ANALYSIS OF SLOPE STABILITY IN URBIZTONDO RIDGE -TMC OPEN PIT
MINE BY GIS APPLICATION
A Thesis Presented to
The College of Engineering
St. Paul University Surigao
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MINING ENGINEERING
By:
CUARTERO, BRYAN C.
NOTORIO, JECILYNN P.
PADILLA, ERNESTO JR.
May 2022
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
APPROVAL SHEET
This thesis entitled
Analysis of Slope Stability in Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine by GIS
Application
prepared and submitted by Bryan Cuartero, Jecilyn Notorio, and Ernesto Padilla Jr
and has been examined and is recommended for approval and acceptance for
ORAL EXAMINATION.
ENGR. NATHANIEL D. TIU
Adviser
---------------------------------------------------------------------------PANEL OF EXAMINERS
APPROVED by the Committee of Oral Examination with a grade of _____
on __________________.
SR. MARIE ROSANNE MALLILLIN, SPC
Chair
DR. MELVIN NIŇAL
Member
MR. ARJUNE A. LUMAYNO, LPT, MAST
Member
ACCEPTED in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN MINING ENGINEERING
ENGR. ANGELUS VINCENT P. GUILALAS
Dean, College of Engineering
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
Certificate of Originality
This is to certify that this research paper is our work and does not contain any
material previously published or written by another person nor material which to a
substantial extent has been accepted for the award of any degree or diploma in Saint Paul
University Surigao, and other educational institutions, except where due acknowledgment
is made in the thesis. Any contribution made to the research by others, with whom we
have worked at Saint Paul University Surigao or elsewhere, is explicitly acknowledged in
the thesis.
BRYAN CUARTERO
Candidate
JECILYNN NOTORIO
Candidate
ERNESTO PADILLA JR
Candidate
Date: _________________
Attested by:
ENGR. NATHANIEL D. TIU
Adviser
Date: _____________
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
First and foremost, praises and thanks to God, the Almighty, for the wisdom and
strength He endowed us throughout this research work.
We would like to express our deep and sincere gratitude to the geologists of MProject UAE who impart their thoughts and share their expertise in our study. We would
also like to show deep appreciation to the staff of Taganito Mining Corporation (TMC);
Engr. Duane Paloma and Engr Harvy Jason Contreras for providing us with the technical
data, information, and maps needed for this project.
We also acknowledge our instructor and adviser, Engr. Nathaniel D. Tiu for the
invaluable guidance and encouragement throughout this research.
We are extremely grateful to our families and loved ones for the prayers, care,
and sacrifices to make our dream come true.
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
ABSTRACT
Analysis of Slope Stability in Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine by GIS
Application
(Bryan Cuartero, Jecilyn Notorio, Ernesto Padilla Jr)
The study aims to determine and test the slope stability of the mined-out open pit
within the area of coverage by spatial analysis through Geographic Information System
(GIS) Software. The researchers used spatial analysis and remote sensing to generate the
value of the perimeter factors through this mapping system. The stability of the slope in
open pit mines is an issue of great concern because of the significant detrimental
consequences and instabilities can have during the operation. It is necessary to
systematically assess and manage slope stability risk to ensure safety whenever the area
will be used to construct any structures in the future.
A proposal would be presented to the barangay officials and company if there is a
need to stabilize the slope by profiling the slope stability and within the area of
responsible mining.
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
TITLE
i
APPROVAL SHEET
ii
CERTIFICATE OF ORIGINALITY
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
iv
ABSTRACT
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
viii
LIST OF TABLES AND FIGURES
x
CHAPTER
1
THE PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Introduction
Conceptual Framework of the Study
Statement of the Problem
Assumptions
Significance of the Study
Scope and Limitation
Definition of Terms
2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
Synthesis of the Review
6
Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
3
METHOD
Research Design
Participants
Instrument
Data Gathering Procedure
4
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
5
SUMMARY, FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS &
RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary
Findings
Conclusions
Recommendations
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
A
Letter of Consent
B
Questionnaire
CURRICULUM VITAE
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES
FIGURES
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
TABLES
1
2
3
4
IPO Diagram of the Desired Project
Methods of Data Acquisition
Map Working on GIS from Reality
GPS Position Determination
Project Design Procedure
Data Gathering Procedure
Flow Chart of Development Procedure
Climate map of the Philippines
Geologic map of Caraga region
Geologic map of Caraga region legend
Seismic map of Caraga region from PHIVOLCS
Flooding and Landslide
Ground settlement potential
Liquefaction Chart
20 meters Contour Interval
Interpolation Method and Triangulation
Digital Elevation Model (DEM)
Create an Elevation Slope Grid Model
Elevation Slope map standard parameters with assigned values
Slope map analysis results by color level in landslide susceptibility map
Profile of the Participants
Location of Project Site
Summary of subsoil index properties
Casagrande plasticity chart
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
CHAPTER I
PROBLEM AND ITS BACKGROUND
Mining is one of the country's most progressive and productive industries today.
Because of the advancement of technology, mining continues to improve its processes
and tap into the modernization of equipment for an efficient and responsible mining
operation. This field also plays an essential economic role, contributing significantly to
overall growth. Responsible mining takes care of the environment and does not focus on
profit but on improving the environment.
In the open-pit mining method, the vertical height of the open-pit mine slope
continues to increase; the slope deformation and failure mode have a close relationship
with soil and geological features. The slope stability is influenced largely by rock mass,
joints and fissures, and fault lines. Weathering and soil creeping with heavy rainfall can
affect the steep slope area, particularly in open pit mines. Unstable slopes, soil
movement, and heavy rains are dangerous direct damage on high and steep slopes. The
soil and rock instabilities occur when several factors come together for one reason or
another. The slope stability monitoring and mapping by GIS can be performed in two
distinct circumstances: before or after the outbreak of the movement. In the first case, if
the slope is stable, then it should have conducted monitoring. The purpose of slope and
ground monitoring is to define sliding/collapsing surfaces with the best chance of
environmental damage. This kind of monitoring is critical because it allows for choosing
the parameters for the study to ensure the stability of the open pit mine. People are
considerably living in danger without knowing the geologic identity of their area. The
rock identity and soil characteristics are essential, specifically in constructing a building
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
or house, to secure safety and protection from rock falls and landslides for those who
chose to reside in the area. Soil is the mixture of organic matter, minerals, gases, liquids,
and organisms that support life on Earth, while a rock is a solid mass of geological
material.
The Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open pit mine is near a river and creeks. This area
is prone to landslides and soil erosion, especially during bad weather conditions. The
researchers conduct data gathering MGB, NEDA, and PHIVOLCS for the effectiveness
or accuracy of information aside from GIS-developed data through satellite imaging.
Using a geohazard map helps identify the safe areas for future infrastructures and
constructions; satisfaction with this slope analysis study applied in mining for the best
partner in safety purposes. The researchers conducted this study to help the community
and mining industry enhance information and educational campaigns to aim for zero
casualties and minimize expenses for repeating damage during weather calamities.
The researchers conducted a method to develop the fastest innovative technology,
like time-saving, the accuracy of locations, calculating the total area, and effectiveness of
safety purposes using Arc GIS software application to generate an output of this study.
A proposed study using GIS applications will solve the issues mentioned above.
This study aimed to determine the geologic hazard monitoring of a specific area. The GIS
Application is designed with essential tools for map viewing, printing, and querying
spatial data. The GIS Application can create maps that people can see through the GIS
output, which is the Geologic Monitoring and Safety Methods means hazard
identification and hazard analysis.
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
Conceptual Framework of the Study
The Analysis of Slope Stability in an Open Pit Mine Through GIS Application
can promote awareness and monitoring of the geologic and slope stability to the living
people within the Taganito, Claver, Surigao del Norte, and in a specific area. Determine
geologic and soil monitoring of the mining and quarry with the updated elevation of 20
meters intervals or it depends on what elevation for detailed mapping we used GPS
location, Tape measure, and other methods. The operation and accuracy of the ground are
based on its composition.
The topographic map is very useful for determining the contour elevation in an
actual survey and it indicates the physical features of the land. The symbols used to
represent features can be of three types: points, lines, and polygons. Points are used to
depict features like bridges and buildings. Lines are used to illustrate features that are
linear graphically. Some common linear features include roads, railways, and rivers.
However, we also need to include representations of area, in the case of forested land or
cleared land; this is done through the use of color in map legends.
Figure 1. will show the Input Process Output (IPO) Diagram of the flow of our
study. It shows the process and the materials which are used to determine the movement
of the soil, how we gather and input data, how the materials are being applied, and tested
on how it would come to its desired output.
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
Input
 Gathering Data
 GIS
Specialist/Operator
- GPS Data Location
- Input Data Collected
- MGB
-
Geo-hazard Map
Geologic Map
Topographic Map
- PHIVOLCS
-
-
Process / Generate
Database GIS
-
Lay-Outing Maps
-
Printing Maps
1:10,000 scale
map
Fault Line
- NEDA
- NAMRIA Maps
 Hardware
- GPS (Global Positioning
System)
- Computer/laptop
- Printer
 Software
- Arc GIS version 10.3
- MapInfo Professional
- Global Mapper
- Google Earth
- Map Source
Output
Process

-

-
Survey
Documentation
GPS Data Locations
Collecting Sample
Specimen
-
Numerical
Modeling
Figure 1. IPO Diagram of the Desired Project
12
Printed 1:40,000
Scale Map
Geohazard Map
Geologic Map
Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
The First Box shows the input of how we gathered the data and the materials we
used. The gathered data will be used for generating output using GIS Application
software. All the recorded data survey in actual is put into one map. The conduct of the
actual survey and the GPS location should collect and segregated. The collected data
from the different agencies is very reliable on such data gathered in terms of accuracy
and effectiveness. In addition, the researchers applied the software to indicate all
hazardous materials coming from the ground verification. The Analysis follows a stepby-step process to generate output in ArcGIS Software and the hardware and software for
this application to give an output of this study.
The process box shows the GIS Operator/s the data gathered during the survey are
input into a GIS software application and lay out the map to make it very simple and easy
to understand the output Location collected data. surveys must be put into one layout of a
map layout. GPS data location, collecting auger sampling, and others are important to
complete these requirements. The GIS specialist interpolates of elevation model and
generates a slope map and layout plan with a 1:10,000 scale map.
The output of this study is a generated map from the ArcGIS software application
that was evaluated in terms of accuracy; efficiency was determined based on the
reliability of data collected from said agencies and partnership of research study applied
particularly in mining and quarry area, the accuracy was evaluated through the ability
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
technical adviser of in terms of preciseness and correctness. The output printed on a map
would be benefited communities, establishment owners, future researchers, engineering
students, and mining and quarry companies. This study also determines the risk potential
in the areas and it helps to develop all resources from the owner of the mining and quarry
operators.
VECTOR DATA ACQUISITION



Computer- Assisted
Digitizing
Field Surveying
GPS Surveying
ATTRIBUTE DATA ACQUISITION
RASTER DATA ACQUISITION


Scanning Maps
Keyboard Entry
Figure 2. Methods of Data Acquisition
Figure 2. Methods of Data Acquisition show the GIS user works and create a
manual digitizing involves an operator using a digitizing table (or tablet) (known as
heads-down digitizing), or with the operator using a computer screen (heads-up
digitizing). The digitizing table has a fine grid of wires embedded in it that acts as a
Cartesian coordinate system. The coordinate may be in a plane or geographic coordinates.
The procedure involves tracing map features in the form of points, lines, or polygons with
a mouse (puck) which relays the coordinate of each sample point to be stored in the
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
computer. The tablet and puck acting together with the computer can locate the puck’s
position relative to reference information provided by the operator (McGowan, 1998).
Figure 3. Map working on Geographic Information System (GIS) from reality
Geographic Referencing is important when the data is gathered for
accurately locating point coordinates. Projection is one of the requirements in a map,
particularly when putting coordinates in a corner with four points
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
Figure 3. Shows the layers of separated data composed of shape files in one
geodatabase. A layer can be anything that
contains similar
features such
as customers, buildings, streets, lakes, forests, and mountains. Data is the most important
part of GIS.
The map has a two-dimensional plane from the three-dimensional earth’s surface,
using a software application first to do is Geographic Referencing, which is useful when
the data is gathered for accurately locating points with coordinates. Second, Projection is
one of the requirements in a map particularly when putting coordinates in a corner with
four points, and it is called geo-referencing.
Statement of the Problem
This study aimed to design a geographic information system map for geologic
monitoring and safety methods and identifying the hazard in the research area.
Specifically, the researchers sought to answer the following questions to achieve the
abovementioned purpose.
1. What are the characteristics of the research area in terms of:
a. Location and Accessibility
b. Climate
c. General Geologic Setting
d. Tectonic Setting
e. Subsoil geology
2. What is the landslide susceptibility in the research area in terms of:
a. Flooding and landslide
b. Seismic ground shaking
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
c. Settlement
d. Liquefaction
3. What is the level of slope stability in the research using the GIS?
Assumption
This researched assumed that by the end of the study, they would be able to create
a GIS map with geologic monitoring. The following are the assumptions of the
researchers upon completion of this project:
1. The GIS application could be smoothly operated without technical malfunction.
2. The researchers would generate an accurate map using a GIS application; and
3. The generated map would be easy to understand by the community, which raises
awareness of potential risks in the research area.
4. The level of slope stability of the research area is safe for future development.
Significance of the Study
Using a GIS application, this research establishes slope maps and possible slope
failure locations, including geological conditions around a chosen open pit mine. This
study would add knowledge about software applications using Arc GIS in engineering
methods; for the interpolation and generating of map data from DENR-MGB and TMC
where the affected areas are identified through this application. Furthermore, this study
would be beneficial for the following:
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application

Mining Company. The mining company can analyze the stability of the slope
within an active pit. This tool will give awareness of possible erosion from
Translational, Rotational Failure, Wedge Failure, and Compound Failure. This
study would serve as a guide for implementing slope stability risk management.

Researchers. This project will enhance the researcher’s knowledge, information,
and understanding of the mine software application and the structure of the soil.

Engineering Student. This system application will help future researchers with
ideas regarding a software system and save time surveying a specific area.

Community. This study will help the community identify and avoid risks of
landslides and other hazards. Understanding the slope stability using the GIS tool
will ensure safety for people near and within the mining area.
Scope and Limitations of the Study
This study covers and is limited to the following parameters: gather useful
information and concepts for the geographic information system map for geologic
monitoring and safety methods. The study area is within the company's availability and
covers barangay. The study shows that GIS is a comprehensive technology designed to
compile, process, analyze, display, and archive extensive volumes of data. A welldesigned, implemented, and supported GIS management structure is critical to the
success of any mining and quarry operations. GIS will replace the old map analysis
process: traditional drawing tools and drafting.
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
This study was conducted during the second semester of the Academic Year
2021-2022 at Saint Paul University Surigao, Surigao City, Surigao del Norte, Philippines,
8400.
Definition of Terms
Geographic Information System (GIS). A computer-based tool application is used to
store, capture, analyze, and manage spatial reference data.
Global Positioning System (GPS). An accurate worldwide navigational and surveying
facility based on the reception of signals from an array of orbiting satellites.
Digital Elevation Model (DEM). Representation of the bare ground (bare earth)
topographic surface of the Earth excluding trees, buildings, and any other surface objects.
Digital Surface Model (DSM). is one of the geospatial features generated with a UAV
mapping system that captures both the natural and built/artificial features of the
environment.
Digital Terrain Model (DTM. A topographic model of the bare Earth that can be
manipulated by computer programs.
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR). An imaging radar technique, in
which additional information is calculated by comparing the phases of two images
resulting from the different aspect angles.
Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission (SRTM). An international project spearheaded by the
National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency and NASA whose objective is to obtain the
most complete high-resolution digital topographic database of the Earth.
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR). A Philippine government
agency that is responsible for the formulation and implementation of policies, guidelines,
and rules related to the environment, as well as the management and conservation of the
country’s natural resources.
Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB). A Philippine government agency is responsible
for the conservation, management, development, and use of the country’s mineral
resources, including those in reservations and public lands.
National Economic and Development Authority (NEDA). An independent cabinet-level
agency of the Philippine government responsible for economic development and
planning.
Department of Sciences and Technology (DOST). The primary science and technology
body in the Philippines supports local efforts in science, technology, and research and
development.
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
Philippine Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (PHIVOLCS). A Philippine national
institution dedicated to providing information on the activities of volcanoes, earthquakes,
and tsunamis, as well as other specialized information and services primarily for the
protection of life and property and in support of economic, productivity, and sustainable
development.
CHAPTER II
Review of Related Literature
This Section of the study reviews books, electronic sources, and other literature
which have a direct bearing on the present study. They are classified as foreign, Asian,
and local source-related studies and literature regarding the Geologic Monitoring and
Analysis of Slope maps in Open pit mining.
Socio-Economic and Environmental Impacts of Mining
The extraction of mineral resources activity is likely to have a destructive,
widespread, and long-term impact on ecosystems and communities. Environmental issues
are related to human impact on the living environment, habitats, land use, and natural
resources. However, exploitation can have many negative impacts on the immediate
environment of the exploitation sites. Mining has a long history in the Philippines. Small-
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
scale mining has been practiced by the Philippine people for at least ten centuries, and
large-scale mining by foreign as well as Filipino firms for about a century.
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
Geographic information systems (GIS) Application
A computer-based tool application is used to store, capture, analyze, and manage
spatial reference data. This integrates common database operations such as query and
statistical analysis with the unique visualization and geographic analysis benefits offered
through maps. The researchers collect the soil samples and get the coordinate
longitude/latitude through GPS etrex 30 with projected datum so that the location will
interpret into GIS software. Topographic maps can also use in this study that can generate
the contour elevation as a basis when the researchers conduct drilling and the technology
of Interferometric Synthetic Aperture Radar (IFSAR) technology is very effective in the
creation of accurate large-area elevation datasets. This is evidenced by the Shuttle Radar
Topographic Mission (SRTM) and the mapping of the United Kingdom, the (DEM) Data
Elevation Model created from an IFSAR system is essentially a first-surface DEM, also
known as a digital surface model (DSM). The digital terrain model (DTM), representative
of the earth’s terrain, is obtained by editing the DSM using a semi-automated process
during which all man-made and vegetation features are removed.
This process is extremely challenging and labor-intensive and requires the
classification of terrain based on land cover, a set of editing rules to handle hydrological,
and road features, and a quality control process to ensure that the output DTM is accurate
and consistent across borders and boundaries. Border surveillance is a major concern for
security agencies around the world. IFSAR helps make data collection across border
areas feasible.
Finally, this is most important with a new technology to deal with the potential to
revolutionize many aspects of society through an increased ability to make decisions and
solve problems. This GIS application can generate and interpolate from the data
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
gathering to locate longitude/latitude coordinates until it is complete and produce the
desired output of this study. From the manual survey, The GIS application will integrate
technology data and analyze it. Defining a Geographic Information system composed of
hardware, software, data, people, methods, and organization to make a desired output of a
map.
Arc GIS 10.3
Using ArcGIS software, the data of researchers gathered data during the conduct
of fieldwork and collected data from the different agencies from MGB, NEDA,
PHIVOLCS, MINDA, and NAMRIA maps to produce output and it always recorded the
drill depth, coordinated location and number of samples. Using these base maps, the
proposed drill location can anticipate weather calamities and it will be accurate output
when data is input into GIS and generate slope elevation after putting database. Spatial
data, also known as geospatial data, is information about a physical object that can be
represented by numerical values in a geographic coordinate system.
Geodatabase GIS is the primary data storage model for ArcGIS. It is a container
of spatial and attribute data and enables the user to store many different types of GIS data
within its structure. With its comprehensive GIS data model, geospatial modeling
capabilities, and architecture. the geodatabase is the foundation that enables the
assembling of intelligent geographic information systems that can be adapted for many
different GIS businesses and other GIS applications.
Arc GIS is a tool that provides some basic tools for map viewing, printing, and
querying spatial data. ArcGIS can run this computer specs: Windows 10 OS, and
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
Enterprise (32-bit and 64 bits [EM64T]) with a minimum Operating System version of
SP1 (Service Pack 1).
Global Positioning System
Global Positioning System is a tool that we used during the survey for collecting
data location with longitude and latitude. The national government in the Philippines has
required a Luzon Philippines 1911 projection in DENR-MGB regions.
The researchers used GPS to get the coordinates of longitude/latitude with
projected datum Luzon Philippine 1911. The located coordinates and other data that were
conducted of the study needed waypoints and tracks will have recorded into GPS and
transferred into map source software application and convert into shape file GIS file
extension (shp, .shx, and .dbf) to read on ArcGIS software application.
Application of GPS Technology:
Satellite Setting and Timing – bringing precise timing and accuracy.
Mapping – Creating maps of the world
Tracking – Monitoring the movement and elevation of the human operator.
Navigation – Getting Orientation of Cartesian Coordinates
Location – Determining the basic positions
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
Figure 4. GPS Position Determination
Geohazard Map/ Geologic Map
Using this Geo-hazard map and geologic map applied to geologic monitoring for
the effectiveness of this study. It is very helpful to the community for determining the
risk susceptibility in a particular area.
A geohazard map will be one of the based references from MGB that the
researchers conduct in this study to make an accurate based map for a long-term strategy
for safety purposes during putting infrastructures with the combination of this study it
will provide safety to the community against weather calamities.
Synthesis of the review. The literature mentioned above is important information
regarding our proposed project in using GIS Application for Analysis of Stability in Open
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
pit mining. The topics mentioned above help the researchers come up with the idea of
determining the differences in soil creeping in a specific location based on its geological
conditions. It made the researchers develop the idea of the study which is made as a basis
for this conduct of study.
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
CHAPTER III
METHOD
This chapter contains the methodology applied for the development of our
proposed study and deals with how the research study would be done by the researchers.
It presents the research design being used in the study, the participants of the study, the
instruments used in conducting the study, the procedure employed by the researchers in
gathering the data of the study, and the data analysis used.
Research Design
The study used the descriptive research method. A descriptive study design was
used to obtain information regarding the current status of the phenomena. It provided the
answers to what, when, where, who, and how associated with its research problem. The
descriptive research design was likewise used to determine the soil sample taken from the
conducted survey in the area. The step to effective descriptive research is to ensure the
accuracy of the results. The study also utilized the experimental design, where
experimental research allows the researchers to identify cause-and-effect relationships
between variables. The study also employed a quantitative research approach.
Quantitative research focuses on gathering numerical data and generalizing it across
groups of people or explaining a particular phenomenon. Quantitative research describes
the procedures for processing and analyzing the data. These methods are appropriate
since the study aims to gather data and generate a conclusion to the problem.
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
Project Design
This part presents the project design for obtaining the characteristics of the
geologic or rock materials in an actual survey. A diagram is created to present the
systematic phases of the project design. Figure 5 shows the general arrangement of
processes in conducting the study. The chart was made in connected cubes that show the
systematic phases of the project design.
The researchers surveyed the area in order to assess the situation in the said area
and consulted the experts whether the proposed area is feasible or not. The researchers
prepared the equipment used in the actual survey. GPS and other materials were used for
the output.
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
START
Sending letters to the Dean of the College of Engineering and
Company
Survey the Area
Consult Geologists, GIS
Operator, Mining and Civil
Engineers
Conduct Rock
Identification and Soil
Collecting Data, GPS and Other needs for
GIS
Generate Slope map and
Layout maps
END
Figure 5. Project Design Procedure
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
Participants
The participants of the study served as validators and evaluators who will assess
the data for GIS output. The materials from the survey would be the basis to get our
requirements for the output of detailed and accurate maps. They were chosen to analyze
the results and consult them for good and suggested results. The following are the
selected experts who are adept in the field of the study conducted.
Participants
F(n=10)
(consultants/practitioners)
Mining Engineers
2
Geologists
4
GIS Operator
2
Civil Engineers
2
TOTAL
10
Table 1. Profile of the Participants
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Instruments
The researchers will use the result as a basis for our data gathering from fieldwork
and use statistical analysis with the help of experts, consultants, and practitioners in order
to achieve the desired output. In conducting the actual survey, the researchers will
provide a form for evaluation that will be validated by the experts where the form
consists of sample number, sample identification, and the coordinates of the samples
where they were taken.
Data Gathering Procedure
START
Soil Monitoring
Checklist and GPS for Location
Data Analysis
The researcher will conduct a survey in said area of existing mining and quarry
END
Figure 6. Data Gathering Procedure
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
The Samples and Documentation were conducted in the field area where the
researchers monitored the stability of soil creeping, get the GPS location coordinates and
other survey materials that we used to be to be noted in the field book. Through GPS we
gathered the data coordinate locations of soil samples found in the area. And during the
obtaining of samples, the soil samples have been separated and labeled along with their
unique numbers and coordinate locations. the materials we used in the fieldwork we have
sampling bags, & plastic buckets. The identification from monitoring would determine
the characteristics of geologic material taken from the site. After collecting the samples,
the researchers always contact the geologist and GIS Specialist to evaluate the result of
collecting in the actual survey and input data in the map with its slope analysis. the result
of the survey and collected data would be interpreted by experts who are proficient in the
field of study for the current condition of the field area. The practitioners would be
analyzed the data and result whether it is correct and if there are no portions to be revised.
Data Analysis
Quantitative and qualitative information will then be treated, analyzed, and
interpreted with the help of Project Developmental tools. The following tools are used to
help in the analysis.
ArcGIS Pro ArcGIS ver.10.3. A system designed to capture, store, manipulate,
analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data. GIS applications are tools
that allow users to perform spatial queries, analysis, edit spatial data and create hard copy
maps.
MapInfo Professional version 10.5. A desktop geographic information system
(GIS) software product produced by Pitney Bowes that allows one to create, manage and
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
visualize geospatial data. MapInfo connects geography with data but with a smaller price
tag.
Vertical Mapper is a valuable add-on to MapInfo Professional that enables you to
perform advanced 3D and grid-based analytical functions. Working seamlessly within
MapInfo Professional, Vertical Mapper displays, manages, and interprets spatial
information.
Map Source. A software that lets one create, view and edit waypoints, routes, and
tracks on the computer and transfer them to their navigation device for their next trip.
This is where data from GPS are stored.
Global Positioning System. The Global Positioning System (GPS) is a satellitebased navigation system made up of at least 24 satellites. GPS works in any weather
conditions, anywhere in the world, 24 hours a day, with no subscription fees or setup
charges.
Global Mapper. It is an affordable and easy-to-use GIS application that offers
access to an unparalleled variety of spatial datasets and provides just the right level of
functionality to satisfy both experienced GIS professionals and beginning users. It is a
GIS application that handles both vector, raster, and elevation data, and provides
conversion and other GIS features.
Google Earth Pro. Google Earth is a geospatial software application that displays
a virtual globe, which offers the ability to analyze and capture geographical data. It can
be used to view locations as well as obtain directions between locations. It served as the
researchers starting point in determining the location of their study and pinpointing
strategic points where they will conduct actual fieldwork.
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
AutoCAD. Is a computer-aided design software that lets one design 2-D and 3-D
drawings and models, replacing traditional pencil-and-paper drafting to create blueprints
of the proposed design with easily altered electronic files.
Remote sensing is the acquisition of information about an object or phenomenon
without making physical contact with the object and thus is in contrast to on-site
observation. The term is applied specially to acquiring information about the Earth.
Flowchart. A flowchart is a visual representation of the sequence of steps and
decisions needed to perform a process. Each step in the sequence is noted within a
diagram shape. Steps are linked by connecting lines and directional arrows. This allows
anyone to view the flowchart and logically follow the process from beginning to end. A
flowchart is a powerful tool with proper design and construction as it communicates the
steps in a process very effectively and efficiently.
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
START
Consultation
College of Engineering Dean
Barangay and Company Covered
Area
Research
Adviser
Technical
Adviser
Review of Related Literature
GIS Data
Gathering
Consult Geologist and Mining
Engineer
Conduct Ground Survey
Conduct Topographic Survey
Use GPS to Locate Strategic
Points
Gather Survey Data
Generate/Create GIS
MAP
STOP
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
Figure 7. Flow Chart of Development Procedure
CHAPTER IV
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
This chapter contains the methodology for developing our proposed study and
deals with how the researchers would do the research study. It presents the research
design used in the study, the study's participants, the instruments used in conducting the
study, the procedure the researchers employed to gather the study's data, and the data
analysis used.
Location and Accessibility
Urbiztondo is a countryside village located in the Municipality of Claver, Surigao
del Norte, with a population of 3, 158 or 8.76% of the total population of Claver
("PhilAtlas: Urbiztondo”, 2020). Urbiztondo is situated at approximately 9.5537,
125.7863, in the island of Mindanao at an estimated elevation of 16.7 meters or 54.8 feet
above mean sea level. Urbiztondo is accessible via public and private land transport
vehicles. There are daily bus trips from Bislig, Surigao del Sur bound Taganito Claver to
Placer, Surigao del Norte. It is likewise also accessible to Surigao City and Butuan City
through Maharlika National Highway. Urbiztondo adjacent barangays are Cabugo and
Wangke, Claver, Surigao del Norte
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
Table 2. Location of the Project Site (Google Maps)
Climate
Urbiztondo, as is Caraga Region, falls under the Type II category of the Modified
Coronas Classification of Philippine Climate (Figure 2). PAGASA characterizes this
climate type as the wet season with pronounced rainfall from November to January. The
rainy months concur during the northeast monsoon period, where the eastern part where
the archipelago is exposed to this airstream, while dry months coincide with the
southwest monsoon months. The average temperature in San Francisco is 26.5 °C. The
annual precipitation here averages 3724 mm. The driest month is July, with a mean
rainfall of 210 mm. With an average of 27.3 °C, May is the warmest month. The year's
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
lowest average temperatures of around 25.2 °C recording the greatest average amount of
precipitation of 577mm occur in January.
THIS SITE
Figure 8. Climate map of the Philippines based on Modified Coronas
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
General Geologic Setting
Based on the available geologic map, the project site underlies undifferentiated
ultramafic and mafic plutonic rocks with adjacent alluvium deposits and marine deposits.
These recent alluvial deposits are loose aggregates of silt, sand, and gravel along
floodplains.
There are two types of magnetite deposits found in the region. Felsic intrusives
are intruding the primary magnetite in the skarn deposit reported in Jubgan, San
Francisco, Surigao del Norte hosted in ultramafic rocks. The secondary titaniferous
magnetite sands are found in the coastal beaches of the Bacuag-Gigaquit-Claver area,
Surigao del Norte mainland. Of still unresolved genesis are the recently discovered
magnetite bodies overlying ultramafic rocks in Urbiztondo, Claver, Surigao del Norte
adjacent to ultramafic terrain – arc basalt/limestone lithology.
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
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Figure 9. Geologic map of Caraga region
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Analysis of Slope Stability In Urbiztondo Ridge -TMC Open Pit Mine By GIS Application
Figure 10. Geologic map of Caraga region XIII (LEGEND)
Tectonic Setting
The nearest earthquake generators with relevant bearing on the seismicity threatening the
project site are the Philippine Fault-Anao-and Surigao del Norte Fault segment to the
west. These fault systems are about 60.0 kilometers from the site, respectively. Further to
the east is the Philippine Trench, a locus of high-magnitude earthquake approximately
120 kilometers from the site. Aside from ground shaking, other seismic-related
geohazards could affect the site as energy is released from these earthquake generators.
Seismic Ground Shaking
The seismic bearing of an earthquake usually differs from the distance of the
epicenter of an earthquake to the site, the magnitude produced, and the subsurface
conditions of the site. Based on the attenuation equation of Fukushima and Tanaka
(1990), using a deterministic approach applied to soft soils, the project site could
experience shaking of 0.388 g and 0.558 g, assuming a magnitude 6.9 earthquake will
occur from the nearest trace of the Philippines Fault. Considering its distance from the
site, the Philippine Trench could bring the minimal effect of ground shaking.
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THIS SITE
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45