Implementation of Sustainable Land
Management (SLM) Practices
to Address Land Degradation and
Mitigate the Effects of Drought
ADAPTIVE BALANCED
FERTILIZATION STRATEGY
for RESPONSIBLE FARMING
The Abuyog and Sta. Fe, Leyte Case:
Addressing Soil Fertility Decline
Implementation of Sustainable Land
Management (SLM) Practices
to Address Land Degradation and
Mitigate the Effects of Drought
ADAPTIVE BALANCED
FERTILIZATION STRATEGY
for RESPONSIBLE FARMING
The Abuyog and Sta. Fe, Leyte Case:
Addressing Soil Fertility Decline
Adaptive Balanced Fertilization Management for Responsible Farming
The Abuyog and Sta. Fe, Leyte Case: Addressing Soil Fertility Decline
©2020
Sustainable
Land
Management
Project
Bureau
of
Soils
and
Water
Management
ISBN: 978-971-0583-30-0
Implementation of Sustainable Land Management (SLM) Practices to Address
Land Degradation and Mitigate Effects of Drought (SLM Project)
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address below.
The Project “Implementation of SLM Practices to Address Land Degradation
and Mitigate Effects of Drought” is a 4-year project implemented by the
Department of Agriculture- Bureau of Soils and Water Management. The
Project aims to strengthen the SLM frameworks in addressing land
degradation challenges and mitigate the effect of drought to contribute in
enhancing integrated natural resource management in the country. The SLM
Project is supported by United Nations Development Programme in the
Philippines and the Global Environment Facility.
Published by the Bureau of Soils and Water Management
For inquiries, please contact:
Bureau of Soils and Water Management
SRDC Building, Bureau of Soils and Water Management, Visayas Avenue
corner Elliptical Road, Vasra, Quezon City
Telephone Numbers: (+632) 8332-9534
Email: bswmclientcenter@yahoo.com
Photos: SLM Project Management Office
Cover Photo: Juvy L. Esperanza
Local and Global Issues on Soil Fertility
Management (Soil Fertility Decline - Nutrient
Mining - Climate Change Benefits)
• Nutrient mining causes a decline in the native soil fertility and
is now the primary cause of increasing costs of technology for
meeting current and future food security of the country.
• This is one of the least visible types of creeping land
degradation with impacts on GHG emissions (release of soil
CO2, methane and Nitrous Oxides) that are not fully understood
by the farmers and the technicians.
• If left unchecked, this will lead to desertification of farmlands,
especially in island ecosystems, the irreversible loss of soil
productivity and which resulted into mal-adaptations and subsequent increase in poverty of vulnerable communities.
The Pilot
• A community of small farm holders who are primarily
dependent on rice production with limited knowledge and
financial resources for adopting rice production technologies
from the Department of Agriculture
• The local farming communities have a national Gawad Saka
awardee and former local government executive who have been
taking the social role and responsibilities as the Big Brother to
Small Brothers in farming for undertaking the Bayanihan Way
of coaching, mentoring and sharing their “modern” farming
facilities for adaptive cooperative farming as the way to
reduce soil fertility depletion and climate change induced land
degradation
Legal Basis of the Balanced Fertilization
On August 27, 1997, BFS was formally adopted by the BSWM
through the issuance of Presidential Proclamation No. 1071
which provides the legal and institutional basis for the adoption
of a science-based, location specific organic farming which
prescribed the use of farm wastes (rice straw) for reducing
dependence of small farm holders on Urea Fertilizers and
restoring, as well, soil health of degraded farmlands and capacity
of land resources to reducing food security gaps in the country.
The Basic BSWM Technology and Extent of
Large Farm Demonstration
• The BFS started with the use of Trichoderma, a compost
fungus activator for the rapid decomposition of rice straw in the
field.
• A total of 141 demonstration sites were planted in irrigated
rice in the first cropping season of the crop year 1997-98, and
131 sites in the second cropping season. The size of each demo
farm varied from five to 20 hectares.
Table 1. Nationwide results of Balanced Fertilization Strategy (BFS) in irrigated rice by yield categories and by fertilizer
group, (1st Crop, 1997-98)
Fertilizer Sites
Number
High
Medium
Low
National
Group
Of sites
1
Farmers Practice
23
5.47
5.50
4.26
5.00
BFS Demonstration
2
Farmers Practice
70
BFS Demonstration
3
Farmers Practice
19
BFS Demonstration
4
Farmers Practice
12
BFS Demonstration
5
Farmers Practice
17
BFS Demonstration
Ave.
Total number of sites
Farmers Practice
BFS Demonstration
6.48
5.31
4.68
5.57
5.06
4.33
3.26
4.43
6.29
5.22
4.51
5.51
4.22
4.80
3.67
4.31
5.32
5.15
4.32
5.44
6.75
5.40
2.69
4.27
7.10
5.44
4.55
5.27
5.35
5.19
3.83
5.07
6.63
5.11
4.50
5.46
5.24
4.8
3.52
4.52
6.42
5.23
4.52
5.39
141
Source: DA-BSWM Protocol, Organic based Agriculture Program, Undated)
6
7
The Concept of Balanced Fertilization
• A form of site-specific nutrient management recognized by
researchers to be the key to improve fertilizer use an efficiency
• It refers to the application of plant nutrients in optimum
quantities in the right proportion through appropriate methods
at the time suited for a specific crop and agro-climatic situation
• It leads to soil health building, while imbalanced fertilization
leads to soil mining, causing soil sickness and an uneconomic
waste of scarce resources
The Farmer initiated Technology shift:
The ADAPTIVE BALANCED FERTILIZATION
STRATEGY
1. On Soil Health Restoration
A Climate Smart Soil Carbon Management for Soil Health
Restoration:
•
Farmer – initiated Adoption of the BSWM
BFS program: Sub-sequent Adaptation of the
Technology is their response to local climate
change conditions
8
•
Approach that addresses the issues on imbalanced
fertilization which likewise mitigate GHG emission (loss of
N to atmosphere) and soil mining ---- causing soil nutrient
depletion and wasteful use of declining land resources
A form of Farm Waste Management which recognize the
value of recycling and reuse of rice straw to return to the soil
what ever nutrients taken up by rice plants for producing
foodgrains for securing food requirements of growing
population
1. Barriers to Continuity of the National BFS Program:
• Lack and uncertain supply of Trichoderma
• Extension services can not be sustained after the BFS
project implementation in 1998
• BFS program implementation changed from continuing
support to its field implementation to compost production
program to support organic farming
2. On Sustainable Soil Productivity
2. Adaptation of the BFS:
• Cost reduction of the operations/procedures of the BSWMformulated BFS that improve incomes of local communities
• Use of and sharing with local communities the Combined
Harvester Machine in harvesting of rice crops that
automatically included the chopping and incorporation
of rice straw evenly across the field. Reduce exposure to
climate change impacts (rainfall, flooding)
• The transformation of Adaptive BFS into climate smart
adaptation practice with climate mitigation benefits
Balanced fertilization strategy is primarily designed to sustain
availability of soil nutrients that limit soil production capacity
Balanced fertilization refers to the optimum use and combination
of organic (Rice Straw) and inorganic fertilizers, in the proper
amounts and timing for supplying the correct ratio of plant
nutrients and which ensures that the soil will sustain high crop
yields over long cropping periods without losing its’ soil nutrient
reserves
9
The Adaptive Balanced Fertilization Management
•
A Climate Smart Agriculture for restoring degraded lands
that are suffering from nutrient depletion
•
It is the small farm holder’s contribution to climate change
adaptation with co-benefit to mitigation of climate change
•
It showcases integrated, balanced organic-based and
inorganic fertilization to harmonizing soil health building
and carbon sequestration for the gradual reversal of the
effects of climate change for restoring and building resilience
and overall adaptive capacity of small farm holders for
sustainable intensive farming
ABUYOG, LEYTE
SLM Adapter Group 1
Introduction of the LADDERIZED APPROACH
Big to Small Brother Ladderized Approach
SLM Adapter Group 1
a. Small Brother: Poor non-adaptor, Mentee, cash-poor farmer,
relatively in the category of “old rice farmer”. He is more than
willing to listen and follow the advice of his mentor and does his
own observation and replication of practices of his Mentee and
even when possible, take advice from the over-all anchor man of
SLM mentoring and coaching team.
b. Big Brother: Fair adaptor, Mentor, a self-help farmer who
invested on rice dryer as his adaptation to rainfall uncertainty. He
regularly consults farmers from SLM Adapter Group 1and see
for himself the pieces of evidence/actual results of adaptations
by SLM Adapters and share to his mentee-farmer the adaptive
practices that may be applicable to their farming conditions.
SLM Adapter Group 2
10
c. Small Brother: Good adaptor, Mentee, a former Mayor who
has a number of farmers who considered him as their political
leader. He and Big Brother are consulting each other on any
topics on rice production such as, but not limited to, control of
pest and diseases, how to adjust fertilizers to changing climate
condition and other advices and assistance.
d. Big Brother: Best Farmer, Mentor, The Gawad Saka Awardee
for Irrigated Rice Production Category of the Department of
Agriculture’s (DA) Gawad Saka program who have continuously
learned and acquired modern farming practices. He has
continued his interest in Balanced Fertilization Strategy of the
DA-BSWM. However, he has acquired a Combined Mechanical
Harvester Machine that facilitate the process of spreading rice
straw in the field for natural – on farm composting. He has been
practicing micro-fertilizer dose application where additional
fertilizers are applied in sites that showed some signs of nutrient
deficiency.
11
ABUYOG, LEYTE
SLM Adapter Group 2
THE CORE ISSUE: SOIL FERTILITY DECLINE
12
13
Technologies shared among
the farmer community
Google picture-based site spot mapping of “stabilized” uncultivated sloping
MWS limestone-derived landscapes
Combined Mechanical Harvester
• Reduces the exposure of the harvested palay from climate
disaster and uncertainties
• Promotes collective action and “Bayanihan”
• On site composting and farm waste management and nutrient
recycling
Location : 3 (0-3 % slopes)
Lowland, generally sinkholes and waterway corridor with acid sulfate soils
constantly flood during wet months
14
Mechanical Dryer
• The use of a mechanical dryer is an intervention of the farmer to
protect the additional grain produced
• It is the goal of the farmer to get the maximum harvest while
protecting the gains
15
Site 1. Traditional rice farming practices to adaptation of
LDI-guided good practice
Farmer: Mang Poldo, tenant
Location: Can Marating, Abuyog, Leyte
Area: 1.5 hectares. Seasonally flooded
Farm practices: Incorporate rice straw into the farm plus
two bags each of Urea and 21 - 0 - 0
Degradation type: Nutrient depletion. Phosphorous
depletion due to inadequate and imbalanced fertilizer
application
Yield: 4.0 tons per hectare (120 bags for 1.5 hectares)
Nutrient depletion stress
Generally poor land preparation
Flood prone site and nutrient
accumulation/ deposition
16
17
Site 2. Adopting good farm practices with adaptive
benefits to complement LDI-guided technologies of LDIguided SLM2
Location: Can Marating, Abuyog, Leyte
Uneven growth indicating soil nutrient
depletion and poor land preparation
Flood prone field, nutrient accumulation,
sites in the field where applied
fertilizers contribute to over-fertilization
18
19
Owner: Leopoldo Naval
No farm equipment
Recipient of the “Big Brother” on ideas of farm
mechanization and advise on basics of modern
farming
SEASONAL LAND DEGRADATION
High Ground: Less prone to flooding
during the wet season and the area
is vulnerable to low water levels and
high temperature during the dry
season
PHOTO-VISUAL: DS – identify
micro-landscape moisture variation:
green (low lying and higher residual
moisture); patches of non-green
colors (high ground and lower
residual moisture)
During the wet months - Low lying
flood prone area with indication of
over or excessive vegetative growth
and impacts on grain formation
During the dry season - these areas
have better growth and is more
resistant to high temperature
20
21
MICRO-LANDSCAPE SEASONAL VARIATION
High elevation: drought prone area
Low lying elevation: flood prone area
22
23
High elevation: drought prone area
Low lying elevation: flood prone area
24
25
High elevation: drought prone area
Low lying elevation: flood prone area
26
27
High elevation: drought prone area
Low lying elevation: flood prone area
28
29
Owner: Leopoldo Naval or Tata Poldo
Farm Location: Can Marating, Abuyog
The photo below shows unevenness in the growth of the plants
Deviant plants
Reference plants
30
31
HARVEST: Dry Season, 2018
During the dry season, flood prone sample plants exhibit the
following characteristics:
Flood prone sample plants
Ratoons are still developing
Note: The green color is a
bio-indicator for sufficient
moisture in the area
32
The leaf color sample is on the
greener side which means that
the plants in the flood prone
area have sustained its green
color
33
HARVEST: Dry Season, 2018
During the dry season, non-flood prone sample plants exhibit
the following characteristics:
Non-flood prone sample
plants
34
Low residual moisture
Leaves are on the lower
number of the leaf color chart:
yellowish green, wherein the
green color of the plant is
being lost which means that
the residual moisture cannot
be sustained
35
SUMMARY OF YIELD (2018-2019)
SOIL ANALYSIS 2019
Project Site /
Farmer Cooperator
Sample Soil Depth
(cm)
Arandia, FP
Arandia, NFP
Arandia, Between FP and NFP
The summary of yield for the three harvest seasons showed that there is an
increase in the yield representing the dry matter content through the cropping
seasons. An increase in the dry matter would mean an increase in the
amount of nutrients that will go back to the soil during composting applying
the concept of balanced fertilization strategy thus, lessening the amount of
fertilizers that the farmer will apply.
SOIL ANALYSIS 2018
Quemado, Flood Prone (FP)
Quemado, Non-Flood Prone (NFP)
Quemado, Between FP & NFP
Caca, FP
Caca, NFP
Caca, Between FP and NFP
There is a higher organic matter content at the topsoil at 0-20 cm soil depth
on the three samples at 1.77, 1.46 and 1.24 and lower organic matter content
at the subsoil at 20-40 cm soil depth on the three samples at 0.96, 0.95, and
0.59. While there is an adequate amount of Phosphorous (P) in the soil, there
is insufficient amount of Potassium (K) and the soil pH for the three samples
meet the adequate values at 5.5 to 8.5.
36
Analysis Type
(Adequate Values)
pH
(5.5-8.5)
OM
(1-8)
0-20
5.48
2.56
20-40
5.67
2.2
40-60
6.06
1.72
0-20
6.09
2.26
20-40
6.25
2.08
40-60
6.40
1.77
0-20
5.46
2.69
20-40
6.09
2.11
40-60
6.07
2.07
0-20
5.18
2.35
20-40
6.19
1.28
40-60
6.43
1.41
2.62
0-20
5.04
20-40
6.30
1.5
40-60
6.26
1.38
0-20
5.26
2.22
20-40
6.72
0.92
40-60
6.92
0.73
0-20
5.37
3.51
20-40
6.31
1.09
40-60
6.49
0.64
0-20
5.62
2.74
20-40
6.00
1.5
40-60
6.17
0.42
0-20
5.53
2.01
20-40
6.26
0.85
40-60
6.82
0.7
20-40
5.67
2.2
Results of the soil analysis for 2019 focused on the soil pH and Organic
Matter (OM) content of soil which are the two main indicators for soil health
restoration. Data shows that at different soil depth across the whole farmlot
of the Levels 2, 3 and 4 farms are within the range of the adequate values for
both indicators.
37
BIO-INDICATORS
Wet season bio-indicators
for flood prone rice areas in
Bgy Pili, Sta Fe Leyte. (Taken
from the farm of Gawad
Saka awardee, main coach/
mentor for Modified Balance
Fertization in Sta Fe, Leyte.)
Presence of snails links crop
production to health and plant
management.
Reference plant
Number of
panicles: 23
Measurements:
Longest – 71 cm
Shortest – 35 cm
38
39
Reference plant
Root system and grains
40
The Reference Plant represents the best plant from the whole
farm. This sample shows that the root system of the reference
plant is longer while the filled grains counts more than the
unfilled and milky grains. Details on the proceeding photos.
41
42
Reference plant
Reference plant
Unfilled grains
330 pieces or 13% of the total number of grains
Grains with Milk
265 pieces or 10% of the total number of grains
43
Reference plant
Filled Grains
1,982 pieces or 77% of the total number of grains
Deviant plant
Number of panicles: 10
Measurements:
Longest – 65 cm
Shortest – 31 cm
44
45
Deviant plant
Root system and grains
46
The Deviant Plant is a representative of the micro-variability of
anything that deviates from the reference or best plant identified
by the farmer. The deviant plant has shorter roots than the
reference plant and has fewer filled grains.
47
48
Deviant plant
Deviant plant
Unfilled grains
150 pieces or 21% of the total number of grains
Grains with milk
145 pieces or 21% of the total number of grains
49
50
Deviant plant
Deviant plant
Grains with milk
Filled grains
412 pieces or 58% of the total number of grains
51
2019
2018
52
REFERENCE
PLANT
REFERENCE
PLANT
1,982 pieces of
filled grains or 77%
of the total number
of grains
grain count
increased
3,520 pieces of
filled grains or 95%
of the total number
of grains
53
54
REFERENCE
PLANT
REFERENCE
PLANT
412 pieces of
filled grains or
58% of the total
number of grains
grain count
increased
433 pieces of
filled grains or
79% of the total
number of grains
55
Color never lies.
Color is the bio-indicator of plant wellness:
Healthy = Green
Stressed = Less Green > Yellow
Soil has life:
Healthy = Brown > Dark Brown > Black
Degraded = Orange > Green > Blue
AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Plant Height
No. of Leaves
Wt. of filled grains
Wt. of unfilled grains
Weight of Roots:
FW
DW
BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
Presence of Weeds
Presence of Insects
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Leaf color using LCC
Good Plant
Bad Plant
99
52
112
31
97
52
49
31.8
51%
49%
83%
17%
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
4
2
Flood Prone Area
HARVESTING STAGE
Non Flood Prone Area
Good Plant
Bad Plant
Good Plant
Bad Plant
98.8
51.6
112.8
49.4
97
52
95.6
68%
32%
97%
6%
21.84
14.58
24.46
14.92
29.16
19.6
11.58
13.96
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
✔
4
2
4
2
15
60
20
65
50
50
K (in kg/ha)
90
Non-Flooded/Drought Prone Area
65
90
Flood Prone Area
Non-Flooded/Drought Prone Area
N (in kg/ha)
90
Flood Prone Area
N (in kg/ha)
Combined Harvester
50
35
P (in kg/ha)
N (in kg/ha)
60
60
N (in kg/ha)
15
15
K (in kg/ha)
P (in kg/ha)
K (in kg/ha)
Combined Harvester and Thresher
15
15
P (in kg/ha)
OM
0
0
OM
105
75
K (in kg/ha)
AFTER
80
80
K (in kg/ha)
The farmer
cooperator was not
able to apply
additonal organic
fertilizer due to
unavailbility of supply
OM
OM
60
60
N (in kg/ha)
60
60
N (in kg/ha)
Thresher
14
14
P (in kg/ha)
Thresher
14
14
P (in kg/ha)
SMALL BROTHER
Level 3
44
44
K (in kg/ha)
14
14
K (in kg/ha)
0
0
OM
0
0
OM
*The team was not able to collect the data due to the withdrawal of the farmer-cooperator from the
Project
BEFORE
0
0
OM
AFTER
0
0
OM
Combined Harvester
40
40
P (in kg/ha)
Mechanical Dryer and Combined Harvester, Thresher
BIG BROTHER
Level 4
20
65
Flood Prone Area
Non-Flooded/Drought
Prone Area
Machineries used
P (in kg/ha)
N (in kg/ha)
Nutrient Management
PARTNER 2
15
15
K (in kg/ha)
Mechanical Dryer and Combined Harvester, Thresher
15
60
Flood Prone Area
Non-Flooded/Drought
Prone Area
Machineries used
P (in kg/ha)
N (in kg/ha)
Nutrient Management
Machineries used
CROP GROWTH STAGE FARM AREA
LOCATION SAMPLE PLANTS
Bad Plant
Nutrient Management
Presence of Insects
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Leaf color using LCC
Good Plant
Machineries used
BIOLOGICAL INDICATORS
Presence of Weeds
TILLERING STAGE
Non Flood Prone Area
Nutrient Management
AGRONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS
Plant Height
No. of Leaves
Wt. of filled grains
Wt. of unfilled grains
Weight of Roots:
FW
DW
Flood Prone Area
PARTNER 1
CROP GROWTH STAGE FARM AREA
LOCATION SAMPLE PLANTS
ADAPTIVE BALANCED FERTILIZATION MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Building SLM Knowledge & Capacity thru Farmer-to-Farmer, Big to Small Brother Co-learning of Adaptive Balanced Fertilization and Management
Practices against soil nutrient mining for sustaining soil health and food security
BIG BROTHER
SMALL BROTHER
Level 2
Level 1
BEFORE
SIMPLIFIED MONITORING OF CROP PERFORMANCE AT
VARIOUS STAGES OF CROP GROWTH
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1.
2.
Level 3 Small Brother appreciates that if he follows the recommended amount of fertilizers
as Level 4 Big Brother, he can obtain similar yield given the skills and knowledge shared by
Level 4 Big Brother.
However, Level 3 Small Brother is constrained by his financial status. Thus, he settled for
lower application rate of fertilizer. With this, the following options are recommended:
• Option 1: If the low application rate of fertilizer by Level 3 Small Brother is the minimum
recommended rate then he can proceed with his practices but at much lower yield
compared with Level 4 Big Brother. Below is a comparison of the yield from Levels 3
and 4 farms on a per hectare basis given the adoption of the technology by Level 4 Big
Brother.
SLM Adapter Group 2
Advanced Farmers
Total production (in kg/ha)
Price per kg (in PhP)
Income (in PhP)
BIG BROTHER
(Best Farmer, Mentor)
8,609.90
19.00
163,588.10
SMALL BROTHER
(Good adaptor, Mentee)
Level 3
6,088.23
19.00
115,676.37
• Option 2: If the yield gap between Level 3 and Level 4 is high, then level 3 farmer can
opt for the following:
•
•
He may reduce the size of his farm devoted to rice but instead follow the
recommended rate and utilize on reduced farm size. In effect, given the money
he has, he can still follow the optimum recommended rate as with Level 4 big
brother. Thus, maximizing the yield potential of his farm and narrow down the
income gap between Level 4 and Level 3.
Level 3 farmer has the option to make use of remaining rice farms into other
crops that are less demanding of fertilizer or nutrients. He may engage into
cultivation of legumes such as: monggo, sitaw, bataw, patani. These crops
also have the ability to fix nitrogen (N) thru their root nodules. Thus, increases
the supply of N in the soil and provide needed N for the crop itself. Aside from
legumes, he may also engage in high value short growing crops that does not
require much fertilizer. As this will be harvested before his rice crop, this will
secure the needed cash for the farm family. He can engage into pinakbet
crops i.e. okra, talong etc. The table below shows the fertilizer requirement of
pinakbet crops that Level 3 Farmer can plant.
Table 1. Fertilizer requirement of Pinakbet Crops
Lady’s Finger (Okra)
Eggplant (Talong)
FERTILIZER REQUIREMENT (in kg/ha)
N
P
K
80
50
45
80
50
45
String beans (Sitaw)
40
45
40
Squash (Kalabasa)
Bitter Gourd
(Ampalaya)
Mungbean (Monggo)
50
70
40
50
50
40
30
25
30
CROP
CROPS
Total rice
production
(in kg/ha)
Total
production of
other crop
(in kg/ha)
Price per kg
of rice (in
PhP)
Price per kg
of other crop
Income from
1st crop (in
PhP)
Income from
2nd crop (in
PhP)
Total
Income
RICE-RICE
(A)
RICE-OKRA
(B)
RICETALONG (C)
RICEKALABASA
(D)
RICEAMPALAYA
(E)
RICEMONGGO (F)
7,500.00
7,500.00
7,500.00
7,500.00
7,500.00
7,500.00
7,500.00
13,000.00
10,000.00
16,100.00
30,000.00
1,300.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
52.00
60.00
80.00
40.00
80.00
800.00
390,000.00
390,000.00
390,000.00
390,000.00
390,000.00
390,000.00
390,000.00
780,000.00
800,000.00
644,000.00
2,400,000.00
1,040,000.00
780,000.00
1,170,000.00
1,190,000.00
1,034,000.00
2,790,000.00
1,430,000.00
Table 2. Demonstration of yield and total income on crop diversification
The table above shows an income comparison on rice-based farms and on the choice of a
farmer on diversifying his crops for an increased crop production and income. Based on the table
above, the planting of option A would yield a PhP780,000.00 in total income. Looking across the
other options this is the lowest income among the different strategies. It turns out that the most
beneficial crop diversification strategy is planting option E which is the combination of rice and
ampalaya This option would yield 2.8 million pesos of total income on a per hectare basis,
followed by option F which is planting the combination of rice and monggo.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
With profound gratitude, the Bureau of
Soils and Water Management (BSWM)
wants to sincerely acknowledge the
immense contribution of the following
in the completion of the handbook as
well as their active participation in the
different stages of the development
of the sustainable land management
(SLM) technologies to address land
degradation and mitigate the effects of
drought in the country:
The United Nations Development
Programme (UNDP) and the Global
Environment Facility (GEF) for their
funding support and much needed
technical assistance.. Consultants for the
project, Dr Rogelio Concepcion,
Dr Candido Cabrido Jr, and Dr Alexander
Flor.
The invaluable help and support of
Floradema Eleazar, Grace Tena and
Bayani Thaddeus Barcenas.
The Project Board Members, composed
of representatives from national and
local governments, academe, and civil
society, who provided necessary inputs,
comments, and suggestions in the
series of discussions and meetings held
throughout the project implementation.
The SLM Project Management Office,
under the leadership of Dr. Gina P. Nilo
as the National Focal Person, for their
comprehensive management of the
project and regular liaison with partners.
The Local Government of Abuyog,
especially the Office of the Mayor and
the active participation of the Municipal
Planning and Development Office,
Municipal Agriculture Office, Office of
the Provincial Agriculturist, and Municipal
Environment and Natural Resources
Office.
The technical staff: Nenita Sultan,
Evangeline Garing, Dina Pitao, Rodulfo
Cabias, Romeo Encluna, Gerardo Bauya,
Alfredo Joel Ruales, Nizandel Rupa
And with utmost gratitude to the local
farmers of Abuyog and Sta. Fe especially
to Lorenzo Caca Jr, Melchor Quemado,
and Antonieta Arandia, who actively
participated in the study, sharing
their own learnings and practices in
agriculture.
SLM Project Management Office
Gina Nilo, PhD
National Focal Person
Mariell Evasco
Project Associate
Dulce Tweetie Jorda
Field Coordinator, Leyte
Jastene Joy Simon
Project Assistant
Tracy Gail Salazar
Field Coordinator, Bukidnon
Marietta Oamil
Administrative/Finance Officer
Vince Albert Ching
Agriculturist II, BSWM-LSD
Arvie Loberiano
Administrative Assistant
Juvy Esperanza
Communications Officer
Implementation of Sustainable Land Management
Practices to Address Land Degradation and Mitigate
the Effects of Drought (SLM Project)