Jewel Mirrah C. Perez
12 STEM - Bell
PHYSICAL FREEDOM
-IT REFERS TO THE ABSENCE OF ANY
Lesson 1: Definition of freedom and its kind
-
Freedom
The ability to make choices and perform those
choices.
The ability to be what we want and to decide
and create ourselves.
-THE PERSON HAS THE FREEDOM OF PHYSICAL
RESTRAINT MOBILITY TO GO WHERE HE OR SHE
WANTS TO GO. HE OR SHE IS NOT IMPEDED IN HIS
OR HER ACTIONS BY ANY PHYSICAL FORCE.
PSYCHOLOGICAL FREEDOM
-IT IS ALSO CALLED "FREEDOM OF CHOICE".
Article 10 of the human rights act: freedom of
Expression
Everyone has the right to freedom of expression.
This right shall include freedom to hold opinions
and to receive and impart information and ideas
without interference by public authority and
regardless of frontiers.
-THE PERSON IS FREE TO PERFORM ACTIONS THAT HE
OR SHE CONSIDERS RIGHT AND WISE. A PERSON IS
ALSO FREE TO ACT OR NOT TO ACT.
-NO OUTSIDE FORCE OR INFLUENCE CAN COMPEL A
PERSON TO TAKE ACTION AGAINST HIS OR HER WILL.
MORAL FREEDOM
The 1987 Constitution Dictates in Article III,
section 4
that “no law shall be passed abridging the freedom
of speech, of expression, or of the press, or the
right of the people peaceably to assemble and
petition the government for a redress of
grievances.
2 Concepts that Will Help Us Fully Understand
Freedom
-IT REFERS TO USING FREEDOM IN FACTS AND
GOOD MANNER THAT UPHOLDS HUMAN DIGNITY HUMANS HAVE A NATURAL INCLINATION FOR
WHAT IS TRUE AND GOOD, AND WHEN A PERSON
USES HIS OR HER FREEDOM TO DO ACTS THAT
VIOLATE HUMAN DIGNITY AND GOODNESS, HE OR
SHE DEHUMANIZES HIMSELF OR HERSELF AND
EFFECTIVELY NEGATES HUMAN FREEDOM.
LESSON 2: ELEMENTS OF FREEDOM
1. Freedom Itself
- It is the quality or state of being free. We can
choose what we wanted and have an inner
awareness of what is right and wrong that is
traced to our free will. “Aristotle”
2. Free will
- Our free will allows us to decide on things we
do depending on the situation. We can choose
between two different possible courses of
action independently. Free will is our ability to
choose according to our moral reasoning.
Kinds of freedom
Two elements define freedom:
1. Voluntariness
A person can act of his or her own free will and
self-determination. A person may decide to do
things or not to do them according to his own
free will. It also means that even though
she/he is not required to do such things he/she
could still do it or take action on it.
2. Responsibility
refers to the person being accountable for his
or her action and their consequences. Taking
responsibility can mere either you take
responsibility for your action voluntarily or
other people will hold you responsible.
There are important factors to consider in the
exercise of freedom.
Prudence is the ability to govern and discipline
oneself with the use of reason; it is having
caution and giving good judgments in making
decisions. Because once we made a decision
there is no turning back, there is no rewind, so
we should always reflect first on the possible
outcomes of the choices that we are going to
make.
Self-reflection allows us to be more rational in
making choices because sometimes human
beings tend to be slaves by their emotions and
moods whenever they act on certain things. As
free beings, exercising our freedom responsibly
is very important. Thus, it requires us to reflect
on the actions that we are going to make by
considering its possible effects and the benefits
it has to the people affected by it.
LESSON 3: Exercising Freedom in a
Responsible and Beneficial Manner
1. Freedom should be exact look with control
and reasonable limits.
As humans, we enjoy freedom, but we need to
understand that it is not absolute. Meaning,
we should exercise our freedom with control
and reasonable limits.
2.
Freedom should be exercised with
regard to knowledge and truth.
~As rational beings, it is natural for us to think
before we act. We use our freedom to acquire
knowledge, which in turn is useful in making
the right and sound decisions essential in
dealing with our life situations.
3. Freedom should be exercised to uphold
the freedom of others
Freedom is a recognized and guaranteed right
for all persons. Meaning, freedom should be
enjoyed by all. But it is important to remember
that freedom should be exercised not as a tool
to restrict the freedom of others, but as a
means to enable others to fully enjoy their
freedom.
Module6: Intersubjectivity
The word INTERPERSONAL is made from
the combination of the following:
a. inter = a prefix which means ‘between
b. person = which means ‘human’ or
‘individual’
c. -al = a suffix which means, ‘pertaining to or
having the ‘character of
Interpersonal thus, is a word we used in
describing interactions (pakikipag- ugnayan o
pakikipag-halubilo) between people. In
philosophy, however, when we say
interpersonal relations we are referring to
interactions that exist between the Self and the
Other.
The interaction between the Self and the Other
is related to the philosophical concept of
intersubjectivity.
Similar to the word interpersonal, the word
intersubjectivity is also comprised of three
groups of letters and/or words, namely:
a. inter = again this is a prefix which means
‘between’
b. subject = This refers to a person or thing that
is being discussed with.
c. -ity = a suffix used to form nouns that
express state or condition
INTERSUBJECTIVITY -this also means a
unique relationship between distinct subjects. It
refers to the characteristics of the human person
to engage in a very intimate and personal
relationship with others who are different from
him/her but who are also the same in some
ways.
Intersubjectivity or Self-Other Interaction
comes in two levels, which are:
a. First Level = This refers to the simple
awareness of the Self about the existence of the
Other.
the other person as a mere object to satisfy his or her
personal interests. “I-it relationship”
b. Deeper Level = This refers to the awareness
of the Self as being seen by Others.
Be that as it may, in spite of our negative experiences
of human interactions, we are still called to extend
our hands in building a community of harmony.
SEEMING -Actions of presenting yourself in a
certain way when dealing with others or your
social context. “Seeming” may behave in two
forms:
Lesson 4: Embracing Differences
a. Positive Seeming – the pleasant behavior we
showed when we are in a sacred place or in the
presence of a very important person.
b. Negative Seeming – being “plastic,” “sipsip”
or when expressing manipulative behaviors to
promote selfish interests.
Lesson 2: Authentic Dialogue
Because of our dignity and goodness, our
interactions are geared toward what is good and
beneficial. This deeper and more genuine
interaction is called dialogue.
The acts of accepting (pagtanggap) and embracing
(pagyakap) all our differences are also beneficial,
especially in building a community of harmony.
Without a doubt, harmony is hindered because some
people have intentionally refused to accept and
embrace our diversity (pagkakaiba-iba).
Some of those who do not carry the characteristics
that are preferred to by the majority in society are the
ones who usually receive rejection (pagtakwil),
discrimination (pagtrato ng hindi pantay), abuse
(pag-abuso), neglect (pagpabaya), contempt (pagalipusta)

A genuine dialogue is attained when all of the
following conditions are present:

a. When the Self realizes that the Other is a unique
or distinct person; “I-thou” relationship
b. When the two individuals begin to view each
other as an Other;
Republic Act No. 7610 June 17, 1992- AN
ACT
PROVIDING
FOR
STRONGER
DETERRENCE
AND
SPECIAL
PROTECTION AGAINST CHILD ABUSE,
EXPLOITATION, AND DISCRIMINATION,
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES.
Republic Act 10627- or the Anti-Bullying Act
(the Act aims to protect children enrolled in
kindergarten, elementary, and secondary schools
and learning centers (collectively, “Schools”)
from being bullied.
Lesson 3: Interaction with the Disadvantaged
There are people in our society who have
endured a lot of hardships and discrimination
because of their physical or mental condition. As
a group, we call them differently-abled persons
(may kakulangan sa pagkatao)
Philosophers call this human capacity to share the
emotions of others empathy, which is also an
important aspect of intersubjectivity. Perhaps you
have already heard that empathy can be understood
as “feeling in” or “placing yourself into the shoes of
another.”
Another group of people who are of the same
condition as differently-abled persons is
underprivileged (walang kakayahan sa
buhay). They are called like that because they
are poor materially. They are constantly
struggling to find means of living.
Availability is the willingness of a person to be
present and be at the disposal of another. The ethics
of care can help us understand why we need to make
ourselves available for others.
Apart from people with disabilities and the
underprivileged, there are also others who are
excluded from groups or society because they
have been deemed different or weird.
c. When the two persons truly acknowledge the
presence of each other.
Alienation arises when a person stops to view the
other as an authentic person and merely considers
Module 7:
The Human Person in the Society
Lesson 1: What is Society?
Society -is an organized group of people whose
members interact frequently and have a common
territory and culture; may also refer to a
companionship or friendly association with others,
an alliance, a community or a union.
-
This form of society grows rice and other crops.
They also began to farm and raise animals for
food. They lived permanently and improved the
technology for farming. Money became a form
of exchange for goods and services.
5. FEUDAL SOCIETY
It is a form of society in which the ruler or lord
owned all the land while the farmers or laborers
farmed it.
6. INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
This society used machinery in the production of
goods and services. Through innovations and
technological advances, daily activities become
easier and the lives of the people become better.
- The advances in science and technology in the
late 18th century resulted in the Industrial
Revolution, which in turn gave rise to new
production and industrial methods, as well as
innovations
in
transportation
and
communication.
-
LESSON 2: Types of societies and each
characteristic.
1, HUNTING AND GATHERING SOCIETY
-
This form of society is recognized as the
earliest and the simplest; basically small and
composed mostly of families. They are
nomadic, meaning, they kept on transferring
from one place to another to look for food, thus,
they do not have permanent houses. Men are
tasked to hunt large animals while women are
tasked with the collection of vegetables and
other crops.
2. PASTORAL SOCIETY
-
This form of society is characterized by the
raising (alaga) of animals to supply their food
especially in the regions of the world where
vegetable growing is not possible. They also
engage in buying and selling of goods with
other groups.
3.
-
HORTICULTURAL SOCIETY
This form of society engages in the growing of
plants, fruits, and vegetables. In this society,
there is enough food supply. Some members of
the society also engage in making crafts and
buying and selling goods.
4. AGRICULTURAL SOCIETY
7. POST-INDUSTRIAL SOCIETY
Also known as the virtual (computer) society,
people use technology and the Internet to
communicate, to engage in business and access
different information that can be if used to deal
with daily activities.
LESSON 3: How does society influence our
development as persons?
~Norms are set of traits and behavior that society
considers good and acceptable. The society expects
us to behave the way it is used to. When we do not
obey the established norms, then we experience
punishments for not doing so.
~Laws are made to provide us with proper
guidelines to sustain peace and order. Violation of
the law means punishment.
~Folkways are traditional in nature and do not
result in punishment if not followed.
Examples:
1. Correct manners.
2. Appropriate dress.
3. Proper eating behavior.
4. Shaking hands or embracing
Social roles are a set of connected behaviors
expected of a certain person. Individuals with
common or similar roles are grouped together to
form social groups and eventually, the different
social groups would become social institutions
that include our family, school, government among
others.
LESSON 4: How does the society enable me to
become a better person?
-Freedom is a fundamental right inherent (kaakibat)
by human beings.
-It is one of the natural rights that cannot be taken
away from us. By all means, we have the right to
exercise our freedom. But we have to remember
always that freedom carries great responsibility.
Our decisions and actions in exercising such
freedom would greatly affect its outcome, either it
could make us or break us. For instance, if we are
born poor, we have the freedom to strive hard, be
educated and we can look for ways to make our
lives better.
 “Terminus” which means the full stop or
end of the line.
 “Telos” means goal, purpose, or fulfillment
 Happiness is a state of being (overall
physical condition of a person), not just only an
emotion or a decision. We do not choose
happiness because we feel it, we do not choose
happiness because we need it but happiness is the
totality of who we are as human beings. Aside
from that, we must consider also the goods and
sources of our happiness.
3 Kinds of Good
1. Noble good is one which is pursued for its
own sake, example is love and friendship.
2. Useful good is found only from what it can
provide, example is money.
3. Pleasurable good is good so long as it
provides pleasure. Whatever the source of
our happiness right now, let us see to it that
it is real and meaningful.
Lesson 2: Why do we suffer?
Our circumstances (kalagayan) do not define who
we are but our decisions will. The society,
especially the government, is a helping hand,
providing us social services to better ourselves;
public service, free education and health care,
financial assistance, peace and order, to name a few.
These services will be able to support us reach our
potentials. And with this, it could help us to be
productive, become progressive, capable of making
significant changes and contributions in our society.
QUARTER 4-MODULE 8
Human persons as oriented towards their
impending death
Suffering is generally viewed as a state of
feeling discomfort or pain. It can come in the
form of physical suffering when one experiences
bodily pain. Example, injury or it may be a
mental suffering when it involves our minds and
emotions, such as depression or loneliness.
Humans as we are, we normally experience pain
and we often view it as necessary to help as grow
and become a strong person and find the deepest
meaning of our lives.
Our suffering comes from:
 our denial of our divine nature
Lesson 1: How does the reality of death define our
lives? What shall I do before I die? What makes me
happy?
Death is real. It is a part of our being. Death is
commonly understood as the end of bodily
functions. It also refers to the separation of body
and spirit. Everything that exists in this universe
comes to an end and we humans are not exempted.
 our lack of appreciation of our connection to
all things
 our resistance to impermanence
 our addictions and attachments to things that
only bring temporary relief
• Human is temporary. Nothing is forever.
Some philosophers view END as a
• We have to exercise our freedom in a positive
way. Since we all will face judgment on the
comings days and our happiness will be
determined by how we exercise our freedom.
• We should always remember to do good
rather than bad.
• Real happiness can be found in more lasting
and important things.
*Real happiness can be found in more lasting
and important things.
• Suffering takes place when we feel pain. It
can be experienced physically or mentally. It
is generally viewed as an undesirable
condition, and we naturally seek pleasure and
avoid pain. Humans as we are, we normally
experience pain and we often view it as
necessary to help us grow and become strong
person and find the deepest meaning of our
lives.
• As we approach our death, we experience
both happiness and suffering. The two are not
really meant to be extreme opposites, for they
can also enrich one another.
• As intersubjective beings who have a
tendency to form bonds with others, it is only
natural that the meaning of life be found when
we open ourselves to others. This means that
although we will eventually die, we have an
opportunity to enrich our lives as well as the
lives of others.