11
st
21 Century
Literature o f the
Philippines and
the World
Quarter 2 – Module 1 .3 :
Representative Texts
and Authors
from Europe
21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World – Grade 11
Self-Learning Module (SLM)
Quarter 2 – Module 1: Representative Texts and Authors from Europe First
Edition, 2020
Republic Act 8293, section 176 states that: No copyright shall subsist in any work of the
Government of the Philippines. However, prior approval of the government agency or office
wherein the work is created shall be necessary for exploitation of such work for profit. Such
agency or office may, among other things, impose as a condition the payment of royalties.
Borrowed materials (i.e., songs, stories, poems, pictures, photos, brand names, trademarks,
etc.) included in this module are owned by their respective copyright holders. Every effort has
been exerted to locate and seek permission to use these materials from their respective
copyright owners. The publisher and authors do not represent nor claim ownership over them.
Development Team of the Module
Writers: Edward O. Castino
Editors: Louie Mark Garvida, Imelda C. Martinez, Jerryl Jean L. Salunayan
Reviewers: Helen J. Ranan, Sally A. Palomo
Illustrator: Reggie D. Galindez
Layout Artist: Cesar Ian S. Ranan
Cover Art Designer: Ian Caesar E. Frondoza
Management Team: Allan G. Farnazo, CESO IV – Regional Director
Fiel Y. Almendra, CESO V – Assistant Regional Director
Romelito G. Flores, CESO V - Schools Division Superintendent
Mario M. Bermudez, CESO VI – Assist. Schools Division Superintendent
Gilbert B. Barrera – Chief, CLMD
Arturo D. Tingson Jr. – REPS, LRMS
Peter Van C. Ang-ug – REPS, ADM
Gerardo Magno – Subject Area Supervisor
Juliet F. Lastimosa - CID Chief
Sally A. Palomo - Division EPS In- Charge of LRMS
Gregorio O. Ruales - Division ADM Coordinator
Ronnie R. Sunggay / Helen J. Ranan – Subject Area Supervisor/
Coordinator
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11
21st Century
Literature from
the Philippines
and the World
Quarter 2 – Module 1:
Representative Texts and
Authors from Europe
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:
Welcome to the 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Grade 11 Self-Learning Module (SLM) on Representative Texts and Authors from
Europe.
This module was collaboratively designed, developed and reviewed by
educators both from public and private institutions to assist you, the teacher or
facilitator in helping the learners meet the standards set by the K to 12 Curriculum
while overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.
This learning resource hopes to engage the learners into guided and
independent learning activities at their own pace and time. Furthermore, this also
aims to help learners acquire the needed 21st century skills while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.
In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:
Notes to the Teacher
This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.
As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Furthermore, you are expected to encourage and assist
the learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:
Welcome to the 21st Century Literature from the Philippines and the World Grade 11 Self-Learning Module (SLM) on Representative Texts and Authors from
Europe.
The hand is one of the most symbolized part of the human body. It is often
used to depict skill, action and purpose. Through our hands we may learn, create
and accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner is capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant competencies
and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in your own hands!
This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You
will be enabled to process the contents of the learning resource while being an active
learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:
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What I Need to Know This will give you an idea of the skills or
competencies you are expected to learn in the module.
What I Know This part includes an activity that aims to check
what
you already know about the lesson to take. If you get all the answers
correct (100%), you may decide to skip this module.
What’s In This is a brief drill or review to help you link the current lesson
with the previous one.
What’s New In this portion, the new lesson will be introduced to you in various
ways such as a
story, a song, a poem, a problem opener, an activity or a situation.
What is It This section provides a brief discussion of the lesson. This
aims to help you discover and understand new concepts and skills.
What’s More This comprises activities for independent practice to
solidify your understanding and skills of the topic. You may check the
answers to the exercises using the Answer Key at the end of the module.
What I Have Learned
This includes
questions
or
blank
sentence/paragraph to be filled in to process what you learned from the
lesson.
What I Can Do This section provides an activity which will help you
transfer your new knowledge or skill into real life situations or concerns.
Assessment This is a task which aims to evaluate your level of mastery in
achieving the learning
competency.
Additional Activities In this portion, another activity will be given to you
to enrich your knowledge or skill of the
lesson learned. This also tends retention of learned
concepts.
Answer Key
This contains answers to all activities in the
module.
At the end of this module you will also find:
References
This is a list of all sources used in developing
this module.
The following are some reminders in using this module:
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1. Use the module with care. Do not put unnecessary mark/s on any part of the module.
Use a separate sheet of paper in answering the exercises.
2. Don’t forget to answer What I Know before moving on to the other activities included
in the module.
3. Read the instruction carefully before doing each task.
4. Observe honesty and integrity in doing the tasks and checking your answers.
5. Finish the task at hand before proceeding to the next.
6. Return this module to your teacher/facilitator once you are through with it.
If you encounter any difficulty in answering the tasks in this module, do not
hesitate to consult your teacher or facilitator. Always bear in mind that you are
not alone.
We hope that through this material, you will experience meaningful learning and gain
deep understanding of the relevant competencies. You can do it!
What I Need to Know
This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help you
understand and appreciate the representative texts and authors from Europe. The
scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning situations. The
language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of students. The lessons are
arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course. But the order in which you
read them can be changed to correspond with the textbook you are now using.
In this module, you will be able to:
•
•
Identify representative texts and authors from Europe
Determine the various 21st century genre, their elements, structures and
traditions (ENLit12-IIa-22)
Specifically, you are expected to:
•
Recognize representative texts and authors from Europe;
•
Compare and contrast the various 21st century genre, their elements, structures
and traditions; and
(ENLit12-IIa-25)
•
Value the importance of knowing the authors from Europe and their
respective works.
This module is self-instructional. You can read, analyze concepts and ideas
presented and reflect on them. The activities will help you assess your progress as
you go through in this module.
Now, let us begin this journey.
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What I Know
Good day! I know that you are excited for today’s new lesson.
To start the ball rolling, let us have first our pre-assessment test to
assess your prior knowledge about the notable authors from Europe and their
respective works, as well as its 21st century genre: the elements, structures and
traditions.
Read the instructions carefully before answering the following questions.
ACTIVITY 1- Direction: Choose the letter of the correct answer. Write the letter on the
space provided before the number.
______1. Who was the author of the literary text entitled-Oedipus the King?
a.
Sophocles b. Tyrannos c. William Shakespeare d.
Darius Sirius ______2. Which of the following authors wrote The
Iliad and Odyssey?
a. Chaucer
c.
Homer
b.
Ovid
d. Dante
______3. Which of the following poem was written by Alexander Dumas?
a. The Hunchback of Notre Dame
c. The Wailing Clan
b. The Stanzas I Wrote
d. Divine Comedy
______4. Which literary text below was written by John Milton?
a. Paradise Lost
c. Charge of the Light Brigade
b. Anna Karenina
d. Pilgrim’s Progress
_____5. The literary text Pilgrim’s Progress was written by which author?
a. John Bunyan
c. John Keats
b. Willian Shakespeare
d. Alfred Lord Tennyson
______6. Which of the following literary texts was written by Victor Hugo?
a. The Count of Monte Cristo
c. Book of the Duchess
b. Les Mesirables
d. War and the World
______7. Who was the Author of the literary text entitled-Romeo and Juliet?
a. Sophocles b. Tyrannos
c. William Shakespeare
d. Darius Sirius
______8. Which literary text below was written by Eyvind Johnson?
a. The Days of His Grace
c. The Wailing Clan
b. Book of the Duchess
d. The Denouement
______9. Who was the author of the literary text entitled Oresteia?
a. Voltaire b. Homer
c. Aeschylus d. Phoebus
______10. Which of the following authors wrote the text entitled Metamorphosis?
a. Ovid
b. Aeschylus c. Dante
d. Homer
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______11. Which of the following authors wrote the literary text entitled “Anna
Karenina”?
a. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie
c. Leo Tolstoy
b. J.K.Rowling
d. Geoffrey Chaucer
______12. Which of the following is the Author of the literary text entitled “The
Satanic Verses”?
a. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie
c. Leo Tolstoy
b. J.K.Rowling
d. Geoffrey Chaucer
______13. Which of the following is the Author of the literary text
entitled “Harry Potter”?
a. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie
c. Leo Tolstoy
b. J.K.Rowling
d. Geoffrey Chaucer
______14. Who is the author of the literary text entitled “Canterbury Tales”.
a. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie
c. Leo Tolstoy
b. J.K.Rowling
d. Geoffrey Chaucer
______15. Who is the author of the literary text entitled Aenied?
a. Virgil
b. Ovid
c. Homer
Lesson
1
d. Dante
Representative Texts and
Authors from Europe
The history of European literature and of each various periods is one of the
prominent figures among world literature. European literature emerges from world
literature before the birth of Europe, whose classical languages are the recipients to
the complex heritage of the Old World. An additional unique feature is the global
expansion of Western Europe’s languages and characteristic of its literary forms,
especially the novel, the poetry, the epic beginning in the Renaissance.
The literary prominence of Europe is perceptibly known by its notable authors and
their significant works. Here in this module, together, we will venture towards
learning their prolific literary fame.
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What’s In
For the previous lesson, we learned about the literary history of North America and Latin
America.
Activity 1
To help you recall the said lesson, a summary is provided below.
What Is Latin American Literature?
Latin American literature refers to written and oral works created by authors in
parts of North America, South America, and the Caribbean. Latin American authors
usually write in Spanish, Portuguese, English, or a language native to their specific
country.
Latin American literature has a rich history starting in the Pre-Colombian period
and working all the way up to modern day. With each period of Latin American
history, came a genre that dominated the field.
To further refresh your memory on the previous lesson, try to answer the activity below.
Activity 2: Let’s review
Direction: Encircle the letter of your answer.
1. Which of the following poems below was written by David Weatherford?
a.
Slow Dance
c. My Face
b.
When I was One and Twenty
d. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty
2. Which of the following authors wrote the poem entitled When I was One and Twenty?
a.
Kate Chopin
c. Alfred Edward Housman
b.
David Weatherford
d. Carl Weatherman
3. Kate Chopin is a famous American author. Which among the choices is the title of her
work?
c. The Life of Queen Ursula
c. The Story of an Hour
d. The Trenches and the Soldiers
d. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty
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4. What region in the world incorporates countries such as Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras,
El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, etc.?
a.
Europe
c. North America
b.
Latin America
d. Asia
5. Which among the literary texts in the choices is the work of J.G. Thurber?
a.
The Secret Life of Walter Mitty
c. The Life of Queen Ursula
b.
The Story of an Hour
d. The Guaman Pope
6. Which among the options is a work of a great American writer, named Tess
Almendarez-Locajono?
a.
b.
Just One Thing
Cold Summers
c. The Guaman Pope
d. Latinian Orthodox
7. Which among the choices is the work of Robert Charles Benchley?
a.
My Face
c. The Road Not Taken
b.
Cold Summers
d. The Secret Life of Walter Mitty
8. Which among the choices is an author from Latin America?
a.
Alfred Edward Housman
c. Tess Almendarez-Locajono
b.
Kate Chopin
d. David L. Weatherford
9. Which American author wrote the literary text entitled The Battle of the Sexes?
a.
James Grover Thurber
c. Mezoreta Arcele
b.
Vicente Huidobro
d. Jose Hernandez
10. What was the poem collection which was popularly published by Alfred Edward
Housman?
a.
The Ballads of Amster
c. The Harmshire Heavens
b.
A Shropshire Lad
d. Sonnets of April Summers
Thumbs up! You are now ready for the next activities.
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Notes to the Teacher:
Teacher facilitates an activity that enables learners to use previously
taught lesson.
What’s New
Each one of us usually appreciates music and poems. At home or in school, these
are the common medium where the point of intuitive fellowship is born. On the
matter of fluency, some even have gone to the level of composing songs and poems
that expresses admiration, appreciation, writing stories about your personal
experiences, drafting blogs, composing pick-up lines and then sharing these pieces
on social media. These stuffs that you are performing are forms of literature.
Activity 3:
#Becoming Global: Who’s Who?
Directions: Recognize the names of authors given in column A. Relate them to the
corresponding literary titles in column B. Write the letter of your answer on the space
provided before each number.
COLUMN A
___ 1. William Shakespeare
___ 2. J.K. Rowling
___ 3. Geoffrey Chaucer
___ 4. Ovid
___ 5. Dante
___ 6. Homer
___ 7. Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie
___ 8. Lord Alfred Tennyson
___ 9. John Milton
___ 10. Virgil
___ 11. Leo Tolstoy
___ 12. Sophocles
COLUMN B
a. Canterbury Tales
b. Charge the Light Brigade
c. Romeo and Juliet
d. The Satanic Verses
e. Divine Comedy
f. Iliad and Odyssey
g. Metamorphosis
h. Harry Potter
i. Paradise Lost
j. Aeneid
k. Oedipus the King
l. Anna Karenina
m. The Watchers
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1. What did you do to come-up with the right choice of answer?
2. What did you feel as you do the activity?
The names that are presented in column A are all European authors, the
contexts found in column B are the titles of the literary texts that they have
contributed in literary history development.
Our next activity will now let you remember the different representative
literary texts from the different regions in Europe, as well as the authors whom
have contributed in the development of literature, ranging from the notable
classical writers up to the 21st century authors.
What is It
Literature broadly refers to any collection of written or oral
work, but it more commonly and narrowly refers to writings specifically considered
to be an art form, especially prose (fiction, non-fiction), epic drama, poetry forms and
the like, in contrast to academic writing and newspapers.
Literature, as an art form, can also include works in various non-fiction
genres, such as autobiography, diaries, memoir, letters, and the essay, as well as in
the disciplines of history and philosophy.
The literatures of Europe are compiled in many languages; among the most important
of the modern written works are those
in English, Spanish, French, Dutch, Polish, Portuguese, German, Italian, Modern
Greek, Czech, Russian, Macedonian, the Scandinavian languages, Gaelic and
Turkish.
Important classical and medieval European literary traditions are those in
Latin, Ancient Greek, Old Bulgarian, Macedonian, Old Norse, Medieval French and
the Italian Tuscan dialect of the renaissance.
Periods of European Literature
1.
Old English or Anglo-Saxon (c. 450-1066)
- Encompasses the surviving literature written in Old English in Anglo-Saxon
England, in the period after the settlement of the Saxons and other Germanic tribes in
England c. 450 and "ending soon after the Norman Conquest" in 1066.
Genre, elements, structures, traditions:
Ø epic poetry
Ø Bible translations
Ø hagiography
Ø sermons
Ø
Ø chronicles
Ø Riddles
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2.
Middle English literature (1066–1500)
- Middle English literature was written in many dialects that corresponded to the
region, history, culture, and background of individual writers.
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
allegorical narrative poem Ø Hagiographies
drama
Ø historiography
liturgy
Ø Bible translations
folk tales Ø Romances
3. English Renaissance (1500–1660)
•
•
The English Renaissance turns to be a cultural and artistic
introduced the sonnet from Italy to England
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
Romances
Ø vernacular literature
allegorical narrative poem Ø vernacular liturgy
drama
Ø sonnet
folk tales
Ø Bible translations
4. Elizabethan period (1558–1603)
•
•
•
The rise of Edmund Spenser, Sir Philip Sidney
William Shakespeare stands out in this period as a poet
Renowned Christopher Marlowe, and Ben Jonson
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
Ø English Renaissance theatre
Ø Poetry
Ø epic poem
Ø songs
Ø Tragedy
Ø romances
Ø tragicomedies
5. Jacobean period (1603–1625)
•
•
The birth of Shakespeare’s written genre "problem plays" and tragedy
popularized the English sonnet
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
problem play Ø revenge play
tragedies
Ø romance
6.
Ø English sonnet
Ø Metaphysical poem
Late Renaissance (1625–1660)
•
Rise of the second generation metaphysical poets
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movement.
•
The birth of allegory and classical allusions, and epic works
Genre,
elements, structures, traditions
Ø Metaphysical poem
Ø allegory and classical allusions
Ø epic
7.
Restoration Age (1660–1700)
•
•
the pioneering of literary criticism
The presentation of John Milton’s religious flux and political
and his epic poem
upheaval
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
Ø sexual comedy play
Ø fiction and journalism Ø long fiction
Ø moral wisdom prose Ø political and economic writing Ø fictional biographies
Ø literary criticism narratives Ø philosophical themes
Ø Romance fiction
Ø epic poem
Ø allegory Ø drama
Ø satirical verse
Ø novel
Ø comedy
8. Age of Romanticism (1798–1837)
•
originated artistic, literary, and intellectual movement in •
landscape is often prominent in the poetry of this period so
much so that the Romantics, especially perhaps Wordsworth, are
often described as 'nature poets
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
elegy
Ø Romantic novel Ø poetry and visual arts
metrical romance Ø historical novel
Ø Sonnet
dramatic monologue Ø nature poem
Ø Lyrical Ballad
romantic poem
9. Victorian literature (1837–1901)
•
•
•
•
the novel became the leading literary genre in English
Charles Dickens emerged on the literary scene
Introduction of detective novel in the English language.
Development of science fiction novels and realistic fiction
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
Ø
Ø
vampire literature
Ø dramatic monologue Ø science fiction
horror fiction
Ø musical burlesques
Ø realistic fiction
Ø
Ø
Ø
invasion literature
Ø comic operas Ø Romanticism
short stories
Ø novel
Ø ghost story
Literature for children Ø feminist novels Ø horror story
Ø poetry
Ø literary realism
10. Modernism (1901 –2000)
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•
•
•
•
English literary modernism developed in the early
twentieth-century
lyric poet and major novels evolved
maintained a conservative approach to poetry by
romanticism, sentimentality and hedonism.
The emergence of British writer of the early years of the
century Rudyard Kipling
Genre, elements, structures, traditions
Ø
Ø
Radio drama
genre fiction
Ø
fantasy
Ø
Ø
science fiction
short stories
Ø lyric poetry
Ø
detective novels
ØØ feminismallegorical novel
Ø
Ø
thriller writing
comic science fiction
Ø
darkly comic fantasy
Ø
children's novels
Ø Modernist poetry in English
ØØ ConservatismImpressionism
Ø television plays
combining
twentieth-
– Sophocles –
“Oedipus the King” is a tragedy by the ancient Greek playwright Sophocles,
first performed in about 429 BCE. It was the second of Sophocles‘ three Theban
plays to be produced, but it comes first in the internal chronology (followed by
“Oedipus at Colonus” and then “Antigone”).
It follows the story of King Oedipus of Thebes as he discovers that he has
unwittingly killed his own father, Laius, and married his own mother, Jocasta. Over
the centuries, it has been regarded by many as the Greek tragedy par excellence and
certainly as the summit of Sophocles’ achievements.
Shortly after Oedipus’ birth, his father, King Laius of Thebes, learned from an
oracle that he, Laius, was doomed to perish by the hand of his own son, and so
ordered his wife Jocasta to kill the infant.
However, neither she nor her servant could bring themselves to kill him and
he was abandoned to elements. There he was found and brought up by a shepherd,
before being taken in and raised in the court of the childless King Polybus of Corinth
as if he were his own son.
Stung by rumors that he was not the biological son of the king, Oedipus consulted
an oracle which foretold that he would marry his own mother and kill his own father.
Desperate to avoid this foretold fate, and believing Polybus and Merope to be his true
parents, Oedipus left Corinth.
On the road to Thebes, he met Laius, his real father, and, unaware of each
other’s true identities, they quarreled and Oedipus‘ pride led him to murder Laius,
fulfilling part of the oracle’s prophecy. Later, he solved the riddle of the Sphinx and
his reward for freeing the kingdom of Thebes from the Sphinx’s curse was the hand
of Queen Jocasta (actually his biological mother) and the crown of the city of
Thebes. The prophecy was thus fulfilled, although none of the main characters were
aware of it at this point.
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Representative texts and authors from Europe Literature of the Ancient
Greece:
Oedipus the King
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A priest and the Chorus of Theban elders are calling on King Oedipus to aid
them with the plague which has been sent by Apollo to ravage the city. Oedipus has
already sent Creon, his brother-in-law, to consult the oracle at Delphi on the matter,
and when Creon returns at that very moment, he reports that the plague will only
end when the murderer of their former king, Laius, is caught and brought to justice.
Oedipus vows to find the murderer and curses him for the plague that he has caused.
Oedipus also summons the blind prophet Tiresias, who claims to know the
answers to Oedipus‘ questions, but refuses to speak, lamenting his ability to see the
truth when the truth brings nothing but pain. He advises Oedipus to abandon his
search but, when the enraged Oedipus accuses Tiresias of complicity in the murder,
Tiresias is provoked into telling the king the truth, that he himself is the murderer.
Oedipus dismisses this as nonsense, accusing the prophet of being corrupted by the
ambitious Creon in an attempt to undermine him, and Tiresias leaves, putting forth
one last riddle: that the murderer of Laius will turn out to be both father and brother
to his own children, and the son of his own wife.
Oedipus demands that Creon be executed, convinced that he is conspiring
against him, and only the intervention of the Chorus persuades him to let Creon live.
Oedipus‘ wife Jocasta tells him he should take no notice of prophets and oracles
anyway because, many years ago, she and Laius received an oracle which never came
true. This prophecy said that Laius would be killed by his own son but, as everyone
knows, Laius was actually killed by bandits at a crossroads on the way to Delphi.
The mention of crossroads causes Oedipus to give pause and he suddenly becomes
worried that Tiresias‘ accusations may actually have been true.
When a messenger from Corinth arrives with news of the death of King
Polybus, Oedipus shocks everyone with his apparent happiness at the news, as he
sees this as proof that he can never kill his father, although he still fears that he may
somehow commit incest with his mother. The messenger, eager to ease Oedipus‘
mind, tells him not to worry because Queen Merope of Corinth was not in fact his
real mother anyway.
The messenger turns out to be the very shepherd who had looked after an
abandoned child, which he later took to Corinth and gave up to King Polybus for
adoption. He is also the very same shepherd who witnessed the murder of Laius. By
now, Jocasta is beginning to realize the truth, and desperately begs Oedipus to stop
asking questions. But Oedipus presses the shepherd, threatening him with torture
or execution, until it finally emerges that the child he gave away was Laius’ own son,
and that Jocasta had given the baby to the shepherd to secretly be exposed upon the
mountainside, in fear of the prophecy that Jocasta said had never come true: that
the child would kill its father.
With all now finally revealed, Oedipus curses himself and his tragic destiny
and stumbles off, as the Chorus laments how even a great man can be felled by fate.
A servant enters and explains that Jocasta, when she had begun to suspect the truth,
had ran to the palace bedroom and hanged herself there. Oedipus enters, deliriously
calling for a sword so that he might kill himself and raging through the house until
he comes upon Jocasta‘s body. In final despair, Oedipus takes two long gold pins
from her dress, and plunges them into his own eyes.
Now blind, Oedipus begs to be exiled as soon as possible, and asks Creon to
look after his two daughters, Antigone and Ismene, lamenting that they should have
been born into such a cursed family. Creon counsels that Oedipus should be kept in
the palace until oracles can be consulted regarding what is best to be done.
England- Age of Restoration (1660–1700)
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John Milton (9 December 1608 – 8 November 1674) was an English poet and
intellectual who served as a civil servant for the Commonwealth of England under
its Council of State and later under Oliver Cromwell. He wrote at a time of religious
flux and political upheaval, and is best known for his epic poem Paradise Lost
(1667), written in blank verse, and widely considered to be one of the greatest
works of literature ever written.
Representative Text Paradise Lost
John Milton
Paradise Lost has two narrative arcs, one about Satan (Lucifer) and the other
following Adam and Eve. It begins after Satan and the other rebel angels have been
defeated and banished to Hell, also called in the poem, Tartarus. In Pandæmonium,
the capital city of Hell, Satan employs his rhetorical skill to organize his followers; he
is aided by Mammon and Beelzebub. Belial and Moloch are also present. At the end
of the debate, Satan volunteers to corrupt the newly created Earth and God's new
and most favoured creation, Mankind. He braves the dangers of the Abyss alone in a
manner reminiscent of Odysseus or Aeneas. After an arduous traversal of the Chaos
outside Hell, he enters God's new material World, and later the Garden of Eden.
At several points, an Angelic War over Heaven is recounted from different
perspectives. Satan's rebellion follows the epic convention of large-scale warfare. The
battles between the faithful angels and Satan's forces take place over three days. At
the final battle, the Son of God single-handedly defeats the entire legion of angelic
rebels and banishes them from Heaven. Following this purge, God creates the World,
culminating in his creation of Adam and Eve. While God gave Adam and Eve total
freedom and power to rule over all creation, he gave them one explicit command: not
to eat from the tree of the knowledge of good and evil on penalty of death.
Adam and Eve are having a romantic and sexual relationship while still being
without sin. They have passions and distinct personalities. Satan, disguised in the
form of a serpent, successfully tempts Eve to eat from the Tree by preying on her
vanity and tricking her with rhetoric. Adam, learning that Eve has sinned, knowingly
commits the same sin. He declares to Eve that since she was made from his flesh,
they are bound to one another- – if she dies, he must also die. Adam was seen as a
heroic figure, but also as a greater sinner than Eve, as he is aware that what he is
doing is wrong.
Soon as they fall asleep, both have terrible nightmares, and after they awake,
they experience guilt and shame for the first time. Realizing that they have committed
a terrible act against God, they engage in mutual recrimination.
Meanwhile, Satan returns triumphantly to Hell, amid the praise of his fellow
fallen angels. He tells them about how their scheme worked and Mankind has fallen,
giving them complete dominion over Paradise. As he finishes his speech, however,
the fallen angels around him become hideous snakes, and soon enough, Satan
himself turns into a snake, deprived of limbs and unable to talk. Thus, they share
the same punishment, as they shared the same guilt.
Eve appeals to Adam for reconciliation of their actions. Her encouragement
enables them to approach God, and sue for grace, bowing on supplicant knee, to
16
receive forgiveness. In a vision shown to him by the Archangel Michael, Adam
witnesses everything that will happen to Mankind until the Great Flood. Adam is very
upset by this vision of the future, so Michael also tells him about Mankind's potential
redemption from original sin through Jesus Christ (whom Michael calls "King
Messiah").
Adam and Eve are cast out of Eden, and Michael says that Adam may find "a
paradise within thee, happier far." Adam and Eve also now have a more distant
relationship with God, who is omnipresent but invisible (unlike the tangible Father
in the Garden of Eden).
17th Century Russian Literature
Count Lev Nikolayevich Tolstoy (August 1828 – November 1910), usually
referred to in English as Leo Tolstoy, was a Russian writer who is regarded as one
of the greatest authors of all time, He received multiple nominations for the Nobel
Prize in Literature every year from 1902 to 1906 and nominations for Nobel Peace
Prize in 1901, 1902 and 1910.
Born to an aristocratic Russian family in 1828, he is best known for the novels War
and Peace (1869) and Anna Karenina (1877), often cited as pinnacles of realist
fiction.
Representative Text
Anna Karenina
Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy tracks the life of aristocrat Anna Karenina and her
tryst with Count Vronsky. The novel is staged in the late nineteenth century at the
height of major political and social changes in Russia. Anna Karenina includes
dozens of characters that portray a realistic account of Russian society during this
period.
Dolly, Kitty's sister, discovered her husband Stiva having an affair. Anna
Karenina consoles Dolly and convinces her to stay with her husband. Meanwhile, Kitty
is proposed to by Konstantin Levin. She turns him down because she is in love with
Count Vronsky.
Count Vronsky shows no interest in Kitty. Upon meeting Anna, he falls in love
with and courts her even though she is already married. At a ball, Anna and Vronsky
give each other so much attention that Kitty realizes she will never be with him. Anna
returns to St. Petersburg followed by Count Vronsky, while Konstantin returns to his
estate in the countryside heartbroken.
Torn apart by Vronsky's affection for Anna, Kitty becomes ill and goes to a
healing center. Kitty comes back to St. Petersburg feeling better and more prepared to
be a wife.
Anna and Count Vronsky consummate their relationship. She struggles with her
roles as wife and mistress. Anna becomes pregnant with Count Vronsky's child and
tells her husband, Karenin, of the affair.
Konstantin Levin focuses on his farm and tries to find meaning in life without
Kitty. He watches as his brother falls deathly ill from tuberculosis.
Despite Anna being pregnant with his child, Count Vronsky refuses to commit
himself to her. He struggles to choose between his love for Anna and his career goals.
Anna rejects the option to stay with her husband; however, she doesn't know what to
do since she cannot depend on Vronsky for support.
Levin and Kitty become engaged.
Although Anna refused him, Karenin does his best to appear happy with his
marriage in public. However, after becoming angry with the circumstances, he hires a
divorce lawyer.
Anna becomes ill with puerperal fever and is on her deathbed when Karenin
forgives her for the affair and says that she can be with Vronsky. Although Karenin was
18
willing to give her one, Anna refuses divorce because she is afraid that she will lose her
son.
Humiliated by his past actions and unwillingness to support Anna, Vronsky
unsuccessfully attempts suicide. Anna and Vronsky travel together after she is better.
Kitty and Levin are married and struggle with the reality of married life. Kitty
becomes pregnant.
Anna and Vronsky return from Italy. After seeing her son again, Anna realizes how
alone she feels. She becomes desperate to legitimize her relationship with Vronsky.
Although Vronsky advises against it, Anna attends the opera, where she is treated
insultingly. Vronsky is angry that she didn't listen to him, while Anna is furious with
him for not understanding her social position. The two move to the countryside, but the
relationship begins to deteriorate.
Dolly visits Anna. She realizes that Anna's life is cold compared to her life. Anna
confesses that Vronsky's interest is waning. At the same time, Count Vronsky feels
suffocated by Anna's intense love, which becomes apparent when Anna requests he
return home during a political convention.
Upon realizing the relationship with Vronsky will not endure, Anna commits
suicide.
Count Vronsky enlists in the Russian military. Meanwhile, a peaceful Levin
learns that the meaning of life is about living for the good of humanity.
Representative Texts and Authors from other European Countries
Country
England
France
Greece
Author
Text
Lord Alfred Tennyson
Charge the Light Brigade
J.K. Rowling
Harry Potter
John Bunyan
Pilgrim’s Progress
William Shakespeare
Romeo and Juliet
Geoffrey Chaucer
Book of the Duchess
Alexander Dumas
The Count of Monte Cristo
Ezza Agha Malak
Qu'as-tu fait de tes mômes, Papa
?
Victor Marie Hugo
Les Misérables
Michael Praust
In Search of Lost Time
Voltaire
The Maids of Orleans
Guy de Maupassant
Bel – Ami
Homer
Iliad and Odyssey
Sophocles
Electra
Odysseas Alepoudellis
The Elegies of Oxopetra
19
Rome
Aeschylus
Oresteia
ro
Publius Vergilius Ma
( Virgil)
Aenied
Dante Alighieri
(Dante
Divine Comedy
)
Ovid
Russia
Sweden
Metamorphosis
Andrea Bajani
Ogni Promessa (2010)
Alessandro Baricco
Senza sangue,; Without Blood ,
2002
Count Lev Nikolayevich
Tolstoy (Leo Tolstoy)
The Death of Ivan Ilyich
Lyudmila Evgenyevna
Ulitskaya
The People of Our Tsar ,
2005)
Vladimir Vladimirovich
Mayakovsky
The War and the World (1917)
Väinö Linna
The Unknown Soldier , 1954
Eyvind Johnson
The Days of His Grace, 1960
Literary Genre
The three genres of literature are PROSE, POETRY and DRAMA and all of them
have a unique way of writing them.
PROSE is the most regular, easiest and simplest form of writing; you basically
need no skill in writing this. It is however written in chapters and verses that is how
you recognise them. They are also a continuous form of writing, which basically the
aim of a prose is to narrate a story.
Prose can be of any form, but first it comes in two types, which is the fictitious
and non -fictitious, fictitious prose tends to be more interesting, because it is the
creativity of a writer that makes people want to read a myth instead of the true story.
DRAMA on the hand is basically a style of writing that portrays the actions of men,
and this genre of literature comes in dialogue and is written in scenes because it
should originally been acted on a stage, before being written down.
POETRY is the most difficult genre. Many people write prose and call it poetry,
however without the add-ons of figures of speeches and literary devices, a work
can never be considered a poem.
20
Poetry consists the more formal metrical structure of verse. Poetry often involves a
metrical or rhyming scheme.
What Is Structure In A Poem?
The structure of a poem refers to the way it is presented to the reader. This could
include technical things such as the line length and stanza format. Or it could
include the flow of the words used and ideas conveyed.
1. Line length shows the reader how it should be read. Short lines are usually
read faster, with more emotion. Longer lines slow down the pace of a poem.
Choosing appropriate line breaks gives a reader a chance to take a natural
breath.
Those who write poetry pay careful attention to elements like sentence
length, word placement and even how lines are grouped together.
2. Rhythm or the beat that the poem follows. This will typically be measured in
meters (sets of syllables that are stressed and unstressed) that the reader will
sing along with.
Consider the rhythmic effect of music and the words. What emotions does the
singer display? The notes and the meter may be fast at first, but they may
slow down later on. This rhythm affects the message as a whole.
3. Stanzas, the groups of lines, are like paragraph in prose. They contain a
central idea. Having multiple stanzas gives readers a chance to focus on
multiple ideas. Think about a page with writing. Is it more manageable to read
it if all the words flow together as one paragraph or if they are broken apart
into appropriate paragraphs? The same works with poetry.
4. Consistency
Structure also refers to the consistency used throughout the poem. An author
might start each line with a certain part of speech, or a repeated line or phrase
is used at the same spot in each stanza.
When a poem has a strong sense of structure, it flows from beginning to end,
and the ideas are easily conveyed.
Here is an example of rhyme in poetry.
I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud by William Wordsworth (an excerpt)
I wandered lonely as a cloud
That floats on high o’er vales and hills,
When all at once I saw a crowd,
A host, of golden daffodils;
Structure of Poetry and Its Elements
The Line: A line in a poem is not the same as a sentence. Just because the words
are placed in a single line, does not mean that the thought is complete.
21
As you read through a poem, and you come to the end of a line where there
is no punctuation after the last word, there is no need to pause – navigate to the
start of the next line and continue reading.
For example, in the poem Annabel Lee by Edgar Allan Poe.
It was many and many a year ago,
In a kingdom by the sea,
That a maiden there lived whom you may know
By the name of Annabel Lee;
And this maiden she lived with no other thought Than
to love and be loved by me.
I was a child and she was a child,
In this kingdom by the sea,
SUMMARY OF LITERARY TEXT ELEMENTS
Author/
Representative
Literary Period
Text
Genre/structure/elements
22
Count Lev
Nikolayevich/
17th Century
Russian
Literature
Anna
Karenina
Genre: prose poetry/, written in chapters Family
Drama, Romance, Tragedy, Literary Fiction
Elements:
Theme:
• Social Change in Nineteenth-Century
Russia
• The Philosophical Value of Farming
• The Blessings of Family Life
• Adultery
• Forgiveness
• Death
Setting:
• Late 19th Century Moscow, Petersburg, The
Russian Countryside
• a time of insane amounts of intellectual
fervor and debate about what direction
Russia should take in becoming a modern
nation.
Characters/characterization:
• Anna Arkadyevna Karenina
Ø A beautiful, aristocratic married
woman from St. Petersburg whose
pursuit of love and emotional honesty
makes her an outcast from society
Ø Anna’s adulterous affair catapults
her into social exile, misery, and
finally suicide
• Alexandrovich Karenina
Anna’s husband
Ø high-ranking government minister
and one of the most important men
in St. Petersburg
Ø is formal and duty-bound
Ø is cowed by social convention and
constantly presents a flawless façade
of a cultivated and capable man
Alexei
Ø Kirillovich Vronsky
Ø A wealthy and dashing military officer
whose love for Anna prompts her to
desert her husband and son.
Ø Vronsky is passionate and caring
toward Anna
Ø Was clearly disappointed when their
affair forces him to give up his
dreams
of career advancement
Ø Konstantin Dmitrich Levin
23
Ø A socially awkward but generoushearted landowner
Ø the co-protagonist of the novel
24
Ø Levin’s long courtship of Kitty
Shcherbatskaya ultimately ends in a
happy marriage
Ø is intellectual and philosophical
Ø applies his thinking to practical matters
such as agriculture
Ø aims to be sincere and productive in
whatever he does
Ø Ekaterina Alexandrovna Shcherbatskaya
(Kitty)
Ø A beautiful young woman who is courted
by both Levin and Vronsky, and who
ultimately marries Levin
Ø Modeled on Tolstoy’s real-life wife
Ø Kitty is sensitive and perhaps a bit
overprotected, shocked by some of the
crude realities of life
Ø displays great courage and compassion in
the face of death when caring for Levin’s
dying brother Nikolai.
25
Plot:
Ø Initial Situation
Ø Anna's life goes downhill, Levin's goes up,
and what makes Levin happy (i.e., his
family) is exactly what makes Anna
miserable
• Conflict
Ø Anna meets Vronsky and starts feeling
unsatisfied with her family life
Ø Levin attempts both farming and marriage
proposing, and fails at both.
• Complication
Ø As Anna's dissatisfaction with her own
marriage mounts, she turns more and
more to Vronsky
Ø Levin continues on his quest to resolve
his existential angst through marriage
and farming
• Climax
Ø Anna suffers an irreparable break with
Karenin and ties her fate forever to
Vronsky
Ø Levin finally gets the girl.
Ø What is Karenin going to do about his
wayward wife?
Ø Levin is married, is he finally satisfied?
• Denouement
Ø Anna commits suicide
Ø Levin has an epiphany
• Conclusion
Ø Anna is dead
Ø Levin embraces his love for the family he's
been looking for throughout the novel.
Point of view:
• told from the perspective of an omniscient, or
all-knowing third-person narrator The
story slips into the perspectives
• of Anna, Vronsky, Karenin, Levin—even
Levin's dog, Laska
Atmosphere: Tragic
26
What’s More
ACTIVITY 4: Lesson Discovery
DIRECTIONS: Give short narrative lines that will express what you have learned
from the discussions presented above.
Question cues:
1. What are your observations regarding the literary genres utilized in each literary
period?
__________________________________________________________________________ 2.
Give similarities and differences among each region as well as each period
pertaining to utilization of literary genres. Cite specific periods compared.
__________________________________________________________________________
Activity 5: Know the Literary Terms
Directions: Arrange the rambled letters to form the name of the literary terms
utilized in the European literature. Write your answer on the space provided for.
1. SEROP
2. TYROPE
___________________
___________________
3. TIRERAVAN
___________________
4. NOTICIF
___________________
5. SLOVEN
6. MHTYHR
7. NAZATS
8. MEDUENTONE
9. GREEN
10. RATCEHARC
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
___________________
Activity 6: Guess what
Directions: Determine what is described in each item below. Write your answer on
the space provided before each number.
_________________1. What was the oracle which plagued the life of Oedipus in
Sophocles tragedy entitled Oedipus the King?
_________________2. What option did King Laius do in order to keep rid from the
oracle and to prevent the fulfilment of the oracle?
_________________3. How did Jocasta acted upon knowing that the oracle was
fulfilled?
_________________4. With the despair of Oedipus, knowing the fulfilment of the oracle,
what did he do to himself?
_________________5. What are the two narrative arcs which John Milton utilized in
the logical story presentation in his work entitled Paradise Lost?
_________________6. What was God’s favoured creation presented in Paradise Lost..
_________________7. In John Milton’s Paradise Lost, how did Satan corrupted the
creation of God?
27
_________________8. What was God’s punishment to Satan after he corrupted Adam
and Eve as John Milton portrayed?
_________________9. In Leo Tolstoy’s Anna Karenina, how did he portrayed his main
character Anna?
_________________10. How did Leo Tolstoy presented a more realistic story in Anna
Karenina.
Activity 7: Guess what?
Directions: Read and understand the selection given. Fill-in the table provided below
with the corresponding details that would be taken from the selection. Write your
answer on the space provided in each item.
The Satanic Verses
Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie first
published in 1988 and inspired in part by
the life of Muhammad
Gabreel and Saladin are both Indian Muslims living in England. Gibreel
Farishta is a successful film actor who has suffered a recent bout of mental illness
and who is in love with an English mountain climber, Alleluia Cone. Saladin
Chamcha is a voice actor who has had a falling out with his father. Gibreel and
Saladin meet on a flight from Bombay (Mumbai) to London, and the plane is hijacked
by Sikh terrorists. During an argument the terrorists accidently detonate a bomb,
destroying the aircraft over the English Channel. Gibreel and Saladin miraculously
survived the tribulation, and were the fortunate survivors, falling into the Atlantic
Ocean.
As Gibreel descends, he is transformed into the angel Gabriel and has a series
of dreams. The first one is a revisionist history of the founding of Islam. The character
based on Muhammad is called Mahound, and he is attempting to found a
monotheistic religion in the polytheistic town of Jahilia. As in an apocryphal legend,
Mahound receives a vision allowing the worship of three goddesses, but, after
realizing that the confirming revelation was sent by the devil, he recants. A quarter
century later one of his disciples ceases to believe in Mahound’s religion, but the
town of Jahilia converts. Prostitutes in a brothel take the names of Mahound’s wives
before the brothels are closed. Later Mahound falls ill and dies, with his final vision
being of one of the goddesses.
Saladin is transformed into the devil as he falls, and he later grows horns and
goat legs with cloven hoofs. The two men crawl onto the coast, and Saladin is arrested
as an illegal immigrant. After being hospitalized, he escapes, only to find that his wife
is having an affair with one of his friends. His misfortunes continue as he loses his
job. However, his rage at Gibreel for failing to intervene when he was arrested
eventually transforms Saladin back into a fully human man.
In the meantime, Gibreel is reunited with Alleluia, but an angel tells him to
leave her and spread the word of God in London. He is hit by the car of an Indian
film producer, who plans a trio of religious films in which Gibreel will star as an
archangel. Later, Gibreel and Saladin meet at a party, and Saladin decides to kill
28
him. However, although he has various opportunities, he does not murder Gibreel
and instead induces him to believe that Alleluia has several lovers.
Gibreel eventually realizes that Saladin has tricked him and resolves to kill
him. However, when Gibreel finds Saladin in a burning building, he rescues him.
Saladin has thoughts of his family in India where his beautiful hometown
reminds him of the best of his life. Upon learning that his father is dying, Saladin
returns to Bombay and reconciles with him. He inherits a substantial sum of money
and reconnects with a former girlfriend. Separately, Gibreel and Alleluia also travel
to Bombay, and a jealous Gibreel murders her and then kills himself.
Activity cue: In a separate sheet of paper, copy and fill-the grid below with the
appropriate details pertaining to literary text genre.
LITERARY TEXT ANALYSIS
Author/Literary
Period
Representative
Text
Genre/structure/elements
Genre: ______________
______________ Elements:
Theme: ______________
______________
Setting:
______________
Characters/characterization:
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________
_________________________________ Plot:
Ø Initial Situation Ø
Exposition:
_____________________
1. _______
2. _______
Ø Rising Action (Conflict,
Complication):
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
Ø
Climax (Crisis, Turning Point):
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
29
____________________________
Ø Falling Action:
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________
____________________________ Ø
Resolution (Denouement):
____________________________
____________________________
Atmosphere:
____________________________
____________________________
What I Have Learned
Wow!
You are almost done. It is time to check what you have learned so
far from our lesson before we proceed to your assessment. This activity will give
a summary of everything you learned from our lesson.
Activity 8: Express your thoughts
30
Directions: Fill in the blanks with the correct information about the 21st Century
Literature from the Philippines and the World pertaining to the representative texts
and authors from Europe.
1. What are similarities which you could provide regarding the different literary
texts discussed?
Answer:
___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________
2. What specific family values which Sir Ahmed Salman Rushdie resented in his
work entitled Satanic Verse?
Answer:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
3. In John Milton’s Paradise Lost, what realization which you could personally
reflect in the case of the temptation of Adam and Eve to eat the forbidden
fruit?
Answer:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
4. Give the similarities and differences between the literary texts entitled
“Oedipus the King” and “Anna Karenina”.
Answer:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
5. Give short description of Anna as portrayed by Leo Tolstoy.
Answer:
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
What I Can Do
You are now ready to apply what you have learned about the 21st Century literature
of Europe and its representative texts and authors. Let us begin.
Activity 9:
Let’s Reflect!
Directions: Write a literary piece expressing the value and importance of determining
the tragedy genre. Cite situations that will connect it to the present pandemic
situation experienced in the world. Make some graphic illustrations that will portray
the plot of your storyline. Post if in our class GC. (10 points)
Write your output in a clean long bond paper.
31
Rubric for Literary piece writing and graphic illustration
Criteria
4
3
2
1
Relevance
The
piece
consists
all
the elements
of
literary
tragedy genre.
The piece
missed
to include 2 of
the elements
of
literary
tragedy genre.
The piece
missed
to
include 3 of the
elements
of
literary tragedy
genre.
Graphic
illustrations
The storyline
and flow of
actions in the
piece is
perfectly
illustrated.
The
illustrations
missed
to
portray
2 flow
of
actions from
the literary
piece
The
illustrations
missed
to
portray 3 flow
of actions from
the literary
piece
The
piece
missed
to
include 4 and
more of the
elements of
literary tragedy
genre.
The
illustrations
missed
to
portray 4 and
more flow of
actions from
the literary
piece
Total
8
Additional Activities
Great job! You are finally done with your Assessment. Now, it is time to reinforce
your understanding of the lesson by accomplishing the given task.
Direction: Choose one (1) of the three (3) given tasks below.
Task 1: Compose, memorize, recite and record a poem expressing your own personal
way of preventing the spread of COVID 19 virus. Post it in our class GC.
Task 2: Make a mini-poster about the poem (pandemic theme) that you composed.
Add a slogan that will express the thought of your poster. Post it in our
class GC.
Task 3: Assign a musical tone to the poem that you composed. Sing it, or find
anybody in the family to sing it in your own rendition. You may sing it
with a partner or you may be in group.
Record the song presentation and post it in the class GC
32
Rubric for Literary poem writing and graphic illustration
Criteria
4
3
2
1
Relevance
The
poem
consists
all
the elements
and structure
of poetry.
The
poem
missed 1
elements and
structure of
poetry.
The
poem The
poem
missed
2 missed all the
elements and elements and
structure
of structure
poetry.
of
poetry.
Graphic
illustrations
The
poster
illustrated 4
and
more
ways of
preventing
COVID
19
pandemic.
The
poster
illustrated
ways
of
preventing
COVID
19
pandemic.
The
poster
illustrated
2
ways of
preventing
COVID
19
pandemic.
Total
The poster to
illustrate and
ways of
preventing
COVID
19
pandemic.
8
33
References
Books:
Flores, R., (2016). Oral Communication in Context. Rex Printing Company, Inc. Sta. Mesa
Heights, Quezon City.
Sipacio, P. and Balgos, A. (2016). Oral Communication in Context for Senior High School. C
& E Publishing Company. South Triangle, Quezon City.
DISCLAIMER
This Self-learning Module (SLM) was developed by DepEd SOCCSKSARGEN
with the primary objective of preparing for and addressing the new normal.
Contents of this module were based on DepEd’s Most Essential Learning
Competencies (MELC). This is a supplementary material to be used by all
learners of Region XII in all public schools beginning SY 2020-2021. The
process of LR development was observed in the production of this module.
This is version 1.0. We highly encourage feedback, comments, and
recommendations.
For inquiries or feedback, please write or call:
Department of Education – SOCCSKSARGEN
Learning Resource Management System (LRMS)
Regional Center, Brgy. Carpenter Hill, City of Koronadal
Telefax No.: (083) 2288825/ (083) 2281893
Email Address: region12@deped.gov.ph