Truth lies at the heart of any inquiry.
Knowledge must be truthful to gain
validity and acceptance.
Propositions are statements about the
world or reality that may or may not
carry truth. These Are usually stated as
short statements or sentences.
It is through knowing that we are
able to determine what is true.
Knowledge is the clear awareness
and understanding of something.It
is the product of questions that
allow for clear answers provided by
facts.
It is comprised of ideas and beliefs
that we know to be true.
Facts are propositions or statements
which are observed to be real or truthful.
Ex. “I know that fish live in water”.
Claims are statements that are not
evidently or immediately known to be
true. Ex. “ I know that my school is the
best in the province.”
How do we know that
something is true?
1. A belief is true if can be justified or
proven
through the use of one’s senses.
2. A belief or statement is true if it is based
on facts.
3.Getting consensus or having people
agree on a common belief.
4. Determining truth requires a person to
prove a statement through action.
5. Claims and beliefs should also be
subjectedto tests to determine truth
.
Opinions go beyond providing facts.
They provide conclusions or perspectives regarding certain situations.
They are bases for making arguments
and convincing people that a certain
claim is a fact.
Conclusion is a judgment based
on certain facts. The facts that
form the bases of a conclusion
may not be disputed but the
conclusion itself could be
questioned.
Beliefs are statements that express
convictions that are not easily and
clearly explained by facts. Ex. “ I
believe that god put me on this
earth to spread His message of
love.”
Explanations are statements that
assume the claim to be true and
provide reasons why the reason is
true.
Arguments often take the form of
statements that are either claims
of facts and are phrased in such a
way that they seem reasonable.
However, a number of arguments
may be based on faulty reasoning.
These kinds of arguments are
calledFallacies.
Fallacy
Characteristic
Ad
Attacking the
hominem person
presenting the
argument
instead of the
argument itself
Example
“Of course
he believes
theat the
goverment is
flawed, he is
a rebel and a
communist!”
FALLACY
EXAMPLES
AD HOMINEM
1.“All murderers are
criminals, but a thief isn't
a murderer, and so can't
be a criminal.”
2.You’re wrong because
you’re too dumb to
understand the issue.
3.You’re way too nervous
about driving at night, so
of course, you don’t want
to drive.
Fallacy
Characteristic
Example
Appeal to
force
Using the threat
of force or an
undesirable event
to advance an
argument
“If this peace
agreement
will not be
signed by the
government,
then we will
have no
recourse but
to go to war.”
Fallacy
Characteristic Example
Appeal to The idea is
the
presented as
popular acceptable
because a lot of
people accept it
“ Every boy
your age
already has
a girlfriend,
you should
go find one!”
Fallacy
Example
Appeal to the
popular
“Everyone says
that it’s okay to
lie as long as you
don’t caught.
Fallacy
Characteristic Example
Appeal to Using emotions “ All these
emotion such as pity or charges are
sympathy
baseless; this
is just plain
harassmentcant you see
this is
affecting my
family?”
Fallacy
Example
Appeal to A softdrink
A bad
emotion company doesn’t boyfriend
promote their
tells you he
product’s taste or
is not the
nutritional value.
Instead, they say best partner,
but you love
that the drink
him, so you
will make you
should
feel happy!
forgive him.
Fallacy
Characteristic Example
Appeal to The idea is
tradition acceptable
because it has
been true for a
long time
“Marriage
should be
between a man
and a woman. It
has been so for a
long time in this
country; it
should remain
so today and in
the future.”
Fallacy
Example
Appeal to Gays have
tradition never had the
legal right to
marry,
therefore it
must be wrong
and we
shouldn’t be
legalizing gay
marriages now.
Men
should
propose to
women(not
the other
way
around)
Fallacy
Characteristic Example
Begging
the
question
Assuming the
thing or idea to
be proven is
true; also
known as
circular
argument
“ I have the
right to free
speech,
therefore
you cannot
stop me
from
talking.”
Fallacy
Begging
the
question
Example
“Chocolate is
healthful
because it’s
good for you.”
”Everyone
wants the
new iPhone
because it is
the hottest
new gadget
on the
market!
Fallacy
Characteristic Example
Cause
Assuming a
and effect cause and effect
relationship
between
unrelated
events
“Ever since
you bought
that sweater,
everything
has been
going wrong
in your life.
You should
get rid of it.”
Fallacy
Example
Cause
“Every time I Our garage
and effect wash my car, sale made
it rains.”
lots of
money
before Joan
showed up.
Fallacy
Characteristic Example
Fallacy of Assuming that
composi- what is true of
tion
a part is true of
a whole
“ These cases
of robbery in
this district
have
convinced me
that the city
has become a
den of thieves
and
criminals.”
Fallacy
Example
Fallacy of Hydrogen is
composi- not wet.
tion
Oxygen is not
wet. Therefore,
water (H2O) is
not wet.
“ Your brain is
made of
molecules
Molecules are
not the source of
consciousness.
Therefore, your
brain cannot be
the source of
consciousness.”
Fallacy
Character
Fallacy of Assuming that
division what is true for
Example
“You come
from a
the whole is true family of
for its parts
doctors and
intellectuals.
Surely you
can do better
in this
course.”
Fallacy
Example
Fallacy of The United States ”Professional
sports player
division is the richest
country in the
world. Therefore,
everyone in US
must be rich and
live well.
are paid
outrageous
salaries, every
professional
sports player
must be rich.