Water use
and
Management
Friday, June 2, 2023
BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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Water use
• Water is a transparent fluid which forms the
world's streams, lakes, oceans and rain, and is
the major constituent of the fluids of living
things
• Water covers 71% of the Earth's surface. It is
vital for all known forms of life. On Earth,
96.5% of the planet's water is found in seas
and oceans, 1.7% in groundwater. Only 2.5%
of the Earth's water is freshwater
Friday, June 2, 2023
BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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Uses of water
i. Agricultural use.
ii. Industrial water use.
iii. Household use.
iv.Recreational use.
v. Fire extinction.
vi.Chemical uses
vii.Hydroelectricity
viii.Environmental activities.
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BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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1.Agricultural use
• The most important use of water in
agriculture is for irrigation, which is a
key component to produce enough
food.
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BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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2.Industrial Use
• Major industrial users include,
thermoelectric power plants, which use
water for cooling, ore and oil
refineries, which use water in chemical
processes, and manufacturing plants,
which use water as a solvent.
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BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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3. Domestic/Household use
•These include drinking
water, bathing,
cooking, sanitation, and
gardening.
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BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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4. Transportation/navigation
• The use of water for transportation of
materials through oceans, seas, rivers and
canals as well as the international shipping
lanes is an important part of the world
economy.
• Water have been used as a medium of
transport across continents through
navigations over the oceans.
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5. Chemical uses
• Water is widely used in chemical
reactions as a solvent or reactant and
less commonly as a solute or catalyst.
• In inorganic reactions, water is a
common solvent, dissolving many
ionic compounds
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6.Heat exchange
• used for heat exchange, due to its availability
and high heat capacity, both for cooling and
heating.
• In almost all thermal power stations, water is
used as the coolant. In the United States,
cooling power plants is the largest use of
water.
• In the nuclear power industry, water can also
be used as a neutron moderator as a coolant
and a moderator
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BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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7. Fire extinction
• The evaporation of water carries heat away from
the fire as Water has a high heat of vaporization.
• It is dangerous to use water on fires involving oils
and organic solvents, because many organic
materials float on water and the water tends to
spread the burning liquid.
• Use of water in fire fighting should also take into
account the hazards of a steam explosion
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BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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8. Recreation use
• Humans use water for many recreational
purposes, as well as for exercising and for sports.
• Some of these include swimming, waterskiing,
boating, surfing and diving.
• Lakesides, beaches and water parks are
popular places for people to go to relax and
enjoy recreation.
• Some keep fish and other life in aquariums or
ponds for show, fun, and companionship.
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BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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9. Environmental Flows
• Environmental water may include water stored in
different man made storage and released for
environmental purposes
• Environmental water usage includes watering of
natural or artificial wetlands, artificial lakes
intended to create wildlife habitat, fish ladders,
and water releases from reservoirs timed to help
fish spawn, or to restore more natural flow regimes.
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10. Hydroelectricity
• Water is used for production of large HydroElectric power (HEP) plants through
constructions of hydroelectric dams and other
water reservoirs.
• The power of moving water accelerate the
rotation of the turbines of the electric motor
and lead to the production of electricity.
• The electrical power generated can be used in
industries, homestead and other human
consumption.
Friday, June 2, 2023
BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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How water use influences life on earth
 It is important for plant growth especially in photosynthesis
process and germination of seeds.
 It provide habitant for aquatic organisms like fish, polyps, etc.
 provide water vapor for the process of water cycle to
continue.
 provides the brain with much needed oxygen to perform at
optimum levels.
 It influence the development of agriculture and food
availability as water for irrigation will be available
 It is used as raw material for some industries which produce
the drinking water.
Friday, June 2, 2023
BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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Water use and user conflicts
• Water conflict is a term describing a conflict
between countries, states, or groups over an
access to water resources
• It occurs when there is not enough water for
all uses.
• worldwide, more than one billion people still
lack access to clean, safe drinking water. Five
million people, mostly children, die each year
from water-borne diseases.
Friday, June 2, 2023
BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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Causes of water use and user conflicts
• 1. Population growth
• The increase of population has
gone beyond the amount of clean
water available hence resulted
into competition for clean water
and resulted into users conflicts.
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ii. Expansion of different economic
activities
• activity ranging from industrialization,
agriculture to services such as tourism
and entertainment continues to expand
rapidly.
• This expansion requires increased water
services including both supply and
sanitation, which can lead to more
pressure on water resources and natural
ecosystem.
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BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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iii. Rapid urbanization
• Urbanization causes pollution and
contamination of clean water hence increase
the competition of the clean water available
to satisfy the urban population.
• Other urban investments require water
(industries and swimming pools) to run daily
activities hence the increase in water
competition in urban centers results into users
conflicts
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BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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iv. Climate change
• the increase of temperature accelerates
evaporation and results into high rainfall in
some places. The high rainfall causes flood
and lead to contamination, pollution and
destruction of clean water reservoirs.
• Also the climatic change has cause droughts
in some places as a results of high
temperature which causes the extinction on
vegetation to support precipitation
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BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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v. Depletion of aquifers
• This is due both for direct human
consumption as well as agricultural irrigation
by groundwater
• Millions of pumps of all sizes are currently
extracting groundwater throughout the
world.
• Irrigation in dry areas such as northern China,
Nepal and India is supplied by groundwater,
and is being extracted at an unsustainable
rate.
Friday, June 2, 2023
BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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Water pollution
• is the contamination of water bodies (e.g. lakes,
rivers, oceans, aquifers and groundwater
deposition of pollutants directly or indirectly into
water systems
• Water pollution occurs when pollutants (particles,
chemicals or substances that make water
contaminated) are discharged directly or indirectly
into water bodies without enough treatment to get
rid of harmful compounds.
Friday, June 2, 2023
BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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Causes of pollution
• Sewage, wastes and septic tanks .Everyday, we cook, do laundry,
flush the toilet, wash our cars, shower and do many things that use
water. Think about how we use water in schools, hospitals and public
places.
• Ocean and marine dumping Paper waste, food waste, plastic, rubber,
metallic and aluminum waste. In some countries, they are deposited
into the sea. All these waste types take time to decompose.
• Underground storage and tube leakages Many liquid products
(petroleum products) are stored in metal and steel tubes
underground. Other sewage systems run in underground tubes.
Overtime, they rust and begin to leak. If that happens, they
contaminate the soils, and the liquids in them end up in many nearby
water bodies.
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BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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• Acidic
rain mixes with fresh water
and contaminate thus be
• Chemicals from the agriculture are
mixing with water and cause
contamination.
• Occurrence of floods where by the
polluted water mixes with clean water
and cause contamination.
• Industrial deposits which includes
chemicals and solid materials are all
Friday, June 2, 2023
BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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Impacts of water pollution on water
use
• Death of aquatic (water) animals; Dead fish, crabs, birds
and sea gulls, dolphins, and many other animals often
wind up on beaches, killed by pollutants in their habitat
(living environment).
• Water borne diseases as result of water pollution.
diseases such as hepatitis by eating seafood that has been
poisoned. In many poor nations, there is always outbreak
of cholera and diseases as a result of poor drinking water
treatment from contaminated waters.
• Disruption of food-chains and ecosystem; Pollutants such
as lead and cadmium are eaten by tiny animals. Later,
these animals are consumed by fish, fish are consumed by
human and the food chain continues to be disrupted at all
higher levels.
Friday, June 2, 2023
BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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• Occurrence of water use conflicts and
competition of water; this is because the
water that will be available to satisfy the
whole population and other economic
investments.
• Polluted water produce bad smell to the
environment and can make people
uncomfortable .
• Failure of agriculture
Friday, June 2, 2023
BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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How to manage water pollution
• Water resource management is the activity
of planning, developing, distributing and
managing the optimum use of water
resources to ensure sustainability of the
current and even future water resource
allocation.
Friday, June 2, 2023
BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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Ways of controlling water pollution
• Ensure wise use of water in the society. Do not keep the tap running
when not in use. Also, you can reduce the amount of water you use in
daily activities.
• Ensure proper disposal of waste though waste management. Do not
discharge chemicals, oils, or the sewage into a water or throw any waste
into the water.
• Treatment of liquid waste (Sewage/Wastewater) before used for other
activities like irrigation. This will render them to be harmless.
• Recycling of waste materials that can be recycled like papers, plastic
bottles,
• Buy more environmentally safe cleaning liquids for use at home and
other public places. They are less dangerous to the environment.
• Formulation of strict laws and regulations by local authorities on
environmental management; this will help to protect the environment
by introducing fine if caught.
Friday, June 2, 2023
BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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Water harvesting
•
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BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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• is the process of trapping rain water or runoff and
store this water for different productive use.
• Runoff may be harvested from roofs and ground surfaces
Rainwater harvesting is a way of collecting rainwater from
rooftops and other above-ground impervious surfaces that
is stored in catchment tanks for after use
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BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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Practice of water harvesting
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• 1. Roof Top Rainwater
Harvesting Method.
Rooftop rainwater
harvesting is a method
of collecting rain water
where it falls and in
which rain water is
captured from the roof
catchments of domestic
houses or commercial
buildings and stored in
the tanks.
BY STEPHEN ANDREW
Friday, June 2, 2023
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• 2. Surface Runoff
Rainwater Harvesting
Method:
Surface runoff rainwater
harvesting is a method of
collecting rainwater
flowing along the ground
during the rains will be
collected to a tank below
the surface of the ground
for irrigation and
other
BY STEPHEN ANDREW
purposes.
Friday, June 2, 2023
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• 4. Dams: Dams are barriers that are designed to trap water.
Rainwater can accumulate directly in them, or drainage
systems can be created to direct water into them. This
technique is mostly used for irrigation purposes or treated
and then distributed for domestic use.
• 5. Underground Tanks: These are constructed by digging
into the ground and creating a space which is then
cemented to reduce water infiltration. The top is also
sealed, and water is obtained through pipes directed into
the tank. Pumps are used to get water out.
• 6. Trenches: This is another traditional method to harvest rainwater for
irrigation that is still very much in use today. When it rains, the water is
directed to the farm using trenches.
BY STEPHEN ANDREW
Friday, June 2, 2023
Importance of water harvesting
• it can prevent soil erosion caused by water runoff after heavy
rains.
• Rainwater harvesting structures are easy to build, do not
require expensive materials and are low-maintenance.
• Harvesting rainwater reduces time to collect water from
water points and rivers and can help a household to become
water-independent, especially when harvesting rainwater
from a roof.
• It increases water security and allows us to achieve a
sustainable future with better environment
• It acts as an excellent source of water for landscape irrigation
• It significantly promotes water conservation
• Rain water harvesting reduces the flooding on roads and
further prevents it from contamination
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BY STEPHEN ANDREW
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Limitations of water harvesting
•
•
•
•
•
•
1. Unpredictable Rainfall; Rainfall is hard to predict, and sometimes little, or no
rainfall can limit the supply of rainwater. It is not advisable to depend on rainwater
alone for all your water needs in areas where there is limited rainfall.
2. Initial High Cost; Depending on the system’s size and technology level, a
rainwater harvesting system may cost
3. Regular Maintenance; Rainwater harvesting systems require regular maintenance
as they may get prone to rodents, mosquitoes, algae growth, insects and
lizards. They can become breeding grounds for many animals if they are not
properly maintained.
4. Certain Roof Types may Seep Chemicals or Animal Droppings; Certain types of
roofs may seep chemicals, insects, dirt or animals droppings that can harm plants if
it is used for watering the plants.
5. Storage Limits
The collection and storage facilities may also impose some kind of restrictions as to
how much rainwater you can use. During the heavy downpour, the collection
systems
may not be able to hold all BY
rainwater,
which ends in going to drains and 34
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STEPHEN ANDREW
rivers.