TROPICAL DESIGN
Saturday, April 22, 2023
10:50 AM
PART 1
*Septic Tank :
Definition of terms
• Anaerobic Bacteria
• Scum
• Slush
R.A 9275: Phil. Clean Water Act of 2004
PD 1096 Referral Code: Philippines Green - Referral from NBC
Building Code of 2015
- Only a suggestion
- www.greenbuilding.ph
- Provide for the protection of the people from the
harmful effects of climate change
P.D No. 1586
- Establishing an environmental impact statement system,
- ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
§ Project Description
§ The Site
§ Effect to the Biodiversity
§ Mitigating Measures
EIA > EIS > DENR (for signing and approval)
- If disapproved (should be with written document)
- If approved =( ECC ) Environmental compliance certificate
- CNC - Cert. Of Non- Coverage , Cert. Of Non-Compliance
What does the ECC entail?
- Huge responsibility
- Environmental protection
- You’ll need money.. Lot’s of it
*POSSIBLE QUESTION ON EXAM
PART 2: WHAT DO YOU HAVE TO KNOW?
Saturday, April 22, 2023
11:39 AM
CLIMATE
• Macroclimate - global
• Mesoclimate - ‘region’ regional perception of what climate is
• Microclimate - ‘specific local area’ ‘site analysis’
”The purpose of a building is to perform a function” - Salvadori, 1990
GLOBAL CLIMATE CLASSIFICATIONS
• Hot Humid (Tropical)
• Hot Arid
• Temperate
• Cold
Climatic elements to be considered in a design:
• Sunlight (Solar Radiation)
• Air Temperature - annual, monthly, and diurnal max. and min. temp.
• Atmospheric Humidity
• Rainfall
• Wind - the direction, frequency and force of the wind throughout the year
Climate in the Philippines: TROPICAL and Maritime
- Relatively high temp.
- High humidity
- Abundant rainfall
*most important elements of the country’s weather and climate
Inside a tropical country
○ TEMPERATURE
PH (excluding Baguio) = mean annual temp. is 26.6°C
Baguio = mean annual temp is 18.3°C
MEAN TEMP.
COOLEST
JANUARY 25.5°C
WARMEST MAY
28.30°C
○ HUMID - refers to the moisture content of the atmosphere
§ High temp + bodies of water = high relative humidity
§ Average monthly relative humidity : 71 % (March); 85% (Sept)
§ March - May : temp & humidity at maximum
○ RAINFALL in the Philippines
§ Most important climatic element
§ Mean annual rainfall = 965 to 4,064 mm
§ Baguio, E. Samar, E. Surigao - receives the greatest amount of rainfall
§ S.Cotabato - least amount of rainfall (gensan=978mm)
○ SEASONS :
§ RAINY: June to Nov.
§ DRY: Dec. to May
□ Cool Dry: Dec. to Feb.
□ Hot Dry: March to May
○ PREVAILING WINDS in the Ph
§ NE Monsoon “Amihan” - Oct. to March (N.Pacific Trades gradually replaces this in March)
§ SW Monsoon “Habagat” - July to Sept. (brings the rainy season to the western portion)
○ TYPHOONS
§ Color-coded rainfall advisories (Red, Orange, Yellow)
§ Public Storm Warning Signals:
1 - 30-60
2 - 61-120
3 - 121-170
4
5
§ 59-year period, average is 19-20 t.cyclones:
□ T.Depressions - 4
□ T.Storms - 5 to 6
□ Typhoons - 10
□ 1993 - greatest number of tropical cyclones occurred (32)
□ 1998 - least number of tropical cyclones (11)
Disadvantages of Tropical climate:
• High temperature level (heat)
• High humidity level
• Slow wind velocities
• Rains - plenty of it (high precipitation levels during Rainy days)
• High Incidence of Typhoons
• Abundance of Insects / pests
PART 3: PRIMARY DESIGN OBJECTIVES
Saturday, April 22, 2023
1:36 PM
DESIGN OBJECTIVES IN TROPICAL CLIMATES :
• Minimize Heat Gain
• Maximize Ventilation (but protect from typhoon wind)
• Prevent in unnecessary increase in humidity levels
• Have good drainage systems to accommodate high annual precipitation
• Protect spaces from insects and rodents
*always have fills on drywalls (mineral wool - rockwool)
*avoid moist areas
Possible design strategy:
Active
Passive
ACTIVE CONCEPT/COOLING - achieved through electro-mechanical means.
○ Daylight Sensors - regulates artificial light depending on the amount of natural light
entering the building.
○ Automatic blinds - protects interior spaces automatically from the afternoon sun
○ Rain Sensor - automatically deactivated the Automatic Irrigation System of the gardens to
save on water consumption
○ Motion Detectors - switches off lights in areas with no movement to reduce light/electricity
consumption
○ Integrated Lighting Control System - allows programming of building lights to conserve on
energy consumption
○ The Carbon Monoxide (CO) Monitoring - operates fans to flush out Carbon Monoxide when
levels exceeds 15ppm
○ Integrated Building Management System (BMS) - monitors and controls the Mechanical
and Electrical (M&E) equipment to optimize their operation of the systems
○ TheVariable Air Volume (VAV) terminal units off the Air-conditioning and Mechanical
Ventilation (ACMV) System - optimize the volume of air supplied to each space
○ Pressure Sensors on Escalators - detects pressure and operates escalators only when
someone uses them
PASSIVE CONCEPT/COOLING - low energy design that uses buildings morphology and construction to
maintain a comfortable temp within the building.
8 PASSIVE SYSTEMS : (Ken DOE (US): FEDERAL AGENCY
Yeang, 2000)
MANAGEMENT PROGRAM
8 BASIC TECHNIQUES TO INCREASE
ENERGY EFFICIENCY:
6 PLANNING CONCEPTS THAT
AFFECT THE ENERGY
PERFORMANCE OF A BUILDING:
(Hui, 1997)
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Building configuration
Built Form Orientation
Façade Design
Solar Control Devices
Passive Daylight
concepts
• Color of Building
Envelope
• Vertical Landscaping
Advantages:
○ Air filtration
○ Air velocity
○ Oxygen
production
• Use of wind and Natural
ventilation
• Siting and organizing the building
configuration and massing to reduce
loads
• Reducing cooling loads by eliminating
undesirable solar heat gain
• Reducing heat loads by using
desirable solar heat gain
• Using natural light as a substitute for
(or complement ) electrical lighting
• Using natural ventilation whenever
possible
• Using more efficient heating and
cooling equipment to satisfy reduced
loads
• Using computerized building control
systems
Site Selection
Site Layout
Building configuration
Building Shape
Building orientation; and
Spacing and spatial
relationships with other
buildings
NATURAL VENTILATION
WIND ROSE - graphical tool used by meteorologist to give a succinct view of how wind speed and
direction
PART 4: TROPICAL STRATEGIES
Saturday, April 22, 2023
2:26 PM
PASSIVE Cooling Systems / Approaches
• Through Orientation
• Through Site Layout
Battle McCarthy (1997) notes these factors that can have effects on site’s
microclimate:
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Time of day
Vegetation and Soil type
Man-made structures
Topography
Proximity to Bodies of Water
• Through Façade Design
○ Double glazed façade - mur neutralisant (neutralizing wall) - Le Corbusier
§ Doubled layered facades
§ Gaps between two façade layers - greater than 250 - 300 mm to
effectively facilitate the venting of the trapped hot air (Yeang, 2000)
§ 30 St. Mary Axe (Norman Foster)
○ Dynamic Louvers: Milwaukee Museum Pavilion (Santiago Calatrava)
§ Brise-sol-leil : National library of the Philippines, Meralco Building
§ Mashrabiya - perforated wood panels ,islam
• Through Solar Control Devices
• By Vertical Landscaping
• By Wind and Natural Ventilation
PART 5: DESIGNING THE TROPICAL
SHELTER
Saturday, April 22, 2023
3:16 PM
INNOVATIONS IN GLASS TECHNOLOGY
• Annealed
• Tempered (heat-strengthened glass)
• Insulated (desiccant in between the glass)
• Laminated
• Tinted
• Low-Emissivity Glass
○ Glass provided with special coatings that reduce heat transfer
○ Thin, almost invisible metal oxide or semiconductor films
○ Costs about 10 - 15% more but reduce heat gain by 30 - 50%
• Spectrally Selective Coating
Filters out 40 - 70% of heat normally transmitted through clear glass, allows
full amount of light
○ Smart Glass - maximize the usage of visible light spectrum
§ Photochromic - changes color when hit by sunlight
§ Thermochromic - glass changes when reaches the prescribed temp
§ Electrochromic - color is regulated by DC power applied
electrochromic layer between two panes of glass
○ Holographic Optical Elements (HOE)
§ Using a laser to score a panel of acrylic so that light would be angled
further into the room
§ Change direct sunlight into more acceptable diffused light to the
deeper interior space
• Microprism
§ Used to reflect or redirect most direct sunlight and only allow diffuse
light to get through
• Photovoltaics
§ Thin layers of sophisticated metal oxides, which are super-sensitive to
light
§ When PV cells hit by sunlight, photon is absorbed
§ Energy passes from top negative to underside positive, then produces
electric current
HEAT - a form of energy associated with the random motion of atoms or molecules,
capable of being transmitted by convection, conduction or radiation and causing
substances to rise in temperature, fuse, expand or evaporate.
• U-VALUE - is the amount of heat building section or material is able to transmit in
a given period of time.
○ UNIT: Watts/sq.m. [°C - Metric]; Btu /hr-sq ft [°F - English]
• HEAT STORAGE VALUE - ability to store heat HSV = p (specific heat capacity) x c
(density of a substance)
• TIME LAG - the time it takes the material to release or propagate the heat
THERMAL INSULATION
“A material providing high resistance to heat flow” (D.K. Ching, 1997)
3 BASIC TYPES OF INSULATION: (Manahan,1981)
○ Surface insulation
○ Internal insulation
○ Air space
+
○ Polyethylene foam
INSULATION CAN COME IN DIFF. FORMS:
○ Blankets and Batts
○ Board and slabs
○ Loose Fill
○ Rolls and Sheets
For Hot Humid Climates: Walls & Roof Properties; (Hong, 1999)
○ A reflective surface (low absorption)
○ Light weight material ( low heat capacity)
○ Insulated (low U-value)
○ Maximum time lag of 3 hrs.
○ Roof and ceiling should have a cavity
○ A reflective surface with a cavity will reduce heat gain
○ If there are heavy walls, they should be used in rooms used during the day
and should be well shaded
COOLING THROUGH SOLAR CONTROL DEVICES
BASICS IN SOLAR CONTROL IN TROPICAL CLIMATES:
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East and west facing sides of the building receive the most amount of heat
Afternoon sun (hot), will largely hit the west facing side of a building
PH, sun rise in the east, flank slightly to south, then set in west
Full height glazing is best applied to the north facing side (receives the least
amount of direct solar radiation)
Horizontal sunshades are best applied to the north and south facing sides of
building (sun will hit these sides on a high altitude)
Vertical Fins are best applied to east and west facing sides of building (sun will hit
these sides a low altitude and mostly from an oblique azimuth)
When façades of building do not run along north-south or east-west axis, façade
openings need to be protected by both horizontal and vertical shades.
Combined horizontal and vertical shade is called and egg-create sunshade (brissoleil)
If interior spaces cannot be protected 100% from direct solar radiation, consider
using special façade such as double layered facades, low-e glazing etc.
Do not rely completely on façade techniques to protect from solar heat gain. It is
still best to first protect your spaces by shading them, then use special façade to
protect from remainder or indirect solar radiation.
Interior blinds (venetian) will not reduce solar heat gain because they stop heat
only when its inside the space. Heat will spread by convection or radiation
It is better to use exterior louvers
Sun shading devices, you must know where the sun will strike at diff times of day.
Design of shades differ as you move through diff geographic altitude. Make sure to
use solar path diagram of your site
Consider various site elements : vegetation, and topographical features in sunshading design. For example, a west facing side of building is covered by afternoon
shadow of large group of trees or a hill need not to have shades.
South and north - horizontal
East and west - vertical
EGG CRATE - A combined horizontal and vertical shade
SOLAR PATH DIAGRAM - a graphic depiction of the path of the sun within the sky vault
projected onto a horizontal plane.
• Summer solstice (about June 21) - when the sun reaches the northernmost point
on the celestial sphere marking the beginning of summer in the northern
hemisphere.
• Winter Solstice (about Dec 21) - when the sun reaches its southernmost point on
the celestial sphere, beginning of winter in the northern hemisphere
• Equinox - length of day and night are equal; March 21 (vernal equinox/spring
equinox) Sept 21(autumnal equinox)
• Azimuth - position of the sun along the horizon line
• Altitude - position of the sun above the horizon line
SUN PATH DIAGRAM
• Changes based on geographic location
• Plan view of daylight dome
• E&W (vertical - fins)
• N&S (horizontal - ledges)
SUN SHADING DEVICES:
• HORIZONTAL TYPES
○ Horizontal Overhangs are most efficient toward south of southern
orientations. Their mask characteristics are segmental
○ Louvers parallel to wall have the advantage of permitting air circulation near
the elevation. Slanted louvers will have the same characteristics as solid
overhangs and can be retractable
○ When projection is needed for low sun angles, louvers hung from solid
horizontal overhangs are efficient
○ A solid, or perforated screen strip parallel to wall cuts out the lower rays of
the sun
○ Movable horizontal Louvers change their segmental mask characteristics
accdng. to their positioning.
• VERTICAL TYPES
○ Vertical fins serve well toward the near east and near west orientations.
Their mask characteristics are radial
○ Vertical fins oblique to wall will result in asymmetrical mask. Separation
from wall will prevent heat transmission.
○ Movable fins can shade the whole wall or open up in diff directions accdng
to sun’s position.
• EGGCRATE TYPES
○ Combination of hor. and ver types and their mask is superimposed diagrams
of the two masks.
○ Solid eggcrate wind slanting vertical fins results in asymmetrical masks.
○ Eggcrate device with movable horizontal elements shows flexible mask
characteristics. Because ooff their high shading ratio, eggcrate are efficient
in hot climates.
PART 6: DAYLIGHT AND VENTILATION
Saturday, April 22, 2023
4:13 PM
PASSIVE DAYLIGHT CONCEPT
Problems:
• Conventional
approaches to light
were solely based
on artificial
lightning
• Usually ceiling
mounted light
fixtures are used
• Lights used t
provide lighting for
both ambient and
task conditioning
Issues:
• No or very
• Glare
minimal utilization • Heat gain
• Depth of
of free lighting
penetratio
from daylight
n
• Consume
excessive amount
of energy
• Occupants usually
do not have
individual control
of lighting levels
• Creates zoning
difficulties in the
lighting
Importance of Daylighting
• Lighting and its associated
cooling energy use
constitute 30 - 40% of a
commercial bldng’s total
energy use
• Daylight contributes to a
more sustainable
environmental design
• Daylight can create
pleasant and visually
comfortable place
• Congruent with the
filipino spatial concept of
“Maaliwalas”
*Daylight Factor : 2.5 x height of aperture wall
*Daylight zoning - process of grouping various spaces in a building with similar luminous
reqs. Into a daylight zone, thereby enabling design and control cost savings
*SOLATUBE - phil. Geogreen inc. was established
TOP LIGHTING SYSTEMS:
• SKYLIGHT - are light transmitting fenestration forming all, or a portion of the roof
of a buildings space for purposes
• VERTICAL LIGHT PIPE - used for areas unable to receive adequate natural
illumination (basements, deep-section interiors)
• SOLAR LIGHT PIPE - used to ensure adequate illumination in the offices and library
that overlook this space 50m high 2.0m x 2.5m courtyard
(Headquarters of Morgan lewis International Law Office, Washington D.C USA by
James Carpenter and Davidson Norris)
SIDE LIGHTING SYSTEMS:
• SUN SCOOPS - captures daylight using giant mirrors outside the building envelope
and reflects it into the interior spaces (HSBC Hq)
• DYNAMIC SHUTTERS - Operates similar to control of lens diaphragm in the camera
lenses
• HORIZONTAL LIGGHT PIPE - operates similar w/ vertical light pipes but applied
mainly for deep plan of spaces such as office buildings
NATURAL VENTILATION through vertical landscapes
• Loose media
• Mat type
• Semi open
NATURAL FLOW OF AIR/WIND
• Stack/chimney effect
BY VERTICAL LANDSCAPING
• Application of vegetation within and around the façade of buildings
• “Skycourts” - balconies integrated Within a bldngs façade articulation whose
primary purpose is accommodate plant, trees and other greeneries
• National Library of SG (Ken Yeang) - 70,000 square feet of gardens, skycourts
• Direct effect = provision of shading
• Façade greeneries = decrease the ambient temp around bldngs
• Rooftop gardens = contribute is insulating bldng, water accumulation is lessened
BY WIND AND NATURAL VENTILATION
• Mixed-Mode System : combination of mech cooling systems of a building w/
passive wind and natural ventilation systems (Battle McCarthy 1999)
○ Basic Ventilation Concepts
§ Windward side - side of the of the obstacles where the wind strike
(high pressure)
§ Leeward side - opposite side off windward (low pressure)
○ Stack/Chimney Effect
○ Cross Ventilation
○ Wind Movement Concepts
§ Prevailing Breezes and Air Movement
□ In warm-humid climates, the feeling of discomfort is mainly
attributed to high humidity: the presence of more water vapor
in the atmosphere
□ One factor that can negate this is wind factor. To experience
comfort during periods of high humidity, it is necessary that the
human skin will feel breeze passing through a certain velocity
(approx 2.5 to 5.0 meter per second)
□ Buildings must be oriented in such a way that to window side
faces the prevailing breezes
□ Corresponding openings in the leeward side must be carefully
located to effect cross ventilation of all areas
□ Wind shadows must be anticipated in order to be assured that
other areas are not deprived of prevailing breezes
® Wind Gradient - variation in wind speed. It increases w/
the height above the ground, and smoothness of the
ground surface
PART 7: SUSTAINABILITY
Saturday, April 22, 2023
4:37 PM
ENERGY CONSUMPTION around the world
Sources:
• Coal 41.30%
• Natural gas
• Hydro
• Nuclear
• Oil
• Others
SUSTAINABILITY - is to develop something today that will not compromise the
future generations
3 major imperatives: (controls sustainability)
• Economic imperative - people’s demand is constant. The trend of having
sustainable design in our generation is creating new demand in the
market. It is therefore natural for people to making their way into this
market.
• Environment imperative - use of materials to participate in more green
approach. World is becoming more and more aware of the detrimental
impact of human-generated pollution on our environment and quality of life
• Social imperative - structure take the role in bringing in people together to
interact, either in a very public or in a very private manner.
How is it being applied?
• US Green Building Council - Leadership in Energy & Environmental
Design (LEED)
Green, Silve, Gold, Platinum
JCI - for hospitals
Platinum:
Zuelig Building
Arya Residences
Gold:
8 Rockwell
SM 3 E-Com Tower
Silver:
JY Campos center
• Philippine Green Building Council - Building for Ecologically Responsive
Design Excellence)
Global energy consumption
2001 - estimated 13.9 trillion k-h
2025 - 23.7 trillion k-h (EIA 2006)
Global Energy Facts:
1. Global demand for all energy sources is forecast to grow by
57% over the next 25 years.
2. U.S demand for all types of energy is expected to increase by
31% within 25 years.
3. By 2030, 56% of the world’s energy use will be in Asia.
4. Electricity demand in the U.S will grow by at least 40% by
2032.
5. New power generation equal to nearly 300 (1,000 MW) power
plants will be needed to meet electricity demand by 2030.
6. Currently, 50% of U.S electrical generation relies on coal, a
fossil fuel; while 85% of U.S greenhouse gas emissions result
from energy - consuming activities supported by fossil fuels.
Philippine Electricity Facts:
1. Electricity installed Capacity (2004E) 15.1 Gigawatts
2. Electricity Production (2004E) 53.1 Billion kilowatt hours
3. Electricity Consumption (2004E) 49.4 billion kilowatt hours
PART 8: EXAMPLES
Saturday, April 22, 2023
5:18 PM
SUSTAINABLE DESIGN
• SINGAPORE
• CHANGI INTERNATIONAL AIRPORT
○ BEST AIRPORT 2023
• GLASS DONE (ESPLANADE)
• PARAGON MALL (ORCHARD ROAD,SG)
HONG KONG:
• Hong Kong International Airport (Norman Foster)
• HSBC building
PHILIPPINES:
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RCBC Plaza (yuchengco Tower)
Nuvali - ECC Compliance
Greenbelt Malls
San Miguel Corporation Building (building morphology)
Iglesia ni Cristo church ‘central’ (Gothic)
Quiapo Church (Baroque) Juan Nakpil
Shrine of Jesus the Way (palfox)
Schools in the Philippines
Carriedo, Manila (arcades and canopies)
+OLD CONCEPTS RENEWED
Wednesday, April 26, 2023
12:33 PM
The ancestral structures were conceived using Passive Design Concepts
LATE STONE AGE PERIOD:
• TENT - made of animal skins
1300 B.C:
• MALQAF - “wind scoop” by Egyptians, which are shafts that rises above the bldngs
acting as scoops to funnel in wind into bldng’s interior
• BADGRIS - Persian wind scoops, shafts to catch breezes
BAHAY KUBO’S ADAPTATIONS:
• Living platform is elevated on stilts - adaptation to damp ground conditions
brought about by the seasonal monsoon on the PH
• High pitch roof - so rainwater can be quickly drained; creates large air space
serving as an insulation bet. Roof and living space; ptch creates an angle that
allows the heat radiated at an angle rather than directly on living spaces
• Large windows - facilitates cross ventilation within the living space
• Operable window awnings - protects from rain and provide shade when open
• Roof - provides wide overhangs for windows to protect from solar radiation and
rain
• Thatch (nipa) walls and roof - low U-values allowing heat to be released
immediately
• Timelag for he porous materials becomes negligible
• The flexible framing system and materials allow the bahay kubo’s frame to sway
during earthquakes thus dissipating forces that would otherwise cause the building
frames to break or buckle
• Bamboo flooring - creates gaps between the slats which allows air to breeze
upward into living space.
BAHAY NA BATO ADAPTATIONS:
• Living platform is elevated from the ground just like bahay kubo
• Volada - Double layered façade, sometimes had operable louvers - Ventilated
double façade
+DEFINITION OF TERMS
Wednesday, April 26, 2023
3:35 PM
AIR-CHANGE the replacement of the volume of air contained within a room with an equivalent volume of fresh air
within a given period. The term air-changes per-hour is often used to specify ventilation standards,
ALTITUDE
- the angular elevation of a celestial body above the
Horizon
ATTIC
- a wind motor-driven fan for assisting the natural flow through an attic space.
VENTILATOR BRISE-SOLEIL - a screen, usually of lovers, placed on the outside a building to shield windows from
direct sunlight.
CHIMNEY
EFFECT
- the tendency of air or gas in a shaft or other vertical space to rise when heated, creating a draft that
draws in cooler air or gas from below
COMFORT
ZONE
- the range of dry-bulb temperature, relative humidity, mean radiant temperature and air movement
judged to be comfortable by Americans and Canadians. This comfort zone varies with climate, hot
season of the year, the type of clothing worn, the activity level of the individual. Also called comfort
envelope.
CONDUCTION - the transfer of heat from the warmer to the cooler particles of a medium or of two bodies in direct
contact, occurring without perceptible displacement of the particles themselves.
CONVECTION - the transfer of heat by the circulatory motion of the heated parts of a liquid or gas owing to a
variation in density and the action of gravity
CROSS
- the circulation of fresh air through open Windows, doors, or other openings on opposite sides of a
VENTILATION room.
EQUINOX
- either of the two times during the year when the sun crosses the plane of the celestial equator and
when the length of day and night are everywhere approximately equal, occurring about March
21(vernal equinox or spring equinox) and September 21 (autumn equinox)
LATITUDE
- the angular distance north and south from the equator of a point on earth's surface, measured in
degrees along the meridian passing through the point
LONGITUDE
- the angular distance east of west on the earth's surface, measured from the prime meridian at
Greenwich, England, to the meridian of a given and expressed either in degrees or a corresponding
difference in time
MERIDIAN
- a great circle on the earth's surface passing through both geophysical poles
NATURAL
- the process or ventilating a space by natural movement of air rather than by mechanical means
VENTILATION
RADIATION
- the process in which energy in the form of waves of particles is emitted by one body, passed
through an intervening medium or space and absorbed by another body
SHUTTER
BLIND
- a manually or electrically controlled exterior
Venetian blind for protecting a building interior from solar gain and glare.
SHUTTER
PANEL
- a louvered awning the metal fins of which are angled to shade a window from direct sunlight and
glare while preserving the outside view and admitting soft, diffused light.
SOLAR
ENERGY
- energy derived from the sun in the form of solar radiation
SOLAR
ORIENTATIO
N
- the placing of a building in relation to the path of the sun, either to maximize the amount of heat
gained from solar radiation during the coldest months, or to minimize the amount of heat gained in
the warmest months
SOLAR PATH - a graphic depiction of the path of the sun within the sky vault projected onto a horizontal plane.
DIAGRAM
SOLAR
SCREEN
- a panel of miniature external louvers for shading a window from direct sunlight and glare while
allowing a high degree of visibility, daylighting, ventilation, visual daytime privacy and insect
protection.
SUMMER
SOLSTICE
- the time of the year, on or about June 21 when the sun reaches its northernmost point on the
celestial sphere, marking the beginning of summer in the northern hemisphere
SUN
CONTROL
- any of various exterior devices for regulating t amount of solar heat and sunlight that enters w
window, consisting of moveable horizontal or vertical fins controlled manually or operated
automatically with time or photoelectric controls
SUNSHADE
- any various exterior devices consisting of fixed horizontal or vertical fins angled to shield a window
from direct sunlight
THERMAL
COMFORT
- Human comfort as determined by the ability of the body to dissipate the heat and moisture it
produces by metabolic action
WHOLE- a motor driven fan for pulling stale air from the living areas of a house and exhausting it through
HOUSE
attic vents
VENTILATOR
WINTER
SOLSTICE
- the time of the year, on or about December 21, when the sun reaches its southernmost point on the
celestial sphere, marking the beginning of winter in the northern hemisphere
VENT
- an opening, as in a wall, serving as an outlet for air, smoke, or the like
VENTILATE
- to provide a room with fresh air to replace air that has been used or contaminated
VENTILATOR - a louvered opening or motor-driven fan for replacing stagnant air with fresh air