
settle
is
the
do
is
way matter*
is
decision
bis
would
the Caliph these days ? If this
Muslims can
stand, the best ihing that
look for a qadi and submit their case lobirn, sinceif
Ibey disagree without resorting to competent authority,,
it
can only propel them into further disagreement.
The Muslim Brotherhood
and
are acquainted with all these
most forbearing of
men with those who differ with them. They recognize
char every people has some knowledge, and thai there is
considerations,
are therefore the
They
h, and
.some truth and falsehood in every propaganda.
fceen to search
The
out the truth
&
Imanuttc,
iwcd hew,
the supreme administtativT
The Caliph or
siatc.
oi
sUte,
bill
arid
is
hold
fc&Xbc
diHG&ny," while the term
the CaJtphate,
office tn th<c Islamic woild-
fenxoAOHo Muhammad chief
of "unxcwoa"
in
sun ate
sJtcaws ihw of "leadership" or
Muslim Mxnnuintty-.
vie*,
or
the
Caiifsf)
munity
of
nvvuM./c.
Or "fiurragftle
-
J
"guidance" uf the
com
w
they
ijiheril*minp of his rc!itf:uu> or prophetic powers. The term
CaUphaff ensphatue* the itptrt
ihi?
to
quntmnvM
and CMeutiye
Imam
fast
axe
imam
nsusi
qt teiitvm. *ivd
According lo the Sunnue
he elected by
mm
tiualiJiisJ
ptn&m
electors from
ihe rcouuitr
iiaftrt
.vixl.nn.
|:ujhn>, MiiirttfrKVi
or
mind
,ind
IkhJv,
<tewcnt from Che irihe ui O.iravOi. ;hc iribe uf :h* Prophet.
.md
106
try,
with forbearance and sympathy, ro satisfy those
who
disagree with their viewpoint. If they are satisfied, then
well arid good; and
they are not satisfied, they are s-till
brethren in the fai«b* and wc ask Aitatt 's guidance for us
if
and them.
Fiffhl
Against the Forbidden
The Mustim Brotherhood know
logical aspect
which
is-
I
a socioof the utmost importance for the
contin jed existence of this faith,
thai
How
fine
there
it
is
would be. if
the efforts of Muslim prosdyiizers were directed toward
organizing people around the idea of fighting these dan-
gerous
issues
whkh we
which threaten the faith
is
vis their
religion.
veTyroot, and
are all united in detesting, as well as in recogni-
zing the necessity to annihilate them
This
at its
!
program of the Muslim Brotherhood vis-aopponent on questions of minor detail InAllaVa
Perhaps I can summarize ii
for you by
the
saying
that
the Brotherhood
dciesi fanaticism
permit
differences
of opinion,
of outlook, and try to arrive
and to convert incn to
at the truth
by the gentlest methods of for-
it
bearance and affection.
To
the
Cure !
Diagnosis
Brother,,
know and
learn that nations, in terms of their
strength, weakness, youth, old age, health,
are like
human
and
individual*, without exception.
107
richness,
For even
you
as
look
a human
at
being,
sound,
strong,
and
enjoying good
health,
and behold,
io
seized by illness and beleaguered
and
you
by maladies. Ailments
pains undermine his strong
constitution, and
tinues to complain and groan until Allah's
mercy
and Almighty is
He 3
overtakes him in the
-
skilled physician and well
-
him
sec
will
trained specialist
the locus of the complaint and diagnoses
it
he con-
Blessed
from of a
who knows
expertly, dis-
covering.the area of the infection and
working with
dedication to cure it. And lo and behofd,
after a time you
will see the same patient with bis strength
health restored To him. He may even
dition after his treatment than before
be
same
in
his
and
con-
better
Imagine exactly
it.
the
returned
situation with respect
to nations
:
the
changes of
time confront them with threats to
their very existence,
breaking apart their iolid structure while
disease infiltrates the surface appearance of their
strength. If continues to work away at them without
wreaks iti
intertuption^untiJ
damage upon them, and they turn
it
out sickly
and weak, the covetous eyeing them
with greed, and the
spoilers robbing them, Tliey have no strength
spoiler and cannot ward off the greed
They can only be cured by these means
to repe] the
of the covetous.
:
knowledge of
the locus of the ailment endurance
,
to put up with the
pain of the treatment, and an expert who
will undertake
until Allah
realizes his
goal through his
hands,
he
brings his cure
to a successful
Conclusion.
it
and
108
I
Experience
know,
thai
has.
he Syinp
•
taught us, and events have given us to
the disease afflicting
these Eastern nations
assumes a variety of aspects and has many symptom
has done harm to every expre»*ion of cheir
on the
have been assailed
on
aggression
h
they
by imperialist
enemies, and by factionaside
political
the part of their
and
lives, for
v,
on the part or their
sons. They have been assailed On the economic side by the
propagation of usurious practices throughout all their
lism,
rivalry,
social classes,
division,
disunity
and the exploitation of
sheer resources
natural treasures by foreign companies,
afflicted
and
on the
heresy
which
destroy
I
They have been
by anarchy, detection,
side
intellectual
and
heir
religious
overthrow the ideals withia their sons'
belie f\
breasts.
and
They have
been assailed on the sociological side by licentiousness of
manners and mores, through the slouching off of the
restraints of the
from
humanitarian
their glorious,
imitation
of the
West,
the
they
inherited
while through
venom creeps in&ipoisoning their blood and
viper's
-
They have been
through the workings of a positive law which
sullying the purity of their well
does not restrain the criminal,
refx!
marts
fortunate ancestors;
diousiy into their affairs,
assailed
vi
the unjust; nor does
it
being.
ehas-iise
ihe assailant, or
eves for one day cake the
place of the divinely revealed laws which the Creator of
creation,
and the Lord of
down. They have been
the Master of the kingdom,
souls and their Originator, has set
W4
a&uuied also through anarchy in
and
trainings
which stands
who
way of
in the
ding their present generation, (he
those
their policy of education
men of
be responsible for
will
effectively guitheir
uture and
f
bringing about their
resurgence They have been assailed on the spiritual side
by a death - dealing despair* a murderous apathy,
a
shameful cowardice, an ignoble humility, an all* pervading impotence, a !Ugg*rdJine&& and an egocentririty
which prevent people from making any
self-sacrifice,
and
the
thrust
effort, preclude
nation from the
ranks of
and gamesters. What
there for a nation against which all these factors,
earnest striven into those of triftefs
hope
in
is
their
-strongest
manifestations
and most
forms, have been conjoined for the assault
and factionalism
anarchy
in
„
-
extreme
imperialism
usury and heresy and licentiousness,
education and legislation, foreign companies,
despair and niggardliness, impotence and cowardice,
and
admiration for the enemy, an admiration which prompts
one to imitate him
mil acta,
One
he does, especially
in everything
of these diseases alone
is
his
sufficient to kill
how much more now
among all, in every nation
off numerous proud nations, and
[bat
has been spread about
it
without
exception?
If
were not for
it
the
resistance,
imperviousness. hardihood, and strength of those Eastern
nations whose enemies have been contending with
them from the remote pa«,
duously
innoculating them
diseases for a long
time,
themselves and hatched
-
if
and who have been
with
until
it
no
the
they
germs
finally
of
assi-
these
imbedded
were not for these
qualities.
would have been long ago swept away and
iheir traces
wiped out of existence. But
and the
Allah
believers will not
tolerate this.
Brother* this
make of
is.
the diagnosis which the .Brotherhood
the ailments of this
are doing in order to cure
it
umma, and
oFthem and
Hopes and
I
it its
we hope
Feelings
would likeyo-u to know, before I calk co you
about these means,
that
to restore to
and strength.
lost health
Brother,
what they
tins is
that
wc do
for a great good,
noi despair of ourselves,
and
that
we
believe that
only such despair stands between us and success. For
if
hope grows strong within us K we shall arrive at this great
goodj Allah willing, and therefore we do not despair, nor
does, despair force its
way
into
our hearts,
Aruii
be prai-
Everything around u& gives our glad tidings of hope,
you were to visit
a sick person, and found him declining gradually from
speech to silence and from motion to immobility ,
you
would feel thar he was close to the end* that his cure
would be a difficult matter, and thai his disease was gaidespite the forebodings of pessimists. If
ning gTOund.
to
move
And
if
the reverse took place,, and he began
gradually from silence
to
speech,
and
from
torpor to mobility, you would feel that he was close to
being cured, and that he was making progress
to health
and
vitality.
A
period of time had;
in
on
Lhc
way
come over
Eastern
these
nation* during
which
they
grown
tad
torpid, bored even unto deaih with
torpor,
borne even to ihdr
end by iaacrivily*
wil's
and inactive,
But
now
they
arc seeching with a waking
consciousness embracing ail
of
aspect*
li fe, and are flari ng up
with a vital and Forceful
awarencw and
sharpened
sensibilities,
weight of iheir shackles on
of direction on the other,
moat striking
the
f
the one
this
were not for the
f ii
and their lack
awarcnew would produce
resulis.
hand,
But these
shackles
shall
not
endure forever :
an eye
time
is
change, and in the
twinkling of
changes thing? from one state to
anoth er The
directionless shall no< remain so forever;
Atluh
after bewiidiennem, and mobility
after
guidance comes
anarchy, for
The cojmnuntl before and
after ! Therefore we
never deapair - the verses ofAflak (Blessed and Almighty
is
He !), the Tradiiioru of Hi* Aposile (May AHsh
'Vilah's is
bless
and
save him !), His sunns (Almighty is
He!) as regards tfie
Leaching of nations and the exaltation of
peoples they
have ga/cti on
matters
these
perdition/
27. The swiina-or
all
alt
He has related to u* of
of these
proclaim
an
MmV
allude ta aiwk "practice" vte-A-vi* manthe epical vfci* of human t&foty
tautfii fey ihcOur'nn.
kind
Tim* afi«
and
Book
Has
in
7
aher a propbee
h x« (kmn by OcmS lo leach \hc
gviieiasiwi who have
or an apostle fs sent to Knew rhexc
wmiudc »i Judgment Iq
rriaj»6od in:o pfrfyrhcism c-r mi belief,
tkfetftfl andi* bring u new Di*in<
itaif.
Mnchanjuna ui^iate uf HitUimy and
cunie
»
Lirv. Thu
>a«f«nul leiurr."
..jwrtle.
radttt only
Muhammad, whh
"pon^e" ntemicwed hen?
sample fa
pn>ud
-
ihc
trodden.
At-Baiira'i
h*** of
fiw ta«r
ihe
*ith the viicting
levabiiiw. the
arc [uab&Jsfy |he
writing* to illustrate
pci*rai>h
-
and His
JwkIi
Gorf's
<if
i&e fat
Qur'an The
<rihes,
a ravyrite
humbling of£h*
cjtsanta of ihe down-
112
imrticn**
hope to
and guide us toward (he path
ui,
know this
genuine resurgence, For the Muslims
-
of a
if
they
have studied.
Just read the noble Qur'anic verses at the
Sura 28
;
clear
"TA S.N MIN."21 There are
speaking Book
"We shall
some
:
the
beginning of
verses of the
relate
to thee
portion of the story of Moses and Pharaoh in irulh,
to a
believing people.
LoT
Pharaoh was exalted Ift
the
earth
and made its people into groups, rendering weak a party
among them, slaughtering ihcir sons and keeping alive
i
heir women. Lo, he was of those who spread
corruption.
And We desired to show favor to those who had been
rendered weak in rhe earth, and to make them leaders and
and to make them won* Ha the
earth, and to
display through Khan* to Pharaoh and
Hainan and their soldiery, what they were guarding
to
make them
against"
[
inheritors;
Q. 28
1-6],
;
noble vcjcs and you will sec how
the vain one
oppresses through hfo brutality and exults tn hia strength,
Read
these
satisfied with
his tyrannical
power and forgetful
Eye* Turtfa which observes hirn. But just as he is
in his fortune, God seizes him with the grasp
Mighty, the Powerful, for
A
tdUd
or several
of
it
is Allah's will
invariably
of the
rejoicing
of the
to
29 chapters of the Qui' an begin with a single
tellers, c-l
the Arabic alphabet, which
weft, before. ibeTirv wwe. In no
or ptoau; and d«pue numerous
lacsr pretence
has been made.
mlrodiiit^ii to ihr !>ran,
pp.
ca*c <to Iftcy
effort*,
S*-c
61
.
6!=.
W.
no
tetfer,
arc Mmpty read as
fcrm a coherent irad
sntLkfaclory explanation
V-tomfooiery
Wan. Bell's
in
succor the wronge and to
fifcos* rendered Mftk-
For the vain crumbles
foundation,, but the truth
ported,
the downtrodden and
help
is
solidly buiJt
and those who cling
to
very
113
and firmly
win
it
41
be
sup*
triumphant.
After reading ihese noble Qur'anic verses and their Kite in
the Unassailable Book, not one of
fee l&lamic nations
believing toAlah. HU Apostle, and Hts Book, has any
excuse to
give
way
the Muslims apply themselves
For
in
similar reasons, brother
AUab*s
pair of
rejigiou
the
-
io
will
?
such
Muslim Brotherhood do not des-
despite the
difficulties
the light of
this hope, th*y
il
God's Book
and there are many
-
Altah'a- succor being sens
and the hopeful, for
When
xo despair and hopelessness,
down
io ihexc nations,
which can be seen before (hem. In
cany on the task of the
of whom aid is sought I
is Atralt
As for the means which
promised you 1
cuss, hey are three bask principles
would di*-
I
aboui
1
earnest
which
(he
ideology of the Brotherhood revolves.
The proper program of -action. The Brotherhood
have found k in God 5 Book, the Sunna of His Apostle*
and the precepts of Islam, when the Muslims wili unders<l)
1
tand
ihese a*
they should
be
•
fresh,
pure,
and far
removed from the spurious arid the untrue
and when
they devote themselves to the study of Islam on this basis,
simply, broadly, and comprehensively.
-
Believing workers,
have
taken
it
For
this
reason the
upon themselves
they
to
Brotherhood
apply
what
114
understand
slackness.
of Allah's religion without indulgence
God
or
be praised, they believe in their ideology,
are satisfied as to its goal, and are confiden t lhat Altah will
sustain them while they remain devoted to Him, and so
ahead under the guidance
Apostle (May,Miah bless and save, him !)-
they will forge
A
determined, irustworthy leadership,
Brotherhood have found
theirs to
and so they are obedient
it
This,, brother,
The Muslim
this character,
and work under
banner.
its
sum and substance of what
the
is
wanted to discuss
to
be of
of Allans
with you about our mission.
It is
I
an
explanation which has an explanation, and you yourself
are the Joseph of these dreams.2* if what we are about
appieals to you, your
that
we may work
in
hand
is
linked together with ours no
unison on
this
path. AJlah
is
the Bcs-
tower of success on us as well as on you; He is our sufficiency, and how wonderful a Trustee
What a wonderful Master, what a wonderful Hel!
Allah
2V.
is
TJaat is,
like the
most Great
you yoorsetf
unto Allah be praise:
:
are best able lo interpret what
Joseph of Genesis and
the
135
Qur'an.
we mean,
TO WHAT DO WE SUMMON MANKIND
Ia the Name of Cod,
the Merciful, the
?
Companionate
!
Preamble
You may be
speaking to a large number of
various subjects,
and
people on
you have elucidated
the utmost clarity and
believe thai
ami explained everything with
exhausted every possible means of revealing what is
in
your mind,
crystal
-
until
you leave off addressing
clear exposition, having presented
them with
them with the
facts you wished to impart as reveaiingly
as
of dawn
the first crack
or the sun in broad daylight, as they say. Then
how grossly are you astonished after a wfciilc when you
discover that these people have
nor grasped
have
numerous
neither
anything of what you
understood yo\i
said.
seen this time after time, and experienced iron
occasions.
I
do not think
that its secret is
any
more arcane than either of these alternatives : either each
one of us uses a different criterion to judge what he
says
and hears,
therefore our understandings and percep-
and
tions differ;
of speech
evert if the speaker believes
unequivocal.
The
In what I
all
am
ambiguous and cryptic^
what he says to. be clear and
iisclf is
Criterion
going to say, 1
would
like
10 make plain to
people the mission of the Muslim Brotherhood
It?
and
its
alms, goals, methods, and means, frankly and
clearly,
plainly and openly. Bui first I wish to define
Ihe criterion
using
to
are
we
measure this clarity, and I shall strive to
make what
have
and simple.
not be
impossible for any reader who wishes to benefit
by it to
understand, and I do Tiol imagine *hat anyone,
out of the
entire Islamic umma, will oppose me over my mating
J
io say easy
will
It
tJnis
criterion the Book of Allah,
from whose platitude
refresh ourselves, from whose oceanic
our sustenance, and to whose wisdom we
O
The Noble Qur'an
an
I
all-inclusive
Allah has gathered together
the
doctrine and
depths we draw
have recourse.
Our People
is
commands and
prohibitions.
book
as
as the
well
both
Muslims
legislation containing
Now* have
the
acted according to the Qura an, have they
believed
conviction those religious doctrines
by
cited
have (hey understood the
them
?
objectives
Have they applied
which
in
fundamentals, of religious
the bases of social welfare,
broad generalities of secular
we
He
with
Allah,
has made clear
and
to
His social and existential legist
lation to the manner in which they dispose
of
their lives
?
If wer conclude from our study that they
have mdeed
then we must have arrived all together
done so,
at
the
desired goal; but if our study reveals chat
they are far
from Ihe path decreed by Lhe Qur'an and that they
ignore
its teachings, and cornmandnients, then know that
it
is our
duty to bring Ourselves, as well as those who
follow as,
back to that way.
is
The Goal of
Life in the
Our an
The Qur'an has defined the goal of life and iht purpose
of man's existence* And has. $hown that a people whose
and sensual enjoyment
-He, the Blessed and Almighty says : "Those who disbelieve, enjoy themselves and eat as cattle eat; but the Fire
chier concern in this
I
will
be
I
abode*
heir
eaiing
life is
1
Q- 47
I
12
:
|.
And it
I
|
[
has shown that others whose chief concern is
luxury and transitory possessions He, Biassed and
Almighty
:
the love of fleshly desires
"Made beautiful
for women and
up mounds' of gold and
heaped I
He. «yi
is
mankind is
children, and
for
and branded
silver,
horses, and cattle, and tilled land. That is the comfort of
the life of this world, but the best resort is with Allah"
*™
[Q.3:14J.
has also
Ie
shown
tion in this life
it
that
ititl
and (O cau« evil
are those of whomAit&h says :
to arouse civil strife,
in
arid corruption to flourish,
Of mankind
this
is
life
of
turns his hack, he hastens about in The
spread corruption within
cultivation
[
he whose talk concerning the
thee,
And when he
earth lo
is
and he calls AiKiiito witness what
though he is the must stubborn or ene-
world please*
mies.
I
there
in hi* breast,
others whose chief distinc-
and the
cattle
:
Allah
it,
and
to destroy the
loves not
corruption"
Q.2 204-205].
:
These are some of the aspirations of men
which AUaA kept
the
believer.*
IN
clean
in this life,
of them* rendered
them innocent of them, and entrusted them with a loftier
concern !
And He laid upon iheir shoulders a higher
duty, namely
to guide humanity to the truth, to lead
:
all
of mankind to the good, and to illumine the whole world
with the sun of Islam. This
"O
what He, the Blessed and
is
Bow down, and
prostrate yourselves, and worship your Lord, and do
what is good
perhaps you wilt prosper. And strive to
your utmost for AUal.; He has chosen you, and imposed
Almighty, says;
ye
who
believe
1
:
on you on hardship in religion - the. creed of your father
Abraham. He named you Muslims formerly, and in this,
so that the Apostle might he a witness against you* and
you be-witnesses againsi mankind. Therefore perform the
and pay the alms, and take refuge
prayer,
And how
your Protector.
Helper!"
[
Q. 22
fair
77
:
-
a Protector,
78
He is
how fair a
in AktaS.
].
This means that the Noble Qur'an appoints chc Muslims
as guardians
over
humanity
in
its
minority,
and
grants them the right of suzerainty and dominion over the
world
in
order to carry out this sublime commission
is our concern, not that of the West, and it per-
Hence
it
tains
to Islamic
civilization,
not to materialistic
civiliza-
tion.
The Mandate of
Self
Then
-
sacrifice,
Allah (Blessed
all
Muslim
I*
Not Personal Advantage
and Almighty
clear that the beiiver striving
himself and
the
is
toward
he possesses to
AUali,
He
I) has
made
it
this goal has sold
and
that
he
has
nothing personal to
gain
dependent solely on
communication
froffl
it.
is
what He, ihe
bough! from the
of men. This
to the hearts
says :
theirs" [
Q.9 :1
11
is
the success of this mission and its
"Surely Allah has
believers their persons and their wealth,
Almighty,
attainment
Its
is
in that Paradise
].
From this we see that
world subordinate to his
Muslim makes
the
his Jot in this
may gain the
next world as a reward for his. self - sacrifice. As a result,
the
the Muslim conqueror wa& teacher qualified fry all
enlightenment, guidance, compassion, and benevolence
with which the teacher must be graced, and the Islamic
conquest was one of civilizing, guiding, and teaching.
How can this he compared with whal Western imperia-
lism is doing
mission, so that he
at the present
How Ooi*
By your Lord,
time ?
Are the Muslims to This Goal 7
my
dear brother,
understood the Book of
their
their souls have been uplifted,
Lord
Muslims
That
fashion, 50
have ihe
in this
and their spirits raised an
So
that they have freed themselves from
dage of matter, and purified themselves of the pleasures
high
1
the
bon-
have
lifted
and cravings ? So that they
thems.clve& above trivialities and lowly concerns* and
of
fleshly lusts
turned their
faces toward Allah
and the earth, as
The
terra
,
pure believers'
used here
is
hunanV, the
the Glossary of Arabic Terms.
J2L
who
created the heavens
who
exalt
Allah's
Word
plural of haail*, which see in
and
strive in His path ?
defend His
iheir lusts and
Whose
Law
Sacred
front
of
were
title
Taith and
these prisoners of
cravings and their greed,
their
a delicate mouthful,
and an empty
His
are they
a .comfortable nap,
suit,
They
Or
7
slaves
sole interest is
handsome
And who broadcast
a
a fast car,
a fair wife,
a false
7
satisfied in their aspirations
but afflicted
in their fortunes;
They plumbed
the seas of striving, so they said,
were no niore"afflicted.
The Apostle of Allah {May Allah
was
is
right
;
the slave
"Wretched
-and save
the slave of The dinar,
dirham. wretched
is
the
of the
him
!)
wretched
is
The Goal
and
-bless
and
of
slave
Is the Basic Principle
Its Practical
Application
Since the goal was what provided the
impulse to follow
the path, and the goal lias become obsucred and confused
in our wnma, it was absolutely imperative that we clarify
and define it, and I believe that we have suceeded to a
great extent in doing so. We have come to the
conclusion
that it
is
our duty to establish sovereignty over
and to guide
all
of humanity
Islamand
cannot
to its teachings,
attain happiness.
ConfOrtJaace,
i T
283,
where
hadiib. omitting the "velvet,"
AMkukhari and
the
to
r.hc
without which
as
Sunan of Ibn
122
world
of
sound precepts
3 lightly shorter
is cited
the
version
uccumjig an the
Maja.
mankind
of
ttris
Sihiti
of
The Origins of Our
This
wish to
bimma
the message which the
is
faring
Cioni
Muslim Brotherhood
to mankind, and that they wish the islamic
to understand as
it
should be understood swd to
proceed to salvage with determination
Muslim Brethren have not
invented
it
on
fabricated
The
and. energy*
it.
nor have they
own. It is no more than the message
from every verse of the Noble Qur*an,
their
which shines forth
appears with the utmo$[
clarity
and
distinctness, in
every
Tradition of the mighty Apostle (May Alia* bless and save
him!), and is manifest in every deed or the First Mush'ms,
who
are the paragons for the true understanding of Islam
and
for salvaging the teachings of Islam. If the Muslims
wish
io
accept this message,
will
i(
and of che genuineness of
faith
be the proof of
their Islam,
chtm
-
tf
they
Book of
Blessed and Almighty stands between us and
find anything objectionable or faulty in
Allah the
But
their
a
just authority
and a
final
itr
the
pronouncement which
will judqe between us and our brethren, and will
demonstrate whether the truth be for us or against us :
"Our Lord, decide between us and our people in truth,
for Thou art the best of Deciders" [ Q, 7
89).
:
Excursus
There have been
whom we
inquiries
from many of our brethren*
our hearts, and to whose benefit
and welfare in this world and the next we have conselove with
alt
crated our efforts, our wealth, and our
lives*
and have
sacrificed ourselves for this goal the goal of bringing
happiness to our urnma and our brethren through
our
wealth and our persons. On their
behalf, we have
neglected our children and our
How much do
wives,
wish that these brethren who are making inquiries
inform
of the Muslim Broawake while other
men
wide
are
are working while the
One of them will be bent over
midnight,
until
the
month is over,
organization,
donation
his
money, Is
carefree relax.
desk from afternoon
working,
his
striving
pondering,
assiduously, keeping at it uncassingly
and his
would
themselves about the youth
therhood Their eyes
sleep; their mind*
When
I
toiling
month
all
long.
he hands over his incoms
is
to
dedicated
put to the service of his
hi*
to his
mission,
goal. He
seems
to be flaying to the sons of his people who are
heedless of
ttag sdf - sacrifice ; "I do tint ask
of you a wage for this
my
wage
is
due from
-
Allah
shuiitd bestow a gratuity
and to it
we belong :
sacrifice as a moans
oi'
alone/
oil
53
Allah
our uimna
forbid that
From
f
merely resorting
wfi.arc.
drawing
irs
we came
it
to
aiienlion .so thai
we
such self
it
may
-
comprehend our minion and respond to our vail.
What
Is
Money ?
the Source of the
who survey the Muslim Bro-
These beloved brethren
ibcrhood from a distance and peer at Mem
from c.lt>s.e
range raiie the question ''What is thv
source of Ihcir
i
r
This
is
Qur'an,Q.
a parapbiaie of
II
a
number of
51.
124
similar verses
occurring in the
espcnUiiures? from where docs money come 10 them
for
a mission which is as succ&btut and flourishing as theirs,
*hen
times arc light and people are, niggardly?"
ansM.iT in these h thai religious missions arc supported
My
hv
faith before money, and by conviction before traiHiioty
goods, Wherever die irue beJievcr
lo
be hound
is
found, there Bfco
are
The money sf the
Musliin brotherhood consists of she small amount ihcy
deduct from their expenm, and which ihcy save through
cconontizing on ilieir basic necessities and on the
needs of
tlieir households and children*
So do ihcy increase ihc
goodness of their souls, and improve their
beam with
all
generosity, Every
the
find
mia$ with
to success.
one of them wouftf
limes over what ho
of them
means
hns. for 1
lie
spend many
like to
sake of Allah, and If
$mi
cjw
hrim-
nothing, they turn away, iheir
tears of sorrow because ihcy have t»i fouitd
anything ro contribute. In this link money and grout
faith, with praise and gJor\ unio Allah, is -'a clear proclam at inn to a worshipful people"
106) and
|Q. 21 :
success to sincere workers. Aibh r in whose hand all things
rest, blesses every Mingle penny of those cullmed hy the
Brother hood, for Allah has onnihilaicd
usury, but
lie
has increased the
fruiiv
"And that which you
Face of
Ailah
-
of charity'"
|
bring in charil
they are the ones
manifold" (Q. 30:391.
121
who
will
Q.2
:
276
|.
y desiring only the
be increased
We
and
Politics
Other people say that the Muslim Brotherhood
are a
political group and thai heir mission
aapolitical One,
.is
which (hey have still other aims. Who
beyond
how
I
XiiOW'-s
far our nation will go
suspicions, and name
way-supported
:
in
-
bandying
abandons a sure
spreading accusal ions,
eaJImg, while
ii
by Che actual, slate of affairs. CO
proceed
along a path of mere'conjecture
inspired by doubts ?
Oour
people,
wc
out io >^tt with theQur'an
are calling
our right hand and the Simria in our
deeds of" the pious ancestors of the
in
our Example.
We summon
and wiih the
left,
s&Eft
Of this umma as
you to Islam, the teachings
of
of/Mam, $M
Htmi, the laws of Islam and the guidance
smacks
this
of "polities" in your
then
eyes,
it
if
is
our
"policy"! And
ciples
is
tf
the one
a "poliiician
P
51
summoning you 10 these printhen wc are The most respectable
of men, Allahbc praised, in
call
This "politics,"
"politics"!
And
say what you like,
if
people,
let
not mere
names will
is
made clear
words stand bdween you
and the
facts, nor names hide our goals,
veil die essential from you. Islam
next :
this
is
substitute. Therefore govern
convert
others to
it,
nor unessential
does have a
embracing the happiness of
or the
wiih to
for
never barm us when what has been named
and our goals stand revealed.
0 Our
you
this
our
world and the godliness
policy,
for
which wc
yourselves according to
and you
will
126
policy
win
seek
no
it,
the glory of the
world to come.
May
know
yuti
its
lidings
glat!
be
force
long.
Our
Brother, come,
Nationalism and Us Bavis
us listen together to the voice of die
lec
Drvinc Glory resounding through ihehorizons,
earth and
the Seven Heaven*;1
believer wtih the loftiest feeling
he hears this
all
St
ailciuive.,
inspiring the soul of every
of glory and pride, when
from The moment Al-AimiV
to this crouton For lime without
has been decreed for it
those who befee" | Q, 2 : 257
eternity
Yes,
"Here
you.
JhankS
who
rny brotlier !
I
am.
itnro thee
Thou art
those
tnt
;
yes.,
who
!
This
my AHah',
is .the
here
of
the Defender
are attacked in
their
end,
since
Protects
ttf
J.
call
3
am
of your Lord
!
31
Praise without stint unto
the Protector
toil,
the
which the heavens and the earth and
cal] io
ihev contain arc
proclaimed
filling
the believers,
*
Praise
Thee 3
Lo
and
Tlrou-,
the Helper of
of those who are wronged,,
-homes and driven from
tteir
The seven - layered heaven nf die Qiir*an. Paradise (Janna' or
Firdaws) is regarded "hy #tw rheolOEfrrt* an briiitf Sfr&atfttf fa tjtt
Seventh Heaven; by others, as bean* above the
Stwah
and directly
beneath the Throne oi God.
AJ-Amin, "the Trustworthy."
is
a contmnn
Mi to
of the PTonhet
Muhammad.
(>
t
his is
an almost
an invocation uttered by the Muslim pilgrims to Mecca
coTitinuoii'; retrain alter rliey
pilgrim gflrt and are
broaching
have assumed ftlS
the
127
Holy
City,
a*
.If aJui'.-tiLlI
Honored
abode* f
be who lakes his refuge
is
Thee, and
in
victorious Is he who seeks Thy
jwoEecrion
"Allah wilJ
Allah
surely
aid
Yes, y*&,
my
the voice of
|Q- 22
brother
i
beauty of
40
:
Come,
r
ihc Nobte Our'an, and
red anon of
by the
this
Speech ofAllah,
"Allah
in
clear
m
m
my
irartsprtrled
ihc rsijcs t»r
brother,
25T
"Nay. but Allah
of Helpers". -
ts
aim*, bowjng down".
!
-
-
the
Allah,
befriends Che pm>ui.
?1
Q. 5
scni
:
55
'Nothing
our Defender
place ihcir irusi.
'" -
"Behold,, on Ihc
:
will
iji
befall
God
Sural tl-Tawba
friends of Allah
121
|
pay
down the
Sara* AI-AVaf
ibose
Book,
Q. 7
|
:
us *avc what Allah
ihc
let
Q. *
there
is
ihc
|,
146).
:
and
and
prayer
[
who
-
ISO-].
i
and His Apowie,
Sural oMVIa'ida
is
He
the best
is
Q, 3
Sural Al Imran [
"My Protector
is
He
who believe.
lighi". * Sural
your Protector, and He
believe, ihose who- perform
decreed. He
the
J.
Only Allah U your Protector
"Say
lhai
and liear
Blessed and Almighty is
;
lo
us record *hr
Lei
verses.
m rue,
be
i$ ihe Protector of ihoie
a>Ba4Bir*[Q. 2
He
us listen together
lei
brings, them forth from darkness to
for
1.
lei
grandeur contained
Purified Book.
Come lo me, come
who
Him.
is
Mighly. Glorious!"
(2>
who helps
one
!
has
believers
;
fI
].
no Tear, nor
do
hey
i
who
grieve; they
wing piety",
"Thai
-
Q.
Sural Vmiiis
[
because Allah
is the.
is
and were used
believe
30
:
6.1 - f>4
iq shoj>
Defender of those
who
and because the unbelievers have no defender,"
Mnit a mmad (May AUah bless and save him!) [ Q.
believe,
-Sura!
47:11],
Do you
not
and A'limighty
kc in these dear verses- thai Allah (Blessed
3s He 1) relates you lo Himself, grants you
and sheds upon you 'die
superabundance of Kfs glory? "But glory belongs- to
Al'ii'i, and to Mis Apostle, and lo the believers,
but (he
Hypocriies do nol know" |
Q. 63
8 ).
Ihc grate oT His protectorship,
:
m
And
AlJaJi
bless
Noble Traditions
and save
Almighty
children
relates
is
somcihuig concerning
"Allah (Blessed and
:
;
I
up a kinship, and you have said :
ihe Mghi
have said
Anah g
of
And today
13 ].
(May
He !) says
'On The piy of Kesurreetion, O
of Adam,
have set up a kinship and you have
is
SO-and-Vo." But I
in
hini !)
Chosen One7
rhe
Lord, ihe substance of which
his
set
the
I
Verily ihe noblest
mo
c| ie
"So-and- so, son of
.si
up
shall raise
of you
you" [ Q. 48
kinship and humble
pious of
My
;
your kinship
Therefore,
ferred
noble brother,
to trace
Almighty is
He
their
I)
and
ike pious .forefathers pre-
relationship to
and
establish as the foundation of ihcir
Al-Mukhiar, "the Chosen Otic,"
phet
Allah (blessed
Muhammad-
329
is -a
uomtnuji
liilt
of the Pro-
prayers and
of
heir deeds the realization
I
One of
relationship.
iiofc>le
m'vjo
lira pivot- or"
fin
therm eallcd
\$
ffi
:
Do
For
mc
not call
it
O
bul by'
His Slave'
my
truly the noblest of
is.
1
*
names.
Anolhcr once answered someone who had asked
if
ihfs
be hailed from ihi
or (Jays ;
farher,
father is Islam 1 have ns '0t£i
I ] when they boast of Qays or Tamin.,J
tribe of Taniini
:
Thfre
Dear ISrother,
Glory fteyond
Is Ncs
people
of
boast
I
I
My
[ Say
his
heir
liaieacxe
because of such splendor and nobility as ihcy find
anchors' deeds, and because of Hieh
propose 10
they
instill
in
the
ujoiry
soul?; of
liorrt
onh
in Cfiefi
and honor as
children.
their
these two consideration* there i*. nothing. Do yoii
see that relating yourself to Allah (Blessed and
Heyond
not
Alraighiy
He
is
tantamount
is
'.)
ambition the ambitious may
glory and splendor
[
Q.4
:
139-].
£. Attiuti,
B
-
-
to
strive to attain in
"For glory belongs
as well as the worthiest
'His slave,'"
it
si 111
possible
Lbe highest
A very
to
icrmv of
Allah entirely"
way of
uplifting
common Muslim mawuSinc
iiimiurfms per-
name, til essence It is a shortened form of any of the
sonat names COitipourided of the dement
Islav?},
of 'God, Allah, or one of His many epithets.
TvrO
of
arid
ihe noble Bedouin irlbes of prt-1slaraic
130
the
name
Arabia.
your soul to the
of rebirth
the spirit
it
of 'llliyvun?'"
heighrs-
more
lEon 10 virtue
dedicated to
will alsu instill in
eompanv with
in
engaged, for whal nobitily
It
and what
greater,
5a
ihosc acitvciy
insiiga-
exalted, than your view of yourself as
connected lOAiiah. related tu Allah
Allah.
2 Q.n
one occasion AJJah (Blessed and Almighty is Me !) said :
"But be devotees of Allah., by virtue r>f ya\n caching me
Book and what you. were studing" \Q. } \
79 ].
I
The
Mightiest Sources of Strength
Relating oneself
He
I)
Truth (Blessed and Almighty
the
tu
another concept which
involves-
anyone who has committed himself
This
your soul
fill
be grasped by
will
thai relationship.
tfl
the superabundance or faith, and the confidence
is
up residence
success which wilt lake
in
you
so thai
t
mankind, nor
will
in
fear
will
your heart and
no one out
you be inlimidaJcd by even the
though it stood before you trying to
allegiance or disparaging your high principle.
world,
"Those
agains*
to
whom men
and they said
excellent
'
them
[
Q,
Q.83 :
T-
of
all
entire
your
'The people huv* gathered
Bui
r,
3
:
proper name occurring only in Q.,83
in
win'
il
increased
'Ahahtsour sufficiency,
:
a Trustee J"
companion tcrm'Sijjjn
to-
said
- therefore fear
yon
in faith,
ii>. ft
is
8,
f.
:
73
ihem
acid
how
].
18 - 19- It
.
as well
as
its
would appear from The context
be the books
pecttvely, of
3
in which the records of The good and bad deeds, resnunkind axe preserved, But lUAny ihedtogian, including
Al-Tabarj. regard
Illiyytin
as
Itie
name of
some portion
too,,
the Seventh
of if.. This is evidently the interpretation
io judge by his languaac here.
4
Heaven, or
of
Al-Banna'
And when
one of those
confidence in
few
believersin
Allah
with
,
Him and Hissuppon, found himself con-
fronting a tumultuous horde or a rapacious army, he
neither dreaded its assault nor feared Us depradataons,
because he was afraid of no onebul
tier
What
is
migh-
than (hat strength which flaws into che heart of the
believer when his breast
(
Allah-
Almighty i$
He
!)
surges .with
if
:
the words
AlEah aids you,
of
Allah
no conqueror
wil3
overcome yon" [Q.
3
r
60 17
1
Our Nationalism
Here
is
one aspect
is
a Universal Kinship
of the lofty social
implicit in relating
Almighty
is
mankind
He J),
and
peoples, (he mutual
This, is
to
and
(Blessed
Aliah
significance
the
assistance of ail
brotherhood
of
ail
bumaa societies,
The extirpation of ihmc greedy ambitions
which are
pired hy fanaticism and whose fires sow
dissension
mutual aversion among She nations. Who
is
for
world, so that be will join Ihe forces rallied about
standard of Allah ?
and
ins-
and
the
the
The Dreams of Yesterday Are the Actualities of Today
This is a .saying which the Muslims have
been hearing
for a Jong
to them.
time, but
Someone may say
:
it
may be an incomprehensible riddle
"Why do
this
group write
about
these
ideas
which cannot
be
realized
?
What are they
m
about, floating
made up of
an aunoshere
fantasies
and
dreams?"
Take It easy
And
brother in Islam
r
What you
the creed !
common-
consider a strange riddle today was a familiar
And you
place to your forefathers.
earliest
the
lime
firs*
today and
risey
telling
in
good
in
it,
souls
aspire to :
wji
you was revealed to them.
and
they live by
its lights
.
and truth
felicity,
not time for those
their hearts should be humble
hope
They sec
they place their
:
die according to
"U if
Muslim
of the
the creed
whatever comfort, beauty,
it
|
:
Brotherhood is what
for the
Jihad
it
say to you sincerely thai
I
1
becomes just that to you. Believe
Muslims understood the Noble Qur an
read it
what we arc handing on to you
never bear fruit until
mc. the
striving
who
thcix
believe that
remembering AlUh and
in
He has sent down ? And that
those who were brought che Book
the truth
they should not be
like
before them, For a
k>flg
period passed over them, and their hearts were har-
dened, and
many of them were
Irartsgrcwors"
[
Q. 57
:
16],
Breihrcn* if you agree with us on this
tion, know thai your
and Almighty is He
basic assump-
Allah (Blessed
imposes upon you the task of eva-
relating yourselves to
I)
luating correctly the important duty
He has placed upon
your shoulders. And you are obliged to hasten
even though self-sacrifice lies
accomplishment. Will you then act?
for
it,
to
work
on the way to
its
The Duty of
the Muslim
The duty of the true Muslim
Allah (Blessed and Almighty
Bookv awl the
has been epitomized by
Noble Qur'an has repeated
thereafter in
it
numerous
duty
of His
He!) in one verse
is
verses, the verse which contains the
in this life is stated in these words of Allah
and Almighty
is
He!)
:
'*0 you who
believe
;
on you no
will prosper.
He
:
hardship
in religion
-
(Blessed
Bow down,
!
and prostrate youselves, and worship your Lord,
what is good perhaps you
your untmost for Allah
Muslim's
and do
And strive to
has chosen you and imposed
of your father
the creed
Abraham. He named you Muslims formerly, and in this,
so that the
Apostle
might he a fciiness against you,
you be witnesses against mankind.
and
Therefore perform The
prayer, and pay the alms, and take refuge
in Allah. He is
your Protector. And how fair a Protector, how
fair a
Helper
p*
[Q. 22
?7
:
This is clear discourse, without
ByAllah. il has indeed sweetness and
the dawn and as perceptible as
as
penetrating
ambiguity or mystery.
beauty
light,
as
ii
:
Filling
as lucid
the ear
the heart without seeking permission
not the Muslims
wilh hearts
78].
-
listen To
ii
heretofore?
barred against
Allah commands ihe
it,
Muslims
Did
Or did They hear
heedless,,
to
!
and
bow,
it
unthinking?
go
prostrate
themselves, and to perform the prayer which
is the kernel
of faith, the pillar
hlam and the most conspicuous of
of
its
outward signs. And
nothing with Him. And
to
to worship Allah
do good
and
as far as
to
associate
Chey are able,
I
but at the same time as
He commands them
He
evifc\
forbids
them to do
for the
to.
do good
doing
step in
first
v
good is abandoning evil. How succinct and yet how eloquent And on this condition, He decreed for them sacand victory. This is the individual duty"
of every Muslim* and he must perform it himself, fo solitude or in company.
cess, prosperity,
The
Humanity
Righi of
Then He commanded them to strive to their utmost for
Allah's sake, by broadcasting ihemission and propagating
and proof. But if they
il among men with argument
should persist in rash acts* outrages,, and rebellion, then
with the sword and the spear 3
But if men abjure proof and stray from the path,
Them war more
avails
upon
earth than peace.
Guarding the Right Through Forre
How
man who
wise was the
way of Implementing
that
"Force
:
force and right should march side
from preserving
tt.e
the Islamic
Although he-does not
AJ -Banna
incumbent on all
by
mission,
Aiiali
on
side.'
phrai*
This
quite apart
is
ano-
here use the technical expression of the
Arabic Terms),
"al-manamma
al-farUiyya,"
does mean to refer to the set of
adult responsible
is
the Muslim, just
ayn (which see in the Glossary of
but rather the nomethtucaJ
evident that
the surest
hallowed precepts of I&lam,
ther religious duty imposed by
Islamic jurists, lard
is
and how beautiful il
the right,
striving to broadcast
il..
said
Muslims with no exception
335
.-
it
15
observances
He
imposed fasting, prayer, pilgrimage, alms, and the
doing of good and abandonment of evil, upon Ihcrn. He
as
upon them, and delegated (hem 10 do it. He
did not excuse anyone possessing strength and capacity
from performing it, for h is a Qur*anic verse which iv
imperative and admonitory, and an exhortation which is
binding and admonitory
"March, forth, tight and
imposed
It
:
heavy, and strive with your wealth and your persons
Allah
1
*
my!"
9
|Q.
u
41 J
:
in
.
commandment and the
wisdom of thn ordinance which He had imposed on the
of this
AHafa revealed the secret
Muslims afterwards, showing them that
them and
them, selected
mankind,
them,
elected
He
had chosen
from
apart
all
be the Leaders or His creation. His trustees
over His Divine Law, and His deputies in His earth, as
to
(May AWah
well as the heirs of His Apostle
him])
in
religion
made
its
prosecuting his
easy for them,
places,
and humanity
sec in
so
««m»
is
rather
a wfteclioo
<?f
rigorous
and appeas* to y5dd
UrHyft (which see
lis
11
their
and
legislation,
ihem applicable
to
would accept ihem
anticipated
desire
and
its
has chosen you, and imposed
position
to
ih* (foeltine of die
Kharijue*. Al-Baan*' make*
page?.,
His
that the world
"Me
Long- awaited hope :
This
perfected
them us
and save
And He made
mission.
prescriptions light, rendering
aH times and
bless
foeacvbftt
lake
regarding
mm
xadkmi
the Glossary of Arabic
Mi
nets
and
of the
kti tfringeni in succeeding
to the genernl
exlfew condition!.
Jihad,
of jihad as a fard
Terras),
except under
your faiher
Abraham. He named you Muslims formerly, and in this,
m
on you no hardship
religion - the creed of
so that the Apostle might be a
you
be
witnesses against
tor
the social duty
against you, and
78 J. This is
Q.22
witness
mankind"
[
:
which God has delegated
so that they might be
strong force, and so that
as
Muslims,,
all
a
one phalanx, a solid bloc and
they might be
the army of
rescue humanity and
together to ihe. path.
vation which would
sal-
guide them
all
*
Monks by Night and
Then the Truth
wards, showed
commandments
(Blessed
Day
knights by
and Almighty
He
is
after-
!)
between
the
prayer and
such as
mankind die
connection
on the Individual,
fasting, and the commandments laid on the community*
and showed that the first were the means to the second.
laid
both togeAlso that true doctrine was the foundation of
for some people to
ther, so that there should be no way
shirk their
individual
were carrying out
be any way for
their
obligations by arguing
communal
that
Lhey
should there
ones; nor
communal works
with their
with che argument that they were preoceuppicd
ritual obligations and totally absorbed in their commuthe
saying.
nion with Mlah- How precise and wise is
"Who
13,
is
The
fairer in speech
cirigiiia)
who is mote
others to
source for
veracious in
436, only one frwfiUL, cited
*omw
close to
it
:
"the
this, is
shirk
their
d^^Uiit'?^
undoubtedly Q>
feeM* than God"
as appearing in
fairest «f
4
:
87
:
"and
In the Coiwon3iir.ee, 1.
rhc Sahib
speech » The
of At-Bukhai
i
?
Book of God*\
O
MiMlfrm, the worship or yo\H Lord, and
make your
religion strong,
arc your duty in this
life.
striving to
and exalting you Sacred Law,
For
if
you perform these as they
should be performed, you arc the saved; but
if
you
per-
form only some of rhenn or neglect them altogether, then
I quote to you the words ofAtlnh (Blessed and Almighty is
"Did you then think
We
created you in sport,
and thai you would not be returning to Us? Almighty is
He!):
that
fQ.
Atohthc King, rfw Truth!"
Apropos of
this,
among
;
US ).
the descriptions of She
Muhammad (May
panions
23 115 -
Allah bless
Com-
and save him!),
were the elect of Allah from among His creation, and the pious forefathers of His worshippers,
since they
"Monks by
occurs rhc following ;
day." You can
<red in
:
them
at night, standing
his oratory, clutching his beard,
the fauEtless
.saying
see one of
jusl
night and knighes by
murmur, weeping
"O
murmuring as
as the sorrowful
weep, an*
world, reduce some other than myself*!"
when at Che break of dawn the
summoning the fighier to jihad,
call
And
to arms rang outs
you would have seen
him, a wolf on the back of his mount, shouting his warcry while the entire baltlefield resounded with
By
fare
Allah,
what wax
coupling, that
ihat
it.
miraculous harmonizing, thai
unique mixture compounded of the
works and duties Ofthis world combined with the affairs
and spirituality of the next? Why, it was nothing but
Islam, which combines the best
138
features of everything!
An Imperialism
Accordingly,
the
(May
O
hastened
Muslims, (he Muslims
Mom Sublime
Ken™
of Education and
Friend took unto Himself
aftcf
-
His Prophet
countries
Allah bless and save him!) -throughout the
homes
earth, with HitQur'an in their breasts, riieir
of the
and with
hands,
their saddles and their swords in their
the dear argument on the lips of their tongues, calling on
Islam,
tribute
mankind u> accept one of these three
on
;
(jtzyu
j,
4 Anyone
or combat.
became their brother, with
tions; anyone who paid tine
lection and
the conditions
came
granting him his
made with him, and faithfully
accepted by him; anyone who
they
responsibility,
their
rights, observing the pact
keeping 10
tribute
and obligaunder iheir pre-
rights
Lheir
all
accepted Islam
who
until God granted
remained obdurate was fought by them
"But God refuses aught bu thai He
them the victory :
should perfect His light" IQ. 9 :.32
They did not do this
nial
with respect
people. Their
tor political
to rank and fame
religion had
].
po*w
well,
is
known
Ihese
condemned
trapping* which certain peoples enjoy
their setfde-
i
at the.
10 all
surious
expense of
beins allotted the
others. Their Caliph was one of them,
same amounts
Q.9 :
29
:
in property and paymenl as
"Fight
Last Day, and who
do
tM
Book,
until
who
di> not "believe 3ft
not forbid what
forbiddwi oi follow the
&iit
tfcifl«
Ch?d
religion of It tali,
they iend«
tribute out
themselves " Also sec Jtara
in the
139
any
man of
Qad ur
ill
the
and Hi> Apostle have
being erf
those
who «me
of (belfhajuLs, humbling
Ciliary *f Arabic Terms,
them received, who was neither the most
nor the
excellent
mast intelligent
of then; and their commander was one
Lhcrn, nol being especially distinguished except by
of
virtue
of the outstanding faith and awe of Judgment with
which Allah had graced
mm>
or was
|*g
done
\\
for wealth,
them
sniiified wii h a chunk of bread
to stay his hunger and a swallow of water to quench lib
thirsl. Fasting to
them was a watcrxkin, and the> preferred hunger lo satiation. Each one of them possessed
just
enough clothing co cancel his nakedness, and ihcir
Book announced to them in Allah'? word* : "Those who
for every one of
and eat
Q, 47
disbelieve enjoy themselves
Fire will be their
And
abode"
Prophet
their
|
said
slave or the dirham, wretched
wieiehcd
12
:
:
their
exodus from
lism, or exploration.
-
or
their territories
the sake of rank* wealth* political
mission
J.
•'Wretched
the slave
is
hut the
is
the
the dinar.
xhc slave of velvet."
is
Therefore
for
them
to
m cattle eai»
It
vva*
power. imperia-
whs only to carry out a
the mission of their
Prophet
not
(May
special
Allah bicss
and save him I), which he had fell a* a trust in their
hands. And he had commanded them lo Hrrvc vigorously
on
its
behalf
religion
:
"until iheic
isAUahV
It Is
The
Muslim*
accordingly, their
[
Q. 2 :
Time
for I
formerly
no longer
is
193
s us
discord*
].
Lndmland
and
acted
sacrifice
them-
understood this
faith impelling,
140
and the
them to
wives on
iL&
Muslims
the
behalf. These days, however,
dui.y
their.
their undemanding of
diffenvidely in
and
f
and theories
have made use of allegorical interpretation
justification
for
of the total transcendence of deity as
The
you
and sloth. One of them will say to
slackness,
:
time for Jihad and good works
dampen your zeal by
will
and that the Islamic
conienl
clay
to give his
and night, and
bowings which
religion tip
he performs,
!
The
And
1
[
Q. 49 :
'
'The believers
l
His Aposcel
in Allanand
driven with
AlUli's
these are the
way -
15 ],
the Sutma, the
in
possession.calk
but have
their wealth and their persons in
sincere
il
religious duties to
Qtir'an in your
doubted,
hoc
about
without inner conviction.
to you clearly, and un ambiguously
and then have
prating
service,
be
third will
A
nations arc shackled,
are only chose who have believed
[
over." Another
saying thai means are lacking
satisfied to limit his
No, no, brethren
qui
long
Ss
'
save liim?) -^eJls you
s
ApcwLe -(May Allah
bless
"When people are slingy with
and
their
of cattle^
money, buy and .sell 0r» credit, follow the tails
way, Allah
almighty will
and abandon jihad in Allan 's
inflict
a
humiliation
from them
ti,
until
upon thern
they fio
back
which He
to
In the tource, but omitted
141
their
in litis
wil!
not
T$#&tf
quottiliou,
lift
The
Imam Ahmad related
this
in
Musoiid,"
his
AJ-Tabarani in Al-Kabzr17 and Al-Bayhaqi
al-lman'
8
on the authority
And you may
read in
as
Shu ab
the
in
of 'Abd Allah b. Urnar.
yoiir
books of jurispurdcnce
Lhat has been written, both in aneieni and modern
Ifi. Ahmad b.
Hanbai (7«0 .
has
8355, the-
School of Sunnite law. This, rte noil
founder
*
1
all
cirtics,
or rhe Hanbahr.e
A
fiiniUmemalisl
prevails ludaj on1> in Saurfi Arabia,
though it
SrcaLcf cxierisJon in 2 he Middle Ages. The chief
sources
law arc Ibe Quran and Ihc Sunn* of ihc Prophet
and
nions, jjma and
pJay only a very subordinate
4^
the
Four
had much
of Haobaliic
CompaAhmad's
rife
role.
work k ALMiisttad, a vnsr
collection of rratlitions'
which m^oTpocaus many that were rcsardsd
auLtioiTrfet
chier surviving
by bier
"rare" or "dubious".
a*
-
Suiaym*,
b.
Ahmad ai-T^ui (S73
-
971),.
renowned
*.
hfldlth- authority of Syrian origin whry trended
extensively
N^ar East in search of hatlith and died
in Isfahan.
number of coEleetions (mu'jam), of which
ito
Ai-Banna'
is
ovc; r3w-
He wretch
Kabir
cited
one.
Ahmad
6.
Shafl'ke hadilh
al-Husavu
-
aJ-JJayhaqi
(994
-
1066).
auclKuny born near Nishapur in
a
Arabia, he died.
a prolific, author, and wa* regarded by many
aathftjjtiet tis
19.
Shar'i'itc scholar after the founder
Abd
ihc Four
Altah b.
'fmac
OnbudaV CaJiphs
and frequent^
regarded as a
cited soars* for
BitfdeJ
b. aJ-fchatrab
(AUkttulalV
a
g}
the lea-
of (he School,
so;:oPthe.?&c«ondof
^\ many Traditions
transmitter nf
142
He was
^festtUtfun^ and a lamou*
of Miuiiaipeity mid
absolutely scrupulous
(?
famous
Persia, where,
after periods of travel and study in Iraq. and
ding
by
virtue in his
liadiCh.
.
He iei
hfcum*. and
sin
on the qucslion of when
bly and
and
jihad
communal responsi-
a
is
know
when an individual one. You
these facts
lethargy
is this
their iTTuilfcatkms very well, so wha*
that has settled over you
has-seized your minds, so
awaken? Muslims,
is
this,
What is.
?
this
hopelessness (hat
thai they neither
a period
-remember nor
of creation
create
:
yourselves, and your iirwma
created
thereby be
will
1
you believing
.strengthen your
therefore work to
This divine commandment
require*
souls and pure hearts;
faith and to purify you breasts.
0.f
demands of you selfstruggle; therefore presacrifice in terms of weahh and
but the
pare yourselves. What you possess is trarisitory,
things Of
AJ3ah
the
their persons
:
believers
endure,
It
for surely
and
Paradies k Efceifsi whose breadth
and the earth.20
Atlati
wealth,
their
is
that
From Where Do We
The creation of
realization of
demand of die
any
rate,
bought from
has
in
that
of the heavens
Begin ?
nations the education of peoples, the
hopes,
and the
defense
nation which tries io achieve
of
these
-
principles
or, at
proseEyuang for them
of the group which
-
a
mighty spiritual strength which may be manifested in
weakness can
a strong will which no
numerous ways :
penetrate; a steady Loyally
treachery; a noble
spirit
unassailable by fickleness or
unaffected by
of self-sacrifice,
greed or avarice; a knowledge of
20-
A coriflfllion
of pails of '0-9
143
:
the principle, a
,]
1
and
•
w«
faith in
and a proper
immune
assessment of
it,
value which
its
is
to error in its. regard, 10 any deviation from
any
it, to
quibbling over U„ or to any delusion
by some other one.
On ihese primary foundations which arc peculiar to cfre
soul atone, and upon thjs awesome spiritual strength,
principles will be creeled,
resurgent
riution& will
cated and
be edu-
voting er peoples created, and
renewed in those who have been deprived of life for
''^^r*r
^^^^iaM^ aSS™
livery people Dial
any rate, whose
lovt them,
leaders
has
wiH
lite
long
^
these four qualities,
lust
and prosctytiwri
or at
reform have
for
a wretched, frivolous people which neither
comes to any good nor realizes any hope. It is enough
il
to
is
Ifvc an in an atmosphere
speculation*, and
avail
be
fancies :
again** rhe truth"
for
made up of dream*, idle
"buc idle speculation
[Q. $1
:
28
of no
is
J.
This is
the law of AJfeh(Blcssed and Almighty
is He
and His sunu with respect to His creation; you will
!)
find
no alteration in Atiih** sunn*
tircinibtances of a
mertuclves' [ Q.13 :
"AJbJidoes
:
people until
11
not change the
rhcy change
what
Is
in
].
also the- law expounded by ibc Prophet (May
Allah
btes and save him !) in the veracious Tradition Ihe text
It is
of which
is
"The
;
nations are about
*o
advance upon
you as eaters advance upon the planer. Allah will surely
remove the fear of you from [ho hearts of your
enemies,
and He
will surety casi feebleness
auditor said
:
"Is it
into
because
144
your hearts. "
we
will
be few
And
ai that
nmc,
He
said
at lhat time, but
you
Aposile of Allah?'*
many
bish borne along by
"What
is
feebleness,
"No
:
will
indeed, you b3E be
be rubbish,
flood,"
Apostle of Allah
a flash
1
-
An
51
the rub-
like-
auditor
He
said
s-oid.
'
:
love of this world, and ihc haired of
Don't you see that he (May Allah bless and save him 2)
showed lhai the cause of the weakness of nations and the
humiliation of peoples
the feebleness of their
is
spirits,
and the emptiness of their
hearts devoid of high rnoralily and the qualities of true
manliness, even though they be great in number and their
the weakness of their minds,,
resources and products abundant ?
When
a nation wallows
drowns
affluence.,
tence, is seduced
how
forgets
tance,
it sell"
in Ihe
gewgaws of material
life
exis-
urihis world,
and the blows of circumsinAllalr's way, you may bid
lo bear adversities
irs
glory
strive
and
its
Between (hp
Many
luxury, grow* accustomed to
by the glamour of the
and neglects to
farewell 10
in
hopes.
Two
Forces
people assume that the East
strength in the form of
is
tacking in materia3
money and equipment, and
the
instruments of war and combat, in order to rise up and
compete with Ihe nations which have stolen
oppressed
its
even more
t\.
its
rights
and
but
This is iruc and important;
important and necessary is spiritual strength,
peoples.
Cuiicurdancfc. 4, 460, citing lb e Sahlh
Siman ot Abu Da'utL
E45
<\f
Al-Bukhari and the
of superior
consisting
belief in their righes arid
a determined
and good
Then
will.
knowledge of what they are,
selfsacrifice -in lite
upon which
faith
East believed in
concerned
itself,
took pains
strength
wrought changes
right,
its'
means
fiber, the
would come to
spirit,
in
and
of achie-
from any
it
every direction, for the indispulable facts are in the
of
-
created.
is
moral
to rectify its
ving material
are founded
wilh the strength of the
itself
and
of duty
line
and unity
trust
out of these two strength
If the
mindendness,
character, high
and.
pages
history
The Muslim Brotherhood believes (his fervently, and
are therefore diligently purifying their
sirengthening
tcfljJSi
themselves,
And it
is
for
and rectifying their
this
moral
reason thai they are striving
their mission, convincing people to accept
ples, and demanding tliat the
rectify its moraE character.
umma
They have not been innovators
they have to .say
from the Mightiest Ocean,
Firm Constitution, and
Allah
(Blessed
fulfill
princi-
their
and
of what
context
drawn their inspira-
the Boundless
ihc Loftiest
to
reform itself
in the
rather have ihey
:
tion
character.
Source
-
Sea,
the
Book of
the
and
Almighty
He!.);
but
you have
already heard the eternal
stipulation of thai law :
"Allah
is
does not change
change
what
is
ihe circumstances of a
in
themselves
1
'
[
people until they
Q, 13
;
II
J.
The Qur'an
indeed;
it
3$ dear
theme
discloses this
in
many of
its
verses;
has given us a proverbial example, eternal and
in (he
cul as il can be, as well, as entirely true,
saga of the
of
Children
Israel,
which depicts the way of
saga
magnificent
tha?
every despai-
self - ercauoit in
ring nation.32
The Course
The Muslim
and Almighly
is
t lear
is
Brotherhood, believe
He!),
when He
that
Allah
(Blessed
down ihc Qur'an
sent
and commanded His worshippers to follow Muhammad
(May Allah ble-ssd and save htm !) and when He was
pleased 10 gram
cheryi
within this true religion
for lbc
life,
prospcrily.
(Blessed
dawn
This
in
I
session23
-
Illiterate
is
He!)
:
Prophet,
word
"Those who fallow the
whom they find written
to
do
This, as will be.seeu shortly, refwvio
aocoum.of the Exodus of ihc
their
or Allah's
he Tawrat and the Injil which are
he-commands them
necessary
advancement, and
their
che confirming tcxi
is
incorporated
the fundamentals
aEI
of nations,
and Almighly
Apostle, che
Islam as a religion,
the
Uw
in their
pos-
good and forbids
Biblical
Hebrews fn>m
andQyr'aijfc
fcgypi
umltfr
Lhcir
leader, the Proplici Moses.
in he Tc-fahoj peistaleuch. acid Uwlnjil isiheNe*
Tesianwnr. The Muslim belief, based on Qur'anic testimonial, is thai
.23. ThcTavvrui
ihc advent of chePropltft
Scripiuna.
uniil
Muhammad
was
the fe"#s wr.U Christians
.committing the sin ut
cjearty; predicted in
rhew
wiifiilJ* altered iheoi, dftfs
lahrif (which see in ihc Glossary of Arabk"
Term?).
1.4?
them
do
to
evil;
he makes law
eial arid prohibits for than what
from them the burden*1
them
5 '
Q, 7
|
them what
fid to
and he puis
is vile;
and the shackles that
157
:
bencii-
is
off
were upon
].
The confirming words of Che Apostle (May AJfch bless
in Ehe Noble Traditions arc as follows
and save him f)
;
"By Allan, I no sooner abandoned an
bade you 10 do it.' 1
evil
thing but
If you examine the teachings of Islam, you
Lhat
it
promulgates the soundest principles,
I
for-
wul find
the man sui-
table regulations, and the most precise laws
lor the life of
die individual, man or women, for the life
of ihe family
both during
life
their
its
formation and
its dissolution,
of nations during
weakness, and
reformers and leaders
their
and for the
growth, their strength, and
before which even
of nations have stood hesitant.
sanctions ideas
Internationalism, nationalism,
socialism,
capitalism,
Bolshevism, war,
the
distribution
of wealth,
the link
between producer and consumer, and whatever is intimately or distantly tied up with die discussions which
preoccupy the statesmen
philosophers -
we
of the
nations
believe that all of these have
with thoroughly by Mam, and
gated for the world
24.
tlial
burden/'
social
been dealt
Islam has promul-
the regulations which will
The
watiing
and the
guarantee
refers to Ihe complicated
it
and
res-
trictions and
'tpecifkaiiinift.
the Jews by Cod
simpuciEv of
Ihe
of the Jewish ritual
a& a sign of His
tsJarriSc-
•
disfavor,
analo^e.
imposed upon
as concrasrect whh tJtc
Jaw,
148
1
the usufruct of
that
all
good, as well as the avoidance
is
of whatever may email danger or
on
This
adversities.
is
not
we are here
simply stating our belief and explaining to mankind what
we are calling an them lo accept. Later we snail have timeto present what wc have to say in greater detail.
the place LO go into details
We
Must
Since the MusHm
demand
ciples
that people
this subject :
lie
Followers
Brotherhood believe
work toward the
of l&Jam be
gence of the modern
che foundations
East,
in
every
they
this,
end that the prinon which the resuraspeei
of
life,
based. And they believe that every
feature of che
renaissance which
and conflicts
rupt
is
contrary to the
with the stipulation*
of
is
modern
principles of Islam
the
Qur'an
a cor-
is
and worthies* experiment, from which the nation
will emerge after making enormous
sacrifices to
It
be
more advantageous
neration to take the shortest
prescriptions of Islam.
fox the nation
route
The Muslim Brotherhood are
appeal to any one particular
no
avail.
which seek? rege-
by adhering to the
not
addressing
Islamic country.
their
Ther are
sending out their call, hoping that it will reach the
ears of
the leaders and chiefs of state of every country whose
sons practice the Islamic relgions. To that end, they
are
caking advantage of this common factor shared
by the
Islamic countries, as they seek to
build their
H9
future on
solid
foundations embodying the basic element: of pro-
gress,
advancement, and
civilization.
Beware of Deviation
The
Muslim Brotherhood
greatest fear of the
Eastern
Islamic
may
peoples
along by the current
let
of blind
they found their renaissance
is
be swept
themselves
and
traditionalism,
on
char the
that
those outworn prescrip-
tions which contradict themselves and which experience
has proved to be corrupt and valueless. Each one of the
Islamic nations has aconvStitution, and
of
it
necessary that
is
from the prescriptions of the Noble Qur'an; that the nation which declares
i<
derive the sources
in the first
religion
is
its constitution
paragraph of
Islam must
its
set
constitution that
down
the rest of
its
official
paragraphs
its
in conformity with this principle. Every paragraph which
Islam cannot tolerate and which
its
sanction must be expunged, so that
appear
in the
do
not
no contradiction
will
prescriptions
fundamental law of the
Reform
Every' nation has a
the
State.
Law
body of law to which
ils
sons have
recourse in their legal affairs. This body of law must be
derived from ihe prescriptions of the Islamic Sacred
Law.
drawn from the Noble Qur'an, and in accordance with
Ihe basic sources of Islamic jurisprudence, For the
Islamic
Sacred
jurists axe all-
Law and
sufficient,
the
decisions
of
the
islamic
supply every need, and cover
150
every contingency, and they produce ihe most excellent
and Ihe
results
mwt
blessed fruits,
if
the punishments
prescribed byAJhh 25
were carried out, ihey would be a
deterrent dismaying even the hardened criminal, restraining even the habitual Lhug, and
relieving,
government* of
the annoyance of worthless experiments. For experience
con
fir
and supports
ui>
modern
legislation
cribed
it
"And
:
Allah ha* sent
is
they
by
all
ihcir
commanded and
who judge
not according to what
and
their authorities,
itself
so (hat
all
tent with Islamic legislation arid
condoned
prostitution
head of every nation
in
Q. 5
[
:
44
].
Conduct
Social
it
is
life
controlled
is
its
to
religion
and
ihat values virtue -
wage war on
consis-
ordinances. Officially
a mark of 5-hame on the
the case of Islamic nations,
mands them
up to every Eastern
these internal features are
conformity with the proprieties of
so
pres-
government*, regulated by iheir laws, and pro-
nation to exert
to
and AJkh
ii,
nations there arc aspects of social
by
tected
He!} has
down, ihey are unbelievers"
Reform
In
and sustain
proclaim
(Blessed and Almighty
assumpeiuns of
the basic
(Ins.
Fore-
how much more
whose
prusiilulion
religion
and
10
compunish
adulterers severely,
2$,
The
so-called hafui-putushtwiiii,
of Aral>k Term*-
13]
for
whkh sec Lhc Glossary
"Let not compassion for the two of them
you
seize
in
of Allah 's- religion, if you believe in Allah and the
Last Day, and let a party of the believers witness their
punishment"
Q. 24 :2 |.
respect
|
Bars on the
mou
prominent
streets
the most elegant quarters, those
sing alcoholic
undisguised
of the
wide signs
tall,
and
cities
in
adverti-
and these plain,
beverages,
posters displaying the very source of vilencss., 26
by religion and most strictly forbidden by the
Wage War
rejected
Noble
Against Vice
*
This
libertine instigation
sure, (his
frivolous
to vice,
self-indulgence,
summer
meeting-places, in
this,
in
beguiling
Lhe
Streets,
in
resorts, in the country, all
contradict what Islam counsels us to follow in the
chastity, decency, renunciation,
work and
plea-
and dedication
way
of
to serious
from frivolous activities. "Truly
AH*h loves noble things and detests the frivolous".
It is
abstention
lhe duly of the Islamic nations Lo do their utmost
and resist all these practices and their like with all
the power and drive their authority and 3awi are capable
.of exerting, without flagging or growing indifferent.
tp fight
26.
Vfij-.v. rtee
nun her 01
vUwfcss.
Regulate Education
Every islamic nation and people pursues its own policy
jft educating and bringing up the new generation, and
whom
producing the men of the future upon
the
new nation
will
the
life
of
depend. This policy E&JBE be based on
wise principles which guarantee lo the rising generation a
religious
immunity, a moral impregnability, and a know-
ledge of the precepts of their religion as well as an appreciation of
This
its
ancient glory and ft* vasi extension.
many
only a small selection from the
is
principles
which the Muslim Brotherhood wish The Islamic nations
renaissance.
to consider carefully in creating the modern
And. they are directing
lims, both
Lhis
and governments,
peoples
achieving the realisation of
but
one
MusTheir means of
appeal of theirs ro
IsLamic ideals
lofty
iliese
alt
is
to show clearly the superior virtue and perfec-
:
tion thai
inhere within them, so that
when people
bring
will
mind and axe convinced of its advantages, it
induce them to work on Us behalf and defer to its judgment
''Say
This is
my way 1 summon unto AMali
this to
:
:
:
according to a dear understanding, J
lows me. Glorv unto Allah !
I
polytheists
V3t
Q. 12
I
:
JOS
"Cling
calls
fast
become
out
to
its.
to the rope of
divided.
sons
Allah,
Remember
am
of
noe
fol-
the
];
Profit hy Fraicrnizingwith
Islam
and whoever
all
Allah's,
Your Brethren
and
followers,
of ycro
5
saying
and do
grace to you
;
not
when you
when you were enemies and He united your
through His grace you became brethren'*
And
no other than brothers"
another verse
women
And
Q. 3
.103.]-
:
another verse the Noble Qtir'an says
in
believers arc
in
[
"The
:
(
Q. 49 :
believing.men
10
(May aluu
Noble Prophet
'''The
:
And
|.
and the believing
arc protecting friends of one another"
the
and
hearts,
Q.V
[
:
and' save
bless
r
"Be you worshippers of Allah, brethren.
the manner in which the first Muslims - Allah's
grace he upon them- understood this concept of frater-
Win !}
This is
says
;
nity in Islam. Their faith it Allah
and
affection,
and
and
They were
this in
!)
hand!,
so thai
expended
Allah
Book and said
"And He has united
all
that
is
Tlit:
God
homeland
in
Concordance,
n-t"
Miisli.in,
ih*
a
single
and Almighty
(Blessed
their hearts.
united
left
Mecca, and
I,
as
thou
If
thou
hails
f
Q.
8
:
I
have
w-ouldsi not
them"
is
63
],
Practical Application
The Emigrant who had
his
and
conferred His blessing on
in the earth,
united their hearts, bul
man and
one
as
His
:
of love
sentiment's
noblest manifestations of brotherhood
tihc
friendship.
hears
He
most enduring
share The
they
religion dictated that
s
^.
Mun-uitfl'
.citing
his people behind, forsaken
fled
with his relgion, way
ihc Jwihih
of Malik,
of
Al-Bnfchnri,
lo
^&£«U
the
Mu.n-.ni
Sunan &i
Aby Pa
6t
Ahmad b.
Umbiii, ihe
Sunan of
Itin
Maja,
aiK3 rhi*
1S4
?
ud.
him
before
find
sons of Islam,
per sons 'of
the
in
rhe
men of
young
yathrib, zy
awaiting
cad*
turn,
one
an
embodiment of yearning 10
set him, of affection for him,
and
advent.
They had lio prior
acquaintance or ancient connection :
no bond of marriage of blood - relationship oniicd hem. Nor did any
personal motive Or idf-inLeresl impel ihcm toward him.
Ii
was only 1 he islamic creed that
made them
of
rejoicing
at
his
I
"sympathize
upon
with him, join him, and looX
tilni
a* one of Ihcir
own and a spiritual brother. He had only
mosque, when the fortunate and glorious
and
Kliazraj23
would surround him, each
to arrive at the
Aw$
of
scion
inviting
him
co
home, choosing bins for himself, pledging himself and
his famoly as his protectors even unto death, and stubbornly insisting cm his claim until iJic mtULcr had Lo be
settled by recourse to lot- About this, the Imam
his
Al-Bukhari*1
settled
The
transmits this text
down
"No
Emigrants of mine
with ray Auxiliaries except by lot."
name
pre-lilartiic
The i wo
;
of
tribe*,
Yjrthrib, !i>iethar
ot* Mtciiijs.
puan
Arsb?
with the ihr.ee
wfcfc frhabrlol
Jewish
iribev .c?f
(he OMto-tf
Nadir* 'Qaymuja,
and Qurayza,
30,
Lecior
Muliammad
b. Tsma'il al-Btikhaxi (310
and compiler
authoritative
of Traditions,
and revered
hariilii
•
-
whose
collection
is
8*0), ike
Al-Sahiti
Sun
i.;
famous
rhc
nil* foUni.
coir
nwsi
He
i-.
said to have heard 600.000 Tradition* during his far-luang jouT3.e>-s
undertaken for
this
purpose, fn>m v/hich he accepted
unquestionably genuine.
155
finlv
2,7A2
a.1;
Even the Qur'an has preserved for all eternity
this
excellence of the Auxiliaries, and their resplendent
glory
across the ages shines out in the words fo Allah (Blessed
Almighty
and
"And
He!) :
is
who occupied the
tflOie
abode and the faith before ibem, love those who emigrate
to thsm
and find no need in their breasts for that which
t
they have been given, but prefer them over
themselves,
even though there should be proverry amongst them;
those protected from
perous" [ Q.
:
avarice of soul, they are
the
9],
Such was the mode of conduct of the sons
such
and
pros-
the character of the
first
battalion
of Islam,
of those who
found fraternity of faith amongst themselves. There was
no division between the Emigrants and Auxiliaries among
therfl, nor between the Nfecean
and the Yemenite, so that
the Noble Apostle extolled the Ash'aiites31
of Yemen,
.saying
(May
Allah bless
of the people
and save
himl)
;
"How
When they
wage jihad in expeditions or against .settled communities,
excellenl
arc the people of the
The Mli'ar were a-
3]
early
whfl
Yemenite
left Yejlien to tight in
two
fateful
is
tribe.
the Prophet's
Abu Mum
important administrative and
but
Writes-
!"
The
mo« famous of them
I.Oamic history were Abu Musa al-Ash'ari
colojiies of khaybar in 628,
first
Ash
Caliphs,
and
wen! art the
brother*,
his
army against
in
lhc Jewish
assume numeriXia.
military pi>Ms under the
Prophei
and
the
and was 'All's ineffectual tpolicwmaii at <li«
Arbitration of Adfaruh
in 659. Hcs death
samctirnt' after 660.
156
daw
is
uncertain.
they gather together
knapsacks, (hen
all
they possess and put
they divide
it
into their
among themselves
ir
with
perfect equity."
And
you read the Noble Qur'an, and the Traditions
if
{May
%
bless and Save him
and study the biographies of The fortunate and glorious
of the Mighty Prophet
Allah
of the sons of This religions, you will see therein matter
your soul and to
cteligfH
A
Fraternity
This creed
garner,
t,o
your mind and Heart.
fill
Which Proclaims Humanjtariaiusro
has
produced two
which we must
fruits
and concerning which we must address you
res-
pecting their sweetness, their delectation, their goodness,
and
first
of these
this
bling
no other
in all
do
has- to
wit
h the
fact
Islamic imperialism's resem-
creed resulted in
that
its
The
their utility-
of history* neither
in its
aimsnor
in
operations and conduct, nor in Us results or benefits.
For the Muslim
imperialist
conquered a land,
Word of
when he
and
to illuminate it' horizons with the suntia of the Noble
Qur'an. For whenever the sun of the Muhammadan guidid conquer
dance
it,
only to exalt the
shone upon
obliterated, wrongs
the souls of
were
its
wiped
the Truth,
people, differences were
out, and justice and
equity prevailed in their midst, along with love
therhood. Here there was
no
and bro-
question of victorious con-
queror and vanquished enemy, but simpEy oi aifcelionaic
and comradely brethren. The notliion
thenceforth melts away and disappears
157
of Qationalism
just
as
snow
I
disappears after strong, sparkling sunlight
falls
upon
it,
by comrast whh Islamic brotherhood, which the Qur'aii
hut ills in the souls of all ihose who follow h.
Thai Muslim conqueror, even before he raided those;
whom he raided and conquered whomever he conquered,
had already sold himself and his people, and had rid
himself of tits parochial loyalties*' and his nalionaUsm in
the path or Allah.
He did not campaign for the saVe of
such loyalties, nor did he conquer for the sake uf nationalism, and he did not win victories for the sake of racial
aa
sentiment, but rather did he an, when he did
who
sake of Allsh and AHab alone,
The most remarkable
gisi
of which
is
ihat a
and save him
Allah bless
wish 10 wage Jihad
what my portion
(May
man
Allah hies*
rn
in
r
eatnc before vhe Prophet
(May
and said ; "Apostle of Allah, I
Allah way, and I would lilee to set
!)
thereafter
|
and save him
!)
|
and of all personal
the Noble Traditions, the
a goal
desire, is one which occurs
partner.
has no
has been transmitted
story that
abouE sincere dedication to
for ihc
,
bc,
will
remained
M The
Prophet
silenl,
without
And the following Qur'amc verse was revea"Whoever hopes to m*ri his Lord, let him do a
answering.
led
;
work, and
righteous
panncr.
En
If
iHTftodr
All
10
him not associate
worshipping his Lord"
32. "Ksnbivya,
ttJcrantt
les
#hkh win,rJ#Ut
Jowl
irinaJ
and tUn
m
Q. \B
:
oi Arabic Term*.
li>yallies
yibeis
|
anyone as
Wbkh
in
pajfrtii
ill
\.
Hm the
Arabia
Do you
see how Islam looked upon
search for commendation and
representing a
prai&e, as
the soul,
in the very nature of
hidden polytheism
that individual's
which he must be cleansed and which he must
through the nobility of that glorious goal
thing more
sincere than than a
pursuing his goal ?
Do you
man
H
and
that
there
any-
forget himself in
imagine that a
man on whom
his religion imposes the condition chat he
self,
above
rise
*?
from
rid himself
of
he suppress his sentiments his inclinations,
may be sincerely dedia
cated to A"jCj alone, will think thereafter to wage it for
of a
parochial loyalty, or go on campaign for the sake
and
his desires,
so That
his jihad
certainly not!
race or a nationalist sentiment 7 By Allah,
The conquered, whom denting wished to prosper under
Islam and to be guided by ils guidance* did not abandon
his.
land and has
soil to
a stranger who
dominated it
and
who subjected him to humble servitude, monopolizing all
its resources while excluding him. Rather, he abandoned
with him
whatever he did abandon because he fused
blended with him
with sincerity
bilities as
in soul
spirit,
"You have
:
we
and
I
The Book of
and
and called out to him
the
same
rights
AJIah{BLesscd
and responsi-
and
Almighty
is
perished in
achieving his goal, and was sacrificed in the path of his
so that
principle. He abandoned whatever, he abandoned
humanity and so
Allah's light mighi be she4 over all
of
He
!)
will decide
between us." Each of them
that the sun of the Noble Qur'an might shine upon them.
For in this
lies
the whole of their
tion of iheir progress, if they but knew.
159
felicity
and the perfec-
The Itaruuns
The Hccond
Islamu- ralhertami
of llu
Islamic brot3»erhood compelled
fruit is thai
every Muslim to believe thai
Noble
a portion of ihe larger Islamic homeland, to
porting a brother
Qur'an
Wfas
who
every loot of ground sup-
work for Ihe
held 10 the religion of the
made incumbent by Islam on every one of
result
waft
the
fatherland
Islamic
which was
and prosperity of
protection
its sons.
The
the
that
horizon* of
expanded and transcended Ihe bound* of mete geographical and ethnic pcMrloii.™ co one of lofty principles,
and
puce, veracious articles oi belief,
set
down
as a guidance
and a
fight
truths tfthichAttah
lor the world.
For
Is sons to understand this concept
Islam, when it gives,
and fixes it firmly within their souls, imposes upon Ihcm
i
Islam
the ineluctable obligation to protect the territory of
from ihe attack of the aggressor, to deliver it from the
usurpation of ihe usurper, and lo fortify
ambitions of
I
it
against the
he hostite.
A Ixiiik
Road
hope that these words in explanation of the mission
of the Muslim Brotherhood have revealed their goal to
our noble readers, and have made cfettr ro tiwfllj to s-ome
extent at least,
.goal.
I
had
their
program
earlier addressed
in
proceeding toward this
myself
at
great ro
many of
our zealous brethren on the subject of Islam and its
grandeur, in very much the same language as our readers
160
have now
seen under the present
title
of "To What
We Summon Mankind?"
In the course of
talking with them,
was
I
Do
received with
gratifying attention, and we understood what was
being
said point by point, one after the other, umil we came
our
of (he discussion absolutely satisfied with
the integrity of
our goal and its -ultimate feasibility. How great wasmy
astonishment when 1 saw that they were practically
unanimous in Lhcir agreement that the way,
despite;
their
admission that it would be successful, was
a long one,
and
that the destructive, violent
our country were
currents existing within
loo power
till.
At
point,
this
despair
began' co creep into their hearts and despondency
to take
hold of their spirits. Just so that -our noble
readers wilt
not discover these feelings within their own
spirirs,
as
these earlier discussants did, J would like to
infuse these
words with a superab lindane hope in the
certainty
Allah
success,
first
to
and
two
willing, for the matter is
of
hands,
narrow down the subject
in
Allah's
Therefore, I shatt
positive poinr* of view.
last.
The
The social
Sftcin-Philusuphical VlewptiiiU
scientists say thai Che truths
of today are
the
dreams of yesterday, and that the dreams, of today arc Lhc
truths
of
tomorrow.
Now
this is
a viewpoint supported by
the actual facts and corroborated by demonstration
proof.
In
Tact,
humanity and
its
it
is at
and
the core of the advancement t>f
upward progress toward perfection, for
151
who could have
and invention* as they have-,
only a few years ago? Even the
discoveries
to light
ties
make such
before ihcy came
believed that scientists would
ihemselves rejected Ihcm at their
scientific aulori-
first
encounter with
and proof
corroborated them! Examples of this are-plentiful, and
ihcy are so well known chat we need spend no more lime
discussing them.
them, until
the actual
The
All
nations,
ness, so
much
facts
supported
Ibcrit
Historical Viewpoint
from a position of weakto the observer it seemed thai for
began their
so Chat
rise
(hem co attain their desired goal was a kind, of impossibility. But despite this presupposition, history has shown us
wisdom, and persistence
have carried these movements, so weak in their beginthai patience,
steadfastness,
and so feeble in resources, to the pinnacle of the
success and fortune their leaders we-re hoping fot.
Who
would have beJieved chat the Arabian Peninsula, thai dry
and infertile desert,- would ever produce enlightenmenr
nings
and
and learning,
and, through
influence of
sons, rule over the mightiest states in the
world
Who
7
tender
its
-
the spiritual
would have imagined that
hearLcd
Abu
and mild person, against
political
Bakr, that
whom
the
people had rebelled and whose Companions1
flouted, could send out eleven armies in
would suppress the
chastise the
rebels
and
set
one day that
the erring straight,
wrongdoar* Eake vengeance on
S3
rights they
Lhc apostates.
and exact Allah
F
i
dues in alms33 from »h$
would Siave believed tJiat skimpy, underground
of"Ali and Al-Abba* would be able to overturn
flung and powerful
they had been exposed,
have
would
chc next, to
banishment, and
Who
S3. ZHkMt.
imagined
which in
I
when previously
from one day to
murder, persecution,
threat 7
following
ihal far-
M
state rweritight,
Who
recusants?
Sai ab al-Din
hat
the Ufcwary of
Ayyubid3
the
Arabic Term*,
thai
accms
Jt
Ridda, 01 "apostasy", of-the
central and eastern Arabian
?be
tribes in 6.12 *a> Actually motivate
yoke of Medina
political
alms, which was
The
by the
.to' cease in .lv
and
to
JeSire
throw
off-ifee
lor the official
liabJe
a& a state tax*
collected
reference is loihelJmajyAd
and dytiaft>,.
si.ai.e
overthrown
fc
by a joint SUi He and 'Abfeaiid conspiracy
'^fej^V
Ali b. talib
of
faw
the Prophet, w#ne
(m. 600
in 74.9
•
figl),
cujokd inro
House oTAI-'Abfca*, who wcic
The
SfJ.
-
Shi*a, or
ike eOiisfe
the
agent*.
Adherent* were >-on
ambijuous.pTopagsujda spread
and son
the prctcnde-i*
aiditiy,
descended from an uncle
phet, by
abroad
by-
in
-
-
of the
oj the fro-
'AbhaMd
io (be cause by b*isig inld that tRi
ntoveme.nl was designed to restore the l^:umr.c
rule to ch* "H&use
of lla&him/' an ancient Meccan
therefore of ho'rb ihc "Alid and the
Salah
aJ-Utn
Yusuf
h.
Ayyub
aneesfor of th? Prophet's
Abbasid
C'
r3fi. -
1
the
same
rajjafas die destruction
SkjppJajKcd Sjtladin's
Lunger.
324*3,
though
in
1
1
of
of the
87, the recapture
of the rule of the
Ugypt, thereby restoring their
realna ik
The AyyebUl'dynasiy of Egypt, of which
Sunnitcorihodoay in 3171.
he wax the founder, were ijje
in
and
year, and the-termination
Shi'ite Farinritc- dyna*iy In
EKypi
the -Haladin"
193).
i!ient« part of Hie Crusader chivalry at HiUtirj
of Jerusalem i/i
l:Umk
lines.
ite Thiid Crusade, whQ&thbf
who
'
defendants
&m in
12iM.
various Syrian
of
hi*
brOlhei, Al-Adil,
The uynasiy petered OUi in
branches lasted
somewhat
would bold his ground for long years., and hurl beck (he
kings of Europe on Iheir heels, defeated, despite their
enormous numbers nnd the brave show of their armies,
until twenty-five of Iheir greatest kings banded against
All that
modern
ancient history. In
i$
tn even more
history, there is
who would have
astonishing example, for
M
imagined lhai King 'Abd al-Am Al Su'ud.
whoxc
family had been banished, whose people had been persecuted, and whose kingdom had been stolen, would win
kingdom with twenty or so men; and that
afterwards he would become on« of the hopes of ihe
back thai
world for
Islamic
in
rereation of
of
a restoration
grandeur and
it*
And who would have
unity?
a
believed that
German workingman, Hitler, would ever attain such
immense influence and as successful a realisation of his
that
.aims
he has?
as
'Abd
aV
Art* Al Sifud
ihc Su'udr royal line uf
km/
(1*751 deceased
Al-
Bantu reitu
ihc old Sa'ucti
naU on
a
w
I
Najd
jvmiI
here
iWu Ok
{IMO -
m
of :hrS*mli Arabian kingdom. The
*n
The
raid in
by
city
'AN
hail,
Abd
of
riicir
fonuaefr,
164
tf-Aiiz, with nnty
«i«d and
been
ri-A/lit
father Ahd family had twen bunched, findinji
ihc rcstoraUojt
fca<
The d&iag and «r>cciACutar recapture of
hv the RashldiutfuT AI-Ka'M white
until
power of
1902, and Ihc tuber *>f ihe rccenih
cardial of .M-Riyad
riighr
restorer 10
.t
Wns u
wx
occupied
and
child,
refuse in AI k
i.
'.j
liU
.i
There Another Hoail?
Is
There
two
are
view point
negative;
which
5
product
exactly the same result, and which impel the minds of the
zealous to act
that this way,
forcefully
and determinedly. The
however long it
may
take,
is
and
experience has.
is
the only one
suitable for erecting the foundations of the revival
unassailable basis,
first
on an
confirmed
the
correctness of this viewpoint.
Duty
The second
of
of All
that the agent, acis 10 perform a duty
is
first
then only secondly for a reward in the hereafter,
all,
and
First
thirdly for persona! advantage.
perform
For
it
he
acts,
ho
no
duty and wins Allah's, approval - there is
doubt of this - when all the conditions are Fulfilled; ihen
his
advantage remains*
his personal
which
is
outside
and
this is
inAMab's hands. Perhaps an opportunity, quite
his
and render his
calculations, will arise
productive of the most blessed quits; while
from
a matter
acting, the sin of dereliction
if
act
he refrains
upon htm, he lose*
falls'
and is absolutely deprived of any
Which of these two alternatives has the
the reward of jihad,
personal benefit.
better standing
has
and
pointed this
noble verse :
lt
the fairer repute?
out
clearly
and unequivocally
'Why do you preach
destroy or punish with a
Allah will
They
said
show
piety T But
:
The Noble Qur*aH
to
a people
En
this
whom
severe punishment?'
"As an excuse 10 your Lord; perhaps they will
when they
forgot that of which they had
165
We
been reminded.
We
and
evil,
rescued
who had been
those
seized
who had
ihos*
unjust
with a
grievous punishment, for thai they had been
mws." -Swat
al-A'rif
7:
|
enslaves
We
before us a proud
aim's worshippers,
despising than as
uid using them
as.
have
servicers, attendants,, slaves*
yam who
it
weakling
and
chat-
we have a noble and glorious
overbearing despot. Then MU.U
while on the other hand
tels,
people enslaved by ihfa
{Blessed and Almighty
glorious people
lost
into Existence
now
:
transgrefc-
164 - 65 ).
The Story of a Nailnn Cuming
Weakness
forbidden
glory and
or freedom for
lender
h
in
its stolen
its
He!) wished to rcflore to
freedom,
former might. The
this
its
first
ravaged honor,
:
"We
its
its
dawn
ray of the
people was ihe rising sun of
Moses, as a nursing infant
this
mighty
relate to thee
some of the story of Moses and phuraoh in truth for a
people who believe.
Now Pharaoh grew mighty in the
land and divided
among them,
its
people into groups, despising a parly
slaughtering
crreir
sons and keeping alive
pised
women. Indeed he was of those who ww corrupWe wished to be gracious to tho-se who w«re desin the land, and to mafce them leaders, and lo make
them
inheritors,
their
tion.
2»:
1-61
Leadership :
and
to establish
Then wc
them
1
in the
land
see this leader in hkt
*
[
Q.
maturity,
protected by the Divine Providence after he had revolted
fains* tyranny and showed
his Loathing for injusik.
He
AlUh
and escaped with his freedom, when
took
htm unto Himself and placed upon him (he burden of hi*
apostolatc. making the salvation of his people contingent
upon h(m+ He returned filled with faith and sustained by
fled alone
conviction,
facing
and demanding thai he
.freedom and leftve them thief
in
him and follow him. Ho*
thai tyrant
restore lo his people their
honor, and that he believe
munificent
burning sarcasm,
hi* bitter,
is
Qur'an narrates the words of
the
enslave the Children or LvacI
1
Noble
"And
mighty apostle :
me
favor thou didst bestow on
this is the
as the
Q
(
'
thai choti didst
-
26
22
:
O
J-
lyrant
who
lords
Over
it
worshippers of {tod,
the
you are reminding me
worshippers!
Is
(he bene
you have conferred on
my
ft I
nation,
I
my
people? This
he mouth of the
(ryani's
mc
of,
and
the enslavement of
the degradation of nay eomuiuily. and the
humiliation of
from
the favor
your
not
and
throne
the cry
is
noble
of truth ringing
rocking
prophet,
shaking his kingdom :
"We
the
'"Came
before Pharaoh and say
:
Lord of the universe
send away with us the Children of
"He
Israel. 11
said
life?
And
being
of
'Did
then thou didst
tftose
who
then, being of JJipk
I
:
we
[Q. 26
;
us as a
years of thy
He
arc in error.
said :
Su I
fled
"1
from
did
it
yw
and ray Lord granted me authority and
one of the messcnttersV* ~ Sural aJ-SbiTarV
feared you
made me
us for
among
thy deed which thou didst.
are ungrateful!'
who
a mtttenger from the
not rear thee
among
while thou didss stay
child,
for
:
arc
:
IJ-Ml,
167
Struggle
powerful
And
:
against
now we
-
justice
avenge themselves; upon
and subjugating those
witness
it,
how
I
who
supporr
may
Spirits
hey
rebel
and
against
it.
all
not
languish
'Will
:
Hie
sliou
Moses- and his people to sow corruption in the land,
leave ihee and thy god*?* He said : 'We
sons and save their women alive, for we are
over them/ Moses said to
and be
it,
aspira-
"And
1
to
tliejr
the
who are for h
And also how the
(his, and how their
council of noble* of Pharaoh's people said
allow
or
of sweet hopes and
leaders hold out the promise
so chat Their
wrath
punishing those
supporters of justic bear up under
tions
the
patient.
end belongs to
the pious
How
people
LsAUati's -
whom He
tage Co those
Faith :
The land
liis
will
He
'.AsK Allah for aid
:
gives
Q_ 7
[
'
for
power
in
a
as
il
heri-
of His worshippers, and the
1
magnificent
shall kill
lis
to
3
;
see
17
28 J,
-
eternal
this
example of steadfastness and patience, of unswerving
allegiance LO justice, and of utter tnniempi
for everything, even
iife, in the service nl
part of the followers of
this
mission, and who nalJenged
and defiance of death
determine
:
:
faith
leader
and
on the
belief,
who believed
contempt
with
this tyrant
^tW*a determine what !hou
thou determines! only the
life
<>f
his
Lit
will
this
world.
We believe in our Lord, thai He may forgive-. us our sins
and that magic thou didst eompeE us io perform. God
is
ihe More Benevolent and the More Abiding'
-73
).
1
|
Q. 20
r
?2
Triumph :
quences
If
we we
all
in this fifth section,
may be?
Victory prosperity,
tiding* brought to
dreamers,
aiid
have delivered
hope
the oppressed;
(he
cry
wu
shall
sec
conse-
its
and do you grasp whai Those
triumph, success, and glad
of manifest
through the horizons of the earth
We
w
this,
:
realized
justice
for
resounding
"OCIiitdrcnof"
from your enemy!"
[
the
Q. 20
:
Israel,
80
|.
TOWARD THE LIGHT
1
Niimc or C*od. Ihe Merciful, the CVkmpovti oniric
In Ihr
Preface
Rajab 1366 (M,ry
In
June 1947). the tnuim and martyr
-
llasan al-Banua, Supreme Guide 3f Lhv Muslim
rhood, «eni this message la His Majeuy Faruq
Egypt and the Sudan, Hi*
BrotheI.
King
of
Mustafa ahNahhas
fc'Kcellcncy
Pasha,
ihen Prime Vfirthier, and lu the Kings, princes,
and
of the various
rulers
number
as well us to a great
in
We
those cournrie*.
ting
are
Many of
onue more.
il
of
ccnjni ries
flf civic
now
I
he Hlainic world,
and
religious leader!:
publishing aod di$lribo>-
the view- points arwJ directives
hone of every Arab
and every Muslim. Lei us pray *ibh thai it be fulfilled!
it
contains
still
represent
Name
In Ihe
ol
Vtar,. the
Meeeiful, the
Praise be unto-vHah, and
may
Our Master Muhammad,
his
panions.
"0
set forth for
Vour
Lord, gram
Ub.
p»mp«uuo-
AM bless
House, and
and save
Ins.
Com-
a mercy from Thee, and
Q, IS ; 10 J.
Cairo. Egypt, Rajab 1366
u> integrity in our al fair"
[
Excellency.
Pca,ce be with you,
proceed
I.
the dearcM
;
all
that
and God's mercy and
blessings!
impels u$ lo submit ikfe
Trunshir«d into hreneti by
J,
Ward
for full entry.
Ill
in Orient; see
message
To
to
Uibluiymphy
Your Excellency
whose leadership
He has
affair*
a bcnevolenl
Allah ha* placed in
to guide
manner which
will set
trace out for
tracted
and painful
Beyond
duty and
belter
on the most
it
excel-
the best of programs, pro-
it
pro-
it
no more than
our advice,
submitted
and more
era. in
experiences.
desire
this,
modem
its
from shocks and disturbances and spare
it
nation,
the
care and whose
your
delegated in you during
led of path".,
ted
a keen desire
if
lo have
Tot Allah's
done our
reward is
lasting.
Ttw Shepherd'*
Responsibility
Your Excellency,
Aifak
had ddegated
and has made its
future, your trual
for aJJ
If
of these before
ruler ship over this
interest, its affairs,
and your charge
Aftah (Blessed
generation
the present
nation
its
you,
10
present
and
11$
you are responsible
:
and Almighty
arc your
is
Hef).
instruments,
the
coming generation are your products.
trust,
and
how
should be held
great
this
low
responsibility,
answerable for a nation
a shepherd, and each
is
responsible for
ancient times, the Just Imam-* said
CiMrordMcr.
I
2,
2?J
r
cfcinf
his
:
the Ssblh
:
mighty
that
is
llus
a
man
"Each of you
flock."2
is
lit
"Jf a mule were to
of AS-BukhAfi,
the
Musrtad of Ahmad b, Hanbtil. and ihe Jami*
of Al-Tirrnidhi.
Th* second of the Orthoses Cultph*. *Vmu h, al-Uwutah (634
172
would hold myself responsible for
stumble in Iraq. I
before AKaii (Blessed and
had
not
Almighty-
why
1
The Imam Umar b.
leveled the road for her."
aJ-khattab depicted the immensity of
Hcl), as to
is
her
responsibility in
his
"How I would like to come out of
a saying of his :
evenly - owning nothing and owing nothing!"
it
[^traduction
A
EA)
Period of Transition
The moil, dangerous
peiod in the
life
Lhe most deserving of
critical study, is
sition from one state
affaire to another. It
of
plans for the new period ar
and
policies drawn
laid
and
up, according
the nation will be formed an
these plans, principles, and
the
is
its
of nations, and
period of Iranthen thai,
guiding
to which,
(0 which
it
principles
expected*
iL is
adhere.
will
policies are clear
-
If
sound,
cut.
and solid, the nation mil rejoice in this triumph, and its
reward,
guides, because Of This well - being, In a great
renown.
fair
eternal fame, the just verdict of history, and
<B) At the Crossroads
This important task
poses-
two conditions :
the liberation of the nation from
that
k may
The second is
own wfty
others hi
its
its
its
reconstruction, so thai
it
the
nations
»
w
is
bonds so
political
lost
inde-
may take
and compete with
progress toward sociat perfection.
among
its
s
freedom and regain
sovereignty.
obtain
pendence and
it
the first
its
these
struck- ha* com* to a
nation, to face
hali r and you have begun, along with the
a new period. Now you will see lwo ways before you, each
For the time being,
one urging you to
proceed with
the political
along
it
path. Each
its
advantages
eharaeeefi&ticx, iis
and co
orient the nation in its direction
one has to particular
elTects,
its
Eta
results,
its
is
the way
of
propagandists and iis promoter*. The first
Islam, its fundamental a^umpiaonfl,
iu principles,
its
culture and its civilization; the second is the way of the
West, the external features of iis life, its organisation and
its procedures.
of 3x1am.
is the
ix&
is
It
our belief thai the
and
principles
its
only way which ought
which the present and
(O
f
way,
first
the
Fundamental assumpiiorte,
toward,
to be followed, and
uture nation should be oriented-**.
Advantages of Ibe Islamic Orienialitm
If we lake the nation along this path,
10 obtain many
benefits
among them
•
we
he able
the
ihai
shall
the faci
has
history
Islamic
way lias been tried before and that
testified as 10 its soundness
It has produced
benefit of
gest,
most
way
mankind an
urn
in
a which
excellent, rnosf merciful,
blewcd for
all
of human
iiy.
It
U
otic
o1
for
ihe
the stron-
mosi godly, and moat
possesses a sanctity and
minds of men which makes it easy lor all
adopt iu to understand ii, and 10 respond to it, as Weil
stability in chc
to
a* to adhere 10
In M*r<i"5
ii
once they are properly oriented 10
irsnUaiiun,
and
addii iChmI &ciii*fi« not
found
Lo
it,
in
i
dangeroi.i
present Arabic rcxtoccun bete : "Ttvexeccnd is the ranst
[ way |
Cor the pfewmi ot fciSute existence of itie niuioci".
[74
he
say nothirtg of
and the extolmenl of
pride naiionalism
sincere patriotism. For then we
will construct
on
our lives
caking
our own principles arid fundameiua] assumptions,
highest ideals pf
nothing from others. Herein lie the
social and
after political inde-
existential independence,
pendence.
To
the
take
place; and
first
The Islamic
unity.
through
means to lengthen Arab unity, in
this course
its spirit,
its
world in
its
whom
and whom
see in us brethren
stand behind as They siand behind
as they support
it,
And herein
it.
advantage which no
This course
support us
sympathy, and its
cniiray will
its
sensibility,
endorsement, and
support
I^amic
in the second, to strengthen
lies
intelligent .person
is eorapleLc arid all
-
a great
will
it
will
it
will
moral
spurn-
encompassing, gua-
most excellent institupractically and
tions for public life in the nation, both,
Islam,
This is the advantage that distinguishes
ranteeing the establishment of
the
spiritually.
lor
it
places the
UBrxii-tant bases
institutions of the life of nations
:
adherence to the good, and
on two
avoidance
of the harmful.
If we pursue this pathf we shall be able to
avoid the
which have
problems which beset the other nations
Indeed, wc
neither known of this way nor followed itviral
shall he able to solve many complicated problems which
institutions are unable to,
and here we cite
present
words
of Bernard Shaw
:
"How much
175
the
world
in
the
the
modern age needs a man
Muhammad
like
to
to solve
stubborn, complicated problems over a cup of coiTce."
After
we follow
all this, it
w.
stand behind
sustaining us in
urging
us
forward
our
casing
Do
LI
:
will
moments of weakness,
fortifying as a!
difficulties,
God's support:
[his path.
not
and
I
oil
lor
ua,
falter
in
prusulng
the
people; if you suffer, they suffer as do you, and you hope
from
which
Allah thai
Wise"
Q. 4
I
104
:
do noi.
they
U
Allah
knowing,
]-
<D> Western Qvilizattofl Today
we
In concluding ihis discussion,
zation of the West, which
its
by
brilliant
perfection for a long time,
scientific
gated
wa.s
the
assert thai
civili-
of'its
virtue
and which •subju-
of this science Jo
now bankrupt and in decline, fts
the-whole world with Ihe product*
stales
and nations,
is
foundations art crumbling, and
ding principles are falling apart
itt
institution
and gui-
foundations
are beying destroyed by dictatorships, and its economic
.
Its politic*]
foundations are
of
its
being swept away by crises. The millions
wretched unemployed and hungry offer their tes-
timony against it, while its social foundations arc being
undermined by deviant ideologies and rev olutions which
arc breaking ouE everywhere.
Its
people are aL a ln$s
the proper measures to be taken and are
astray.
Their congresses are
brokers, and
their
of Nalions
neither
is
failures,
covenants torn to
ihcir
pieces.
:
#s to
wandcrif
far
treaties
arc
their
League
phantasm,, possessing
a
spirit
no
while
influence,
men,
strong
their
with other
along
things, arc overthrowing
secu-
covenant of peace and
its
rity^
This
is
one side of the matter. Meanwhile, on
the
blows, so that
am
side, tCK>, fhey are being dealt viol
the other
world, thanks (0 these tyrannical and self cies, has become like a ship in the midst of
seeking
the sea,
assault
poli-
with
on
tormented, wretched, worall sides. All of humanity are
of
and confused, having been scorched by the fires
its captain distraught while blustering gales
ried
greed
sweet portion of
them the filth
The
They
and materialism.
of misery and
Mosaic,
the
of
fell into
fell
Allah's
time,
guided, and stumbling
strong Eastern power
blindly,
and unjust,
and
it
to eserc itself
but then the
enjoyed a
sunns which may not
tyrannical
the
Muhammadan dispensations
inherited world leadership.
It was
in
to the
long sleep, and ihe West
rebirth. It was
behold!
it
to the East for a second
its
and the West
one time
was. at
Wcse after
Ihe
Romans. After that,
then
and
and
Christian,
brought it back
East
Greeks
them to happiness.
to lead
leadership of the world
of some
-wash from
dire need
in
the waters of True Istam to
hands of the East entirely,
the rise
are
it
new
be gainsaid,
Bui
lo
insolent,
and
mis-
remained for a
under the shadow of
only
fluttering
Allah's banner, with the standard of the Qur'an
at its head* and backed up by the powerful, unyielding
soldiery of the
Muslim and
faith.
at
s>eace,
And
and
there was
the
177
the
universe
world turned
singing
out
:
"Praise be unto Allah
had not been guided
who guided us
had not
if Allah
to
for cruly we
this,:
guided us"
0- 7
[
•
'
43
ttfory
J,
This
is not
r'^f
of Ihc imagination
the least a product
ill
:
this is no other than the true verdict of history.
not fulfilled
whom He
through us
loves
"Then
;
who
and
Allah will
Him,
love
And if it is
bring a people
humble
toward
bdievers and powerful againsT unbelievers, striving in
Allah',
way of
and fearing not the reproach of
That k the bounty of AUati b
whom HewiU" [ Q. 5 : 54 J.
cher.
Islam
is
any rcproawhich He brings
to
-Guaranteed to Supply
the Renascent Nation with
There
h no
renascent
regime in
nation
with
lulions,
same est
t
world which will supply the
whai. it requires in The way ol"
instil
as
of this particular
deals with these
nation adheres
to
it
is
uf passages
fuJl
-
it
renascent
descriptive
^crneral or in
in
without succeeding
renascent nation needs
hope, and the Qur'an has
a
detail -
dearly and precisely. No
asp.cvls
Islam and
A
iis
and contains numerous exanv
aspect,
plary parables concerning
it.
and
objectives,
does every one of
Islam
nations. The Noble Qur'an
while
Needs
the
lo
en
Its
this
principles,
sensibilities
the
.aspirations.
Hope
broad,
supplied
consciousness in a manner which
in its
its
creates
al!-encoit)passtng
nations
out or
irh
ihts
& dead
nation one which
roinarjon; Ft
is all
life,
ambition, hope, and deter-
enough rhat it labels despair che road to
unbelief, and hopc^ Icssness a man focal ion of error. In
fact, if (he weakest nation heard the words of the
is
i
Almighty
"And We
:
show favor
desired co
10 those
who
had been rendered weak in the canh, and co make them
Leaders, and to make them inheritors, and to maJce tlieni
strong in the earth" | Q. 28 5 - G |.
And
words of the Almighty
in the
you
grieve, for
wound
will
"Falter not. nor
:
be paramount if you arc believers. If a
wound
touches you, a
like
has already touched
it
Lhe people. These are the days which
mankind iruurn"
And
3
:
139
-
apportion to
40 |.
words of the Almighty
the
in
Q.
[
We
"He Lt
:
U who
who disbelieved
"gathering.
You did not
expelled those of the People of the Hook*
from
their
abodes
the
.at
first
think thai they would go forth,
would render t hern impregnable
their fortresses
Allah
But
came
noc
reckoned, and
He
made
ruins
their
hancis
of
eyes!"
(
of
to
:
2
them
from
homes by
].
their
Consider
.reference co
to Allah.
whence they
And
own hands
then.,
in the
-O
words of
'Or did you think lo enter Par adise
A
*
had
attd The
you who
the
when what had come
one of The two Jewish tribes of
cPeopJe
for members of any of
of the Book"
Q&ymiqa' ci
f624} or Uhud
a catch - all phrase used
is
the tolerated religions under Islam.
r?9
have
Almighty :
Nadir, expelled rrcm Medicut after the Battle nf Badr
respectively,
that
case terror into their hearts, while they
ihc' .believers.
Q. 59
and you though [
who
to those
you
on before you had noi
passed
yet
come
Misery an suffering touched them and they were
?
shaken that
"When
is
the Apostle
so
and those who believed said"
Allah's succor?' Is nutAIlah's succor
2:214].
near?"
Q,
[
\
•Truly the weakest of nations,
if it
heard, these
good
tidings and read the
real stories pertinent to them,
absolutely emerge thereafter as the strongest of nations in
faith and
to
would
would
unquestionably see in this hope
encouragement to plunge into difficulties, however severe
spirit. It
they might be, and to confront events however overwhelming, until
won
it
the perfection to
which
if
aspired.
Islam and National Greatness
Tlie renascent nations need
lism
just as a superior
merits and
its
on the minds
own
to glory
in their nationa-
and splendid nation with iE&
history^
so thai
image
its
own
be imprinted
of its sons, and that they offer up their
blood and their lives on behalf or litis splendor and
nobility, and work far the welfare of this fatherland, and
for
its
aggrandizement and prosperity.
ideal clearly in
any regime to
merciful as it
that its
nobility
forth
"You
"see
this
just, excellent,
and
knows
if the nation
and honor have been sanctified
Unswerving Book
:
be as
not
will
in True Islam, For
is
His foreknowledge, and
says
We
thar
- for as
He
has registered
[
Q. 3
il
Aitalt
in
in
His
He. Ghe Blessed and
are the best nation which has
for mankind"
by
HO
,
ISO
];
Almighty,
been brought
and in [be words
of
the Almighty
We
"Thus have
:
may be
nation, that you
made you a midmost
a witness against you"
the Apostle
mankind and
witnesses against
Q.
|
2:
143-
J;
"Greatness belongs to
the believers"
worthy of
Q. 63 ^
[
and
Attain
8
sacrificing Ihe
]
then
-
and
to His Apostle,
world and
h
it
all
to
the nation most
contains for
it
its
Allah- given greatness.
The modern
nations have labored to
men and boys
firmly in the minds of their youth,
thus
all! 1
we
'
hear
"Germany above
:
foster this ideal
all!"
alike,
and "Italy above
and "Rule. Britannia? " But the.difference between
the sentiments which the Islamic ideology fosters, and the
sentiments fostered
that The sentiments
munion with
Muslim
Allaii
by these
the
not go beyond the
cio
and
of the Muslim seek to
while
,
slogans
sentiments
literat
ideologies,
is
com-
rise to
of Che
non-
import of the words.
Furthermore, in creating these sentiments, Islam defined
their goal,
made
proclaimed that
pride, but
it
it
a stringent duty to keep to
was not a matter of chauvinism or
of Leadtng the world to
its
and
it,
false
welfare. Concerning
He, the Blessed and Almighty, says :
"You command the good and forbid the evil, and believe in Allah"
this,
This, implies the
of
vice,
support of virtue and the combatting
and reverence for the
mind while performing any
ideal as well as bearing
act.
Therefore these
it
in
senti-
ments, by virtue of their hold upon the early Muslims,
produced the maximal
justice
id
and mercy reported
histo-
On
of any of (he nations.
rurally
of domination
ideology
nations did
not define
the minds of the
in
its
hand, the
the och.er
Western
goal without involving a
cious chauvinism, and therefore
falla-
brought about internecine warfare and aggression against weak nations In
it
ideology ad opted the best course,
this respect, rhe Islamic
away
from anything characterised by wickedness and oppression,
Islam has extended the domain of the
and sought to
instill it
in
sons and to turn them
its
Islamic
and has ordained
fatherland,
sake
sacrifice for che
According to the
comprises
0-f
toil for it?
its freedom
welfare and self
Rreamess,
and
fatherland
Islamic understanding, the
of
(1) the particular count ty first
:
•
all; (2)
then
of"them
extends to the other Islamic countries, for all
Muslim; (3) then m
axe * fatherland and an abode for the
proceeds to
the first
Islamic
Empire which
creeled with their dear and
Ancestor s
precious
the
Pious
Wood, and
over which they raised Allah's banner. Their monuments
within
it still exiot their superiority
and grandeur; and
m
asked before Allah
ibese regions, the Muslim will be
not labor to
(Blessed and Almighty is He!) why he did
for
-all
restore
it.
(4) Then the fatherland of the Muslim
expands
not
hear
the
to encompass the tmirc- world. Do you
words ofALlah (Blessed and Almighty is He!): "And
Tight them till sedition is no more, and th* faith U
Allah's"
I
Q
2
:
m
yt
Thus did Islam reconcile
the sentiments
nalism with that of a common nationalism,
benefits thcrcor for all of humanity
:
182
of local natiowith all
the
"O
mankind.
We
We
created you male and female, and
ples
and
you peoyou might know one another" [ Q.
tribes, dial
created
49 13].
:
(C) I
*l
it
rn
and
(he
Armed
strength, and need
Similarly, renascent nations require
to implant the rnilirary spirit
Forces
in their sons, especially in
when peace can only be guaranteed by prepav
redness for war, and when the slogan of all Iheir 50ns is :
"Strength is the surest way to guarantee the enforcement
these times
Islam did not overlook
ihiv factor,
but as a macEer of
made it a stringent duly, arid did not diffcrenlialcih
any way between it and prayer or fasting. In the entire
fact
world, there
is
110
regime which has concerned
this factor, neither in antiquity
nor
In
with
itself
modern
times,
to
and in the Tradiand life of the Apostle of Allah (May Allah bless and
him!). You can sec ihis presented in clear and
the extent that Islam has- in the Qwr'an,
tions
save-
exemplary fashion in the words of the Almighty
,4
;
And
prepare against ihem such force and Iroops of horses as
you can, by which
your enemies"
Almighly :
[
Q. S
fiO
;
"Fighting
is
detestable to you, Bui
it
thjng which
is
good
something which
Es
and
to frighten the enemies of Allah
|,
And
in
prescribed for you, though
may be
for you,,
and
bad
you"
for
m
of
the
it
be
the words
thai you deiesl
it
[
may be
that
Q. 2 :
216
soTne-
you
].
love
And have you
ever seen a military proclamation in a
sacred book read aloud in prayer, dhikr,
and private
public worship
cotninuniOEi with Allah, like Ihe proclamation
winch begins with an abrupt command
the words
in
of
the Almighty : "So let ihose fight in the way of Allah whe
the life otih^^oM far the next!" [ Q. 4 : 74 ]. Then
sell
He
ihc reward immrdiaCely afterwards.
specifics
he who
way and
fights in Allah's
shall provide
He
people and the fatherland, a*
that you do not
fight in the
'Our Lord, bring
us forth
and appoint
appoint for
"for
us
baseness of their
that they are
enemies'
|.
the noblest sen-
of Ihc
way of AJiahand
for those
:
-
this city
from Thyself
tfit
74
:
ails you
a guardian, and
J
'
ncbilily
goal,
who say :
whose people arc
M
us from Thyself a Praectort
Then He shows them
-
from
We
"What
says
weakmen, women, and children
rendered
Q. 4
I
to arouse
overcome.
men's hearts, namely, ihc deliverance
timents in
lives
slain or
him with a mighty wage"
Then follows an exhortation
unjust,
is
"And
5
of
Q, 4
their goal
75 ].
:
and the
demonstrating clearly
sacrificing something of greai value
for a precious eoinmodily
-
which deserves
their
il
and
which exceeds
same
approval - while at [he
time non- Muslims are fighting with no Lsoal before
then*.
Therefore they are weaker
fused in
it
in
value
their hearts.
who believe
fight
-
Allah
He, the
in the
-a
and more conAlmighty, says
"Those
way of
in spirit
:
Allah,
and those who
dis-
believe fight
of Satan
#jv
f'
u
way Of
in the
idolatry^ so fight the
weak"
Truly the wiles of Satan are
!
tH::
'"' r;
'
'
?:
'
'
\^
;'
The He upbraids those who
r''
:
auxiliaries
y
Q. 4
j,t
;
shirked doing
[
:
•
duty,
Ihcir
way out and abandoning the
difficult
demands of heroism, atsd shows Lhcm cheir mistake in
adopting this attitude. He shows them rha?
boldness
taking the
easy
would not harm them one
the great
hit,
and Thai ihcy would
them nothing,
reward:, white abstention profits
since death
wing the
observed
ties
preceding
those
them
before
any
in
He
whom at
Directly
event,
:
"Ha&t
was said
;
^Restrain
fighting is prescribed for them, lo and behold,
more. And
men
Ihcy say
cribed fighting
a
brief
little
not
:
much
as
your
and pay the alms.'? Bui when
hands., perform the prayer,
them fear
follothou no
savs
verses,
to
reap
as
their
fear
of
a parly of
or even
Allah,,
'Our Lord, why hast Thou pres-
:
IFThou woutdse but
for us?
us
respite
or
Say : 'Trie pleasure of this wold is
t at
the next world is bcuer for the pious, atld you will
time!'
be wronged
to
Wherever you are, death
are in well
-
the
will
built lowers-
"
a
exient -of
single date
overtake you, even if
you
Q. 4
78
|
:
77
-
-
fiber.
%
By your Lord,
what military proclamation is there
possessing force and clarity sodfr as rhis, which will
awaken within the
faith the
soldier's breast all the zeal, pride,
commander
desires
?
and
Anil
the mainstay of military life according to
If
two ihinjp
practice consisted of
-
God
has conjoined
when He^
ifefl
loves tho*c who
figh( in
Almighty, says
:
His way* in ranks
[
Q. *1 : 4
:
ibey *'cre
if
And
|.(
Almighty, says "And more fitting
obedience and civil speech" |
Q. 47 :
And
Book,
"TniJy Ood
verses from His
a solidly eonsirucied building"
the
obedience
discipline unti
ift
Bkued and
ibe
their
them are
fur
20
us He,
-
21 ].
you read what Islam prescribes concerning the
prepar ation of equipment, the provisioning of the armed
i
f
he sheltering x?F horses,
the virtue of the shuhada, the wage of Jihad, the reward
forces* the teaching of archery,
for
Jut
expenditures
ther in
its
who campaign
those
varieties -
made on
you
in
!
behalf,
it,
the consideration
comprehension of
will see all these treated exhaustively,
noble Qur'anrc verses,
the
its
whe-
Honored Traditions,
the Putc Prophetic Biography, or the True fe&mic
prudence : *"Our Lord encompasses all things in
7:
ledge" f
©1
juris-
know-
Q
The modern
nations have paid dose attention to this
and have been founded on
ihes-e principles
Nazism,
j
we
and
see that
Mtusolini's
Fascism,
Communism
are based on pure militarism. But there
vaw
dirrcrence between
Hitler's
Stalin's
i*
a
of these and the militarism, of
[slam, for the Islam which has sanctified force to -sirch an
extent
has
all
also preferred peace. Directly after the verses
IK*
extolling force, the Blessed
and Almighty
thou
ilieyiflcljne to peace, then incline
Ahah"
And
[Q. 8
it
:
61
Lo
il
"And
2
if
arid trust in
T
1.
He who
is
-.toys-
defined the price of victory and
its
"Allah will stireily aid one
when He said
who aids Him, Allah is Mighty, Glorious
TftSSfe
who if
We make them powerful m the earth, perform the prayer
manifestations
;
!
and pay the aims, and command
For untG
[Q.22:40-41 ],
evil.
And it
is
lie
good and forbid the
1
AJlah
belongs the consequence of affairs
He who
set
down
the basis of iiilernationa!
"And if lliou
treachery from any people, repudiate them like-
military law,
fearest
I
when He, the Almighty,
said
;
wise. Trufy Allah does not love the treacherous
1
'
[
Q. 8 :
For one particular ordinance, the counsel of the
Aposcle (May Allah Hess and save him!) and his Successors after him to the commanders of their armies stands
out as the most remarkable manifestation of mercy and
kindliness
:
''Commit no treachery,
bounds, do not mutilate, do not
and the aged, do not
cue
down
kiEl
do not exceed the
women,
children,
do
people
fruitbearing trees, and
not finish off the wounded. You will come across
who lead lives of devotion in hermitages : leave them and
1*7
which
thaE to
This was
they devote
themselves, in
the military force of Islam
peace/
*
1
comprising the
-
police of justice and the security forces
of law and order,
As for the present military force of Europe, everyone
knows that
soldiery
it
comprises the army of injustice
of greed. Which of
ture and
.greater
ihe two sides is
and the
of loftier sta-
magnanimity ?
.<D}-felam and Public Health
Since renascent
nations need a superior military
farce,
mainstay of such a force is physical
health and
strength, the Qur'art has made allusion to this coneepr
and the
while narrating the
Eook on the task of bearing
sake of
its
of a singling ration which
story
Che burden
freedom, independence
For Allah chose for
It
a leader
body,
of fighting for tlie
and self
formation.
•
who was equally strong
in
mind and
and made physical strength one of his
chief supports in bearing bis burden. This
is what the
Noble Qurf an relates concerning the
Children of Israel
and the confirmation of their leader, San] : "Indeed Allah
has chosen him above you, and has increased him
signally
in knowledge and, robustness"
Thi? s«ms
to be
a partly mistaken attribution
words occur in a form and
tete
Q. %
[
247
X
].
by Hasan.
order sligluJy different
The
from those given
speech of Abu Bakr's delivered in
632 before
Zayd and Ms raiding forces. Sec Muhammad b.
ma
Usama
b.
Jaric aJ-T-abarn
Annates. I
i
r
1850.
1
ed. M.J.
deGoeje
rt'al.
(LeJden
:
E.J.
Brill,
l8?9
-I
W]>
1
The Aposle (May Afc*
comm*med on
bless
many of
this idea in
urged Hie believers
and
him
has
Tradition*, and
aave
his
to .preserve their bodily strength,
as he urgtrd ihem regarding ihcir spiritual strength.
Veracious
Tradition* say
han the weak believer. 1,7
over you.
right
The
i
1
save him
heafth to
!)
'
often
the
"The
;
And
"Truly
:
Aposilr ul
Allah
especiially
is
your body
(May
He (May Allah hless and save him!) yiid
people who do not cat unless we arc hungry
a
has
of public
concerning
cine.
betser
bless and
Allah
expounded ihc principles
aroma,
just
The
strong believer
medicine, the more excelled of the two aspeels of
preventive
medi-
"We are a
:
,
cat, it
f>
*c
and when
not to satiety," And as lo his seeking (May Allah
bless and save him!) for water lo drink, the Tradirion*
say : "He (May Allah bless* and save him!)
used lo look
to
for sweet water."
And he
fur
bade urinating and
defeca-
in uagnant water, and declared a quarantine against
plague
ridden countries and l heir populations s-u iltal
ting
they should noi
leave ifoem nnr any outsider enter ihem.
And finally, he (May Allah blew and wc him!| paid much
attention lo physical culture Lo., archery, swimming,
horsemanship, and running, and ur^ed his unimu
\®
practice Ihcm and *how inlcrcsl in them. There i$
even
Tradition which stales ;
"He who once knew, archery and
Concordatur, 312.
Kanabal.
dtieuj; the
Miisnactnr
Ahmad
the Sfl.Nih of MusJim. and the Svcuiii of
b.
\hn
Maja.
a
\hca
forsoc
and
bless
in
siringcmly
and the
order to draw near
In
is tic!).
to AHah
deep concern
of
for ihc health
strenuous ef for
la
made
ii
AJteh
celibacy,
of the
HlesswFancl Almighty
l
these rnaueis he guided the *imttia
all
of moderation. All of
direction
(May
he
forbade
fomenting and weakening
him:)
save
riionnsticism,
body
And
noi one of mine."*
*s
ii,
unima
[foe
to Islam's
lenities
this
ihc
lit
at targe, to the
and 10
in order in safeguard it.
us rcccpiiviiy to anything thai might conduce ro ii*?
fare and happiness in this important respect.
Mum
m
ami
which
will
buttress this
Science
do
Jutf as nations need power, so
power sad
they need the science
direct
than with
ihc way or inventions and
the best
in
it
possible manner, providing
a!}
menis
discoveries,
in
does not
science; indeed:,
reject
as the acquisition of power,
it
and
make*
give?;
suffices to say that the very fina vert*
to be revealed says
who
"Revue*
:
ercaled; created
for thy
LoFd
w
Most
the
in The
man from
their require-
its
of
the
Naiue
who
the pen; taught man what he did not know"
islam
as obligatory
it
it
a clol
Ciererous,
weu
support. It
Book of
of
Allah
Lord
thy
of blood. Recite,
raughi
I
Q
man «ith
,
96
:
I
-5].
The Apostle of Allsh(May AHah
stipulated a>
B>
ol
pari
Concordance,
Ahmad
b.
ft,
bless
and save him!)
of the ransom for the polytbem*
441, offers 4 varianl of thin, eiCinj ihc
Hanbul,
us
cap-
Musimd
lured
Badr* that
at
Muslim
chilclreta
wipe out
of tfKSe
teach
prisoners
ten
reading and wriiingv in lh^.-en<t«.avor to
illiteracy
karned and the
one
torn the uinnia.
J
Allah,
did nut
make
equal He* the Blessed,
"Are those who know and those who
the
ignuraot
Almighty,
says :
not know equal 1 Only those
who
the
-do
possess .understanding
given the same
II ].
[slain has
are mindful" [
Q. 39 :
weigl to ihe ink of scholars as to the blood of martyrs.
The Qur'an links science and power together in fv>§ noWe
verses : "For why should not 3 few from every group of
them march out as 0 party, so that they may gain knowreturn
ledge of religion and warn [heir people when they
beSicvc,
to them? Perhaps they will beware O ye who
fight those unbelievers who are close to you, and let them
encounter harshness in you, and know yethalAttah
123 ].
the godfearing"
Q. 9 : 122 -
-s
with
[
The Qur'an does
religious science,
secular and
not distinguish between
but advocates both,
natural sciences ra one verse,
summing up the
their
on
expostulating
revebehalf and making knowledge of (hem a means of
rencing Him and a path toward knowing Him. This is
what the
almighty says
down water from
an allusion
t lie
sky?
:
55
to astronomy
"Hast thou not seen
[
Q,
35
and the
:
27 ].
The
Battle
of Bade in
624 was (he
ween the Muslims of Medina,
Mecca1
tt resulted in
led
Here there
celestial sphere,
connection between heaven and eanh. Then
first
the
is
and the
Alniighiy
major engagement twi-
Uw pagans of
the Muslims.
by the Prophet, and
an outstanding
send
Allah
vjcioiy for
says
"And
:
i
IQ> 35
fades*-
27],
:
Wc
have
hereby
science of botany and
its
produced
Here there
varicolored
BW
an allusion to
1>
marvels and wonders, and to
its
chemwiry.
"And
mountain* there are whice and red
in the
varicolored, and black rodta"
Q. 35
[
an allusion to the science of
Ihcrc
is
in their
beasts.
naluriil
"The
fQ.
cattle,
27
]
varicolored''
"And
|
Here there
.
is
the strata of the
geology,
earth And their modes and types.
end beasts and
:
stripes,
similarly, of
Q,
35 :
28
].
men
Here
an allusion lo ihc science of bloloav and animals
division of
Do you
mankind
Think thai
lhi*»
and
smaller
and
1
larger
verse hasieftoui any of the
To all of this the Almighty appends
among Hi* worshippers alone i'carAtei"
sciences?
learned
:
35:2*].
Have you
not seen through this
nation of verses that AJIah
nature and thai
learned
secrets,
remarkable concate-
commands mankind
He prompts them
to
it.
lo study
rendering the
among them, by virtue of Mis arcana arid His
the people who truly revere Hnd know- Him"? O
Allah, enlighten (he
Muslims
(P Islam
in iheir religion!
and Moral!
\y
The renascent nation* above all else, needs a code of
morality... a strong, unbending, and tuperior moraliiy,
together with a magnanimous spirit fired by lofty aspirations. For it will have to face some demands of ihe new
age which cannot be answered except through the pos-
m
and sincere morality founded on deep
unwavering constancy., great self - sacrifice,, and
session of a strong
faith,
considerable
tolerance,
perfect soul,, for
it
"He who
:
made
can create such
alone
rectitude -of the soul
and
a
its
The Almighty
foundation of success.
purification the
says
has
Mam
has purlied k will succeed
he
:
has
corrupted
will fail" [
it
And it
made change
has
on change within
lingeni
9 -
Q. 91 :
%
10
of nations
in the affairs
their
coti-
moral character .and
rectitude of Lhcir souls, He, the AJmigbtyj says i
the
"Surely
Allah will not change the circumstances of a people unit!
they change whai is in themselves" [ Q. 13
11 ].
:
You
will
hear penetrating verses dealing with
dual aspects of higher morality, and you
represent
fortifying
the
an insuperable
ii
force lor
purifying
r
Almighty, says
L
:
'0f the
sincere in I heir covenant with Allah,
who
fulfilled
their
correction
believers
are
and of
the soul,
it,,
all,
sincere tor their sin-eerily"
Q. 33
|
23
He*
thcrn arc those
for Allah to
:
as
men who were
vow, .and of them are those
waiting, not having changed at
they
will .see that
and cleansing
it
indivi-
-
who
are
reward the
24 ].
And
concerning generosity, self - sacrifice, patience,
tolerance* and surmounting obstacles
"And that is«
!
because neither
not
thirst
hardship nor hunger assails
them in Allah's way, nor
do they take a step which angers
the unbelievers* nor do they gain anything from the
.
good deed is recorded on their behalf
Truly Aliahdocs not lose the wage of the doers of Good,
enenij, hut that a
m
nor do they spend
valley, but
reward
\Q.9i
recorded for
is
it
tltem
for
the
120-
121
|.
There is no
or much, nor do Ihey cross
little
agent
Ihcrn,
so that Allah may
they were doing"
of wljM
best
a
Islam 10 awaken the ccMucicrtcc,
Slice
viviiy Ihe fiififcr .sentiment-;, and nation a warder over
the
soul - Ihe best of all warders - lor aoan front it. ihere is
no organized body of fo* which
of
depths
will pereiratc {he
the heari or a Hairs kepi hidden.
<G) Islam
The renascent
economic
*i*d Ft >innrtik>
naHon needs above
affairs.
all
Che•mat* important
to
question
these recent eras, Islam ha* no* nee levied this
rather has
exception.
down
set
during
but
aspect,
rn fundamental principles without
all
You may hear AUih (Blessed and Almighty h
He!) speaking
of Ihe safeguarding of property,
ning in value and
"Do not give the
And ihe
Mm!? says
:
it
:
foolish your property of which Allah has
diture* and income :
thy neck,
explai-
neceuity 10 he concerned »iih
ilic
appointed you ihe manager"
And He says, concerning Ihe
lo
in
regular?
nor open
"Do
it
not
Oiwortfattc*. 4, 4H.
thy
(May
ecunomtecs
citing the
m
4
5
;
|.
balancing out of expen-
10 hi fullest
Apostle of Allah
"He who
lei
Q.
[
hand he
extent"
manacled
Q. 17
|
and save
Attah bless
will not
Minoad of
be
Ahaaad
:
in
b.
need,"
Hanbo!.
1
Whatjs
true for ihe individual
nation, as he
excellent
is
{May
Allah bless
system
ihe nation to promote
transactions,
and
obviate
ments -
hope,
is
nations,
all
-
it
whole world,
in
for financial
such minute detail
and the future
these
Indeed*
these reinforce-
power, health, and a
is
will
added
belong to
the fact that
aggressiveness,
Islam
desire
ihe
Especially
it.
has been
it
egotism,
and
welfare of the
has guaranteed
this,
and
nothing so support a nation desirous of resur-
is
gence which
way.
at the
The
This
rules
path,
its
wiibdul a doubt, be che strongest
'will,
and has come to
.
with
ha* given them
of selfishness,
arrogance,
Lhere
filled
the nation possesses all
this true if to all
purified
Any
11
no- obstacles in
patriotisiti, science,
sound economy
of
it
and puis
is
"How
:
lurcher, elaboration.
when
Finally,
says
the
welcomed by Islam, which urges
is
il
Islamic jurisprudence
to.
and save himi)
for
righteous wealth for a righteous man!'''
good economic
as
just as. true
is
is
same time
rejects
it
and stands tit.
its
Public Institutions of Islam
one aspect of the perfection to be found
tain Islamic institutions,
in cer-
namely those concerned with the
resurgence of nations, always remembering that tve arc
As
for reviewing,
all
aspects
Islamic
institutions',,
it
would
facing a period of resurgence-
of the
perfection
of
all
Coneordurcr, 6, 304 citing na almost Ideniual badhh
Musnnd of Ahmad b- Ha«ba3.
195
in the
require bulky volume andtions. Suffice
words
it
and
wast
far-flung
in discuss this perfection
in a
the iimiuuiori of Islam with respect
:
vidual,
(he
and the
nation,
farnsly,
in
'investiga-
few concise
to
indi-
Tic
f
terms of
born
government and people, or the rehmoris between nations
in
all respects,
{he institutions of Islam
botlv great, breadth and
common good
are
Ihe most
known
research
as
per
feel
to mankind
il
dear exposition,
and most
and
every aspect ot
in
and ha
precision,
well as given
combined
*v chosen rhe
have
beneficial
confirmed
by
painstaking
limited
to particular
persons, ha* now become general, and is
every fair - minded individual. Whenever
their
researches, they uncover aspects
perfection of these
ins.tatutiojis
naiional life.
This judgment, -which was onee
delve into
They
attested
to
investigators
or the
eternal iniitmions not previously
cerned by chcir predecessors, Allah
by
said in truth
:
dis-
"We
shall show them Our sighs on the horizons and
in their
souls until it is apparent to them that, it
the truth,
H it
is.
not sufficient that thy Lord is
a witness over ali thing*?"
[Q. 41
53 ).
:
Islam Protecis
Safeguards the
Minorities and
ttfghts
of Foreigners
Excellency,
People imagine Ehat adherence
the
basis
for regulating
life
are
to
ftJam and making
incompatible
existence of non -Muslim minorities within
\*6
the
with
it
the
Islamic
nmroa, and with the unity of the various elements comprising the Dirnna,
which
on national
during the present era, Bui the txtuh
revival
of the strongest supports
is Orte
precisely the contrary. Islam,
which was originated by the
Wise and Knowiug. One who knows
future of the nations,
blem, and solved
wise institutions
a
contained
look
self
full
past
present,
,
cognizance of
this
and
pro-
clear
ever
it
and unambiguous
Do
evident than this text
-
this
came up. Ies holy and
had hardly been revealed when it already
before
it
protection of minorities
more
is
text
concerning ihe
mankind require anything
;
** Atfahdoes not forbid
you lo deal with those who have not fought againsi you in
religion, and have nol driven you from 'your homes, with
benevolence, or to show ihem justice, Surely Allah loves
chose
who
This
text
are just"
Q. 60
|
:
8].
docs nol merely include protection, bul
counsels 'benevolence and the
behalf. Islam sanctified the.u nicy
in the Almighty's saying
you male and female,
tribes that you
:
it
"O
and have made you nations and
:
'We
I
13J.
:
sanctified universal religious unity,
put an end to fanaticism,, and ordained that its
faith in all the revealed relgions. As the Almighty says
"Say
alio
doing of good on their
of humanity as a whole,
mankind. We have created
may know one another"
In the same way,
it
believe in Allah
sons have
;
and what He revealed to us
and what He revealed to Abraham, and Ishmad, and
Isaac, and Jacob, and the Tribes, and that "which Moses
and Jesus received* and what the prophets received from
their
Lord- We do
and we have
surrendered Lo Him.'
And
are
in
suffice thee against them. He
is
thfji
The baptism of-Allah- and who
guided, Bui
ti>m?
sv
and
dissension,
hotter than
if
Allah will
the
ihe Hearer,
is
believe the
if"ihcy
like or -whai you believe, they arc rcigluly
[hey turn awayK then
of iheni,
any
run dislinguish between
knpwer
I
bap-
AJlahin
[Q/2: 136-38].
Then it
denominational
sanctified
uniEy
religious
without arrogance or aggrc&siveiVess. The Blessed and
"The believers arc no cither ihan brqAlmighty said
:
brothers and
Therefore make peace between your
49
10 ].
AElati;
perhaps you. will find mercy"
Q.
ihers.
fear
[
This Islam, whkh was founded
pattern of moderation and deep
not possibly be the cause of its.
longcontinuing unity.
On
according to such
equity,
roofed
followers'
(lie
;
it
disrupting a
eoivrraryv
it
lias
endowed
a character of religious holiness,
used 10 draw its strength solely from the
authority.
'
And Islam
t
to
oil
all
Q. 60 ;
\'
:
has defined very precisely
ought to oppose and
cut
'
relations.
8
boycott,
]. che
thotf&fi
civil
'
-rWT
ilvrise
whom we
and with whom, we
Following the
could
-
this unity with
formerly
a
verse
Almighty .says i'*
died
.should
earlier
Allah forbids
yau
befriend only (liose who fought you in religion, and
drove, you from your homes, or aided in driving you
- ihey are wrongdoers"
forth. Whosoever befriends Lhem
m
No
fair - minded
person
m
nation to rest content with an
or any great discord among
of
compel, any
the world would
internal
its
of
enemy
sons, or
this
type,
any impairment
its internal organization,
This
is
Islam's
minorities -
position with respect to the
clear, unambiguous, and
Its position with respect to foreigners
free
from injustice.
one
is
non- Muslim
of peacefill-
with rectitude
ness and sympathy, so long as they behave
arid
and sincerity. But if their consciences grow corrupt
their critns increase, the
Quran
has already
position we whould take regarding them
r
defined the
"O you
who
are not
believe ! Do not take for confidants those who
you; (hey will riot fail to hinder you; they are pleased by
what troubles you. Hatred has been
of
revealed out of their
have
mouths; what their hearts conceal is yet greater. We
made the signe clear lo you, if you would but understand.
you!"
you love them, but they do not lo*e
Behold,
[Q
,3:
And
118- 19
with
this,
\.
Islam ha* dealt with
as precisely, benevolently,
Islam
Is
all 0-1
and sincerely
these aspects
as possible.
Not a Disturbing
Influence on Relations with the West
Similarly, people may imagine
in
our modern
life
that Islamic institutions
create estrangement between us
and
muddy the clarity
these were
of our political relations with them just wlien
rooted
on the point of being settled. This too is a notion
the V
tern nations,
and
that they will
199
in
puce fantasy. For those nation* which
arc
of
auspicious
we follow 3slam or anything tils*:. It they arc truly our friends, and mutual trust
exists between us, their own spokesmen and leaders have
us will like us no heller whether
already declared that every -nation
tever organisation
wishes within
it
adopt whaown borders pro-
free to
itt
its
vided it
to all
honor
docs not infringe on the right* of others..]! is up
the leaders of these nations to understand that che
known
Islam
international
t>l
and
to history,
that
toward
is
the most sacred honor
down by
the principles scl
and to preserve it
are the most firmly Used and solidly confirmed of prininternational Islam
i
hi-.
Iionor
It is Islam which spoke out for the
treaties and fulfillment
covexnant, for of
(
Q. 17 j
whom you
34
"And keep the
:
the covenant question will
'^Except for those of the
];
have a
diminished you
against you -
of obligation
fulfill
polytheists with
and who since
your convenant with them up
stated term. Truly Allah loves the godfearing"
And He
said
:
toward you,
"So long
Q.9 :7 ]. And He
of refugees and the
receive them ;
as they behave
behave
[
be made"
then have not
any way and have not helped anyone
treaty,
in
of
safeguarding
{
Q.9
with rectitude
good neigh borliness
any one of the
:4
its
].
with rectitude
toward
said, regarding the generous
"And
to
(hem"
reception
of tho&e who
polytheism seeks
give him refuge so that he may hear
Allali's Discourse^ then take him to
a place of security"
[Q9:6].
refuge with thee,
if
200
how do
the treatment accorded poly* heists,
If rhii is
you suppose People of
the
Buck would be
treated?
The Islam which prescribes these principles, and takes
its adherents along this path must surely be regarded by
Westerners
as guaranteeing another type of
We
namely, for themselves.
Europe's benefit
own
if
it
would be to
sound concepts governed her
this would be bctscr for them and
these
internal relation*
more enduring
maintain that
security,
-
3
Tile Fuadfimwila! So««n of the R*n*Ks*oc*
In the Ei*t Are N<rt Time of the West
Excellency,
Anion;
the-
causes which have impcUed
some of the
Eastern Nations to deviate from Islam, and to choose to
imitate the West, was the study of the Western Renais-
made by their leaders, and their conviction
was only accomplished by overthrowing: religion,
sance
that
it
des-
troying churches, freeing themselves from papal authority, controlling she clergy
all
manifestation*
and
of religious
and definitely departing
of the state. If thin is
prelates, putting
authority
religion.
the
nation,
religion
from the general policy
true in
the case of the Western
nations, it is absolutely untrue for the
since the nature of Islamic doctrines i*
or any other
in
an end to
The
subvert
its
nations,
quite unlike that
jurisdiction
authorities in Islam is circumscribed
less to alter its statutes or to
Islamic
of the
and
religious
limited,
institutions,
power-
with
the result that the fundamental principles of
Nam,
across
the centuries, have kept pace with the changing eras,
have
advocated
supported
progress,
learning,
h
defended scholars. What happened ihcrc
and
and
inappropriate
for conditions here. There are exiciuive studies concer-
ning ihte which lake up
this essay
&
many volumes
our purpose
:
in
to iurvey xh* subject briefly in order to bear
it
mind and di*p*l all ambiguities. We assure that every
Fair - minded person will agree wish us on thh ba&w prinin
ciple;
accordingly,
anient
it
aJmply not possible (hat this sen-
is
be our guiding
should
renaissance, which must
a
strong pillars of
and
far
-
reaching
The
One
of
first
precept in
pwet
Clerics
which
»
a flourishing science,
is
what islam enjoins.
Are Not Religion
of the excuses adopted by
modern
be sustained by the
all
high morality,
ow
Ifcwtf
some of Lhove who
fol-
lowed the path of the Westerners wan that they had begun
to be aware of the courtc taken by the
authorities, in view
nationalise revival,
nalists
and
of
their
hostile attitude
base
their
their alliance
Muslim
religious
toward the
activitcs against [he natio-
with ibe
exploiters,
and
their
choice of selfish interests and. worldly ambitions over che
welfare of
tlie
country and the nation.
flaw within the religious
enaWishmetu
If true, (his
iiself.
was
a
nor sn the
Does the faith command such things? Or
are they enjoined by the lives of she most vi niton* and
faith as such.
illustrious nlantft
in
of ihe Islamic urama*
upon kings and
prince*, pa-st
who
used to burst
th«r gates and walls,
their
censuring them, forbidding them, rejecting
declaring what the truth was before them, and bringing
them the demands
arms in the face
took up
of the natiotrt Nay, they even
of tyranny and injustice!
yet forgotten the phalanx of
legists in
12
has not
History
of
Islamic Empire)
the ranks
al-A&h'ath in the eastern region of trie
nor the rebellion of the qadi Yahya b. Yahya
al-Maliki' 13
in
its
Abd al-Hahman
Muslim genual
governor of
halt !u huuili
He
al-Laythl
Mohammad
b.
wuji
some
b.
al-Aih'ath
a
<?-704>(
Asian Turk*, by Al-Hajjaj,
victories, but
on
desiring to pui a
bo was accused of cowardice by Al-Hajjaj.
iiL-s.
Ibn
western reg ion.
sent against the Central
Jrac,.
gifts,
He and
urmy immediately turned back and initiated 3 Woody rebellion
against the governor and Itie Caliph, "Abd al-\1alik a in fi99, Recasue
his
Al-Hajjaj had
who had
earlier
fled to the cities to return to their village*,
drastic drop in
classes
in
forced Jewish and Christian converts to Islam
the poll-tax revenue
which had ensued, the
clerical
were also againsi him, and flocked to Jbn al-A&IVaih's array
&tta numbers. Ion al-AsrVath was
CO his
because of the
ftTAI
A
while enemies the Turks.
king sent his head to Al-Hajjaj
was executed
ul^iirtaiiety
few years
detea&ied.
later,
and
tied
the Turkish
Whether he vOmmitied sweide
or
nor known.
is
Yahya b. Yahya .b. AII ha .a|-Uythi (769--849), a Berber jurist
of canon law fiaqihj who had studied in Mecca and. Medina and was
fc
thereafter chiefly responsible tor the spread oJ'lhe Malftita School in
Spain.. .He led an uprising
ilanity
•
of (he
of the clerics- mcjslly con vetIs (roni Chris-
vomhem
suburb of Cordoba against
the
Caliph
Al-Hakam
l
v
because Of hiS*OrldHnessand love oftuAiiry. Although
the rebellion ended in the crucifixion of 300 rebelsv the exitc of the
resi,
and the
leveling
of the entire quarter, Yahya himself lived
become an
influential court favorite
aURahman
III,
and
to
fill
iht?
on
to
or the succeeding Caliph, 'Abd
office
Spain.
203
of Chief Qadj a(
Umayyad
Such arc the [cachings of the
and such
faith,
the legists of Islam. Is there any
of what they assert ? Or is there -any justice
history of
the faiih
io
tolerate
trace in these
compelling
in
who
followers of those
the
past
the
is
have
deviated from
it?
Nevertheless, even
some
do
people, they
these
if
not hold
hey arc noi so for
i
history of the
of the
modern
Egypt; and by ihe ( Arab \
Syria, or Palestine, and
Abu
Muslim
'1-kajam
religious authorities
ro
|A/adj
:
»aj>
lory.
by
of view
39,
Arab
kcadtf i
PakuiiK
AMIajj
till tin.
coov
ml a ejtiMenee from
lit
the mandated
lt>r
Arab
the
bur y*as jttiMttqwmiJy
3
920
lerri-
n^inl
outlawed
of excene* committed dunng the Arab Rebellion of
and because
1936 -
in
Mufti or Jerusalem,
tiutw.i aspiration*
the British MlincnLH!
tq 1937 because
brethren
his
formed in 1936
rccogiH/oi fn she official spi3kcMn.ip
vwa*
Ji
and
*
*hkn had tumc
proiwi and counter
in
by Al-Aahar in
succeeded a number of Arab nationalist
and A&uciwiotis
roilteet
i>n.
Il
the
South
outer ihe pcrsidencv of ihe Gran*]
Anrin aJ-RiwaytJ.
b
Higher Coinmtacc" ifl
North Syria, or Lebanon; by
Acne Higher C'ommiiiec
'Hie
if
circums-
particular
every single nation. The position Lakers
Mariana
And
circumstances. This
all
for
renaissance in a he E&&L, so redolent
of the
altitudes
true
for the totality.
some
they can be substantiated for
tance,
hold
allegations
ol ihe enlJaborotiun
of the Mufti and other
wis* tbc ^overnmeniA of ihe Faactex waics or Italy and
it-rrrunv.
!5.
Abu
editor
Of Uic
1912
-
14.
AjokJ
'i-kofaun
infJuciiliai
He
wai a
•
1959)- a noicd Indian ihtfloesan,
MubJcm newspaper
prolific writer in Urdto
dlng Muslim political Arid tnrettectuaJ
lury. I
>vi
rin^f
Al-llilal in
lit Lav! ycar\,
Cakultafrom
and nne of
its*
leaden of the twentieth terv
he wis Minuter ot Education
government of IndUi,
2M.
oot«lan-
in ibe
among
the
Muslim leaders
in
Indonesia,
name of
nationalism, for
and
if
it
is it
religion
simply
not the most produc-
reform tu
tive solution for a nation to
an
not forgotten nor
any nation from il*-
pretext for diverting
ties
is
Therefore, these assertions must not be used as a
alien,
ip the
by
the most illustrious of I he Indian ularna, and
religion* authori-
be reconciled with them, rather than
annihitatory Attitude toward them? Even
to
10
adopt
if
these
expressions which have crept into our kif^itace by * ay of
with our
West,
owe usage
least to
-
Is
one
since (his
of "dergy*
in the sense
according to the
do
"religious authorities, "
imitation, like
9
-
it
is
peculiar
to
the
Muslim's from the
mOsI outstanding of them,
the
accord
includes every Muslim,
antic usage, for all
I
not
arc "religious
authorises."
A
Bold Step Bui a Successful One
Excellency,
After
all
the foregoing,
Co turn aside
from
the path of truth
and to follow the path of
path
of
Europe.
would be inexcusable
it
-
the path of Islam
fleshly desire*
and
vanities
Along the path of Europe
found outer show and cheap
tinsel,
tor us
arc
to
-
-
the
be
pleasures and luxu-
and livens and comfort* that captivate the
soul, for all of these things are loved by the soul, as the
Almighty says
'Made beautiful for mankind is the love
ries,
laxity
,*
1
of fleshly desires for
women,
up mounds of mold and
and heaped and branded horses, and
and: children,
silver*
3*5
and
cattle,
[
Q.J3
(illed htnd-
That
it
the comfort of iM& world"
143.
Bui the path of Islam
strength,
blessedness,
is glory. irnporcgnability, truth,
rectiiudc,
and
virtue,
stability,
nobility. Follow il along wiili ihe umrna, may Alln1ȣranr
you success! "'Say 1 'shall 1
inform you of something
better than thai?
For lho.se *ho arc godfearing in
the
presence of their Lord, there axe Gardens beneath which
they being in
flow,
rivers
spouses, and
thern
forever,
the approbation of Allah,
His worshippers"
[
Q. 3
and purified
Atlanta
of
aware
15 J.
:
Luxuries only annihilate nations, and her comforts and
"And
coveted possessions have only convulsed Europe '
We
when
and they
wealth.,
tence
E
Q;3
wish Co destroy a city*
against
:
We command 115 men
u
comirijl transgression in
il
is
and
justified,
We
r
the sen-
antf
dcuory
of
it
uiifcrly"
16J.
Allah < Blessed and Almighty if He!) sent His Apostle as a
mercy to the worlds uniil the Day ol Resurrection, and
sem His Hook with him as a light and a guidance until the
Day or
Resurrection.
The fcackrehip of
the Apasile
(May
Allah blcy> and save him!) survives in his Sunna, and the
authority of rhe Qur'n is secure eh rough his proof.
Humanity is marching inevitably toward them both, with
ihe might of the mighty and the humility of the humble,
from near and from
"that
realized :
religion"
I
Q.9
aFary
&r>
ihatAifah
He may make it
:
33
J.
2tt
"s
Word
should be
triumphant over every
Be the
first
come forward
u>
Apostle (May Allah bles* and save hun!)
of Quranic healing, to save
\9 a
bold
(Blessed
and Almighty
His affair*
""I
;
bearing the vial
tormented, sick world? It
the?
one crowned with
step, bin
hen the
believers
Sleps
Toward
victorious in
is
rejoice
will
succor, He succors whom He will,
ihe Merciful" { Q. 30:4-3],
Some
success, Alluli willing
He!), for AIM*
is
name of God's
ihe
in
He
lor
in Allah's
the Mighty*
is
Reform
J'railkal
Excellency,
Having giver, a clear presentation of the spiritual mood
chat should prevail 'within the nation in ies modern
renaissance, we would
clusion,
&ome
by way pi conof the practical manifesiaijcms and rcsiilu
which this mood
should diciaie.
here only ihe brtiddesi
ead! one
of
like .to point out,
thes^
fcrtpw, since
plumbed
We know
too
Etiae
arc going to mention
we are
demand*
questions
incentive study, laxingtbe energies
ciali&csn
We
and
awarc
wel]
and
extensive
of spe-
capacities
we have
not
Inst-
yet
all
the puzzling, problems
and demands of
I
lie
ihe rnanilcsiations of the renaissance.
nation,
We
do
nor
all
not believe
that the
fulfillment of these demand* i& a mere trifle
which can be accomplished overnight
and wc know that
before many of them there are manifold obstacles which
.„
will
vast
require
determination.
stride. Arid
patience,
We know all
besides this,
genuine resolve, the way
grear
wisdom,
and
keen
and can take U in our
we know thuc where there is
this
will
507
be
made
plain,
and
lliui
if
a
shall, by Alto
of goodness, ii
the path
willed nation ctujoscs
strong
Almighty's will,
what
attain
It
desires.
Stride forward, and God
wiJl be wilh
Following are
you J
the spirit
the principal goals of reform grounded on
genuine Islam
of
:
Firsi
0> An
and administrative
Political, judicial,
:
end to
political forces
party rivalry,
:
and a channeling of the
of (he nation into a common from and a
single phalanx,
A reform of
the
law*
so that
will
it
conform to
islamic legislation in every branch.
A
strengthening
of
the
armed
and
forces,
an
increase in the number of youth groups the inspiration
of the latter with zeal on the haws of Islamic Jihad.
j
A
strengthening of ihc bonds between
countries, especially the
Arab
diffusion of the Islamic
departmcrrr* of
wfl!
spirit
the government, so that
Ihc
Islamic
the way
countries, to pave
for practical and serious consideration of
he departed Cahphftte.
The
all
matter of
throughout
all its
all
employees
feel responsible for adhering to Islamic teachings.
surveillance of the personal conduct of all its
employees, and an end to the dichotomy between the
The
private and professional
spheres-
work in summer and winter
be easy
o fulfill religious duties, and
Selling the hours of
ahead, so that
will
I
so that keeping
late
hours
(8> Ail end to bribery
and
cyme
advancement
Weighing
all
and
legitimate reasons
|,
acts
wisdom and
Islamic
to an end.
favoritism, with considera-
be given only to capability
tion to
( for
wii£
of the government
doctrine; the
in the scales
organization
celebrations, receptions, official conferences, prisons
hopkals so as
nol
to
of
«F
all
and
be incompatible wtth islamie tea-
ching; the arranging of work - schedules so chat they will
not conflict with liours of prayer.
The emptoyement of
military
and administracK'e
Second :
graduates of Al-Azhar in
position*,
and
their training.
Social and educational :
Conditioning the people to respect public morality,
and the issuance or
directive* fortified
law on this subject; the imposition
moral offenses.
Teatntent of The problem of
ol*
by the aegis of die
sever penalties for
women
way which
in a
combines the progressive and the protective, in accordance with Islamic teaching, so that chis problem one
of
-
the most important soda] problems - will
doned to the biased pens and deviant
who
err in
not be abannotion*, of those
the directions ofdeficietKy
An end
or
excess,.
to prosiimtion, both clandestine and oven : the
repogniiion of fornication, whatever
tances, i 5
the cireuoi*a detestable crime whose perpetrator
rouse be
m
The supervision of summer vacation areas so
do away with the wholesale confusion and license-
that
aims of vacationing.
nullify the basic
The
as 1o
regulation of business hours for cafes;
sur-
veillance nf the activities of their regular clients; instructing these as to
what
is
to their best interest;
withdrawal
of permission from laics to keep such long hours.
The
of these cafes for teaching
utilization
rates reading
and
writing;
toward
illite-
end, the assistance
this
of the rising generation of elementary schoolteachers aixd
students.
A
campaign against
harmful
customs,
whether
economic* moral, or anything else; turning the masses
away from these and orienting them in the direction of
ways beneficial to thern, or educating t hem in a way consonant with their best interests. These involve such cus-
toms as those
to
do with weddings,
civil arid religious holidays, etc.
sci
funerals, births, the
Let the government
a good example in this respect.
Due consideration
sorship, ,s
for the claims of the moral cen-
and punishment of
all
who
are proved to have
any Islamic docfrine or artaclced !t, such as
breaking the fast of Ramadan, willful neglea of prayers,
insulting the faith, or any such act.
infringed
———^— ——
-
See the Glossary of Arabic TesiuS.
]
S.
Sec hisba
Li the
Glossary of Arabic Terms,
212
The encouragement of marriage and
by
possible
all
And
protect
meant
promulgation
;
procreation,
of
lo
legislation
ami solve
give mora! support to the family,
the problems of marriage.
The closure or morally undesirable ballrooms and
dance
halls*
-
and the prohibition of dancing; and other
such pastimes.
(11) The
surveillance of theatres
and
tine-mas,
find
a
rigorous selection Of plays and films.
The expurgation of
songs, and a rigorous selection
and censorship of them.
The
careful selection of lectures, bangs,
to be
jects
broadcast
to-
the
nation;
and sub-
use of radio
the
broadcasting for the education of the nation in a virtuous
and mar ill
(I*)
way.
The
that implant
and
manner,
the
seeds
of
newspapers
skepticism in
which
to
strive
Immorality and capitalize indecently on
M&aip
tflrii
feci
so
(fan
wlsai
becomes known. And turn iu
perJlap*
ww*/
itavr>
yfw
will pfrttper*"
The
ihr>
Gnd,
cunuctia, is
dnpwed by
atsiicnd ihffm having nn
very aged
men of good
conceal
alt
t*f
<U
you,
disseminate
lustful desires.
their
O
adarninrais
helicvw*,
plwu-jc "'whal ihctr right lian-ds
refer* Ip sUves. but whether only
and
and boots
an insidious
confiscation of provocative stories
ilciife"
cli4raeter.
m
The phrase
gener-alryraVtfn
w
*'
211
wdi men
mean eunuchs,
or even .simpletons wkhotil
*ppctite$ of exper ici\r
r>ov
female tlivev or mhet mate
the jural*.
is
and
MX^sti
uniform
mode of
An
regard to
drcSs for the
end to the foreign
nation,
spirit
language, manners, dress, governesses,
etc.; all these to
-class homes.
be Egyplianiz-ed,
especially
To give journalism a proper
encourage authors and writers to
with
nurses,
our homes
in
upper
in
orientation, and
undertake
to
Islamic,
Eastern subjects.
Attention to
fee given to matters of public health
by disseminating health information through all media;
the number of hospitals,
in.uieas.ing
and
physicians,
mobile clinics;
the
facilitating
means
of
obtaining,
medical treatment.
Attention 10 be
regards iheir
given to village
organisation, their cleanliness
problems as
thepurifiea
provide them
tion of their water supply, and the means to
with culture, recreation, and training.
Third
The
The economic
j
:
organization of zakat in terms of income
and
expenditure, according ?o the teachings of the magnani-
mous
Sacred Law; invoking
necessary
its
assistance in carrying out
benevolem projects, such as
aged, the poor,
and
orphans,
homes
for
and strengthening
the
the
armed forcesThe prohibition of
usuvy, and the organisation of
banks with
in
this
end
view,
21A
Let
the
government
The annexation of
the elementary village schools
and a thoroughgoing reform of both, as
regards employees, cleanliness, and overall custodial
care, so thai the young may be trained in prayer and the
to the mosques,
oldeT students
in learning.
The designation of
subject in
religious instruction as
in each according to its type
all schools.,
a basic
>
as well
as in Ihc universities.
Active instigation to memorize die Qur'an in
mandatory
this
memorization
for obtaining diplomas in the areas of religion
Arabic ] language ; the stipulation that a protion of
be memorized in every school.
and
it
making
elementary schools;
the free
ail
[
The promulgation of
which
will
will
advance and
supply
it,
in all
purposes which
sented in
first
its
its
policy
raise Che level
Of education,
varieties, with
common
arid
goals and
bring the different cultures repre-
will
and
make
wilt
the
process one dedicated to inculcating
virtuous,, patriotic spirit
Th
educational
firm
the nation closer together,
stage of
(24)
a
cultivation
a
and an unwavering moral code.
of the
Arabic language
al
every
stage of instruction; the use of Arabic alone, as opposed
to any foreign language,
The
cultivation
in
of
the primary stages.
Islamic
and of the
history,
national history and national culture, and the history of
I
.
.
H
.
.
Islamic civilization.
{26) Consideration
of ways to arrive gradually
2tJ
at
a
mode
uniform
An end
of
dress for the nation.
to the foreign spirit
in
our homes with
regard to language, manners, dress, governesses, nurses,
etc.; ail these to be Egyptianized, especially
in upper
homes.
-class
To .give journalism a proper
(28)
and
encourage authors
waters
lo
orientation,
undertake
and to
Islamic,
Eastern subjects.
Attention to be given to matters of public health
by disseminating health information through all
increasing
mobile
number of
the
clinics;
hospitals,
faciiuating
the
media;
physicians,
and
means oT obtaining
medical treatment.
Attention
regards their
to
be
given
to
village
organization, their cleanliness,
problems
the
purifica
tion of
Their water supply, and the means lo provide
culture, recreation, arid training.
with
Third
The economic
:
as
them
:
The organization of zakal in terms of income and
expenditure, according to the teachings
of the magnani-
mous Sacred Law; invoking its
out
necessary benevolent projects, such as homes
lor the
aged, the poor, and orphans, and
strengthening rhe
armed
(2}
assistance in carrying
forces.
The
banks
the
prohibition of usury, and the
organization
with
government
this
end in
view.
of
Let
214
provide at
good example
all interest due on
its
instant* Ln
-
the loan
this domain
ii»
own
by relinquishing
undertakings,
particular
granting banks,
industrial
The encouragement of economic projects
increase in their number; jiving work
them; the transfer of such of
these
hands
of foreigners to the purely national
The paction of the masses from
Limits,
and
obtaining
masses.
by raising their
sector,
oppression
keeping these wuhln strict
every
possible
lor the
benefit
aUu.
n
An improvement
and an
as are in the
the
of monopolistic companies;
loans,
unemployed
to
citizen * in
for
of junior civil
in the lot
servants
by granting ihem steady
salaries,
increases and compactions, and
by
ries of senior civil servants.
A reduction in the number
lowering
I
be sala-
of government posts^
retaining only the indispensable oncfc: an
equitable und
scrupulous distribution of the work among civil
lervane*.
The
encouragement of agricultural and industrial
counseling; attenlion to be paid to raising
the production
(7>
level of
A
the peasent and
industrial
worker.
concern for the technical and social
(he worker; raising
respects.
his
&> The exploitation
standard
of
of natural
as
living
problems of
in
resources,
numerous
such
as
uncultivated land, neglected mines, etc.
Priority over luxury Items to be given to necessary
projects in term* of organisation
This
submit
Muslim Brotherhood.
and place ourselves, our lalenis, and all
the message of the
is
it*
possess
and execution.
in
the
We
we
hands of any committee or government
hand with an
Islamic nation, toward progress and advancement. We
will answer (he call, and we are prepared lo sacrifice ourselves. We hope that by so doing we will have fulfilled
desirous of taking a step forward, hand in
our
trust
and &aid our
piece. For religion
means uneerity
His Apostle, His Book, the Imams of the
Muslims, and their community at large. Aliafeis our *ui-
toward
Aiiih.
liriency
;
He is enough; and peace
to His chosen wors-
hippml
Hasan a!-Barm&
lit
ON JIHAD
In the
Nam*
of Allah, the Merciful, the Compassionate!
Allah, the Lord of: the Universe, and
upon our Master Muhammad,
fighters b Allah's wayv I mam
of the pious,
Praise be eo
blessings and peace
Master of
the.
:
and Leader df'the glorious in purity, and upon his House
and his Companions, and those who fought for his
Sacred Law* until the Day of Judgment.
Jihad
ah
a Religious Duty Obligatory on Every Muslim
Is
iii
has imposed jihad as a
duty on
religious
every
Muslim, categorically and rigorously, from which there
neither evasion nor escape.
object of de^re, and has
fighters in
cheir
made
has rendered
it
a supreme
(he reward of martyrs
His way a splendid one, for
with them
they did,
He
He
is
and
has conjoined
reward onJy those who have acted as
and have modeled themselves upon them in
in their
performance of
superior qualities,
jihad.
both
And He has
spiritual
and
graced them with
practical, in
this
world and the next, such as Helms granted to no one else,
and He has made Lheix pure and guiltless blood the gauge
of victory in this world and the token of triumph and
felicity in the world to come. He has threatened backsliders and slackers with His most frightful
and
punishments,
them by the most repellent epithets and
invectives.
He has reproached them for their cowardice
add lack of &pkit, and castigated them for their weakness
and truancy. In this world. He has prepared for than a
qualified
217
disgrace which will not be
and
jihad;
in
the
lifted unless
they take part in
a chastisement they
next,
shall
not
escape though they possess the equal of
Ml. Uhud in
gold. He regards abstention and
evasion of jihad as one
of the major sins, and one of the seven
mortal sins that
guarantee annihilation.
1
You
will not
regime,
come across
whether religious
any
or civil,
concerned with
question of jihad and the armed forces
and mobilization of the entire umraa
right with all iu strength^ such as
in the Islamic religion and
the
Noble Qur'an;
Apostle (May Allah
its
Or in
bless
teachings;
phalanx to
you
will
find
or in the verse
the Traditions
and savehim!),
the
and the drafting
into one
defend ihe
modern
or
ancienL
or
of the mighty
overflowing with
all these lofty ideals and summoning men,
w[rh Che most
eloquent expression and the clearest
exposition, to jihad,
to warfare, to the armed forces, and
to the reinforcement
of the means of defense and offcn.se of
every possible
kind - on land and on sea, and under all
other conditions
and circumstances.
We shall
Of
and
offer you some portion of this
matter
example, rather Shan detailed and exhaustive
coverage,
shall not present any Qur'anic
accompanied by commentary
or
1
A mountain near Medina, and
.
engagement of Ihe Muslims
defea* for ihc Muslims, but
wjrh
ilie
verses or Traditions
glosses.
You
the scene of the second,
major
lengthy
pagan Mcccans in
Ihe Mcccario refrained
625.
It
iivtporlanl victory inr<i
218
n,
wa* a
from pursuing
what mighl
rhcic advantage, and returned 10 Mecca, lh«ieby turning
have been an
by way
stalemate.
shall see
by the purity
exposition, the lucidity of
spirituality,
of
its
how much you may
From The Noble Qur'an,
A
and the
ideas
its
of its
force of its
language, the clarity
profit through all
the Speech Of Ihc
Selection of Verses Dealing with Jihad
(J
"Fighting
J
is
cablc to you. But
which is good
may be
for you,
and
it
thing which is bad for you.
know" I Q; 2
216 J.
;
Book
be detes-
ic
you detest
that
may be
Allah
it.
Almighty
in Allah's
prescti^ for you* though
at
of
that
something
you love some-
knows, arid you do
not
:
"Prescribed,i means "ordered/* as when
the
Almighty
11
says :
"Prescribed Tor you
is
the fast,
in
the same
employing the same expression and usage.2
sura,
"G
ye who believe, be not like those who disbelieve
and say to 'their brethren, when they journey through the
land or take part in military
expeditions
'if
:
they
had
stayed with us, they would neither have died nor
been
slain.' - so that Allah may make this an affliction
in their
hearts
For Allah dispenses both
.
is
well aware of what you do. For
Her*,
-as
if
you arc
in a number of <^r'ank dtarionsiuid
Al-Banutt'- felt ir
expressions ta
necessary
co
expl&m erudite
readers, most of whom
lawd mcrrtfcro uf the clerjta'i group. I have
g*3S this- by
and ddath, and Allah
life
w?
using
word* and
hadiih ro follow,
or nrchaic words arid
*vere
not classically cdu-
tried,
as he bsi* to aik-
CKpre&Jons rcFleeling
r«nt levels of learning, though
slain in Allah's
somcwhai
difte-
not always wiih equal success.
219
way, or
from AOaJa and mercy arc baicr
die, forgiveness
lhan what you amass. And
m
unto
itis
Allah thai
you
surely if
die,
you shall be gathered"
(
or
arc slain,
Q. 3
The meaning of "journey through ihe land"
went oul into it, waging jihad"; and "in military
"as fighters
tionV means
Notice how
for the 'faith,
it
is
-
"they
cwpedi-
waging war."
"forgiveness" and "mercy** arc associated
with slaying and death inAJiah's way
how the second verse is devoid
because
is
156
:
devoid of the idea
in the first
of ihis
verse, and
association,
of jUud. In this verse,
there b an intimation of the faci that cowardice is one of
the characteristic moral trails of unbelievers,
but not of
believer* And notice how the order of the words
I
1
in the J «i*c has been inverted,
,
"Do
way as
not. reckon thos-c
who have
been slain in Allah's
dead. Nay. rather they are ativc with their
grsmicd sustenance, gladdened by the bounty Allah has
ihern, and
driven
not
rejoicing
those
tor
Lord,
who have
yei
joined them and remain behind, in that no
fear shall
upon them, nor shall they grieve" Q.
[
3 : 169
?5 ].
be
-
Refer
10 (he
remaining verses in the Book,4
AI-Baiwu's rune here ttcms a UUIc garbled, "'Forgivcnr.*"
and
awriated
""nicur-cy*" arts
with Jihad in the acenjhl,
i& AljfC
the (hisd vctk Which
fOWk obi llic
has lo do
nor ike Urse verse.
is
ionsmoq of
»iih the
wmdt
•
devoid
urord
«
'slain"
4. All Lhar aec quoted here are
of
hit
aasociaiion.
wd»cf in ihc iturd
and
Q.
220
I
die.
70.
vm?
IIU
cvwfemiy
"So
life
of
let
way of
world for ihe next, and
this
way and h
a mighty
(hose fight in the
slain
wage"
From 71to
or overcome.
Q.
I
4
Wc
shall
provide him
witfe
Q. 4, the verses beginning
74 ].
:
lie
ABah who sell the
who tights inAuan's
78.
Refer to these verses in (he Noble Book, so thai you
may see how AUah
the Muslims to exorcise caution
urges,
and to
acquire experience in warfare, in
troops* or as individuals, as circumstances
armies and
amy
dictate.
.
And how He
upbraids the slackens, cowards, truants, and
how He
opportunists* and
arouses our zeal to protect trie
conjoins,
wronged, and how lie
weak and secure the
warfare with prayer and fasting, showing clearly that
like
He
these two,
is
One of
the Pillars,
of Islam. Then
it,
how
arguments of the wavcrers, and
encourages Ehe fearful to Lhc untmost degree tc plunge
refutes the specious
into the uproar of battle and to face death unflinchingly
and bravely,
overtake
must
them in any event, and that if they die waging jihad, they
will receive the most magnificent recompense for their
lives,
showing
thera
death
that
and that they "shall not be wronged to the extent of
a single date-fiber"
|
Q.4
74
;
of their contribution or
)
sacrifice.
1
(5) The "Sura of the Spoils
'
[
Q;8
1
is
in
its
entirety
an
exhortation to combac and a behest to remain steadfast
I
while engaged
many of
]
in
its rules. It is
lims (May
it,
as well as E
dear presentation of
for this reason that the first Mus-
Allah's grace
be upon them t)
221
adopted
it
as a
anthem which they would chant whenever their
apprehensions mounted and the bailie grew grim. Suffice
military
it
and Almighly
to quote what Allah (Blessed
"And
them such force
prepare against
horse* as you can,
(Almighty
He!)
is
figbil If there
Q. 8
[
tf, 0
60
:
a
of
tioop-s
up
I,
to His
words
arc of you twenty steadfast men, ihcy
there are a hundred of
if
they will overcame a thousand
are
:
Prophet., rouse the believers to
:
overcome two hundred;
they
and
Hd> wiys
by which to frighten the enemies of
and your enemies"
Allah
is
people
ot the
will
you,
unbelievers,
for
who have no Understanding"
|Q.8:«5].
The "Sura of Repentance"
Q,9
[
J
coo
is
in
its enti-
rety an exhortation to combat and a clear presentation of
its
rules.
Suffice to quote what Allah (Blessed
and
Almighty is Hel) says concerning warfare against perfi-
dious
them
potythcifttt
through
will
and
"Fight them,
;
your hands and humiliate
gram you via cry over
believing people, arid
He
|
toward
Q. 9
and He
away the wrath
whom He
14 -
:
Lheirs,
and heal the breasts of
will take
their he-arcs, for Allah turns
Knowing, Wise"
thetn,
punish
Allah will
wilK
a
within
Alton
is
15 J.
And
His words (Blessed and Almighty is He!) concerfighting with People of the Book
ning
"Fight chose who
believe not in Allah nor in the Last Di*>\ and who do not
:
forbki wfaai
Alton
and His Apostle have forbidden,
follow Lhe religion of truTh
t
being of chose
the Book, until they render tribute
222
|
who were
Jlzya 1
or
sent
out of their
hands, humbling themselves'*
proclamaiion
of
rQ. 9
the
29
:
general
Then the
],
muster
Tinging
an
and
rebounding verS-cs. ending
"March
Hc3) :
forth,
your wealth and your
with His words
best for you, if you have knowledge"
comes resounding
by cowardly,
of
(Almighty is
He!)
That
!
Q. 9
|
41
:
honor
E3ie
and their
slacker*,
of
jihad,
"Those who were
:
left
adopted
behind
rejoice*!
and haled to
way.
in Allah's
They said
:
'Do not march fonh in the heat!
Say
1.
of Jahannam is. more vehemently
fire
hot,
knew!' So |ci
them laugh a little,
much
as a,
reward
-and
go forth,
lo
they hut
them weep
if
let
Allah bring thee back 10 a parry of them, and
permission
The
:
what they were earning.
for
«iy:
with me, nor shall you ever fight
were pleased to remain inactive
"You
shall
Then
perpetual
His words
in
in remaining behind the Apostle of Allah,
strive with their wealth afld their persons
Then
inactive with those who stay behind
"
I
if
they ask thy
never
go forth
an enemy with me.
(he first
the
is
|,
disparagement ofthe attitude
despicable
deprivation
way
in Allah's
is
and smvc wrtft
and heavy;
light
persons
(Almighty
so remain
time,
Q.9
You
81 -.84
I
J.
Then follows commendation of the altitude
of those
who wage jihad, at their head being their Noble
Master
(May Allah bless and save him!), and the declaration thai
this was his. immaculate mission and the Surma
of his
fortunate
glorious
and
Almighty, .says
"But the
him, have striven
wftji
:
persons, and those -
for
Companions,
Apostle, and those
with iheir
them here
I
are good
as
the
He,
who believe
wealth and
things
:
their
those
-
223
Ihey are the prosperous AHahhas prepared for
ihcm
gar-
dens beneash which rivers flow, they remaining therein
That
forever.
the mighty victory"
Is
Then follows an oath
Q
I
9
8S - 89 J.
i
of allegiance, ail-embracing and
allowing of no exception which precludes any excuse for
who would
those
(Almighty
He!)
is
exempt
way and
And who
the Gospel and the Qur'an.
they slay
Him
a promise truly binding upon
fulfilling his
is
IQS: II 1
more
factors
faithful in
thai
in the
the
is
Q
|
47
Just
consider
named the "Sura of
Wise Book of aim • and that the foun
snra
entire
in tfce
of the military
ha*
been
Kpiril consists,
obedience and
:
are
J,
The "Sura of Combat"
dftlion
(he
Torah,
covenant than AlUh? Therefore rejoice
mighty victory"
Constat"
and
in ilw
bargain you have concluded with Him; for
how an
from
their wealth* in that P'uratUsc
they Fight in Allah's
theirs ;
slain, as
and
words
His
in
"Surely AHafa has bought
:
believers their persons
is
themselves;,
as fhey say* of
Allah has
di.scipi.iinr.
I
wo
summarised
foundation in two versea in His Book. As regards
obedience, it
appears in this sura wh*re He\ the
this
"Those who
Almighty, sa>* :
"Why has not
down? And when a precisely worded
a sura been
seiii
sura
down and
seest
Ls
sent
those
in
who&c
fighting
The
'"Sura of
who
Muhammad"
for ihi*
224
:
mentioned in
is
hcaris there
thee wiih the look of one
J-
believe say
is
it,
thou
sickness looking ai
swocrns through tSeaih.
» a
fauuiiun sivmr
More
when the matter is
with A3Iah, it
As to
[
Q.
resolved, if they behaved
would-be
discipline, it
61.],
belter for
them"
where He, the Almighty, says
asoJidly constructed
to one of
the
2f>-21
;
[
Q.48
bless
is
1
J.
Ranks'
1
Allah
were
as if they
Q,6I
[
4
:
also dedicated
],
in
of the
campaigns
military
Apostle of AUaii (May Allah
the eulogy of a
Q.47
'Truly
:
in ranks,
building"
The "Sura of Victory"
entirety
[
truthfully
appears in the "Sura of the
loves those who fight in His way
its
And
them are-obedience and civil speech.
fitting for
and save him!), and
to
drawn from the many
occasions of the august [Apostolic
jihad, which took
J
place under the shadow of the Blessed
Tree* where an
oath
A
of allegiance
radiant occasion
unto
steadfastness
and death
reference of the oath of allegiance tafcen rc
was.
Muhammad by
Muslims in 628, during the negotiations between Ihc .Prophet
and the pagans- of Mecca ai AI-Hudaybiya, a site on ihe edge of the
haram, nr sacred territory of Mecca. He had cottK to make Lhc umra.
or I.cs$er Pilgrimage, isritfc about 1,500 Murium
from tvScdina, but
was 3tiei by a force of Meccano who barred bis- wa>'. The actual stipulaiions of the oaih Ibwv'at. which was administered under a ties,
the
remain obscure,
not
atl
accn-uncs agreeing with'
Hasiin
al-Banna's
version, The Treaty qf AKHiidaytaya. concluded with rhe
^jfli,
declared a ton-year truce between Mecca and the Muslims,
allowed
and
the-
Musll/m to.comc ai pilgrims to Mecca
S« W. Montgomery Wan, MuhammAd al Medina,
Clarendon Press, 1956)). pp. 46-32.
325
(Oxford:
ill
The
future years.
taken, and which bore the fruit of Tranquility7 and vie*
This
tory.
h what He,
the Almighty,
-say??
"Allah was
:
when they swore allegiance to
under the Tree, for
He knew what was in Their
pl-eased with the believers
thee
hearts and
He
sent
down
Tranquility upon
rewarded them with a speedy victory and
which they could
These, Brother
Allah
seize,
are
some of
is
them, and
plentiful
spoil
always August, Wise"
the places in
wh Ech mention
made ofjihad and its virtue set plainly forth; -and where
the believers are urged to wage it, and
those who do so
are given the good tidings of the magnificent
is
reward and
the fair recompense granted therefor. The Book
of AJJahis
filled with examples like These, and if you
leaf through it
and take heed of what appears in it on this- subject, you
will behold a wonder of wonders and
you will be
astounded at the negligence of the Muslims
advantage of this reward.
Next
this
come
will
in
taking
noble Prophetic Traditions on
sortie
matter.
'TrantjuiJjty," or
"
assurance.
landing of the term "Al-Safctna"
likelihood a
the dJ
virus
bouowing
jwescrrcc
M
in tt£
is
Lord.
226
usual
MusJim
Qur an. though
from Lhe Hefcre*
of the
rhe
It
^laiMaife,*
is
undcrv
in nlJ
signifying
A
Sampling of Proptttlie Traditions on Jihad
On
(1}
with him!.)
pleased
Prophet
(May Cod bless and
my
Abu Hurayra
the authority of
who
t
save him!) say
Hand,
sou] within His
said
:
3
(May Altah be
"I heard ihe
'fty
;
Hjrn
were nor for some
if it
who
has
men. of
the believers who
-
even when
J
J
are not pleased to remain behind me
can find nothing on which to mount them -
would not be
absent,
AJJah s 5 way. And by
would
like to
be slain.
Him who
in AHahrs
rnititary
has
way,
my
expeditions
soul in
in
His Hand,
I
then live again, then
"Transmitted by Ai-Bukhari and Muslim.*
5
On
be slain
from any
the authority of
Abu Hurayra (May
pkased with him!): "The Apostle of Aiiah(May
and save him!) said
His Hand, no one
'By
i
is
Him who
has
Allah
be
AJlah bless
my stHd
within
way - and AlEah
His way • bur that he
vulnerated inAJluh's
knows best who is vulnerated in
comes on the Day of Resurrection, the color being the
'Abd aJ-Rahmsn b- Sakbf al-Dawsi (602 - 679). called "Abu
Hurayia" because of a presumed fondness for cats. He \t-as converted to Islam in 629, and became a clow Companion of clW Pm8_
phec.
It is
said that 5. 374 Traditions arc traced back to him, a
greater than Lhat aUripulctf to
Musltra b;
hidiib and
auehariLativc
Al-ftukbari,
"The Two
aMiajjaj
figwe
any other Companion.
(820-^5),
an outstanding callcciot
of
author of Al-Sabih, regarded as ihe second jmosi
collection aftex the ideal Lcally untried Sahib of
ih€
The iwo works
1*
Sahibs,
are often cited together a; Al-Sahihavi,
and ihc two authors as Al-Shaykban, ''The
227
Two
w
color of blood, and the scent being the scent of xnusk."
"vulfterate"
» "wound," and "he
"he
is
is
vulncraicd
17
wounded**
(May Aliah bc pleased
with him!), who said :
"My paternal uncle Anas b.
al-Nadr was. absent from iheBallleof Badr, and he said
'O Apostle ofAliah^ I was absent from the firsr battle in
which you fought the polythekts. if Allah calls me to witOn- the authority of Anas31
:
He shall surely sec what
Day of Uhud arrived, and the
ness a batik with the polytheism
I
dor And when
can
the
ask
Muslims were put to flight, he said; 'My Allah, [
pardon of Thee or what these (meaning his companions)
have done, and I absolve myself before Thee of what
l
he
those (meaning the polythcists) have doner Then
pressed forward, was accosted by Sa' d.b. Mu'adh, j2 and
So
10-
the Sahlh
in
«iT
Al-Bukhari.
Presumably the •'color"
and
*:«Wflt-
refer u> the
Arabic as
wound, but
,ne construction is as
vague
in
the
in the English translation.
Anas
b.
Malik {612-712). a Mcditt&e convert
to t&lan)
from the
tribe of khajjaj, and a close friend and servent of the Praphet.
A
prolific IraikSroilCer of Itudilh.
Sa'd b. Mu'adh(?-627)t a leader of the Mcdincse tribe of Awn,
He was
wounded aL Lite
Battle of the Trench in 627, the third major engagement with the
Meccano, when the nagan army un suecesstidy besieged Medina. As
he lay dyinjjt, the Propher allowed him to decide rhe fate of rhc .lews
and. a foremost fighter for the faith.
of Barvu Qurayza,
tiating,
who
with the enemy.
mortally
were suspected or accused of seccrtLy nego-
He
decreed that
and the women and children sold
all
adult males bc executed,
into slavery,
carried out,
22$
which judgement was
4
said:
0
Al-Nadr!
sa'd
smell
I
Mu'adlv Paradise
b.
Lis
Lord
from below UhudP Sa'd
was unable to do what he
scent
'O Apostle of AlLah^
"Anas
and the
uWe
i
of
said:
did.'
found him with some eighty - odd
sword cuts, or spear - thrusts, or wounds made by
arrows, and we found that he had been killed aad thai the
said;
polycheists had mutilated him.
but his
sister,
and
by his
that
fingers,
used to think, or suppose* that
concerning him and his
who were
likes:
this
1
recognised
him
Anas said: "We
verse came down
*
'Of the believers are
men
up to the
Transmitted by
sincere in their covenant with AHah,./
of
end
No one
the
verse9
'
{
Q.33:23
1-
Al-Bulhari.
On
(4}
the
authority
of Umrn Haritha ibn
Suraqa;
namely, that she went to ihe Prophet (May Allah biess and
"O
save him?), and said:
tell
me
of Haritha?"
-
had struck him before
Paradise,,
there,
said:
I
I
will
bear
Prophet of AUaii,
Paradise,
you noi
now a stray (or unidentified) arrow
the Day of Badr - "For if he is in
But if he is not
weeping for him," He
[ his loss ] patiently.
shaM give myself over to
"O
will
mother of Haritha, there are Paradises within
and your son
has attained
the most exalted
Firdaws."13 published by Al-Bukhari.
A
term for Paradise of Persiaa urtein vwtudi curac into Aiabic
probably via Syriaci
The
original
meaning
is
"garden,
11 like jts
Arabic synonym "Al-Janna," ihc usual exnTesstort for Paradise
in
the Qyr'an, Firdaw$i5 regarded by Muslim slwotostansas, varwusEy,
a
special portion or leve^-of Al-Janricu
iic&l
stage oFParaiiiw.
229
-a
uaidcn \Wihin
it.
or the
lot-
"a
is
stray (or unidentified)
U
unknown.
him" =
I
weep
shall
Just sec, Brother,
bitterly.
how
Paradise
and misfortunes, and
cares
On
one whose shooter
&ive myself over to weeping for
shall
I
arrow"
the authority of
enabled
Abd
'
made them
them
Allah b. Abi
forget
to
-their
support
Awfa (May
Allah be pleased with bun!): "The Apostle of Allah (May
Allah bless and save him!) said: 'know ye that Paradise lies
in the shadow of the swords-, 1 "Published by the Two
Shaykhs and Abu
On
God be
God
Da'ud/4
'
the authority of Zayd b. Khalid ai-Juhani
(May
(May
"The Apostle of Allah
said: e He who outfits a warrior
pleased with himl):
and save himE)
the way Of Allah Almighty has himself gone on camin
paign; and he who has supported a warrior [i.e., family]
irk Allah's way through an act of benevolence, has himself
bless
gone on campaign/" Transmitted by
Muslim, Abu Da'ud and Al-Tirmidhi-If
That
is
to say:
"he
Al-Bukhari,
obtains the reward for it."
Abut Da'ud SuLayman b. at-AjlVaOi <81T-3&9), a
lector Of haditft and author or Al-Sunan. one
col-
'most highly
M
the
eswfened collections of Surmite TrHdiiion*.
Muhammad b.
cullccior* nf
collection
famous
'ha-
al-
Finnidhi
(82*-992l«
tadflh.
AMami
aJ-Kahir, and a sludrnt of Al-Bukhiiii,
author
one of the
greatest
of The famous
On
the authority of
who
pleaded with
him
Allah
and save
bless
),
I
belief in
(May
'He who makes
I
he
way out of faith in Allah
find) the amount of fodder
[will
amount of water required to water
the
it,
said:
Allah
be
in Allah's
His promise
required to feed
Hurayra (May AKah
"The Apostle of
said:
him!)
endowment of a horse
and
Abu
dung placed in his balance on she Day of
Resurrection."' Tranmitted by Al-Bukhari.
and
it,
I
its
And
way of
like the horse,
m the
paraphernalia [given]
Allah.)
On
Che authority of
Some
pleased with him!).
is
all
equal
[in merit]
Abu Hurayra (May
"O
said:
Apostle of
Allah
what
Allah,
to the Jihad in Allah's way?"
be
He
said:
"You cannot do
ft>"
But they brought up the same thing
before him two or three rimes more,, and he said:
cannot do'
it."
way
Allah's
is
Then he
who
he
said: *'The equal
fasts standing
"You
of the fighter in
and
reciting Allah's
verses, without interrupting his fast or his prayers, unlil
the fighter inAilah's
way
except for [that ofJ
The Si*
l
ilit
Sunjin
of
In the Six
1'
Books-
1
*
Abu Da'ud.
\L Luluii al-siUaJ art
Tions of Sumvitc islam.
Mushm.
returns,*
Lie?
six
atuunitLil haditb'cOllrc-
They comprise the'SaWhs of Al-Bakluri and
Abu
Oa'ud, the Jami bf
Al-'J
lnnidhi,
Sunan of
Ibn .Maja, and the
tury), but
none of these has managed u> attain the rank and
ihe
Sunan of Al-NasaM. There were other
collections; even highly respected ones,
made before, (taring, and
after the period covered by the Six Books HiLiiIti io early JeMbi cenof
this
iron
p.
aulbori.lv
(9)On ihc authority of
Abu Sa'id al-khudri (May
who said: "The Apostle of
be pleased with him!),
(May
Allah bless and save him!!) said:
'Shall
Allah
Allah
you
tell
I
men and who is the worst? Among the
best of men is lie who toils in Allah's way on the back of
his horse or camel, or on foot, until death comes to him.
And among the worst of men is he who reads the Book of
who
Allah
the best of
is
Almighty, and remains un regenerate." Transmitted
n
byAI-Nasa'i.
*"he remains
himself,
On
unreeenerate
= he
1 *
does
not
check
nor does he admonish and reprove himself,
the authority of Ibn /Abbttsls (May Allah be
pleased with him!),
who
1k
said:
i
heard the Apostle of
Allah (May Allah bJe&s and save him!) say:
two eyes which the Fire
shall
There are
not touch: the eye which
wept for fear of Allah, and the -eye which passed the night
on guard in the way of Allah Almighty." From
Al-Tirmldhs.
On
the authority of
pleased with him!)
IT.
Ahmad
b.
'
who
Abu
said;
Umayra (May Allah be
"The Apostle of Allah (May
L
Ali al-Nasa'i (8JQ-9I5),,
one of the
greatest culltt-
torsof Prophelic hadftha»d author of Al-Sunan al-Kuhra. Seen.
Ifl.
'AbdAlLnria. 'Abbas
b.
'AM
al-MuttalLb (61 9-687), a younger
COUSin of the Prophet, and a highly respected
tr&risraittpr
of
hudilii-,
allhua^h be was only thirirtn y*ars old when Uit Proplisi died.
.said ihai
he was
a profound
16,
It is
scholar, well versed in Qur'un (interpre-
tation, ancient Arabian history
and genealogies, and Arabic poetry,
as mill a* in TnwSitloos,
232
Allah bless and save
way
more pleasing
is
to rac than
Allah
be stain in
hiinJ) said: 'Thai 1
"the people of
all
clay
Al-Nasa'i.
and hair" corae over to me." Published by
On the authority of Rashid b. Sa'd (May Allah be
one of the
him!), on the authority of
pleased with
the
is it that
believers will
swords over his head
by Al-Nasa*i.
This
is
one of
and
battle,
come out
19.
A
Apostle of Allah,
be put-to the test in their graves,
is test
"The
he said:
"a, And
For tfie martyr?
except
how
0
said:i9 *+
Companions, that a man
many such
in what follows.
hadfth such as
the martyr in
there are will
distinctions
listen!
Now
wsih an
this,
of
Published
enough for him!"
the special distinctions ol
just how
glittering
containing a vasue refe-
resting
rence to an unwarned Companion, and
oh the ultimate
testi-
normally be regarded as
monial of an anonymous "man," would
dubious.
extremely *eak and
The
2f).
u
"lest"
part of the experience
of the
soul of the
newly
dead
in
ihtgiave
It
-weed and
is first interrogated as 'to its
assured of Faiadise, and
liever, hypocrite,
utycls
or unre^mani
named Munkar
answers inadequate,
uncertain
folic
-
sinner,
it
heat
it
variations
Etfader on JsJam, pp.
and
This belief
with iron rods.
Quranic authcflilteulton, and
that
ft
of an unbe-
two bUie-cycd, black -faced
on
finding its
rest*
on very
repce^m* andcnl
eradicate, and therefore
doubtless
tradition wnidi Islam was unable to
A
ft
U,
acid Nakix interrogate
absorbed, has oumerous
fety,
cojj&ratulaLed. Tf
record
a piou* Muslim,
belongs to
of good works in this world. If the soul
is
its
on
208
tail
theme,
-2 IB.
Arthur Jet-
253
On Ihc authority of Abu Hurayra (May
pleased Wtth him!): "The Aposdcof
and save him
the sting of
(May AJlabbless
Albah
'The martyr feels nothing more
J) sajdi
from
one of you
slaughter than any
AUah be
from the
feels
of a gnat." 1 [Transmuted by J Al-Tirmidm\
Al-Nasa'i and Al-Darinii.33 Al-Tirmidhi designalcs it
as
sting
acceptable, though reding solely on the
of one
authority
Companion.
This
another
is
distinguishing
charaeteriscie
of
Mas'ud- (May
Allah
the
martyr.
Ofl
the authority of Ibn
pleased wilh him!),
who
"The Apostle of
.said;
be
(May
Allah
Allah bless and save him!) said: 'Our Lord (Blessed and
Almighty is Hef) is pleased with a man campaigning in
Allah's way, who, when his companions are driven
back,
and knowing what the odds
the attack] uiltil
his blood is outpoured.
'AM AUah
2J
are, nevertheless returns
b.
author of
a colletiiort of hadlfh,
'
Ahd aJ-Rahman
AJ-Jaini'
nLtilivc roJtocuon *fl« the Six
f
which
lfow>lts. lis
22. 'Abel AJInh h
ati
servant
ulira
of the
Mecca. Ris
-
time
He was
o-f
received text, and
j[
is said
chat
'Urhraan for not surrendering his
t«t
%
auilio-
close friond
converii. ro
personal copy nf []» Qur'an coittaiiied
-the official
railier
ascetic.
Prophet, and one of the earliest
beaten by t>rd«
most
nuunJy in
be the
importance lies
to
(797-
al-Darimf
15 held tfi
says
oneofTlu-^rMicrCijrnpajiioiis,
$afa devotee and
from the *Uth manic
Allali
»w
tfee legal Sphere.
and
Then
to
[
Islam in
interesting,
234
variants
he was
recension
Vairpii Wished. 'H«'ii an o1ten qiiraed
of hadivh,
alid
ante
trans-
My
the angels: "See how
out of liis
desire far that which
is
of
Me
=
''apprehension"
rear,
poured" =
On the
his
authority of
QayS;b- Shammas, on
Me
and
h
punish-
[as
to
on you
"
have forgiven him
I
reward]
(as
his apprehension of that which is from
ment], until his blood was outpoured. 1 call
witness thaE
attack]
servant returned [to the
and "hid blood was outblood flowed.
<Abd al-Khayr b. Thabic b,
the authority of
his.
on che
father,
authority of his grandfather, who said: "A woman came
to the Apostle of Allah (May #lal* bless and save hiinl)
named Urnm Khallad, wearing a veil, in order to ask him
about a son of hers who bad been
/^mighty. One of
slain in the
way of Allah
Have
Companions said toner: L
cometoaskaboui you son, wearing a veil?' She said;
his
have been bereft of my son, I shall not be
AJten
modesty.' The Prophet of Allah (May
him!)
'Your son has
said to her:
She
martyrs.V
'Why? He
said:
killed by People of the
Souk."
*Ef
I
of my
and save
bereft
bless
reward of two
the
said: 'Because
was
he
Abu
Published by
1
you
Daud>
"I am bereft of my son" =
afflicted because
In I It
i s.
of
Tradition,
obligation 10 fight
that
Jihad
is
have lost him and
I
am
him.
there is
the People
AMi doubles
I
a
clear
of
the
Book, and of the
ihe reward of those
who
fight
not against polythcisls alone, but against
do not embrace Islam.
235
of the
indication
fact
them.
all
who
On
The authority of Sard
pleased with him!):
and save him!)
"The Apostle of
'He who asks
said:
martyrdom with
Hunayf (May AlUh be
b.
sincerity, will be
AJ|aJi(May Allah bless
Almighty for
Allah
brought
by
Atlnii
mansions of the martyrs, though he die in his
Published in
to the
bed.
1
"
the Five Books, but not by Al-Bukhari,
On
the authority of Khuraym b- Fatik, who said:
"The Apostle of Allah (May Allah bless and save hian!}
said: 'He
will
who expends a sum
have it
in the
way of
Allah
Almighty
accredited to his account
seven
hundredfold-"' Transmitted by Al-tirmidhi who
desi(
gnated
it
acceptable, and also by
On the
Al-NasaM.
authority of
Abu Hurayra (May
Allah
be
pleaded with him:), who said: "One of the Companions
of the Apostle of Allah (May ALUh bless and save
him!)
passed by a ravine in which there was
a small fount of
fresh water. He was greatly pleased by this, and said
to
himself: 'What if 1 were to withdraw from mankind
and
live in this ravine?' He mentioned this 10
(he Apostle of
Allah
AttaMMay
bless and save him!), who said: 'Don't do
it!
When one
of you takes his place raAJijuVs
more excellent than
if
he prayed in
his
way,
house for
i(
is
seventy
years. Do you not wish that Allah forgive you and
bring
you into Paradise? Campaign in God's way:
he who
fights in Allah's
way mounted On a camel must necessarily
enter Paradise.'" Transmitted by Al-Tirmidhi.
"a small founr- '
=
a small spring with plentiful water.
236
On
Al-Miqdam
the authority of
b.
Ma'dikacib,
who said: "The Apostle of AUah(May Allah bless and save
him!) said: 'The martyr possesses six distinctions with
he is shown his
place in Paradise: he is secure from the supreme terror] or
judgment); lne crown of dignity is placed on his head, a
the entire
single ruby of which h more precious than
respect toAJiah;
he
world and
contains;
the wide
all
-
ii
is
forgiven, first of
lie is
wedded
eyed houris; and he
may
all;
-
to seventy
woof
seventy
intercede for
of his relatives/" Transmitted by Al-Tirnudhi and Ibn
Maja*3
On
the authority
Abu
of
Almighty be pleased with him!), who
of Allah (May
Hurayra (May Allah
said:
Allah bless and save him!) said:
'He who
meets Allah with no trace of jihad on him
with a
flaw in
him,
"The Apostle
will
meet Allah
"Transmiltcd by Al-Tirmidhi and
1
Ibn Maja.
On the
with him!},
b)m
who
authority of
said:
and save him!)
cerely wall
Anas (May Allah be pleased
The Apostle of AJlah (May Allah
said:
be giaiUed.
'He who seeks martyrdom sinit,
though
it
never touch him."
1.
Transmitted by Muslim.
23Sia
Muhammad
HuuLs. Sec
a.
b,
Maja
(?-896), author of Al-Sunan,
i 6,
237
one of che
On
1(22)
Allah bless
(May
Allah
ihe authority of
the Prophet
(May
with him!), on the authority of the Prophet
bless
and save him
bivouacs for one night
Almighty
Uthman of
in the
who
E),
said:
"He who
way of Allah (Glorious and
Hit) Will he credited with a criousand nights
of fasting and standing [in prayer]. "Tranbiiiilltd by Ibri
Maja.
On
is
the authority
pleased with him!):
and save him!)
"The
said:
Abu
of
Apos.iic of Allah
'A campaign by sea
of ten campaign.* by land: he v-ho
(Glorious
"be
Hcf)' Transmilled
is
tossed
is
=
about"
fey
A3te*vbe
(May AUah
is
bless
Ihc equivalent
tossed about at sea
is
one who wallows in his Wood
like
(May
'al-Darda'"
in Ehe
Is
way of Aim
Ibn Maja,
the ship veers
and trembles and
rocks under him.
The
vert
Islam
it>
marrying
of the Orthodox Caliphs, and an early Meetan
(577-t5?fi).
He
win.
Ruqayya
Uk
definitive
his reign (644-$56l
1
h
ai
cOJj«
law 1o "he Prophet,
ivice SOI* in
if£b of the lauers daughters.
was during
c^Mt
third
arid
Utmn
Kulturn.
Ti
and auirVoriiaitve.
of ihc Qur'an was eaiabLiilwd and ptfomuJgatcd through anc the
Istem'K
domain.
favoritism,
Accused
iiepo-lism
i>r"
and
*vas
he
be&wt&L jn his palace in Medina by a Jurge army of malccmtems
Iraq aad.L&ypt. and finally awassin&icd.
from
Ahu 'l-Daida' 'Lwayrtiir b. Malik (?-652), a Mcdincsc convert
as a war10 islam uom the r.rihc nt khazraj. He was equally. fawwi-S
25,
rior
had
a learned pietist and. ascetic, and was.oncof hose *lw>
memorized the eflrj*£: Qw'an during the Fraphei** Ap&siolaw.
arid aa
I
S
In this Tradition.,
there
an
is
allusion to a sea
cam-
paign, and the attention of the umma is drawn to the fact
that it
must take care to proieut its coastline and strengthen its fleet. This applies by analogy to the air as well,
an<i
Allah
many
redouble
will
who campaign by
those
On me
times over
air in His.
authority of Jabir b.
'O
is
(May
Abd Allah (May Allah
who said; "When Ahd
'AM
speaks, to
'Yes indeed!'
:
no save from behind a
Co your father fact to face, saying:
and
Vie what tliou wilt,
it
Day of.Ubud,
and save him!) said:
(August and Majestic
tell
I
the
Allah bless
you what Allah
He!) said to your father? I said
Jabir, shall
reward of
way.
Almighty be pleased with him!),26
Allah b, "Ainr b- Haram2? was slain on
the Apostle of Allah
lite
shall
4
t
veil, but
O My
be granted.
1
He
He *poke
ask of
servant,
'
said:
He
said:
"0
Lord, grant me life, that I may be slain for Thee for a
second time!" He said: "Bat 1 have already decreed that
^
[hern
'they
shall not return unto it/*9" He said:
"o
Lord, let
(left)
behind -me." So God (August
ct^b^^^^k^^-^-^^^v
Meoincsc conven to l&Uin fr&m the tribe 01 Kha^raj {GO?-
know who are
~*
1
A
1
697). acid a prolific Lranominee
An
{?-f>25),
ttte
early
of
badilh.
Modinewcouvcrnu Warn from the
and Wie of the iwelvr
Second (J&Lh of
1
tribe-
of Xlnfarnj
from Medina w!lo took
AqafcA before the Prophet in (32, shortly Iwfoc
Lribal leaders
the Emigration of the Muslims lo Medina, in which tiiey
ihesn selves
Lo'ftghi ruT
Muhammad
bottnd
ftnd itrcTailh against all conten-
ders.
28. A
poislWe.njfercucc. -though
no
2»
a direct quocarioti, oi
Q .?6:?-i"
and
Majestic
reckon
Hel)
And so
on
down
sent
those who have
been
up
this
in
slain
On
(May
the authority of
be
Allah
to
Allah's
the
Anas.on
Che
the Authority of his
way as
verse"
father
on ihe authority
and save him!), who said:
Allah's way and bestead
pleased with them!),
of the Prophet (May ALUh
bless
**That I accompany a fighter in
him on his journey, departing or reverting,
sing to me
"Do not
verse;
end of
Q.3 :169J. Transmitted by Ibn Maja.
dead
f
is
than this
and
world
what
Transmitted by Ibn Maja.
more
is
plea-
contains."
it
him on it.
"to bestead him on his journey*' = to help
''departing"
= setting out in the morning,
"reverting"
On
= coming back
the authority Of
Apostle of
Allah
in the evening.
Abu Hurayra
(May
K
Allah bless
who said: "The
and save him!)
said:
AHahhas sent forth three: the campaigner, the pilgrim, and
the visitant to the ka'ba. 1 "Transmitted by Muslim.
On
of AbU7 !-Darda\ who said: "The
Apostle of AUah(May Allah bless and save hirn!) said: The
the authority
on behalf of seventy of
of his house/" Transmitted by Abu Da'ud,
martyr
will intercede
On
trie
people
Abd
Allah b. Ilmar, who
Allah bless and save
said: "Tne Apostle of Allah (May
him!) said: Mf you traffic in comrnodities on credit, and
Ef you grasp the tails of cat Lie,
and of you are content to
sow
[fields],
the authority of
and
if
you abandon jihad*
24C
Allah will
cast
upon you a humiliation which He will no lilt from you
until you return To
your religion.' ''Traiismitted by
"Ahmad [b. Hanbal} and *Abu Da'ud, and attested as to
I
ks authenticity by
On
the
Al-Hakirn [al-Naysaburi],
authority
pleased wtth him!),
who
Abu Hurayra (May Allah be.
"The Apostle of AlJah(May
of
said;
Companions set out in a
hurry so that they reached Badr ahead of the polytheism,
The polytheists arrived, and the Apostle of Allah (May
and save him!) and
Allah bless
his
blew and save him!) said: 'Forward to Paradise,
whose width embraces the heavens and the carthl'
Allah
'Uinayr
Allah
you
b.
(May
to
ai-Humam
Allah bless
said:
The Apostle of
him!) said; 'What impels
Hurrah!
'
and save
He
say "Hurrah! hurrah!'"
Apostle of
hope
AJIah, except the
that
r
I
people/ He-said: 'You are indeed one oi
niay be
its
O
'Nothing,
said:
one of
people."'
its
He
(Abu Hurayra) said: 11 And he [UmayrJ took out some
dates from his quiver and began eating them. Then he
said:
l
lf
I
will indeed
live long
enough
10 tat
[all]
my
date*,
my
life
be a long oner So he flung away Lhe remai-
ning dates, and fought them
until
he was slain/' Trans-
mitted bv Muslim.
On
the authority of
Abu
'Iroran.
who
said:
"We
were at die city of Rum [Constantinople], and they sent
out a mighty column of Byzantines again&l us.
A like
number of Muslims, and even more, came out against
241
Uqba
them.
and
Amir29 was
b.
the head of the Egyptians,
at
Fadala b. L'bayd30 at the
of the
head of the
entire force..
One
Muslims attached the Byzantine column ujilil he
broke into it. The men shotted and said; a Glory be to
Allah; He has cast himself into annihilation! 1
But Abu
Ayyub al-AnsariJ1 rose and said: 'Mem, you intcrpcrL this
verse in this manner, but it
was sent down concerning
When AilaU made
only us, the band of the An*ar.
Islam
some of us
said to others in secrecy, but not to the Apostle of Allah
(May AJJah b3es& and save him!): "Indeed our wealth has
been lost, and A3iah Almighty has made Islam powerful,
powerful and hs defenders grew niimerou&1
while
its
A
defenders have grown numerous.
companion (?-67S>
poet, warrior, and scholar.
in
640-41 tinder 'Aimi h.
dom
He was
As,
at-'
What
we
if
ihe Batui Juhayna, arid a famous
the
in
arid
army
that
conquered Bgypi
taught at the siege of Comtati-
ih«
tlnuplc in 669 under the ejftwn farfitec Vaztd, whC" £82 «o be
second Um'&yyad Caliph, 'Cqtai, as did a number <£ oche: Cotttpa
nirms, possessed his
in
some
own
wriilen cupy
from the
respects
official
AMecI.iuese cooven to Islam
who
fought an
aJJ the
Lhc Qur'an, whxJi {tilYerrd
"DLhmariSc recension.
ehs (rite
froji]
Prophet's campaigns from
part in rhe conquests nf Syria and Egypt
as.
Aw* (?'6?3),
Ubud
well as (tic
on. He.iiwJt
fir*-!
siege
of
Constantinople.
Abu Ayyub
al-An&ri Khalid b, Zayd
convert to Islam from the tribe of Khazraj.
the major
banks
phet's campaigns.
siege
i>f
widi
He
like
MeocmK and
wus extremely oJd
(l<61tyt
He Has ptcscm
in
Istanbul
is
Medina*
at ail
of
the temaiiider of Ya? Pro-
when
foe
Constantinople by Yazid, and died and.
r&puted Tornb
"ti
look part in ibe
buried there. His.
venerated a* that of a saint and a martyr.
242
make good what
we have lost of iiV" So God Almighty seal down and
answer, rebutting what we had said. To His Prophet:
"and do not be east by your own hands into
were to
down
settle
with our wealth and
[Q. 2: 195], The "annihilation" was setting
down with our wealth, augmenting it. and abandoning
And Abu Ayyub went on faring in God's
the campaign
annihilation"
11
way imtill he was buried
by Al-Tirmidhf.
Notice, Brother, that
age when he
his middle
in the land of Ruin, Transfltitted
Abu Ayyub was
said this, having
years..
gone
And dospuc
well
this,
were models- for vigorous youth
and the might o f Islam.
faith
On
the authority of
pleased with him},
on
Allah bless
dies
without having gone
And
of
and save him!),
on
and the
like,
his
suport for Allah
Allah
be
God
he said: "He «too
campaign, and withou*
that
so,
dies
Transmitted by Muslim,
their
there
&
and
spirit,
Abu Hurayra (May
having exhorted himself to do
many
his
the authority of the Apostle of
(May
hypocrisy."
an advanced
past his. youth and
at
in
a species
Abu
Da'hi,
of
and
peers.
are
precious
as welt
as
Traditions
on
this
subject
on campaigning by sea and
ita
manifold superiority over campaigning by land, and on
campaigning against the People of the Book,
The
Utile
Ummtf
of Jihad According to the Legists of the
Precious verses from the Qur*an and Noble Traditions
concerned with
of jihad have passed
(he excellence
review before you.
Now
would
I
some portion of what the
legists
like to
in
convey to you
of the [Four Orthodoxl
- even tile laceer
- day authorities
Schools" have said
among them - regarding Ihe rules of jiliad and the necessity for preparedness, so that
you may know: to
what
extent the Islamic tunma
own
religion
on
the question
the ordinances of
lost
lias
of
jiliad
along with the con-
sensus of opinion of the Muslims
period of their history. Now listen.
throughout
The author of rhe Msjma' al-Anhur
taqa M-Abhur,3
ding
to
*
means to
word and deed;
every
fi'Shsrh Mul-
in determining (he rules of jihad accor-
the Hanafi School,
significance
its
in the
forth one's
-put
Law
Sacred
unbelievers,
and
and .smashing
their idols.
"Jihad
said*
is
it
hi
its
maximal
literal
effort in
the slaying of the
connotations such
as
beating
them, plundering their wealth, destroying their shrines,,
related
the utmost to strengthen
t
The
aim is io
desired
strive £o
he faith by such means as figh-
Sunnitc Islam iccognias four legal schools of canon law as
equally orthodox- These arc
fd. 767),
the
hfalikite,
founded
ShafTiM, founded by Ai-Shafi'i
by Ahmad h. HanhaL
Islam* Law.
A
b.
work on
Muhammad
(d.
Hani
ftwndecl.by
Haniflte,
else
by
Malik
(d. «20),
855), See
Noel
b.
and the
J.
Abu Htnufc
Ana?, td,
Hant?ftfite,
Crvuteon,
the
founded
A llrsi.ir?
of
Hie jurisprudence by Burhan al-Diu Ibrahim
b. Tbtahun al-Halabi (d,
244
1549}.
of the Dar al-Harb34
ting the inhabitants
rated
Scripturaries35 <if they tebd),
tates,
who
are the vilest
and
the tole-
as well as the apos-
of unbelievers, for recanting
they have affirmed [their belief],
after
and oppressors.
It
is
by us as a communal obligation, that is, it is
obligatory on us to begin fighting with them after transmitting the invitation [to embrace Islam], even if they do
initiated
not fight against
It is
us-.
Imam
incumbent on the
to send
Dar al-Harb every year one or
two times, and it is incumbent on the subject populace. to
aid him. If some perform it, the remainder arc released
military expedition to the
from the obligation. If the cornmunaE obligation cannot
be fulfilled by that group, it falls upon the closest [adjacent group], and the closest |after thai], etc., ami if the
cornntual obligation cannot be fulfilled except by all .the
people, it Ehen becomes an individual obligation, like
prayer-
Dar
As
to the actual ordinance,
Islamic law
ifeft
is
non-Muslinu Trie
>:ct
unconquereil
counter - phrase, Dar al-lslam* or the
Islam," refers, lo the portion of
tiie
only
have
world
-
Here
See
clearly
iri
h\$ writings, lh*
truce- relations
dominion
dhinunis.
js
the
avowed aim of
a common term
As AI-Banna'
can
since absolute
Islam.
Tor People of
alio ihe Glossary of Arabic Terms.
245
or
two separate "Abodes"
with one another at l?esf,
i?
"Abode of
world ruled hy Islamic rulers
government!?, where islamic law v the law of the
slate.
indicates very
of
virtue
by Islam, whereparamount, and where the government or ruler
world a*
ikh
by
exists
"Abode of War,'Vis ihe phrase used io denote
al-Harb, or the
that part: of
it
the
Book.
what He,
theism!
the Almighty, sacd;
|Q.9:5|, and by what he (On
1
and peace!)
Resurrection/*
dons
ft,
If
in
is
effect
until
"up
they are in a slate of sin...,
"if the enemy
whom
polybe blessings
Day of
the whole body [of believers) aban-
'Jihad
said
the
'Therefore slay
to
the
where
he says:
conquers any territory of Islam,
or any
the
region* of it. ir becomes an individual obligation, and
woman and tfte slave shall go forth without the permisLhe child
sion of husband or master. In the same way.
parents, and
shall go forth without the permission of histhe debcor without ihe permis&ion of his creditor*"
And in
be captured
rhe Kltah aL-Rahr: "Should a Muslim
in
the East, it.
Is
incumbent on the
lhe farthest West to rescue her
their protection and custody,"
until she
*oman
people of
ha* come
kilo
The author of the Bulghat ftl-Salik II Aqrah ftl.Jihad in
Masalifc Fi Madhnah al-imam MaHk" said:
Aflafr's
Word
it,
way
for Lhe purpose of exalting AHah
every year
is
a communal obligation.
becomes
If
some
fulfill
become* specifian individual obligation
the remainder are absolved of
cally designated (i.e.. it
AJmighiy*s
if.
it
Imam is appointed and
region,
the enemy attacks the population of a specific
whereupon it becomes obligatory on them and on those
like prayer and fasting), when an
Concordance. 6, 258, where the
Hunan of Abu Da*ud
Ahirad
b.
Sahfti
of Al-Bulchari and the
are tiTAd.
Muhammad
*l
Sawi
24fi
(d.
|R*5>.
powerless [to carry
in their vicimy, if they arc
it
woman and
obligatory on the
1*
And
out].
it
the stave under
these
circumstances, even, though the guardian, the husband,
the roaster and the creditor
-
a debLor
made a vow
have the right Jo forbid
it
he
(hem.
forbid
obligatory
through having
- if
[the mujahid] should be
also
It
|*o
engage
ftheir child]
in
itl,
Parents
from [caking part
communal
only under conditions of
becomes
in]
Ran-
obligation.
when he has no
ransom himself is a communal
somiiig a captive from the Dar al-Harb
money with which
obligation* even if
to
calls for Ihe entire
il
wealth of
the
[all]
Muslims."
And
in
M
al-Nawawi
time of che
-
the
alleged that
there arc
communal
If
munal
was an
it
wo
I
it
is
also
individual obligation. Since his day,
conditions relative to the unbelievers;
obligation,
it.
Imam
the
though
obligation,
they remain in their
undertake
of
-AUMinliaj
of the Shafi'ite School: 41 Jihad during the
Apostle erf Allah (May Allah bless and save
was a
him3)
of
lext
if
a
own
territories,
is
it
number of
sufficient
a comMuslims
the remainder are released from the onerous
duty.
Yahya
jurist, born
58-
b.
in
Sharaf afc-Nawai (Ij33 -
Damascus. He was
Islamic
Syrian
the
I
law, perhap*
Reader on
tstaai.
of Naive,
and
edycaretf
he author of numerous works on Tradltkms
the best
PrpJbHic Tradiliuits <AI-Amba'un Had
A
village
noted scholar and
127"),
translated
itti
pp. J42
known of them
-
160.
by
A.
in
astd
being. the biief r'oflj
Jeffery in
247
If they invade one of our
them with
ate obliged to repulse
possible
prepare
to
for
territories, its
all their
force,
population
and
h
if it
combat* every possible
effort
must be made by the
and
indigent, the child, the debtor,
ehe slave, even without permission."
And in Al-Mughni
who «ud
lite School,
munal
obligation,
If
of tbn Qudttnft3* of
"The problem:
:
lite
Jihad
a group of people engage
remainder are released- It becomes an
tion under three conditions.;
Hanba-
is
in
a comthe
it,
individual obliga-
two armres race! and two tines [of soldiers] confront one another, those present are forbidden to take
If
off, and it becomes an individual obligation on each
one
to remain ax his station,
If the unbelievers attack
individual obligation
on
its
a
territory,
it
population
an
becomes
to
figtit
and
repulse them.
(fit) If the
Imam
call* a
group of people to arms, (hey
are obliged lo Join his military forces.
And the
least
he nius* do is [1° **Wt
j*had|
once every
year/1
"AM
Allah
fc.
Ahmad
b.
MahumeiUd
b.
Qadama (IU6 -
I22J), noted Syrian Hanbalite funsi and aulhorsr.yon
traditions, the
author of upnifroiis works on hwJilh, jarttpnideflc^ hu^rHptiitfS of
ifa<
CV»mpankra*.
and.
Qur'anic
MutSies.
248
Abu'Abd Allah
said: 'I
know of
immn Ahmad
the
(i,e„
b.
Hanbal)
nothing alter Che divine comrnandments
more excellent than jihad, and campaigning by sea is
more excel lent than campaigning on land. Anas b. Malik
(May Allah be pleased with him!) said; "The Apostle o!
(May
Allah
and save him!) was askcp. Then he
Allah bless
awoke laughing, and Urani Haranr*0 said: 'What makes
you laugh, O Apostle of AHah?
He said; 'People of nry
1
umma embarked
riding
or
on a military campaign
on the surface of
the king*
'like
Haram
on
their thrones.'
at
the
and
agreed upon,,
this sea as kings
in Allah's
on
way,
'
their thrones.,
[This
is)
generally
end of the Tradicion,
Utnm
asked the Prophet (May Allah bless and save him!)
God on
to beseech
her behalf that she might be one of
them. So he prayed for her, and she lived long enough to
ride
upon
the sea in the Muslim fleet whieh conquered the
of Cyprus. She died and was buried
island
there are a
(May
AJlah
h.er!).
mm
buried in
mosque and a mrtyrium attributed to her
have mercy upon her and be pleased with
Harani
vert to ULani
pfBsence al
and
.
,
<t0. LI
there,
from
hint
Million h,
itie tribe e-f
many of
Cyprus,
I
tie
Khfllid (^-fidS), a Vfcdincsc Con-
K3)axr^. She was ciotc^onhv for hex
Prophet's L*arnpmgns.
Ske died and was
having accompanied the exnedilicn
Wu'awiya, then governor Of Syria, which syrcWcled
irr
island from the Byzantines. This hadilti if found In the
249
headed by
q0n<|«cnngrh
Two
Sahifrs
And ir
(5}
says in
Hazm
Ai-Muhulta of Ibn
ihc Zahi*
41
"The problem; Jihad is obligatory gn the Muslims,
but if cngough cn^ajic iii it to repulse she enemy, campaign agaimt him in his own territory, and protect the
rite;
borderlands of the Muslims, ihc remainder are released
from it. And if not, then Lhe obligation remains. God
Almighty said: 'March forih, ligjit and heavy, and strive
with your wealth
9:41].
It
parents,
Then it
otiE
in
and your persons
not allowable
in Allah's
wayl*
JQ.
permission of
save with the
enemy aiGBcks a group of Muslims.
obligatory on everyone who can aid than to set
unless ihc
is
to succor
hem, parents permitting or nor, unless one
c
or both would suf
fer
through
his
absence.
for him lo abandon cither of iriem
It is
who would
not lawf ul
suffer the-
reby/'
'AH
b.
Ahmad
b
Se'tf
lusian bcllctri&. jurinc,
b
Hum
the noted Amfe-
<9**-IOM>T
and Ehwlojjtaru bara tei
Cordoba during
the
day* nt' the Spanish Umayyudi. Bolh. Sift And his- father held ».tw
position of Grand VkAter under vamc of ibe !a*C prcteudviv fo the
last
Caliphil ihioae.
gjons
ji&sly
Hi*
wcponarjl works
m
ml
fcis
Sctis <Al-ra<d ni-MH*j wm
» *h»i'
famous bock on aristocrat £c love and lovers,
.nr.!
Ncckrinft tTawq, aJ-llaraamsj.
Ttw Rjbj at
dK Don
n
initiated
<l*adoa:
Um«c &
by Arthur
J.
B*»* on
S*ti'
nnd *
The Hove'*
Arbcrrj ai
Co., Ud., 1953). The den-
w
m&wrciK*
tfce rigorously con
servwi lvc Legal school founded by Da' ml ai-Tiahtrl <d. 883). The zwlUrite Scliyol did
no | succeed in winning r?v?ofcn"i lion at $ finli
gitarkm of "tfJwrSte"
Ofthodoa School.
refets io fwx
And
Al-Shawkani*2 said
in Al-Sayl al-Jarrar;
"The
available arguments regarding the religious ordinance of
and in customary observance
[sunna], arc too numerous to be set down here. Nevertheless, it is a communal observance, and if some engage
jihad, both
in
it,
writing
in
the remainder arc released
number
engage
in
it,
it
is
from it, Before a certain
an individual obligation
incumbent on every adualt by law, and similarly, it is
incumbent on everyone called to arms by the J mam to
join the
armed
forces,
and thereupon
it
becomes axi indi-
vidual obligation."
Now
you can
see
from
all this
how
men of
learning,
who employed indcpcnden£
both
those
those
who
latest,
agree unanimously that Jihad
gation
the
strictly
followed tradition,
imposed upon the Islamic
broadcast the
summons
[to
judgment and
the earliest and che
if a
communal oblK
ufflittu
ixi
Order TO
embrace Islam], and
that
it is
an individual obligation to repulse the attack of unbelievers upon it. Today the Muslims, as you know, are compelled to humble themselves before non-Muslims, and arc
ruled
by unbelievers,
and
Their lands
have been
trampled
honor besmirched, Their adversaries are
in charge of their affairs,
and the riles of their religion
have Fallen into abeyance within their own domains, to
over,
their
Muhammad
b,
Ali al-SNftkaiii £1760-1843),
a noted
jurist
and theologian of Yemen, who vrole numerous works on hadith,
bki&tar>hy r
arid jurisprudence. He was fir-si
Chief Qadi. and later
governor of the Capital, 5an'a\
251
™
iLoihing
[to
ihdf impotence
embrace Islam).
Hence it
obligation, which there i:-
ta
tooadcasl the ninuBoas
has become an individual
no evading, on every Muslim CO
prepare his equipment, to make up his mind io engage in
and to
Jihad,
and
Allah
gel ready for
ft
until the
decrees a matter which is.
opportunity
is
ripe
sure to be accom-
plished ~
Probably, to terminate
this inquiry,
should mention
I
you that the Muslims, throughout every period of thcii
history before the present period of oppression in which
their dignity has come 10 its end, never abandoned Ji bad
nor did they ever grow tax in waging it, not even their
religious authorities mystics, craftsmen, etc. AIL of them
were fully prepared [to do so] at a moment's notice. Abd
Allah b. al-Mubarak,4' the canon lawyer and ascetic, was
a volunteer In jihad for most or his life, and 'Abd
a!-Wahhab b. Zayd, the mystic and ascetic, was the same.
4
And in his time, Shaqiq al-Balkhi,"" the Sufi abuvlih
to
-
used
10 despatch himself and his dUcjptes off
'Abd Allah
43.
ttrfcsr,
first
and
al-Mubarak
b.
fighter in
b.
iheologuin.
He w»*
the
book on the subject of jihad.
Ibrahim aJ-H*Lkhi (7-B10J. earSy
one of the mow
jihad,
nwd
the holy war stgamn Byxamiirrn.
in Islam ta write -a
Shauiq
a
m
renowned
afcarfcks
Bcsidt* preaching the mystical
lift,
at Kburasaa in
N.F.
Sufi and
Persia.
he was a piomincnt warrior
Jihad.
Sec the Glossary of Arabic Ternu,
252
ucelk and
m
comnieiUaErK on
canon lawyer and traditionist, would
Ai-Badr al-Aynir
Ariel
Al-Bukhari,
the
(he
take part in jihad one year, &tudy for one year and go on
pilgrimage one year, while the judge A&ad b. al-Fural.*7 of
was an admiral
the Malikiu: School
Imam
al-ShafTi would shoot, ten
and the
in his day,
[arrows)
and not miss
once^
Such
were
grace be upoa
early generations of Muslims (Altars
the
chfeiM
'
I),
bisTory^Bjw
Why Do
People
of the
not
b.
eel Isiscoiiaji
a number
ut'
Ahmad
Vit
1
b.
haoiih,
bom
high administrative and judiciary
W
Islam
and the
until the [message of) the
Mu*a Badral-Din
and authority on
The work
V p*.'
stigmatizing
ordinance of jihad
wage war
ws* an ituimaie of' the Mam
ALMaift a^-Asftwrf, He devoted
tvritjjis, prcducibK fliany works
graphy.
-
some time
for
religious
[divine] permission to
Mahmud
1'
'>V*'m&
the Muslims Wage War?
have been
because
and what are we alongside such a
v
'
al-'Ayri'HI&l
He occupied
ia Syria.
pt>sis in
-
and
L'jypt,
sajHKB Al-Malik al-Mu'ayysd anct
Sis Niterjjwi ejidr-ely to ffvdy
ort
tiaditii,
referred to here as
his
and
jurispcutkmw, and bio'L'mrJal al-t.fr
ri
it
Sharh
al-BukharL
Asad b. al-Fural b. Sinau [759-8283, of Kburawijiiiui origin, a
renowned jurist and gctieTa.1 under the Agh tabid Dynasty of Turns.
He studied In 'the East, and On his return to Tunis wa
apjiointed
Chief Qadi of QAyravan. In H27, he commanded- the Muslim army ctf
invasion in Sicily, and conquered part of ic, bur died of wouncU
•
received during
;tie *ie$ie
of Syracuse.
precious Qur'anic verse
Our
h is
"We
is fulfilled:
and
signs in the farthest horizons
in;
shall
show them
themselves,
until
made dear to them that it is the Truth" [Q.41:531.
And now here they arc acknowledging' that it is the surest
way- to peace! Allah ordained jihad for the
Muslims not as
a tool of oppression or a means of satisfying personal
ambiiionb, but rather as a defence for the mission [of
spreading Islam], a guarantee of peace, and a means of
implementing the Supreme Message, the burden of which
the
Muslims bear, the Message guiding mankind to
and
justice.
For Islam,
even as
ordains jihad, extols
it
peace: the blessed and Almighty said: "But
toward peace,
incline
God"
61].
1Q- 8 :
thou toward
The Muslim would go
within his
Word in
love
-
to
strive
lo
and pin
fight,
thy
rrtisi
in
one concern
to
his
:
avoid diluting
For the love
of
it,
they incline
if
"Allah's
utmost until
the most exalted" |Q.0
40]. His religion had
soul
ordained that be
other;
forth
truth
show
is
of
pomp
tin's
is
purpose with any
forbidden him, and the
forbidden him, and
rhirst
for
spoils is
forbidden hirh, and striving to conquer unjustly is forbidden him, while only one thing is allowed him - to offer
blood and his soul as a pledge for
dance for mankind.
his
On
his creed
and a gui-
the authority of AUHaritb b, Muslim al-Harilh. on
the authority of his father,
who
said:
"The Apostle of
Allah (May ^Uah bless and save him!) sent us on a military
expedition. When we reached the area lo be raided, I
»
254.
my
urged on
people of
my
horse ant! got ahead of
companions. The
met me with cries of lamentation, and I said to them: 'If you say; "There U no god but
Atlih,*' you are safe. So they .said it. My companions
reproached me and said: 'You have prevented us from
taking any spoils} s
When we came .back to the Apostle of
the [enemy] clan
7
AUah (May
AJJah bless and save him!), they told him what
had done. He
me
called
Then he
praiseworthy.
over and found what
said
indeed decreed for you so
every
human
being/
you
something for
the
He
did so, sealed
Published by
Abu Da'ud.
death.
1
And on the
much and
And he
in
me:
to
said:
way of a
it,
much reward
myself
*I
bad done
I
Almighty has
'Atlah
so
1
shall
bequest
for
write
my
after
and handed it
over to
me."
authority of Shaddad b. al-Hadi (May Allan
be pleased with himE):
"A man
came and
the Prophet
believed
in
of the [nomad] Arabs-
(May
AH3I1
and
bless
you, r And
the Prophet (May Altoji bless and save him!) gave him into
the charge of some of his Companions - it was [during] a
save him!).
campaign
'him
5)
Then he
in
He
shall
'I
emigrate
which the Prophet (May
took some booty which -*as
which he received
'What
said:
is
this?'
said; *lt
a .share.
He
said;
was not
*J
And he
have
Allah
with
bless and
divided up,
[i.e.,
and of
the Arab]
apportioned
1
for this that I followed
it
save
said:
to you.*
you; rather
I
followed you chat I might be pierced here
(and he
motioned wich his hand to his neck) with an arrow, and
that
I
might die and enter Paradise.'
believe Allah
,
He
will believe
255
you.
'
He
said:
*If
vou
So they remained there
do
for a space; then they rose Jo
He was
battle with the eneniy-
carried over lo ihc Prophet, having been struck
The Prophet
he? 5 They said:
with an arrow exactly where he had pointed.
(May
Allah bless
and save him!)
said- 'Is
it
'Yes.'
He
'He believed in Allah: therefore He
believed him.' Then he was shrouded in the garment of
the Prophet (May Allah bless and save himl), and he (i.e..
the Prophet] walked before him and prayed over him.
This
part of what he said in his prayer:
is
said:
Thy servant who wen
forth as
and was slain a martyr. And I
I
Published
On
am
a witness unto
A
l6
I):
man
man who wants
(to
desires the
goods of
reward for
him.
1
AbuHurayra(rVlay AHahbe
said:
"O Apostle
engage
in]
he
(i.e.,
He
the
h way,
pleased with himT),
Allah
who
Abu
no
man] repeated
ibis
(May
Musa.al-Ash'ari
said:
but
is
'There
said;
ham three times, but he said: 'There
reward for him.'" Published by Abu Da'ud.
the authority of
pleased
what of a
Allah,
jihad in Allah
ihis world?-
And
of
(question] to
On
it.'
by Al-Na&a'L
the authority of
with him
'MyAllah, this is
an Emigrant in Thy way
"The Apostle of
is
no
Allah be
-Allah
(May
bless
and save him!) was asked about a man who
fights courageously, one who figlus zealously, and one
who fights hypocritically. Which of these was in the way
of
Allah?
[he
He
said:
'He who
most exalted" [Q.9:40]
in the Five
Books
|but not
fights so that
is
'
AUah*s
Word is
in ALUh\s way. 1,1 published
by
256
Al-Bttkhari],
If you read about ihe
(May
Allah
%
waged by the Companions
basiles
grace be with them!), and their bebavioc in
what extent
personal desires and
the territories ihey conquered, you will see to
i
hey ab&tained from indulging
cravings*
and
their
the extent of their dedication to their fun-
damental and original goal - the guidance of mankind to
the truth
exalted"
"Allah's
until
Word
is
the
most
And you wilt see juu hew mistaken is the
imputation to them (May Allah's Brace be upon them!) of
JO 9:*0|-
wanting simply to conquer peoples, subjugate nations,
and obtain wealth.
Mercy
In the
Islamic Jihad
Since Ihe goal of the Islamic Jihad was the
goals,
the
-Ko
lis jSDBptpyad tfflN
of means. For
"Do
nKtKt
forbidden agression,
Ailaiifoas
Almighty, has said:
ttw
nobksi
of
exttUMtt
He, the
not ixuilgaie hostilities, for Alto
loves not those
who
He commanded
that justice be observed, even
instigate hostilities" [Q-2:190],
and
toward the
enemy and the adversary. He, the Almighty, has said:
^Let nol hartred of a people coerce you Into treating
them unjustly. Be juil : it is closer to piety" (Q~5:21-, He
has guided the Muslims
For when ihey
nor do ihey
steal
to act with the utmost mercy.
fighi. they
or
do
plunder
commit rape, nor do ihey indulge
in
not riucigatc hostilities
property,
taor
do they
wanton destruction.
just
warfare they are the best of fighters,
peace they are the most excellent of peacemakers.
In
sheir
257
in
On
Burayda (May
the authority of
Allan
be pleased with
who said: "Whenever the Apostle of Allah (May
God bless and save hjm3) appointed a commander over
hirnf),
an array
or a band of raiders, he charged him to behave
with piety toward ANah Almighty in his inward self, and
with benevolent care for the Muslims who were with
him.'* Then he [i.e
the Prophet] said: "Campaign in the
name of AUafein Allah's way! Fight Chose who disbelieve in
Aila.li: campaign, but do not indulge in excesses, do
not act
treacherously, do not mutilate, and do not slay
,
Muslim.
children/' Transmitted by
On
the authority
with him]), who
said:
him avoid
Shaykhs.
On
the face.
[striking]
the authority
with him!}, who
Allah be pleased
"The Apostle of Allah (May God
and save html) said: 'When one
bless
btess
of Abu Hurayra (May
5
or you fights,
let
"Published by the
Two
of Ibn Mas'ud (May Alkh be pleased
said:
"The Apostle of
Allah
(May
of manPeople of the
Allah
and save him!) said: 'The most continent
kind
are
ihc fighters of the
Published by
On
(May
43,
and a
Faith/"
Abu Pa'ud.
'Abd Allah b. Yazid al-Ansari48
with him !), who said: "The Apostle
the authority of
Allah
A
be pleased
.Mcdjncsc convert
well-known
tfl
Islam (?-690> from the tribe of Aws,
warrior foe the faith. During his
cated
Life
he *&&
dedi-
partisan of *AU b. Abi Talib, and after the toiler's death he
supported the ante-Caliph Ibn a3-zuba>T in. Mecca against the
Umayyad
Dynasty.
25*
AM(May Allah ble$$
or
and nve himl) forbade plunde-
ring and mutilation," Published by Al-Bukhari.
St? also it is
forbidden to slay women, children, and
old
men, and to despatch the wounded, or to disturb monk
and hermits, and che peaceful who offer no resistance.
Jus* contrast this mercy with the murderous warfare of
the civilized peoples and
what is
their disgusting
their internal iona]
atrocities
law alongside
And
I
embra-
this all -
cing, divinely ordained justice?
Allah, instruct
My
the Muslims in
save the world from
mcm
their
and
religion,
these injustices »iih the enlighten-
of Eslam!
Supplement* to Jtkad
The
belief
lighting the
is
widespread among many Muslims that
enemy u
the lesser Jihad,
greater jihwf i he jihad of the spirit.
proof of
as
said:
Many of them
*^V«
from the lesser Jihad to embark on the
Thvy said: 'What is the greater jihad?' He
1
'The jihad of the heart, or the jihad
Some of them
try,
by recourse
fro* the importance of
righting,
and resolving to undertake
'n*is narration
a
is.
invoke
this the following narration laiharj:
have returned
greater jihad,
and that there
is
it
not really a
of
the
T
spirit
.
to this, to divert people
preparing far combat,
and embark on
Allah's
way.
sound Tradition; The Prince
of
Believers in matters
of Tradition, Al-Kafiz
said in the Tasdid nl-Quws: "It
is
in
"Al-Bayhaqi transmitted
tor*
on the authority of
it in
his history
even if
on
it
me&riing
it
the attacks
repel
may be
in every one of itvacu. So
in order to rescue
it
simply that
is
struggle with the spirit so thai
God
traiismitted
would never warrant
preparing for
Muslims and
the territories of the
to
and At-khatib
Jabir,
the authority of Jabir." Nevertheless,
abandoning Jihad, or
unbelievers, Its
'Abla."
with a weak chain of guaran-
were a sound Tradition, il
it
often
Ahadilb al-Ahya'i
Takhrlj
the
Hajar*
known and
well-
repeated, and was a saying of Ibrahim b.
AUiraqi30, said
b,
let
it
necessary to
is
devoted
sincerely
it
of
be known.
supplementary matters concerned with jihad are
following: to 'command (he good and forbid the evil.
Other
the
It is- 5-asd
Ahmad
(1382-14491,
ifie
b.
"'AIT
the loftiest forms of
Muhammad
to.
famous hiMoi
anchor of wozkn of
prolific
"One of
the Traditions:
iari,
Hajar
h.
al-'AsqaJani
rhwlogian, and traditions, the
hadifit,
QurVuuc studies,
of baditb and the
Islamic law,
and biopJSphy, especially the lives of transmitters
eariv Companion*. Hi» t>e*r.*powri works in this genic are die
mdU-voliim©d TahUhib at-Talidbib and A I- saba fl-Tamyta Asma'
al-Sahaha The honorific title of ''Al-Hafte" means one who has
memorised the Qur'an."
II
50,
'AW
al-Rahint
li.
al-Husayn ai-Hartz
scholar of Kurdish origin
visited
who
lived
the neighoboring regions for
at-' Iraqi
ibom of
st'indy-
his
(
111*
Egypt.
fife in
and research
and van the author of a number of books on Trad u
dence,
in
He
hadlth,
ions, jurispru-
Prnphetie biojyaphy, and Qui'anic studies.
260
a
1325-1404 »,
jfctisd is to
a word of truth
utter
the presence of a
in
tyrannical ruler,"
But
nothing
on
confers
thern
in
advocate the
their
supreme martyrdom and the reward of the scrivers in
jihad, unless he slays or is slain in the way of Allah.
Epilogue
AMah
Brethren!
practice of death and
death, and exalted
the next.
this
What
life
umma
the
gives
know
skilled
is
know? how
thai
to
noble
a
die
the fantasy that has reduced us to
is
the
in
in this world and eternal felicity in
world and hating death?
lofty deed
that
and yearn
you
If
yourselves
gird
is inevitable,
For
a
given to you,
for death, life shall be
then that death
loving
and that
it
can only
happen once. If you suffer it an the way of Allah, it will be
to your profit in this world, and your reward in the next.
Nothing shall touch you but what God has decreed for
you; ponder
well
has said: "Then
rity
upon yen,
what
after the affliction.
as slumber
white a party
whom
at all?
1
saying:
Say:
He
sent
down
Altah,
'The matter is Allah's
in this
entirely.'
whom
if
slaughter
26
i
preocmatter
They hide
to thee,
and
we would not
you had been in your
decreed
had been
in this matter,
have heen slain here.' Say: 'Even
for
of you;
the surmise of
'Do we have any share
say: 'If we had had any share
those
secu-
concern for themselves had
within themselves what they do not reveal
houses,
Almighty,
which overcame a party
cupied were surmising untruth of
pagandom,
the Blessed) the
Allah,
would
have gone
that Allah might
what
U
in
forth to their resting
test
what
your hearts.'
breasts'"
is in
AUati
-
places.' -
your breasts and
knows what
lies-
and so
examine
within
your
IQ.3:154].
will win to
strive for an honorable death, you
perfect happiness. May Allah bestow ur>on us and upon
If
you
you the honor of martyrdom in
262
His way]
Glossary of Arabic Terms
few places
in a
been drawn to
in the noics. the reader's attention has
relevant
Islam, in the Qtd or
terms
may
New
Any of
Editions.
more
Where I
also be sought therein for
sition, additional bibliography,, etc.
my
Kncyclopedia
the
articles in
transliteration system,
"k" for my
asabiyya:
8l
the
O
the following
detailed expo-
have
"j"
have "dj,"
will
of
in
and
q."
and
partisanship, group loyalty
With reference to
the
pagan Arabs,
their
soJidarity,
unswerving
and clan under any and all circumstance*. It was this type of loyalty based on descent that
Islam tried to destroy, and eo substitute a similar quality
devotion to
tribe
of devotion to the religious community. In modern times,
it has
taken on the comparatively new dimension of
"fanaticism,"
term
with
all
the pejorative overtones of this
European languages. Since
in
this is
only a possible,
not a necessary, evolution in the meaning of the word,
is still
it
often used by contemporary writers with (he favo-
rable older meaning of "extreme dedication" or "ardent
enthusiasm/
athari
a
1
relic, trace, tradition,
often used in the
same
sense as hadilh, or by some, as referring only to a saying
or deed of one of the Companions, and not the Prophet.
In the usage of
many
writers.,
however
this term,
khabar
(report, item
of informaeion). and hadilh may
synonyms.
2«
all serve
as
bay*fl:
an oath of
allegiance or fealty
to a sovereign.
loyalty taken
This term was used of the oath of
by the
and
Caliph,
and lords of the tribes before che
as well as
formally involved the mutual taking of hands
obedience and submission.
the swearing of an oath of
In the context of
dhlkr; literally, "mentioning, citing."
chiefs
Names
the
Sufisin, a litany consisting of glorincationa of
prayers.
of Allah, selections from the Qur'an, and special
by memlarger mosques., and geneas
postures and movements,
Public, communal dhikrs are often performed;
bers of the Sufi orders in the
rally
entail specific bodily
well as varied breathing techniques,
for-mulae and sacred Names,
a
dnlinmi:
whom
person with
has
(dhimina)
a
covenant
made.
been
the
in uttering
bond
or
Used as
one
of
several
synonymous terms
tolerated
in the juridical
{Jew,
moootheist
Zoroastrian) who
paying tribute and
lives
is
Sabian, or
Christian,
an Islamic environment,
sumptuary laws as a
certain
status
and
self-
abasement,
unit
dinar; in early Islam, the basic gold
The name
a
within
observing
token of inferior
context Eo designate
from the Latin
dlrham: die basic silver
of cunency.
"denarius."
unit of currency.
The name
is
e." According to the Traditions,
from the Greek "drachm
between the dirham and the
rate of exchange
the
ten or twelve to one,
dinar at the etme of the Prophet was
but this ratio fluctuated
widely in subsequent
264
peiods.
fard:
a commandment or
ordinance,
gious duty the performance of which
is
especially a reli-
incumbent on
all
Muslims.
tord'ayn: an "individual" duty;- binding on
Muslims, such as prayer and
fard kifaya: a
ts
««h
it,
fasting.
»ttmraunar duty, binding on the Mus-
lims as a group, which
perform
adult
all
is
fulfilled if
a
sufficient,
number
thereby excusing the remainder, Jihad
is
"
one
duty.
hadd: punishments for crimes or offenses specifically
prohibited in the Qur'an, and for most of which specific
These are fornication, false
accusation of fornication, theft, highway robbery, and
winedrinfcing,
The punishment For wine - drinking
punishments are decreed.
-
nowhere mentioned
forbidden,
is
in the
Qur'an, though the act
eighty lashes, based
on che Traditions.
hatfith; literally* "b^ftvedaifeii?
aJOry in which
Muhammad is
some
acl
recorded.
or
itself is
or "narration."
A
saying of the
Ideally,
the
Prophet
hadith should go
an actual eye-witness who was present ai the
time, and whose exact words are scrupulously reported,
as well as the exact words uttered by the Prophet- AS one
recedes farther and farther from the Prophet's age. the
hack to
"chain of guarantors," Or isnad, grows longer, but
(he people involved must have been in
all
of
persona! contact
and have heard the hadith from one another. Thus: "A
heard from B. who heard C say that D told him Lhat he
265
was one day in the presence of
The
itie
« called
make up a
actual deed or saying of the Prophet
she miiin. or ''text,"
Main and isnad
Many
complete badlth.
mam,
source or the
and
together
one of
terminate in
hadtlh
Companions as
Prophet's wive* or one of the
phetic
Prophet when be said
together wilh
Lhese,
hadiih, comprise the Sunna, which
the
ultimate
Pro-
the
the second
is
most important source ©f Islamic law after the Qur'an.
Throughout this translation, the capitalized word Traditions will be taken to refer lo the
corpus of the recorded
Sunna,
hajj: the pilgrimage to
Mecca, one of the "five
of t&milam," or duties incumbent on
Tht Muslim
hajj
is
adult Muslims.
all
actually theconflaiion of
separate and unrelated pagan
Arab
piitars
two
entirely
umra, or
festivals, the
month of Rajab, and
ihe hajj, or procession *o the sacred Site of 'Arafat and
other shrines out tide of Mecca, held in the month of
Dhu'a-Hijja. The chief highlights of the Muslim hajj are
visitation
of the ka'ba. held
the "standing
1
'
at
'Arafat from midday
ninth of Dhu'l-Hijja,
on
and he animal
i
the road back lo Mecca,
also
performed
all
In che
on
till
sacrifice in
in
Mina,
the tenth. This sacrifice is
over the Islamic world
fcsrdf {pl.bunufa'i:
sunset, on the
on
the morning
Muslim and Qur'amc
usage, a
pure Ahrahamic mortotheist HS contrasted with pagans on
the
one
side,
and Jews and Christians on the other.
often uted fey later writers as a
synonym of
It
was
''Muslins."
According Jo
term was also
the
the historical tradition,
Lime
applied co a number of individuals of the Prophet's
who rejected Arabian Paganism and became unaffiliated
monolheists before their
or
ultimate conversion to Islam
Christianity,
the office of the official catled
hteba:
who
the mohtAsib.
inspected public markets, with particular attention
to weights and measures*
sales practices
the quality of goods,
of the merchants.
He was
and the
also required 10:
superintend public morality and behavior, to enforce
sumptuary laws against dhnnmis, and to see thai
muttal religious
important souree or
Islamic Saw,
unanimity of practice and bcHcf of
community of
a practive
believers.
where
all,
com-
observed.
obligations were strictly
"consensus" or "agreement/" The
ijjna*:
rhe
rhird most
the
denotes
of, the total
part
it
The number required
to
validate
or belief varies with the Schools, ranging from
the entire
umma
to local populations, e.g.
tion of Medina, or to a
nions of
special group, e.g., the
the Prophet, the body of the
imam; a term
the popula-
f
!
ulama\
with numerous connotations,
all
Compaetc.
revo!-
ving about the idea of "leadership." As a title, it may
prayers in
refer to the individual who leads the communal
a mosque,
a
renowned
religious- teacher or
The founders of the Four Orthodox Schools
scholar, e.g.,
of Islamic
with
law, or even Che Caliph himself. Among the Shi'iiea,
aspects of
their much greater emphasis on trie theocratic
267
the supreme Islamic
of Caliph.
office, the
term
isnad: the "chain of guarantors,"
duals
who daim
to
imam
Of the
is
used instead
list
of indivi-
have heard a hadilh from one another
seriatim, reverting to an ultimate Transmitter
who was the
eye>witness,
and who reports the exact words or
the Prophet
or a Companion. In almost
presented in The tract
or
first,
"holy war"
-
of
of the hadith
Jihad, V only. the name of the
transmitter
earliest,
jihad: literally,
so-called
"On
acts
is
all
supplied.
"earnest. effort." In Islamic law, the
only war p*iv
theoretically the
war between Muslims is forbidden.
Because Islam aimed at universal dominion, jihad was- a
communal obligation which must be fulfilled by the subjection and conversion of the non-Islamic world. In the
milled
in Islam, since
case of Scriptuaxies, I hey might retain their old religions
if
they submitted to the rule of Islam and agreed to
the yty-Xi
Theoretically,
other peoples
all
pay
who could be
designated "idolaters" were compelled to accept Islam,
slavery,
or extinction, Largely
jihad could be defensive
if
Ihc
conceived
as
offensive,
domain of Islam were to
be
threatened by an external enemy.
Nights.
A
supernatural beings, created of smokeless fire
(Q
jian: the
"genies" of the
1001
class
of
55:15)
and adopted into Islam from the body of pagan Arabian
belief. They were sketchily individualized nature- spirits
who
sites.
.inhabited the desert* ruins,
In Islam, their religion
caves,
may
266
vary,
and other
such
some beign good
Muslims, others
of
They
unbelievers.
the
tolerated
relgjons,
are mortal, but wsi
\\
still
enormously long
and can assume any from or remain
life-spans,
others
invisible.
In folklore, they arc often invoked for purposes of black
or white magic.
imposed on dhiminis as Che price Tor
permission co keep their religion and to continue to live
under an Islamic goevernuierii and ihc Islamic Sacred
jizya: the poll-tax
Law
Conversion to
s
well as
all
annually
in
free,
other
money
able -
collected
from the
Islam removed this
The
disabilities.
imposition, as
jizya
was
collected
or in kind, and was obligatory on all
The amount
bodied male adults.
individual
was determined by his
ratio varied from time to
taxpayer
means and income, and this,
time and place to place, many of
the specific regulations
of
going back to the circumstances
the early conquests,
main: (he '"text" of a hadith - thai is, the actual quotation of a saying ofthe Prophet or a Companion, or the
narration of a deed performed,
mu'adlidhm: "muezzin," one of (he
mosque, who chants Ihe call to prayer f
of a
officials
from a
adlian.)
minaret at the five stated times: (1) a few minutes
sunset;
(2} at
daybreak;
(4)
Bight,
when
sky
the
a few minutes after
is
full
quite dark;
noon; (5)
in
after
(3)
at
midaf-
temoon. There are also two supererogatory prayers, just
after midnight and about an hour before dawn,
announced by the mVadhdhin,
in uj
ah
id:
a warrior who
is
engaged in jihad.
Qadi:
iudgc, essentially Of religious
:i
Islamic legal theory Mi
is
however, ihe qadi was
was
though
law,
all -inclusive.
in
In penal law,
restricted in those crimes involving
one Of the hadd-punishmeim
Apart from infringement*
of the relgious ordinances, he also judged cases involving
personal status, wills andtestments, and properties
left to
support rdgioui endowment*..
"analogy." the fourth chief source of law
qiyas:
Islamic
system. By
legal
found
prkKipics
in
reasoning,
analogical
The
Qur'an.
in the
general
Sunna,
the
or
the
accepted ijma' are used as guidelines to an>»cr questions
not specific ally dealt with in these primary sources. FOf
instance, the Qm'anic prohibition against wine is
extended by qiw* 10
ewer
all
iminxkaiing beverages and
other substances which have an uifovicating effect.
ra'yr
judge
"informed opinion." The personal opinion of the
in
the
f&rw
iw-o
e&nuiries
of
Island
was
tacitly
employed a* a "ihtrd source*" where Qur'an and Sunna
yave no clear answers, but it
was never officially recognized as such, except in certain imdilh, where il
is
recommended by
such cases.
Ihe Propher himself id cover precisely
Nevertheless,
earliest judges,
many of
the decisions of the
baicd on ra"> aTc preserved
in ihe hadith
wherethey are rendered canonical
attribution lo (he Prophet or a Companion.
-literature,
risala; "letter,
literature,
a
communication." In
laicrary
c&suy.
by
Classical
The ^enre
Arabic
received this
nomenclature because ihe earlier ones were wrinen
m
their
in the
form of
letters
"There
Apostle
a patron,
lo
"testimonial," the statement of the Islamic
gh&ftada:
creed:
and addressed
is
no god but
of Allah."
Allah
and
,
The first
of
Islam." The convert to Islam
the
Muhammad
"Five
^liahid:
"witness."
A
martyr
defending Islam or extending
shaykh: "old
mand,"
Lhc
who
It
modern Bedouin for
ad
dies
sway.
a revered elderT especially
the clerical class of she 'uhuna*.
among
shah
witness**.,
tor the faith,
^
if
of
pillars
must repeat the
before two unimpeachable male Muslim
the
is
is
also a
one of
common renin
the tribal or clan Chief-
tain, corresponding to the sayyid of rhe Pre-islamk Arab
tribe.
sufi:
Also the head of a
Staff
order,
almosi certainly from the Arabic
"wool/* hence
"suf
1
meaning
"wool - clad" individual,
because of the early adoption by Muslim ascetics and
pietists
of the while garments nf Christian monks. A
member of one of the sufi" Orders, the devotees of a
mystical "path" or discipline which consists of carefully
a "woolly"' or
graded esoteric teachings leading through a
tiations co the status
series
of
ini-
of adept. The goal of the "path"
ftariqa) is to achieve direct
com munion with Allah through
persona! devotion and a mastery of the techniques taught
by the shark
v,
surma: "beaten path,
customary
.law
clear - cut
way." By analogy, the
and folkways of a people or
tribe. e,g., the
sunna of the Prc-Islamic Bedouins. In Islam, the
271
beliefs
and
practices
of the Prophet and the C<nnpasuons., whose
living example thus became a commentary on
the
and
iii ethical!
and
and therefore the
Muslims after
ihein. The
prescription*,
legal
paradigmatic rnodds for
Qur'an
all
capitalized form "Surma" wiB refer in this translation to
the record of these acts and sayings of the Apostolic Age
preserved in the hadith- literature. Otherwise »iinna will
indicate "customary behavior or
pftflfc^
sunnn of Allah," or Ehe way in which
manifests His will in nature and history,
latarif:
term applied
"disinnfron," a
e.g..
Afi*h
"the
habitually
to the presumed
and Christian zealots in excising refethe advnnt of Muhammad and Islam from their
activities of Jcwith
rentes to
Scriptures, This
popularly
is
the least favorable, but perhaps most
Some
mean
but a concealment
the word.
theologians, however, take the view that it does not
a
believed,
literal alteration
interrelation
of the sacred
texts,
of
of Their true content, or the accidental
arising from
textual corruptions
scribal errors, carcieuncfi$
of transmission,
etc.
'ufoma 1 (sing,
Islamic religious
alim): "wants."
tradition
Qur'an,
he scholars
therefore
academies such
qualified
IsJam is ftnalogOUS to dial
rabbinate rather than
urnrnir the reiigio -
272
of
in
the
Sacred Law.
of the Jewish
the Christian
political
Al-A/har
Interpreters
Sunna. and the stipulations of the
Their position in
of the
who have been .graduated from
one of the great mosque -
Egypt, and arc
t
clergy,
community of
all
Muslim,
which during the AposEolic Age and Ihe period of the
Four Orthodox Caliphs embraced the political empire of
islam as well as the total body of believers. Membership
in
such a religious community, as in the
parallel;
case of
medieval European "Ghristiantas/* was the equivalent
of "nationality," since
from the
ecumenical religious
standpoint, ethnic descent and geographical origin were
accidents of history
and had nothing
do with one's
to
place in the hierarchy of Creation. During the later centuries
of Islam, when the Islamic world was divided into
numerous, often mutually
'"urnrna
hostile, political divisions, the
Muhammadiyya"
Muhammad"'
-
"Umma
the
of
remained the constant factor, while the
•
frequent change
of
boundaries,
and
dynasties-
were
regarded as passing ephemera.
urn
in
i
:
the usual meaning
is "
'illiterate,-
'
and as applied
Muhammad
becomes support for the Muslim doctrine
of the evidentiary miracle of the Qur'an, whose perfect
to
language and
bined
efforts
deemed inimitable by the
of mankind and the jinn (Q.17;S8),
style are
06m-
To
Western scholarship, the term as used in the same con-
which does not appear in the Qur'an before tlie
Mcdincse period and the confrontation with the Jews,
seems to denote "a member of (Gentile) community" - or
text,
those, unlike the Jews, heretofore not possessing a divi-
nely revealed Scripture of Sacred Law, This imerpretation would clarify and define the position of
as "she
ummj
Muhammad
Prophet, " both with respect to the Jewish
community and
his
own
Islamic urnma.
273
unua:
the
dreumambulation of
may be performed as a separate
sevenfold
but
year,
it
liminary
etc.
ka'ba.
[he
Ulam,
In
it
tile ai
haj| has incorporated the urnra as ihe pre-
rir.ua]
prior to the procession to
umra
Thus, while the
bined ceremonial cycle, which
be performed in
a
separate act of
is
the hajj proper,
com-
may
not
isolation.
xakat: the Official
from the time of
a*
exists
Arafat. Mina,
l
the second half of the
devotion without ibc bajj,
the
alim-tax,
collected
Mcdincse
state
long since lapsed except
in
of
from Muslims
Muhammad*
ginal connotation rathe
its ori-
Meccan sum* of the Our 'an.
"Five Milan of Islam,"
Q.9:G0 as designed to aid
bus
the form of voluntary contri-
butions to the poor. This also seems to have been
One Of the
ami
visitation
any time in the
not accepted as a sutmhutc Tor the bajj.
is
The complete
or
pilgrimage."
"lesser
Tlie
and
ii
It ii
defined in
indigent, to pay the collec-
tors of the lav, to win over converts to Islam. to
ransom
captive slaves and deptors, to pay for jihad, and to assiw
:p
wayfarers,
2Ati
a ceremonial
Egypt,
the Sextan,
of
exorcism
and Arabia,
*idety
practiced
and traceable
to
in
sub-
Sah&ran African sources. The possessing demon must be
driven out by ecstatic dancing to
he sound of drums and
other instruments, the burning of intense, and the sacrifice of an animal, usually chicken* or sheep. A. female
I
exordst-medium
nial,
slaughter*
called the
the
shavkha directs
sacrifice,
274
and
the ceremo-
gives the victim
its
*
if*iah&ng her
bmmea
too
with
may be
ii.
(The
possessed