Acknowledgement
The success and final outcome of this project required a
lot of guidance and assistance from many people and I
am extremely privileged to have got this all long the
completion of my project. All that I have done is only due
to such supervision and assistance and I would not
forgot to thank them.
I respect and thank to our principal Dr.VasantiIyer for
providing me an opportunity to do the project work in
CARA E-Commerce Websiteand I also thank to our HOD
Shri. Bhandare N.S. for giving us all support and
guidance which made me complete the project duly.
I owe my deep gratitude to our project guide
Prof. Arvind Bagale, who took keen interest on our
project work and guided as all along, till the completion
of our project work by providing all the necessary
information for developing a good system.
I am thank to and fortunate enough to get constant
encouragement, support and guidance from all the
Teaching staffs of computer department which helped
us in successfully completing our project work. Also, I
would like to extend our sincere esteems to all staff in
computer lab for their timely support.
Synopsis
Class: B.sc [E.C.S] Part 3 (Semester VI)
Title of the project: CARA( E-commerce )Shopping Site
Student Name: 1) Mr. Zakir A. Dandu
2) Mr. Mallikarjun R.Madabal
3) Mr. Onkar . Jadhav
Introduction about Project:
A CARA shopping site is (E-Commerce) website is our
digital storefront on the internet.
It facilitates the transaction between buyer and seller.
It is the virtual space where you all showcase your
products.
And online customers make their selections from
anywhere and anytime.
It makes an easier task of searching products as well as
gives the information about the various products and
provides a convenient for customer to buy the item on
site.
Existing System:
Moving on this e-commerce site project.
Customer regarding their shopping hours and cart items.
Also it display all the available products on the right side,
where as categories are show on the left.
The project divided into two categories.
1. Customer login
2. Admin login
In an overview of this web app the Admin has full
control of the site.
Talking about this project a customer can simply
register, login or logout their accounts.
He/She can view available product and add
products to their cart with a certain quantity. After the
entire customers can proceed with the payment
method.
Requirement analysis :
Name of components
Specification
Operating System
Windows 10 &11
Framework
HTML & CSS
IDE
Backend
Microsoft VS Code 2022
Microsoft Visual studio 2019
SQL &C#
Documentation
Microsoft Word 2022
Hardware requirement:
Hardware requirements for development
• Standard Desktop PC / Laptop
Feasibility Study:
Feasibility study means the analysis of problem to
determine if it can be solved effectively.
In other words it is the study of the possibilities of th
proposed system it studies the work ability, impact on
the organization ability to meet users need and efficient
use of resources.
Three aspects in which system has to be feasible are:
1.Economical feasibility:
The economical analysis checks for the high investment
incurred on the system. It evaluates development
implementing charges for the proposed shopping
website.
2.Operational feasibility
The customer is benefited more as most of his time is
saved& serviced at his place of work.
i) An estimate should be made to determine how
much efforts and care will go into the developing
of the system including.
ii) The training to be given to user usually people are
reluctant to changes that come in their
progression.
iii) The computer initialization will certainly
affected the turn over, transfer and employee job
status.
iv) Hence an additional efforts is to be made to
train and educate the user on the way of the
system.
3.Technical feasibility :
I. The consideration Sis to be given to the buying
of available resources of the organization
where the software is to be implemented.
II. Here the system analyst evaluates the technical
merits of the system giving emphasis on the
performance, reliability, maintainability and
productivity.
By taking the consideration before developing the
proposed system the resource availability of the
organization was immense computer facilities equipped
with sophisticated this technically feasible.
Database
Database is a integrated collection of data and
providers a centralized access to the data and makes
possible to treat data as a separate resources.
Usually centralized data managing software is called
a Relational Database Management System (RDBMS).
The most significant different between RDBMS and
other type of data as store of on the direct access
storage device.
This is the difference between logical and physical
data.
Data Design:
1) Table Name: admin login
Description:
This table is store info about admin login details.
Column name
Datatype
Constrains
e-mail
N varchar(max)
-
password
N varchar(max)
-
2) Table name: customer registration
Description:This table is store info about customer registration
details.
Column name
Datatype
Constraints
Id
First name
Last name
Gender
City
Password
Contact no
Nvarchar(max)
N varchar(max)
Nvarchar(max)
Nvarchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
BIGINT
Primary key
-
3) Table name: Login
Column name
Datatype
Constraints
Name
Password
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
Primary key
Primary key
Description:This table is store info about login details.
4) Table Name: Cart / Sales
Description:This table is store info about Cart / Sales details.
Column name
Datatype
Constraints
Total-product
N varchar(max)
Primary key
Price
N varchar(max)
Not Null
Description
Nvarchar(max)
Not Null
Quantity
Nvarchar(max)
Not Null
Total
N varchar(max)
Not Null
5) Table Name: Manage Support
Description:This table is store information to manage support details.
Column name
Datatype
Constraints
Id
Product name
Description
Product category
Original price
Price
Quantity
Product image
Product discount
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
Primary key
Not Null
Not Null
Not Null
Not Null
Not Null
Not Null
Not Null
Not Null
6) Table name: contact seller
Description:This table is store info about contact seller details.
Column name
Datatype
Constraints
Name
e-mail
Subject
feedback
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
Primary kay
-
7) Table name: sales
Description:This table is store info about selling item details.
Column name
Datatype
Constraints
Product _id
N varchar(max)
Primary key
Product name
Description
Price
Discount
Modified product
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
-
8) Table name: Order item
Description:This table is store info about Order item details.
Column name
Datatype
Constraints
Order_ id
Product_ id
Quantity
Created_ at
Modified_ at
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
Primary key
-
9) Table name: Payment details
Description:This table is store info about Payment details.
Column name
Datatype
Constraints
Order_ id
Product_ id
Amount
Provider
Status
Modified_ at
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
Primary key
Primary key
-
Table name: Employee details
Description:This table is store info about Employee details.
Column name
Datatype
Constraints
Date_ ordered
Product_ id
Original price
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
N varchar(max)
Primary key
Primary key
-
Price
N varchar(max)
Bill
N varchar(max)
Quantity
N varchar(max)
Sub_ total
N varchar(max)
Feedback
N varchar(max)
-
Flow chart
• Admin
Start
Login
Is
valid
Yes
Add category
Add product
Manage order
Stop
Manage payment
Check feedback
• User:
Start
Register
Login
Search product
View product
Buy product and Add cart
Payment
Cash on delivery
Order placed
ERD Diagram:
Contact
no
Firstname
category
Category
name
passwd
has
Lastna
me
Brand name
Sees
Customer
User
name
Brand
Brand id
Contact
n
has
Payment
id
does
Product
name
quality
Buy
Amount
product
Payment
Product id
Product
price
Payment
type
done
Added
to
price
quality
description
Cart
Made of
Cart item
Cart id
Total cost
Total cost
product
DFD: ( Data Flow Diagram)
Admin
login
Admin
login
Manage category
category
Manage item
product
Manage order
order
Manage reports
payment
2nd level Admin DFD:
Admin
Login
Admin
Add item
Product
Change price
Product
Delete item
Product
Home Page:
Sales collection new arrival:
LOGIN DETAILS HERE :
CUSTOMER REGISTRATION HERE :
ADMIN REGISTRATION HERE:
Admin Add Product From Here:
Admin Page:
User login details:
Items Add In Cart here:
Conclusion
Responsible As we can see, online shopping may
or may not be greener than traditional shopping.
There are simply way too many factors that we
have to consider in such a model.
As we focus on the costs of online shopping, it
seems that online shopping is really detrimental for
the environment. Online shopping brings us great
convenience, but it also encourages irresponsible
consumption habits like exploiting the advantages
of free returns and expedited shipping. These add
on to the existing pool of environmental problems
that we are dealing with – global warming, wastes
and pollution. Therefore, we should change our
attitude towards e-commerce – to be more, less
exploitative and more thoughtful for the
environment.
DESIGN OF WEB BASED NEWSPAPER
A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF
THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF
Bachelor of Technology
In
Computer Science and Engineering
By
Jayajit Kumar Pradhan
Roll No: 108CS049
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
National Institute of Technology Rourkela
Rourkela-769008, Odisha, India
Department of Computer Science and Engineering
National Institute of Technology
Rourkela-769008, India
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Design of Web Based Newspaper” submitted by
Jayajit Kumar Pradhan, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of Degree of
Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science and Engineering at National Institute of
Technology, Rourkela is an authentic work carried out by them under my supervision and
guidance. To the best of my knowledge, the matter embodied in the thesis has not been submitted
to any other university / institute for the award of any Degree or Diploma.
Date:
Prof. Durga Prasad Mohapatra
Place:
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I owe a great many thanks to a great many people who helped and supported me during my
project work.
I express my sincere gratitude Prof D.P.Mohaptra for guiding and correcting various
documents of mine with attention and care. He has taken pain to go through the project and make
necessary correction as and when needed.
I express my thanks to the Director Prof. S.K.Sarangi of National Institute of technology,
Rourkela for extending his support.
I also convey my regards to all other faculty members of Department of Computer Science and
Engineering, NIT Rourkela. Finally I would like to thank and friends for their help and
assistance all through this project.
Jayajit Kumar Pradhan
Roll No: 108CS049
ii
ABSTRACT
National Institute of Technology, Rourkela is one of the reputed institutions for technical
education in India. The main purpose of the project is intended to develop a portal for
management of Web based news. The portal provides a suitable and easy display for which large
population around the world can learn or will have the knowledge about the world. Basically this
is a crowd sourcing newspaper. The idea is anyone can send a news item using their web based
gadget which is managed by administrator to whom the editor‟s panel kept in charge for this to
make it visible for the masses. This portal is developed using HTML, PHP & CSS technologies
and SQL Server.
iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATE .............................................................................................................................................. i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................................ ii
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................. iii
TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................................................................. iv
TABLE OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................................. v
1.INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... …………1
2 REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION ........................................................................................................ 4
3 DESIGNING ............................................................................................................................................ 10
4 IMPLEMENTATION .............................................................................................................................. 17
5.TESTING………………………………………………………………………………………………..30
6 CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK ............................................................................................... 33
REFERENCES .......................................................................................................................................... 35
iv
TABLE OF FIGURES
FIGURE3.1 CONTEXT DIAGRAM……………………………………………………………………12
FIGURE 3.2 DATA FLOW DIAGRAM LEVEL1………………………………………………..…….13
FIGURE 3.3 ENTITY RELATIONSHIP DIAGRAM…………………………………………………..15
FIGURE 3.4 USE CASE DIAGRAM…………………………………………………………………...16
FIGURE 4.1 HOME PAGE……………………………………………………………………………...25
FIGURE 4.2 HEADLINES………………………………………………………………………………26
FIGURE 4.3 INDIAN NEWS……………………………………………………………………………27
FIGURE4.4 SPORTS……………………………………………………………………………………28
FIGURE 4.5 BOLLYWOOD…………………………………………………………………………….29
v
CHAPTER-1
INTRODUCTION
1
1. INTRODUCTION
Software Engineering is the application of systematic, disciplined, and quantifiable approach to
the design, development, operation, and maintenance of software, and study of these approaches
that is the application of engineering to software. The term software engineering first appeared in
the 1968 NATO software engineering conference and was meant to provoke thought regarding
the perceived software crisis at the time.
The development of portal for web based newspaper generally means creating a website in which
the management of all news item sent by crowd about any type of news & activities are done by
the administrator where all people (viewers) can view and know all the relevant information
about the knowledge which they seek. This project is about the designing of a newspaper which
displays the news which a normal person want to show. This portal is designed by using HTML,
PHP, & CSS technologies and SQL Server. The portal has basically three user parts where one is
registered user (authentication required) who can view, add comment can have general
discussion with another user and another is administrator (has an authentication) who will
manage or control the website and other user (no authentication required) can only view and
search.
2
The website consists of basic pages from which the user can view and know the relevant
information like history, upcoming. In other case, the administrator manages all the relevant
actions for which the users can view properly and also make reports.
The model for this project is similar to the link (http://business.timesonline.co.in.uk) as given
and for quick development and ease of use we selected to implement “Drupal”. In this project
Drupal is installed over xampp. As we did not how to use and setup Drupal, we had learned it
from the given links below:
http://drupal.org/node/307956
http://drupal.org/nyobserver
.
3
CHAPTER-2
REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION
4
2. REQUIREMENT SPECIFICATION
The purpose of SRS (Software Requirement Specification) document is to describe the external
behavior of the web based newspaper. It defines the operations, performance and interfaces and
quality assurance requirement of the web based newspaper. The complete software requirements
for the system are captured by the SRS (Software Requirement Specification).
2.1. Functional Requirements:
For documenting the functional requirements, the set of functionalities supported by the system
are to be specified. A function can be specified by identifying the state at which the data is to be
input to the system, its input data domain, the output data domain, and the type of processing to
be carried on the input data to obtain the output data.
Basically the management parts are the functional requirements which are uploading details,
search topic, edit option and user registration.
R1: Uploading Item
Description: Uploading function can be done by the user who has registered on the website.
When the user uploads an item and if it is a news item or forum is determined and edited by the
administrators or editors and then it is displayed on the home page. A registered user can also
add comment on other news as well.
5
R1.1: Select upload option.
Input: Upload item option.
Output:User will be prompted to enter the upload type.
R1.2: Select the type of item.
Input: Users option from one of the following
R1.2.1 News item
R1.2.2 Forum item
R1.2.3 Comment item
Output:User will be prompted to enter item details according to the above item.
R1.3: Check to display
Input: Check whether the item is visible for the masses.
Output: We will be prompted to display item.
R1.4: Display the item
Input:Edit the news item.
Output: The item is displayed on the screen.
Processing:It is controlled by the editor and which checks whether the uploaded item is fit for
the mass or not if it is then it display on screen if not then it is edited to make it visible for the
mass then display on the screen of the website.
6
R2: Search topic
Description: Search function does not require any authentication from its user so any user can
perform this function. If an user searches for a news item then the news will be displayed on the
screen if it related to the search topic.
R2.1: Select search option
Input: Search option.
Output: User will be prompted to enter the search topic.
R2.2: Check for the search topic
Input: Checks for the search topic related item.
Output: We will be prompted to display the items.
R2.3 Display the item
Input: Enter topic related to item.
Output: Display the item.
Processing: It checks for any item related to the search topic and displays it on the screen and if
there is no item related to the topic is present then it will pop as no related item.
7
R3: Edit topic
Description:Edit function can be done by only administrator or editor. Any uploaded item is
examined and edited by administrator so it can be allowed to display to mass.
R3.1: Select edit option
Input:Edit option.
Output:User will prompted to edit the uploaded item.
R4: User registration
Description:Registration is allowed to the users who are not registered yet (unregistered users)
and completion of this function they can also upload items.
R4.1: Select register option
Input:Register option.
Output: User will prompted to write a user name, email id, and password.
8
R4.2: Check for validity
Input: Checks whether any other registered users have same information.
Output: We will be prompted to register successfully if it has different information or else its
rejected.
Processing: It checks if the information submitted about the new user is similar to any other
registered user if yes it rejects the user information if no then new user will be registered
successfully.
2.2. Non-functional Requirements:
These are the requirements that are not functional in nature. Especially these are the constraints
the system must work within.

Performance Requirements: The system response time must be less than 30 seconds for
the user interface. Or else the system will show TIMED OUT.

Reliability Requirements: The system shall have a minimum uptime of 99 % excluding
time pre-scheduled for maintenance and/or upgrades.

Safety Requirements: All the system data must be backed up every day and the backup
copies stored in another server at different location for disaster recovery.
Quality Attributes: The source code for the system is well documented for ease of maintenance
and upgrading the system in future.
9
CHAPTER-3
DESIGN
10
3.DESIGN
Design phase deals with transforming the requirements, as described in the SRS document, into a
form that is implemented using a programming language. The various designs of this system are
shown as following:
1. Data Flow Diagram:
Data Flow diagram is a graphical representation of flow of data throughout the information
system. Data flow diagrams illustrate how data is processed by a system in terms of inputs and
outputs.
Name
Notation
Role
Process
Transforms incoming data flow to output
data flow
Data Store
Repositories of data in the system.
Dataflow
Dataflow are pipelines through which
packets of information flow.
External Entity
External entities are objects outside the
system,
with
communicates
11
which
the
system
Publish News
Account Details
Account Details
Administrator
News Details
User details
Add Comments
0.0
Feedback
Web Based
Newspaper
General Discussion
Content Details
Edit Info.
View
Search
Other Users
FIGURE 3.1 CONTEXT DIAGRAM
12
Users
1.1
Upload item
Upload info.
1.6
Other user
activity
Search info.
1.2
Display info.
Manage detail
Edit info.
1.5
Admin activity
Acc. info
User info.
Manage info.
1.3
Register
Save data
Data base
FIGURE 3.2 LEVEL 1DFD
13
Acc. info
1.4
User activity
Data Dictionary:
News Details :{Sports News + Education News + Business news…}
User Details :{ User Id + Email Id + Password}
Content Details: {Email Id + Message}
Account Details :{ User+ Old Password + New Password}
Feedback :{ Name+ Email+ Message}
View Detail :{ Headlines + Previous News}
Search Detail: {Topic + News}
14
2. Entity Relationship Diagram:
FIGURE 3.3 ER DIAGRAM
15
3. Use case diagram:
FIGURE 3.4 USECASE DIAGRAM
16
CHAPTER-4
IMPLEMENTATION
17
4. IMPLEMETATION
Implementation or execution in any project is done when the project planning is complete
as detailed as possible.
In this phase it monitors everything that could jeopardize the project or part of it in another
words the theory is being tested by implementation to make sure the data in the system changes
according to the plan.
In order to keep track of project plan and keep ourselves in control all the tool and steps involved
are applied by the project manager. Steps in which all the tools are used:

Take action according to plan

Record and document all the work, changes & results

Analyze the result of action or changes made according to the plan
The steps involved here in this particular phase are:

Installation of Hardware and Software

Conversion of data

System Training

Documentation of the system
18
Installation of hardware and software:Before implementation the hardware and the software
required for debugging the system should be made fully operativeso the translation can occur
smoothly which is one of the most critical and costly activities in the system development life
cycle.
Conversion of data: As the old system is converted into new system similarly the data from the
old system should also be converted to run in the new system with in new format. I this step the
recovery procedures are needed to be fully defined and also the database isconfigured with
security.
System training: All the programs of the system are loaded onto the computer systems of the
user during this step. After loading the system we check by whether the project is under the
control of the user and works according to the plan.
To confirm the above sentence we need to complete the following steps:

To execute the package

To pass the data

To process the data

To take out the reports/records
As the new system is completely trained about the computerized system then the working is also
change from manual to computerized working andthe process is called „Changeover‟.
19
There are few strategies whichdescribed for changeover of the system bellow:
1. Direct changeover
2. Parallel run
3. Pilot run
(i) Direct Changeover:Thenewsystem needs complete training and testing when it completely
replaced on the old system due to uncertain approach of the system.
(ii) Parallel run:When computerized and manual systems are implemented simultaneously for
some defined periodthen the same information is processed by both the systems. This strategy is
costly but not very risky.
This is very costly because:

Manual results can be compared with the results of the computerized system.

The operational work can be doubled.
Failure of the computerized system at the early stage does not change the working of the
organization, because the manual system goes on, as it used to do.
20
(iii) Pilot run:The data and information in pilot run of the new system is put into run for the
whole or part of the system from one or more of the preceding periods. The outcomes at this
stage are compared with the old system results. In this strategy the errors are found easily and
also it builds confidence.
Documentation of the system:This is also one of the mainactivities in the system development
life cycle. This ensures the stability and continuity of the system. There are basically 2 types of
documentation. These are: User or Operator Documentation and System Documentation
The user documentation is a complete explanation of the system from the end user‟s point of
view how to use or operate the system. Itcontains the major error messages likely to be run into
by the users. The system documentation comprises the details of system design, programs,
Coding, system flow, data dictionary, etc. This helps to realize the system and permit changes to
be made in the existing system to fulfill new user needs
21
4.1 TECHNOLOGIES USED
4.1.1 SQL SERVER
In this project Microsoft SQL Server is used which is a relational database management
system developed by Microsoft. SQL Server Express is a cost free and very easy-to-use which is
based on SQL Server 2005 technology. It is designed to deliver a platform for its use with
superior ease. It enables fast deployments for its objectives and its use begins with a simple and
robust graphical user interface (GUI).GUI guides the user throughout the installation process and
its toolsare emanate for SQL Server Express which includes SQL Server Management Studio
Express Edition, Surface Area Configuration Tool and SQL Server Configuration Manager.
These tools abridge the basic database operations.
4.1.2 CODING
The objective of coding phase for a given design is to implement the design in best way possible.
In this phase design of the system is translated into code in a programming language. The coding
phase affects the maintenance and testing phase of the system development life cycle process.
Testing and maintenance effort reduces if the code is well written.
22
Since the testing and maintenance cost of software are much expensive than the coding cost, the
goal of coding should be to reduce the testing and maintenance effort. Hence, during coding the
emphasis must be on developing programs which are easy to write. Simplicity and clarity should
beachieved, during the coding phase.
In this project HTML, CSS, PHP, & C# codes are used
HTML (Hypertext Markup Language) is the main markup language for displaying web pages
and other information that can be displayed in web browser. HTML written in the form of the
HTML elements consisting of tags enclosed in angle brackets with in the web page content.
The purpose of the web browser is to read HTML documents and compose them into visible web
pages.The browser never displays the HTML tags these tags are used to interpret the content of
the pages.
CSS (Cascading Style Sheets) is refered to define the appearance andlayout of text and other
material. CSS is encouraged to be used over explicitly presentational HTML markup.
JavaScript is embed script in language which affect the behavior of HTML web pages.
PHP is an embedded HTML scripting language and also a general purpose server side scripting
language originally designed for web development to produce dynamic web pages. The cod is
interpreted by a web server with a PHP processor module which generates te resulting web page.
Software that uses PHP includes Joomla, Wordpresss, and Drupal.Software that used in this
project is Drupal.
23
PHP allows the user to:

Reduces the time to create large websites.

Creates a customized user experience for visitors based on the information gathered from
them.

Open up possibilities for online tools.

Allow creating of shopping carts for e-commerce websites.
4.2RESULTS AND SCREEN SHOTS
After going through all the phases of System Development Life Cycle of this project, the portal
is designed successfully.
24
The below figures are the screenshots of that portal given as
4.2.1HOME PAGE:
Below is the snap shot of the home page before login on this page we can see all the news.
FIGURE 4.1 HOME PAGE
25
4.2.2 HEADLINES:
Below shows the snapshot of all the headlines on the main news around the world after login of
users.
FIGURE 4.2 HEADLINES
26
4.2.3 INDIAN NEWS:
Below shows the snapshot of a news page which covers a news about indian politics, election
and business news etc.
FIGURE 4.3 INDIAN NEWS
27
4.2.4 SPORTS:
Below shows the snapshot of sports news page which displays all news related to sports
FIGURE 4.4 SPORTS
28
4.2.5 BOLLYWOOD:
Below shows the snapshot of bollywood page which displays the news about bollywood.
FIGURE 4.5 BOLLYWOOD
29
CHAPTER-5
TESTING
30
5. TESTING
Testing phase is a very important for a successful system. In this phase before implementing the
new system into operation, for eliminating bugs a test run of the system is done. After
completing codes for the whole programs of the system, a test plan should be developed and run
one given set of test data.
Using the test data subsequent test run are carried out:
Unit testing: It is a method by which individual units of source code, sets of one or more
program modules collectively with associated control data, usage procedures, and operating
procedures, are tested to determine whether they are fit for use. Intuitively, one can view a unit
as the smallest testable part of an application. In procedural programming a unit can be an entire
module but is more commonly an individual function. In object-oriented programming a unit is
an entire interface but could be an individual method. Unit test is created by programmers or by
white box testersduring the development process.
Each test case is independent from the others: substitutes like method stubs, mock objectscan be
used to assist testing a module in isolation. Unit tests are typically written and run by software
developers to ensure that code meets its design and behaves as intended. Its implementation can
vary from being very manual to being formalized as part of build automation.
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Integration testing: It is the phase in software testing in which individual software modules are
combined and tested as a group. It occurs after unit testing and before validation testing.
Integration testing takes as its input modules that have been unit tested, groups them in larger
aggregates, applies tests defined in an integration test plan to those aggregates, and delivers as its
output the integrated system ready for system testing .
Program test:After the programs have been coded, compiled andcarried out to working
conditions, they must be independently tested with the prepared test data. Any unwanted
happening should be notedand debugged.
System Test:When the program test for each of the programs of the system is written and errors
are removed then system test iscomplete. Atthis stage the test is done on actual data. The
complete system is put into execution on the actual data. At every stage of the execution, the
output of the system is studied. During theoutcome analysis, it may be found that the outputs are
not matching the estimated output of the system. In such situation, the bugs or errors in the
particular programs are recognized and are fixed and further verified for the expected output.
When it is confirmed that the system is running error-free, the users are called with their own
real data so that the system could bepresented running as per their requirements.
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CHAPTER-6
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
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6. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
After processing through all phases of the system development life cycle, the portal is
developed. In future it will be hosted on the internet server which will be accessed by all
people in the world and can view the site and learn as much as news and information about
the world. The Administrator or editor who will be assigned for editing or managing or
controlling will be given the secure login information and will change or modify the website
as per the requirements.
Also in future we can add more features to support ipads, iphone and other electronic
devices.
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REFERENCES
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REFERENCES
1. Fundamentals of Software Engineering,Rajiv Mall,New Delhi: PHI Learning limited,
2003
2. Paul Nielsen, SQL Server 2005 Bible. Paul Nielsen, New Delhi: Wiley, 2006
3. HTML, and CSS Bible. Bill Karow, Chuck White, Steven M. Schafer Bryan
Pfaffenberger, New York: Wiley 2004
4. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software_engineering
5. http://www.w3schools.com/html/html_intro.asp
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