SOFTWARE UPDATES

4.3 Access software updates in accordance with manufacturer’s
recommendations and requirements

4.4 Install software updates in accordance with manufacturer’s
recommendations and requirements
more modern
up to date
revision
improving
process of changing
Activity 1
 Picture
ANALYSIS
 How
do you find the activity?
 Were you able to complete the activity
given?
 How do you come up with your answer?
An introduction to software updates
(and why they matter)
 Software
updates are everywhere around
us, from our phones offering us security
and new features to our laptop or smart TV
annoying us at the worst moment. Yet, they
matter more than you might think!
 With
more and more connected devices
around us, the chance that you've been hit
by an update notification is high. But what
do these software updates do? How do
they actually work, and why are they
important?
What is software update and what does it do
A
software update (also known as patch) is
a set of changes to a software to update,
fix or improve it. Changes to the software
will usually either fix bugs, fix security
vulnerabilities, provide new features or
improve performances and usability.
Infrequently, patches may also be used to
limit functionality, remove or disable
features.

Depending on the software, updates can either be
installed manually or automatically if the device is
connected to the internet and has the appropriate
capabilities (for instance, an Android phone that
updates its software on its own). Software updates
are particularly important when applied to the
Operating System given the reliance of other
software (such as apps or drivers) on it.

For example, a major release of an Operating
System such as Android or iOS might render a
number of apps obsolete, if all version released
after the update aren't compatible with the
previous version of the OS. This could prevent
people from accessing important services as
illustrated with some covid-19 track and track
apps which were only compatible with specific
versions of iOS and Android.

From a security standpoint, software updates
have important implications. When an update
includes a fix for security vulnerabilities, any
device running an out-of-date version of the
software is particularly vulnerable. This allows
malicious actors to know what vulnerabilities
exist on a given system and, consequently, puts
devices running this software (version) more at
risk.

For example, using an outdated version of Android
(such as version 4) means that all the security
vulnerabilities spotted and fixed in following
versions still exist on any device that uses the
older version 4.
 Lack
of software update might also have a
negative impact on a device's
functionalities for example by making
some its function obsolete (e.g.: a
browser that do not support the latest
security protocols and therefore can't
display websites properly). It might also
mean that identified bugs and problem
might never be fixed (e.g.: poor battery).
 Current
market practices don't impose
minimum software support for a device or
software version on release, meaning a
device can be produced, released and sold
while embeding an outdated Operating
System or without offering regular software
updates.
 This
fundamentally allow manufacturers to
sell devices that might become outdated
and vulnerable within a couple of month of
their release. This is a practice that's
regularly observed which puts users'
security and privacy at a very high risk.
5 Reasons why software updates are
important?

Software updates are necessary to keep computers,
mobile devices and tablets running smoothly -- and they
may lower security vulnerabilities.

While threat actors continue to come up with new
methods to steal information and gain access to systems,
there are some simple, preventative measures to help
stop them. Updating software is one such layer of
protection.
Here are some reasons to consider
software updates as soon as possible

1. Patch security flaws

Security is the No. 1 reason to update software
immediately. Software vulnerabilities enable
cybercriminals to access a person's computer.
Threat actors see these vulnerabilities as open
doors, enabling them to plant malware on
people's systems.
2. Get new features
 Installing
updates may add new features
and remove old ones that are no longer
necessary. Technology is constantly
changing, and updates offer the latest
features and improvements.
3. Protect data
If a threat actor gets in through a software security
flaw, they will search for personal data such as
financial information, passwords, usernames or
other documents with sensitive information.

Threat actors access personal accounts and sell
sensitive information on the dark web. Updating
software to improve security vulnerabilities
enables data to be better protected.
4. Improve performance
 Not
all patches are security related.
Software vendors may find bugs in a
program or need to make necessary
enhancements to a program. These patches
help improve the performance of the
software.
5. Ensure compatibility

Software manufacturers send updates to ensure their
software is compatible with the latest technology. Without
updates, older software may not be able to work with
newer technology.

What is software updates?

What are the 5 Reasons why do we need to update our software?

Why is it important to a computer user?
Assessment

1. Explain briefly your understanding what is software updates and why is it
important?

2. What are the 5 reasons why do we need to update our software?

What can you see in the picture?

Differentiate the two pictures?
Activity: Collaborate with your seatmates and
answer the following question:

Can a computer operates in a multiple operating system? If yes,

What are the benefits of having multiple OS?
Definition of Terms


Virtualization-is the creation of a virtual -- rather than actual -- version of
something, such as an operating system (OS), a server, a storage device or
network resources.
Virtual-a digitally replicated version of something real
Software Virtualization – How it Works, Types,
Advantages
 The software virtualizations are basically
used to emulate a complete computer
system and it further allows the operating
system to run.
What is Software Virtualization?
 In
software virtualizations, an application
will be installed which will perform the
further task. One software is physical while
others are virtual as it allows 2 or more
operating system using only one computer.
 Virtualization
relies on software to simulate
hardware functionality and create a virtual
computer system. This enables IT
organizations to run more than one virtual
system – and multiple operating systems
and applications – on a single server.
A
virtual machine is a program you run on a
computer that acts like it is a separate
computer. It is basically a way to create a
computer within a computer.
A
single physical computer can run multiple
virtual machines at the same time. Often a
server will use a program called a
hypervisor to manage multiple virtual
machines that are running at the same
time.
 Hypervisor
is the software that creates
and run virtualization.
 It allocates the sharing of machine
resources such as RAM, CPU and
Storage space
Benefits of Software Virtualization
 Testing
 It
is easier to test the new operating
system and software on VMs as it does not
require any additional hardware and the
testing can do within the same software.
After the testing, the VM can move or
delete for the further testing.
 Utilization
 In
software virtualization, there is higher
efficiency in resource utilization if it tunes
correctly. The VM can modify as per the
requirement such as the user can modify
ram, drive space, etc. It requires very less
amount of hardware as compared to the
equivalent number of physical machines.
 Efficient
 It
is efficient in a way such that it can run
12 virtual machines and eliminates the use
of 12 physical boxes. This is the power cost
as well as the cost of maintaining the
server.
 Less
 The
Downtime
software is upgrading and the upgrade
in the VMs can do when the VM is working.
VM can modify when it is working or it is
not working which means that the
downtime of it is very less.
 Flexible
 It
provides flexibility to the user so
that the user can modify the software
as per their demand. The modification
can do within minutes and can adjust
easily when the workload changes.

Secure
 It
can protect with many viruses.
Moreover, there are several firewalls
which prevent hacking and virus. The
data in the software virtualization is
safe as it stores in several different
places so if the disaster takes place
the data can retrieve easily.
How Software Virtualization in Cloud
Computing Works?
 1.
Backup
 With
the help of software virtualization,
the entire operating system or server
installation can be backed up. This also
benefits in a way that if the new server
hack just restoring the previous version will
allow running the server.
 2.
Run multiple operating systems
 The
different operating system can use in a
single computer with the partition in the
hard drive. The only thing to keep in mind
is to keep a snapshot of everything. If the
data drowns, it can retrieve from some
other place.
 3.
Running a different version of
applications
 With
the help of software virtualization
new as well as the old operating system can
use. So a program, if it is not working on a
particular operating system, we can check
it on another one.
 4.
Templates
 After
the configuration of VM as per the
demand, it can convert into a template and
this template can use to make multiple
copies of the original one.
Types of Software Virtualization
 Operating
System Virtualization
 Application
 Service
Virtualization
Virtualization
 i.
 In
Operating System Virtualization
operating system virtualization, the
hardware is used which consists of software
on which different operating systems work.
Here, the operating system does not
interfere with each other so that each one
of them works efficiently.
 ii.
Application Virtualization
 Application
virtualization is a technology,
encapsulates the computer program within
the operating system. It can say that
application virtualizations refer to running
an application on a thin client.
iii. Service Virtualization
 In
the service virtualization, the
DevOps team can use the virtual
servers rather than the physical one.
It emulates the behaviour of
essential components which will be
present in the final production
environment.
 With
the help of Software virtualizations, it
is easier to set new virtual servers which
benefit both the customer and the host. It
also eliminates the workload of
management as it can do virtually.
Moreover, it helps to measure and monitor
the usage and saves time.
What Is a Device Driver?

Device driver is a small piece
of software that tells the operating system
and other software how to communicate
with a piece of hardware.
 For
example, printer drivers tell the
operating system, and by extension
whatever program you have the thing you
want to print open in, exactly how to print
information on the page
 Sound
card drivers are necessary so your
operating system knows exactly how to
translate the 1s and 0s that comprise
that MP3 file into audio signals that the
sound card can output to your headphones
or speakers.
 The
same general idea applies to video
cards, keyboards, monitors, mice & disc
drives
How Do Device Drivers Work?
 Think
of device drivers like translators
between a program you're using and a device
that program wants to utilize somehow. The
software and the hardware were created by
different people or companies and speak
two completely different languages, so a
translator (the driver) allows them to
communicate.
 In
other words, a software program can
provide information to a driver to explain
what it wants a piece of hardware to do,
information the device driver understands
and then can fulfill with the hardware.
Device Drivers and Compatibility
 Thanks
to device drivers, most software
programs don't need to know how to work
directly with hardware, and a driver doesn't
need to include a full application
experience for users to interact with.
Instead, the program and driver simply
need to know how to interface with each
other.
How to Manage Device Drivers

The drivers for each piece of hardware in your
Windows computer are centrally managed
from Device Manager, available in all versions of
Microsoft Windows.

Most of the time, drivers install automatically and never
need more attention, aside from the occasional updating
to fix bugs or add a cool new feature. This is true for
some drivers in Windows that are downloaded
via Windows Update.
 When
a manufacturer releases a driver
update, it's your responsibility to install it.
Some companies provide programs that will
check for and install any relevant updates,
but most don't make it that easy
When to Update Drivers
 If
the hardware doesn't work.
 If
you want new features.
Different Types of Device Drivers
 .SYS
Files
 Windows
uses .SYS files as loadable device
drivers, meaning they can be loaded on an
as-needed basis so they're not always taking
up memory—other drivers are in
the DLL or EXE format.
 WHQL
 WHQL
is a testing process by Microsoft that
helps prove that a particular device driver
will work with a specific version of
Windows. You might see that a driver you're
downloading is or isn't WHQL certified.

Virtual Device Drivers
 Another
form of the driver is the virtual
device driver. These usually end in the
VXD file extension and are used
with virtualization software. They work
similar to regular drivers but in order to
prevent the guest operating system from
accessing hardware directly, the virtual
drivers masquerade as real hardware so
the guest OS and its own drivers can
access hardware much like non-virtual
operating systems.
What's the correct way to update a device
driver?

To update device drivers on Windows 11 manually,

Open Device Manager from the Control Panel or Windows Start menu.

Next, right-click the device to update > select Update driver > Search
automatically for drivers.

If you need to reinstall a driver,

right-click the device > Uninstall device > restart your computer.
DIAGNOSTIC TOOL

Computer diagnostic tools can be used to scan your
computer's Hard drive, check your RAM for errors, check
CPU temp and give you information about any other
devices connected to your computer. These tools are
made to find problems that may be disrupting your
computer's normal performance.
Does Windows Have a Diagnostic Tool?
 There
are a few ways to create system
diagnostics reports on Windows 10 and 11.
In addition to built-in Windows options,
many hardware manufacturers have
troubleshooting tools, and there are also
third-party apps for diagnosing computer
hardware issues.
How Do I Run a Diagnostic Test on My
Computer?

If you can't pinpoint what is wrong with your PC, start with the
Windows Troubleshooter:

Below are from Windows 10, but instructions apply to Windows 11 as
well.

On Windows 10, go to Settings > Update & Security > Troubleshoot.

On Windows 11, go
to Start > Settings > System > Troubleshoot Choose a
troubleshooter for your problem. Options include
Bluetooth, Keyboard, Windows Update, and Internet
Connections.

If the troubleshooter finds a problem, it will suggest how
you can fix it. You may be able to resolve the issue
by automatically repairing Windows.
How to Use the Windows Memory Diagnostic
Tool

If your computer programs keep lagging or freezing, there
could be a problem with your RAM. Your best bet is to
run Windows Memory Diagnostic:

There are also third-party memory test programs that may
have more features than the default Windows tool.

1. Open Windows Search and enter Windows Memory Diagnostic.
Select the app to open it.

2. Select Restart now and check for problems or Check for
problems the next time I restart my computer. When your PC
restarts, the Windows Memory tool will scan your computer.

3. After a few minutes, your PC will boot as normal. Review the
results in the Event Viewer. If the troubleshooter finds any problems,
take action to free up memory
Windows Reliability and Performance Monitor

Performance Monitor and Reliability Monitor are part
of Windows administrative tools.

Search for Performance Monitor or View reliability
history and open the app to see statistics about how your
computer is running. The Reliability Monitor keeps a log of
events that may help you identify which programs are
acting up
Other Computer Diagnostic Tools

Other ways to get help in Windows include
reaching out to Windows Support with the Get
Help app. You can also find plenty of free
system information tools like Speccy or PC
Wizard, which provide detailed diagnostic
reports. There are also third-party apps for
troubleshooting specific hardware like your
monitor. Do your research carefully and scan
anything you download for malware.
 Your
processor and other hardware might
have software for diagnosing problems. For
example, the Intel Processor Diagnostic
Tool can analyze and optimize Intel CPUs.
Dell computers also come with their own
set of diagnostic tools. Check your
Programs list for other built-in
troubleshooting software.

How do I run Windows diagnostics on startup?

In Windows Search, type msconfig and rightclick System Configuration, then select Run as
Administrator. In the General tab,
select Diagnostic startup. To disable the setting,
go back to System Configuration and
select Normal startup.


How do I run hard drive diagnostics on Windows 10?

You can scan your hard drive with Windows Error
Checking.

Go to This PC, right-click the drive and
select Properties > Tools > Check > Scan drive. There are
also plenty of third-party hard drive testing programs.

Have you tried any of these Diagnostic Test?

Why is it important to understand these diagnostic tool?

In what way these understand of diagnostic tool helps you
as a computer user?
Performance Task:

Instructions: Choose a partner and perform the following Diagnostic Test in
computer using the steps we have discussed.
SCORING RUBRICS:

Accuracy
40

Adherence to Procedure:

Time Management

Workmanship
30
10
20
TOTAL
100

In computer systems, the security of data is
always a major concern because there are some
unidentified people(known as hackers) who
always try to steal or harm the personal data or
information of the users using viruses, worms,
trojans, etc. So, to protect computer systems
from these viruses or any other harmful activity, a
software is developed and that software is known
as Antivirus software.
What is Antivirus Software?
Antivirus software is a program(s) that is
created to search, detect, prevent and
remove software viruses from your system
that can harm your computer system.
 This
software is designed to be used as a
proactive approach to cyber security,
preventing threats from entering your
computer and causing issues. Most antivirus
software operates in the background once
installed, providing real-time protection
against virus attacks.
Virus detection methods

Scanning-A scanner will search all files in memory, in the boot
sector (the sector on disk that specifies where boot information
is,) and on disk for code snippets that will uniquely identify a
file as a virus

INTEGRITY CHECKING
"A integrity checker records integrity information about
important files on disk, usually by checksumming. If a file should
"change due to virus activity or corruption, the file will no longer
match the recorded integrity information
 HEURISTIC
VIRUS CKECKING
"Anti-virus software makers develop
a set of rules to distinguish viruses
from non-viruses." If a program or
code segment should "follow these
rules, then it is marked a virus and
dealt with accordingly.
 INTERCEPTION
"Interception software detects viruslike behavior and warns the user
about it
How Antivirus Works:

Antivirus software works by comparing your
computer applications and files to a database of
known malware kinds.

The antivirus checks files, programs, and
applications going in and out of your computer
to its database to identify matches. Similar and
identical matches to the database are
segregated, scanned, and eliminated.
Examples of Antivirus:
 The
antivirus software is available
in 2 types:
 (i)
Free: Free anti-virus software
provides basic virus protection
 (ii)
Paid: commercial anti-virus
software provides more extensive
protection.
The following are some commonly used antivirus software:
 1.
Bitdefender: Bitdefender Total Security
is a comprehensive security suite that
protects against viruses and dangerous
malware of all varieties.
 2.
AVAST: This is a free antivirus available.
All you have to do to obtain top-notch
protection on your computer, emails,
downloads, and instant messages in the
free version is register (for free) once a
year.
 3.
Panda: It can detect viruses, trojans,
spyware, adware, worms, and malware at the
same level as other anti viruses do. It is
different from others because using this
software, when you scan your computer, it
doesn’t consume any of your computer’s
resources; instead, it runs in the cloud,
allowing your machine to continue to function
normally.
Other examples of Anti-virus software are the
following:

1. Norton 360 — Best Antivirus for Windows, Android &
iOS

2. McAfee Total Protection— Best for Online Security

3. TotalAV — Best for Ease of Use (Super BeginnerFriendly)

4. Intego — Best for Comprehensive Mac Protection

5. Kaspersky Premium — Best for Online Shopping +
Banking

6. Avira Prime — Best for System Optimization

7. Trend Micro — Best for Secure Web Browsing

8. Malwarebytes — Best for Basic Protection
Common sources of computer virus
infection

Downloading programs/software from internet.

Emails

External devices like pen-drives

Using an unknown CD to Boot data

Bluetooth

Cracked Software
Advantages of Antivirus:

Spam and advertisements are blocked: Viruses
exploit pop-up advertising and spam websites as
one of the most common ways to infect your
computer and destroy your files. Antivirus acts
against harmful virus-infected adverts and
websites by denying them direct access to your
computer network.

Virus protection and transmission prevention: It
identifies any possible infection and then
attempts to eliminate it.

Hackers and data thieves are
thwarted: Antivirus do regular checks to see if
there are any hackers or hacking-related apps on
the network. As a result, antivirus offers
complete security against hackers.

Protected against devices that can be
detached: Antivirus scans all removable devices
for potential viruses, ensuring that no viruses are
transferred.

To improve security from web, restrict website
access: Antivirus restricts your online access in
order to prevent you from accessing unauthorized
networks. This is done to ensure that you only
visit websites that are safe and non-harmful to
your computer.

Password Protection: Using antivirus, you should
consider using a password manager for added
security
DISADVANTAGES OF ANTI-VIRUS

Slows down system’s speed: When you use
antivirus programs, you’re using a lot of resources
like your RAM and hard drive. As a result, the
computer’s overall speed may be significantly
slowed.

Popping up of Advertisements: Apart from
commercial antivirus applications, free antivirus
must make money in some way. One approach to
attaining these is through advertising.

Security Holes: When security flaws exist in the operating
system or networking software, the virus will be able to
defeat antivirus protection. The antivirus software will be
ineffective unless the user takes steps to keep it updated.

No customer care service: There will be no customer
service provided unless you pay for the premium version.
If an issue arises, the only method to solve it is to use
forums and knowledge resources.
Steps on how to manually scan your computer
systems using the windows defender
Go to Settings
2. Choose Update and Security
3. Then select Windows Security
4. Select Virus and Threat Protection
5. Select Scan Options
6. Select Quick scan
7. Press Scan Now
1.
 What
is an anti - virus software?
 What
are the different types of anti-virus?

Give an example of anti-virus software
 How
do you manually scan your computer
system using Windows defender?
 Where
can we usually get the computer
virus?
 How can you protect your systems from
virus?
 How do you know your system is protected?
 As a student, how do you keep your
computer data safe?
Evaluation:

Identification:
1. A program(s) that is created to search, detect, prevent
and remove software viruses from your system that can
harm your system.
2-3 .What are the two types of anti-virus software?
4-5 Give an example of anti-virus software