ELEMENTS OF ART Definition of Visual Arts….. • Unique expressions of ideas, beliefs, experiences, and feelings presented in welldesigned visual forms. ELEMENTS OF ART- Defined Elements of art are the basic components or “building blocks” such as value, color, line, texture, shape, form, and space that artists use to create an artwork Line LINE LINE is a continuous mark with length and direction, created by a point that moved across a surface. Lines can vary in length, width, direction, curvature, and color. A line can be two-dimensional (drawn on paper), incised in clay, three-dimensional (wire), or implied. TYPES OF LINES There are 4 types of line : horizontal diagonal vertical curved Ando Hiroshige Fuji from Safami River 19th C. Colored print 13 ¼ x 8 ¾ in. Lines create moods and feelings Thick lines feel bold, thin lines feel delicate Contour lines are the edges and surface ridges of an object. Implied lines are a series of points that the viewer’s eyes automatically connect. They are “suggested” linesnot “real” lines. LINE: 2 DIMENSIONAL SURFACE Harmensz Rembrandt van Rijn 1606-1669 Two Studies of a Bird of Paradise Pen and sepia ink and wash, white highlights Diagonal lines Curved lines LINE: 3 DIMENSIONAL SURFACE Warren Mather Overflow, Stoneware, multiple firings 15"x 5.5"x 5.5" 1993 DIAGONAL, CONTOUR LINES Value The lightness or darkness of a color. Sometimes that color is black as in a drawing or photograph Value Scale showing a gradation or the steps of values. Black fading to white Rene Magritte The Listening Room, 1952 The gradual value change in the apple makes the apple appear round, solid and more real. Value: 3 dimensional work Allan Houser Listen 1990 bronze edition of 8 25"x25"x21" Color When a ray of white light is split, a color spectrum is created and we can see colors. Prism COLOR Color is seen when light strikes an object and then reflects back to the eyes. Light hits an object Red reflects back to the eye-all other colors are absorbed into the object Color Wheel Artists bend the color spectrum into a circle which organizes the colors COLOR WHEEL When the spectrum is organized as a color wheel, the colors are divided into groups called primary, secondary and intermediate colors. S P S P S PRIMARY COLORS Primary colors are the colors yellow, red and blue These colors can not be made by mixing other colors…..however, it is possible to mix all the other colors of the spectrum using the primary colors. Yellow Blue Red SECONDARY COLORS • Colors made by mixing two different primary colors GREEN ORANGE VIOLET INTERMEDIATE COLORS • Intermediate colors are made by mixing one primary color and one secondary color. Yellow-orange Yellow-green Blue-green Blue-violet secondary Red-orange Red-violet Color Schemes Colors artists group together that look good when put with one another • Triad, complementary, analogous, split complementary, • Warm, cool, monochromatic, • Neutral Triad Color Scheme Any three colors spaced at an equal distance on the color wheel such as the primary colors, or the secondary colors. Piet Mondrian, Composition with Red, Blue and Yellow c. 1930 Complementary Color Scheme Two colors opposite each other on the color wheel Pierre-Auguste Renoir, Boating on the Seine Vincent van Gogh, Night Cafe Analogous Color Scheme Three colors that are next to each other on the color wheel: the colors have a common color. Yellow-green, green, blue-green Warm Color Scheme Colors associated with warm things: fire, sun, heat Cool Color Scheme Colors associated with cool things-such as ice and grass Split Complementary Color Scheme One color and the two colors on each side of its complement Red-orange, yellow-orange, blue Split complementary color scheme with yellow, red-violet and blue violet Neutral Color Scheme Colors such as black, white, gray, or brown that are not on the spectrum. Monochromatic color scheme One color and all its tints and shades Artistic expression • • • Colors can make us think of certain things or feel a certain way. What do you think of when you see these colors: • • • • • • • Red/green Blue/gold Black Pink Blue Yellow Gray Red Texture Activity Today: Texture, Shape, Space Light Instructions: 1. Use clay to create two opposite textures. 2. Use clay to form any geometric shape and any organic shape 3. With the use of clay form two cubes of equal sizes. Poke holes on one cube and label cube A, the one without holes label cube B. 4. Model a human face and bring it to a dark corner, use the light of the cell phone and flash it on the upper part of the face then on the lower part of the face. On a bond paper write the answers to the following by filling out the table on the following slide. 1. What verbs can be used to label each texture? Discuss each. (6 pts) 2. What nouns can be used to label each shape? Discuss each.(6 pts) 3. Which cube appear lighter? Heavier? (4 pts) 4. Describe how the facial expression of the face changed when light was flashed from above, from below.(4 pts) 1 2 3 4 Texture Rough Smooth Shape organic geometric Space Cube A Cube B Light Above Below Verb Discussion Noun Light Heavy Description Description TEXTURE An element of art which refers to the surface quality or "feel" of an object, its smoothness, roughness, softness, etc. TEXTURE is the way a surface feels or the way it is drawn to look and the viewer imagines how it might feel. Albrecht Dürer (German, 1471-1528), The Rhinoceros, woodcut, 1515, British Museum, London. African Mask TYPES OF TEXTURE Textures may be actual or implied. Actual textures can be felt with the fingers, while implied textures are suggested by an artist. ACTUAL TEXTURE3-DIMENSIONAL SURFACE ROUGH TEXTURE SMOOTH TEXTURE Miriam Novak SIMULATED TEXTURE2 DIMENSIONAL SURFACE M.C. Escher Eye, 1946, mezzotint Shiny & smooth Hairy ACTUAL TEXTURE3-DIMENSIONAL SURFACE Meret Oppenheim Object, (Luncheon in Fur) 1936 ROUGH, HAIRY TEXTURE Shape and Form SHAPE SHAPE is a two-dimensional area that has length and height. Geometric shapes Organic shapes SHAPE: 3 DIMENSIONAL SURFACE Barbara Mazur Cup and Saucer Porcelain, salt-glaze 6"x 4"x 4" 1994 ORGANIC SHAPES SHAPE: 2 DIMENSIONAL SURFACE Piet Mondrian Composition in Red yellow and blue 1937-1942 Oil on canvas 60 X 55 cm SQUARES & RECTANGLES FORM Form refers to an element of art that is three-dimensional (height, width, and depth) and encloses volume. height depth width FORMS For example, a square, which is twodimensional, is a shape, but a cube, which is three-dimensional, is a form. Pyramids, spheres, cones, and cylinders are examples of various forms. SQUARE 2-D SHAPE rectangle CUBE 3-D FORM 2-D shape CYLINDER 3-D FORM Space SPACE Space is an empty place or surface in or around a work of art. Space can be twodimensional, three-dimensional, negative and/or positive. SPACE Artists create positive and negative space in two-dimensional artworks. 2 dimensional Positive space 2 dimensional Negative space SPACE3 DIMENSIONAL WORK POSITIVE SPACE Jonathan Kaplan Still Life with Teapot Cast Terra Cotta with underglaze pigments 20"x6"x6" 1994 Negative space Light The actual or imaginary luminosity of a work Perspective The actual or suggested point of view of the work Principles of Design Definition The Principles of Design are the rules that govern how we use the Elements of Art. PRINCIPLES OF DESIGN Balance – Rhythm & Movement – Pattern – Proportion – Unity – Variety – Emphasis – Balance BALANCE Balance is a principle of design referring to the arrangement of elements to create stability in an art work. Expressive Qualities of Balance • The type of balance an artist uses to organize a work of art affects the feeling expressed by that work. Artists choose balance based on the feeling they wish to convey. TYPES OF BALANCE There are 4 types of balance: • symmetrical • approximately symmetrical • asymmetrical • radial SYMMETRICAL BALANCE • A balance arrangement in which the parts of a composition are organized so that one side duplicates or mirrors the other. • It can be very stiff and formal. • Used to express dignity, endurance, and stability. Central axis Each side is identical Approximate symmetry qApproximate symmetry is an arrangement where the parts of a composition are similar yet different, on either side of a vertical axis. Leonardo da Vinci (Italian, 1452-1519), The Last Supper, 1498, modified fresco, 15 x 29 feet ,Convent of Santa Maria delle Grazie (Refectory), Milan. It shows approximate symmetry Central axis There are 6 men on each side of Christeach are painted differently. Focal point With approximate symmetry, artists express the same sense of calm stability but they avoid the rigid formality of pure symmetry. ASYMMETRICAL BALANCE A feeling of balance when the visual parts on either side of a vertical axis are actually different but are placed in the composition to create a “felt” balance of the total artwork. Asymmetrical balance is a balance of unlike objects. Asymmetrical balance Also called informal balance, and it creates a casual effect. This balance is more complex. An artist must consider all the visual weight factors when using asymmetrical balance…. Weight factor #1 size and contour – A large shape or form appears to be heavier (having more visual weight) than a small shape. – Several small shapes or forms can balance one large shape. – An object with a complicated contour is more interesting and appears to be heavier than one with a simple contour. – A small, complex object can balance a large, simple object. Weight factor #2 Color A high-intensity color has more visual weight than a low-intensity color. The viewer’s eyes are drawn to the area of bright color. Warm colors carry more visual weight than cool colors. Weight factor #3 Value The stronger the contrast in value between an object and the background, the more visual weight the object has. Dark values appear heavier than light values. Weight factor #4 Position A large object close to the dominant area of the work can be balanced by a smaller object placed farther away from the dominant area. A large, positive shape and a small, negative space can be balanced against a small, positive shape and a large, negative space. RADIAL BALANCE Radial a kind of balance in which lines or shapes spread out from a center point. Christoph Hormann (German, 1979-) Star, 2001-02, digital image produced by combining several spiral and radial patterns, using Persistence of Vision Raytracer (POV Ray) software. Pattern, Rhythm, & Movement Pattern, Rhythm, and Movement • PATTERN is the principle of design used when the same element is repeated in a special way. • RHYTHM is the principle of design created by repeating element(s) in a pattern. • MOVEMENT shows the look of action by the repetition one or more elements. This principle makes the viewer’s eyes move all around the artwork. Vincent van Gogh (Dutch, 18531890), The Starry Night, 1889 (SaintRémy), oil on canvas, 29 x 36 inches Museum of Modern Art, New York Types of Pattern • • • • • Random Regular Flowing Alternating Progressive Random Pattern • No special spacing or placement Random Pattern Poor Man's Cotton by Hale Woodruff Art Print 24 x 32 in Alternating Pattern One way to make alternating patterns is to add a second motif Alternating pattern William Morris Length of Printed Cotton, 19th- 20th century, cotton, 8 feet 7 1/2 x 38 1/4 inches (Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY. Alternating Pattern A second way to make alternating pattern is to change the placement Alternating Pattern Alternating Pattern The third way to make an alternating pattern is by turning the motif Wayne Bates Flowing Pattern • Repeated curved lines Wayne Bates Flowing Pattern Starry Night by Van Gogh Progressive Pattern • Gradually change the motif Progressive Pattern Victor Vasarely Boo 200 x 200 cm. 1978 M.C. Escher Sky and Water II 1938 woodcut Progressive Pattern Regular Pattern Same spacing, same motif Regular Pattern Teapot Val Cushing Proportion Proportion PROPORTION is the principle of design concerned with the size relationship of one part to another or one object to another (a ratio). Scale is like proportion but it compares an object to a standard reference. Spoonbridge and Cherry Is the spoon out of scale or out of proportion to the buildings? Is the cherry in scale to the spoon? Variety Variety Variety is a principle of design that refers to a way of combining the elements of art to create difference or contrast. A work that is too much alike can be dull. Miroslav Sutej Ultra AB, 1967. color silkscreen, 19 x17 “ Emphasis Emphasis Emphasis is how the artist arranges the elements to catch a viewer’s attention. These areas usually have contrasting size, shape, color, or distinctive features. Tom Turner Often, emphasis is used to direct and focus attention on the most important parts of a composition – which becomes the focal point. Gustav Klimt, Serena Lederer (died 1943), 1899, oil on canvas, 75 1/8 x 33 5/8 inches (190.8 x 85.4 cm), Metropolitan Museum of Art, NY. The head in this portrait is emphasized by contrasting its dark features to the whiteness everywhere else. Robert Minor (American, 1884-1952), Pittsburgh, 1916, lithographic crayon and India ink, published in The Masses, no. 8, August 1916. Robert Minor produced this drawing as an editorial cartoon, commenting on a 1916 steel workers' strike. He emphasized the thrust of the soldier's bayonet by drawing its direction as the counterpoint to that of the worker's body. Line of sight creates an emphasis Virgin of the Rocks 1483-1486 Leonardo da Vinci A design lacking emphasis may be monotonous Unity Unity Unity is the principle of design that refers to the feeling that all parts of a design are working together as a team. Unity can be achieved by: Simplicity--making a very plain and simple piece without it being dull Repetition--repeating the same elements all over the work Proximity--which is achieved by limiting the amount of negative space between objects Joern Utzon. Sydney Opera House, Australia 1959-1972 Unified with surroundings by repeating the sails seen in the harbor The color of the gowns is repeated leading the eye into the painting. The pattern on the floor also creates repetition Movement is created in the painting as your eye travels from the little girl on the blanket and moves up the stairs. The painting creates a Grouping of similar sense of unity by the objects (proximity) effective use of repetition. was used to create See how the artist has unity within this repeated similar forms painting. (ducks) and color (brown) throughout the composition?
