Adminastration of drugs
The route of administration of a drug (how it is introduced into the body) is very important in determining
the rate and completeness of its absorption into the bloodstream and speed and duration of the drug's
action in the body. (дуже важливе для визначення швидкості та повноти всмоктування ліків в
кров`яне русло, а також тривалості дії препарату в організмі)
The different methods used by physicians and allied health рersonnel to administer drugs are listed below,
with a brief discussion.
Oral administration. The route of administration is by mouth.
Drugs given orally must pass into the stomach and be absorbed into the bloodstream through the
intestinal wall. Although this method is probably most acceptable to patients from the standpoint of
convenience, it may have several disadvantages. If the drug is destroyed in the digestive tract by digestive
juices or if the drug cannot pass through the intestinal mucosa, it will be ineffective. Also, oral
administration is slower than other methods and disadvantageous if time is a factor in
therapy
Sublingual administration. In this route of administration, drugs are not swallowed but are placed under
the tongue and allowed to dissolve in the saliva. Absorption may be rapid for some agents. Nitroglycerin
tablets are taken this way to treat attacks of chest pain (angina pectoris). The nitroglycerin is rapidly
absorbed into the blood stream and opens coronary arteries to increase blood flow to the heart muscle.
Нітрогліцерин швидко всмоктується в кров’яний
потік і відкриває коронарні артерії, щоб збільшити приплив крові до м’язів серця.
Rectal administration. Suppositories (cone-shaped objects containing drugs) and water solutions are
inserted into the rectum. At times,drugs are given by rectum when oral administration presents
difficulties, such as when the patient is nauseated and vomiting. (нудота і блювота)
Parenteral adminisiration, This type of administration is accomplished by injection through a syringe
(cюрИндж шприц) under the skin, into a muscle, into a vein, or into a body cavity. There are several types
of parenteal injections;
Subcutaneus injection. This injection is sometimes called a hypodermic injection, and is given just under
the several layers of the skin. The outer surface of the arm and the anterior surface of the skin are usual
locations for subcutancous injections.
Intradermal injecrion. This shallow injection is made into the upper layers of the skin, It is used chiefly in
skin testing for allergic reactions. Short needles are used, and an elevation appears on the skin when an
іntradermal injection is given properly. (після успішної внутрішньошкіної ін’єкціі з`являється горобок)
Intramuscular injection (I.M.). This injection is given into the muscle, usually into the buttocks, When
drugs are irritating the skin or when a large volume of a long-acting drug is to be given,
I.M. injectons are advisable. (Коли ліки подразнюють шкіру або коли потрібно ввести велику кількість
препарату тривалої дії, рекомендуються внутрішньом`язові ін’єкції).
Intravenous injection (1.V.). This injection is given directly into the veins. It is given when an immediate
effect from the drug is desired or when the drug cannot be given into other tissues, Good technical skill is
needed in administering this injection, since leakage of drugs into
surrounding tissues may result in damage to tissues.
Потрібно гарно володіти цією технікою оскільки неправильне введенння може призвести до
пошкодженя тканин).
Intrathecal injection. Інтратекал This injection is made into the sheath of membranes (meninges) which
surround the spinal cord and brain. Ін`єкція проводиться в мозкові оболонки сп.м і гол.м The elects of
the drug so administered are usually limited to the central nervous system, and іntrathecal injections are
often used to produce anaesthesia. (препеарат обмежується цнc, зазвичай використовують для
введення анестезії)
Intracavitary injection, This injection is made into a body cavity as, for example, into the peritoneal or
pleural cavity (очеревина чи плевральна порожнина)
Inhalation, In this method of administration, vapours, or gases, are taken into the nose or mouth and are
absorbed into the bloodstream through the thin walls of the air sacs in the lungs. Aerosols (particles of the
drug suspended in air) are administered by inhalation.
Topical applicarion, This is the local external application of drugs on the skin or mucous membranes of
the mouth or other surtace, it is commonly used to accelerate the healing of abrasions, for antiseptic
treatment of a wound, and as an antipruritic (against itching), Topical
application may also include administration of drugs into the eyes ears, nose, and vagina. Lotions are used
most often when the skin is moist волога or "Weeping” and ointments and creams are used when the
lesions are dry (мазі та креми використовуються, коли ушкодження сухі).