CMxOu
PL
637
3 1924 080 779 204
Cornell University
Library
The
tine
original of
tiiis
book
is in
Cornell University Library.
There are no known copyright
restrictions in
the United States on the use of the
text.
http://www.archive.org/details/cu31924080779204
In compliance with current
copyright law, Cornell University
Library produced this
replacement volume on paper
that meets the ANSI Standard
Z39.48-1984 to replace the
irreparably deteriorated original.
1995
LIBRARY
ITHACA
Charles
MY
14853
W WasonCdlscJte
onRastAsia
HOW TO WRITE AND
READ JAPANESE
CORRECTLY
[Seisoku Nihongo no Kakihata
Tomikatd)
BY
MINORU YUASA
®
OKAZAKIYA SHOTEN
15,
itchome, Jimbocho, Kanda,
Tokyo
PREFACE
Few
foreigners
from the Occident care
Do
Japanese in cKaracters.
study of Japanese thought ?
interest In
ing
original
and
western take no interest in the
To
be
sure, they
do lake much
Whether they admire Japanese ways of
it.
and doing or
literature,
to learn to write
not, they
institutions
would
willingly study the history,
of the Oriental Empire through her
books and papers, only
Japanese in characters.
think-
Then
if
they could read
and
write
they should take lessons in
Japanese in the same way as Japanese school-children do.
This
little
who would
book
is
an attempt
care to give their spare
at paving the
moments
way
for those
to the study
of the
most important Oriental language.
If the western student gets
a rudimentary knowledge of
written Japanese through this pioneer work,
the pains taken
it
will
amply repay
by
AUTHOR.
DIRECTIONS
How
to
m)
suzuRi
1.
2.
suMi
(M)
3.
FUDE
m)
make
:
^
Ink on the 3uzuri (Inkstone).
Four some water
the
in the weiU of
the Sumi (India ink) up and
down on
iiij^stoue
the
^s,lab
and rub
till
the
water gets blackened enough.
H9W
When
the ink
is
writing brush in it
or
you
write on
will
it.
make a
to
Use the
ready
Do
not
blot
Ink.
for use,
let
dip the point of the
the jJmbibe too
much
ink,
on the paper \^hcn you try to
DIRECTIONS
IV
How
to
Hold the Fude-
Hold the writing Fude (brush) between -the thumb and
fingers, as
shown
in the cut.
How
;
to
make
Strokes.
Hold the charged brush perpendicular to.the paper,
and make strokes, as directed
hand
off ihe desk
all
in the Lessons,
the while.
keeping your
JAPANESE CHARACTERS.
KATA-KANA.
7
A^
^ ^
u
4
t
CHARACTERS
V,
he
ho
me
mo
ha
hi
ma
mi
ya
i
yu
-:^
JO
ra
ri
ru
re
ro
1%
"
mu
7 4 ^ ^ f
wa
i
u
e
Wo
CHARAKTERS
vii
HIRA-GANA.
V^
he
^
ru
^
S
ii
^
^t
ro
ha
ni
ho
t
h
^
^
to
chi
i h
wo
1^
i"i
^>
wa
ka
t
-^
ta
re
so
tsu
na
ra
mu
u
nu
^
yo
hi
ne
CHARACTERS
VIII
<D
is
ke
fe
ya
fu
Vo
ko
e
J
I
f,-,
sa
a
^
^
mi
se
~^.t
ku
no
i,„
^
I
shi
i"
su
ki
^
e
/^
n
ma
te
* *
yu
me
lA
k
hi
«iO'
CHARACTERS
^°
pa
Z^
pi
i^
P"
-<
?=
^
I"
MUMERARS
How
to write Japanese characters
/
2
PENMANSHIP
VOCABULARIES
/\
hito
hata
mm
fl^s
VOCABULARIES
^
^
f
^
onna
otoko
woman
man
VOCABULARIES
/>
^
/\
haha
chichi
mother
father
VOCABULARIES
musurhe
daughter
mtisuko
son
VOCABULARIES
f
ototo
younger brother
ani
elder brother
VOCABULARIES
r
imoto
younger
sister
^ne
elder sister
VOCABULARIES
f
f
>x
oba
oji
aunt
uncle
VOCABULARIES
lo
A--
yane
le
roof
house
U
VOCABULARIES
/
boshi
hat
or
cap
ki-mono
clothing
or
garment
Note :— " ki " means
" wearing," and " mono "
means " thing."
VOCABULARIES
I-^
V
ushi
cow
or
bull
uma
horse
VOCABULARIES
13
-y
^
kumb
tsui<i
cloud
moon
VOCABULARIES
14
¥
>>
tori
hana
bird
flower
VOCABULARIES
rg
kasa
ame
umbrella
rain
i6
VOCABULARIES
r
asahi
tsuru
crane
rising
Note
:
sun
— " asa " means
" morning," and " hi "
means "sun."
VOCABULARIES
'7
\
ringo
nashi
Bpple
pear
VOCABULARIES
jg
-e
/^
I
^
man
hako
ball
box
1
VOCABULARIES
xg
yanagl
take
willow
bamboo
VOCABULARIES
zo
a
/
^ ^
korrie-ya
hon-ya
rice-dealer
book-seller
Note :— Originally " ya
is
"
means " shop."
used in the sense of " dealer " or " seller."
But now
it
VOCABULARIES
-t
21
22
VOCABULARIES
V
I
kushi
kagami
comb
looking-glass
VOCABULARIES
7>
23
X
isu
tsukue
chair
desk
VOCABULARIES
24
9
rr
tarn ago
egg
ko-tori
VOCABULARIES
25
V
it
^
o-miya
torii
shrine
A special structure affording
Note
entrance to a Shinto temple.
is
:
—The word " o "
a respectful prefix
which
is
added to
sacred things.
VOCABULARIES
26
\
minato
port
fune
ship
or
boat
VOCABULARIES
27
ume-no-ki
matsu-no-ki
plum-tree
pine-tree
Note
relation
:
—The
particle,
of ownership
" no,"
usually
or possession,
denotes
so that
it
the
has
its
equivalent in the , English preposition, "of"; but in the
above and other instances,
it
denotes identity, and this
is
VOCABULARIES
28
katatsumuri
kaeru
snail
frog
VOCABULARIES
%
29
VOCABULARIES
30
iJ
7
/
7^
tsubame
karasu
swallow
crow
VOCABULARIES
f
31
^
VOCABULARIES
shokubuts(i
dobutsjii
plant
animal
VOCABULARIES
33
t
3
^
"V
hiyoko
oya-dori
chick
mother bird
ir
Notes
:
— " oya " means
" parent " and " dori "
{or " tori "), " bird."
PHRASES
34
X3
4^
^^
Jf
3
Shiroi inu.
Kuroi neko.
A whitt dog.
A black cat.
Note
:
— " Shiro-i "
{pr
" shiro-ki ") means
" white."
Note
:
— " Kuroi " means
"black," and "kuro-ki»
means the same
The former
colloquial,
is
thing.
used in a
and the
latter
in a literary expression.
PHRASES
3$:
V
Warui kodomo.
A bad child.
Note :— " Waru-i
" waru-ki
")
" {or
means " bad."
Shinsetsu na hito.
A kind person.
Note
:
—" Shinsetsu na "
{or " shinsetsu
naru "} means
" kind."
PHRASES
36.
Oroka na kodomo.
Kashikoi hito.
A foolish boy
A Wiseman
Ugirl).
Note
:
{or
— "Oroka-na "
means "
Notes
adjectives.
:
Note
:
— Kashiko-i "
means " wise."
foolish."
— " Na "
woman).
and "
i
"
are
endings of Japanese
" Naru " and " ki," which mean the same thing
as " na " and "
i,"
are used only a literary expression.
PHRASES
37
/>
,>^
t
4
Aoi ha.
Akai hana.
A green leaf.
A red flower.
Note
" aoki
")
:
— " Aoi " {or
means " green,"
and "ha," "leaf."
Note
:
—Akai "
(or
" akaki ") means " red,"
:
PHRASES
38
4^
t
Semai kawa.
Hiroi michi.
A narrow river.
Note :— " Semai "
{or
" scmaki ") mcau^ " narrow "
and " kawa,""^"
river."
A wide
Note :— "
road.
Hiroi " {or
" hiroki ") means " wide,"
and " michi," "
road,
PHEASES
r
39
PHRASES
40
f
.if
Mijikai-tsue.
Nagaibo.
A short cane.
A long pole.
Note :—"
" mijikaki ")
and "
Mijikai " {or
means " short,"
tsue,"
" cane."
Note :— " Nagai "
{or
" nagaki ") means " long."
and bo," " pole."
PHRASES
41
7
^
^
7
Fukai (^
^ki)
Takai
Note
:
—" Fukai
oy
(,
-ki)
yama.
umi.
A deep sea.
A
A high mountain.
Note
:
—" Takai " means
means "deep,"
" high," and " yama "
and " umi," " sea.
means "mountain."
PHRASES
42
7
Sei-no-hikui onna.
Sei-no-takai shinshi.
A short woman.
A tall gentleman.
Note :— " Sei-no-hikui
means "
^Literal
inUrpfetation
{or
Sei-no-takai "
means "tall."
short."
"sei-no-takai"
stature."
Note:— "
"Sei"
hikui)
signifies
*'
means "high
statue ";
{or
low)
PHRASES
43
Chiisai mushi.
A small insect.
Note :— "
Chiisai
^or " chiisa na ") means
" small "
or "
little."
Okii zo.
A large elephant.
Note :— " Okii
{or
" oki na ") means
« large."
PHRASES
44
Saru to kani.
Inu to neko.
A monkey and
A dog and
a crab.
a cat.
Note
:
— " Saru " means
" monkey," and "
,
"crab."
Note
:
— " To "
is
a
kani," conjunction equivalent to
the English conjunction,
" and
'';
it is
used also in
the sense of " with "
a verb comes after
when
it.
PHRASES
Tsuru to tsubo.
45
Kitsune to budo.
A crane and a jug. A fox and grapes.
Note :^^" Tsubo
"jug," and
'•
"
means
tsuru,"
Note
:
— " Bud5 " means
" grape," and " kitsune,"
" fox."
PHRASES
46
V
Sofu to mago.
Sobo to magomusume.
A grand-mother and A grand-father and
her grand-daughter.
Note
:
—" Sobo " means
grand-son or
grand-daughter.
his
Note
" grand-mother," and
" mago-musume " means
:
—In
common
— " Sofu " means
" grand-father," and
"mago,"
" grand-daughter."
Note
:
" grand-son."
and especially in an
and " obaa-san " are used
speech,
infantile expression, "ojii-san "
instead of " sofu " and " sobo " respectively.
PHRASES
47
/\
^
r^
U
t^^
%^
}
Chichi ni musuko.
Haha
ni
musume.
A father and his A mother and her
daughter.
son.
Note:
— In
above
the
particle, ni, connects
two nouns,
as " to," so that wc_
" Chichi
ni
impressions
musuko ").
may
it
say, "
is
in
which
of the same
Haha
ni
the
meaning
musume
" (or
PHRASES
y
-7Shujin
lii
meshitsukai.
Otto ni tsuma.
A master and his
A husband and
servant.
his wife.
Note
:
— " Shujin " means
" master," and
'
meshitsukai," " servant,"
Note
"
:
— " Otto " means
" husband " and
" tsuma," " wife."
PHRASES
Oba
An
ni mei.
aunt and her
niece.
49
Oji ni
oi.
An uncle and
nephew.
his
PHRASES.
so
V
^
Ushi no tsuno.
The horns
Note
"
cow
:
of
a cow.
—" Ushi " means
(or ox), and " tsuno,"
" horn " or " horns."
Notes :
Shika no ashi.
The legs of a deer.
Note
:
—" Shika " means
" deer," and " ashi,"
" leg " or "
—" No," placed before a noun,
origin, possession, or the like.
legs."
denotes source,
In the Japanese language,
neither nouns nor verbs have a plural form or termination
opposed to the singular; so that the Japanese for
and that
for " horns " are the
same form,
*'
tsuno."
"horn"
PHRASES
51
4
Ki no
eda.
The branches
{or
a branch) of a
tree.
^
le
no yane.
The roof of a house.
PHRASES
52
n
if
'yf
f
Kogatana no
e.
The handle of a
knife.
Note
*
:
— " Kogatana " means
knife,'
The
and "
e,"
literal
meaning of
"kogatana"
is
'
handle.'
'small
sword/ but we use
word
in
the sense of
this
'
knife.'
Tsukue no
The
ashi.
legs of a desk,
How
to write Japanese characters
54
PENMANSHIP
3
Jk
PHRASES
55
-I
Tsuki ga
The moon
Note
:
Hi ga deru.
iru.
The sun
sets.
— " Tsuki " means
Note
" moon," and " iru,"
'•
:
rises.
—" Hi " means
" sun," and " deru,"
" to come out," " to get
get in," or " disappear."
out," or " appear."
Note
:
—" ga "
(or "
that the preceding noun
wa ")
is
is
a particle which denotes
the subject of a
finite
verb.
56
Kumo ga deru.
Clouds appear.
PHRASES
Hoshi ga deru.
Stars
come
forth.
PHRASES
Ame
The
ga
furu.
rain
falls.
Notes
They
:
—^Yuki
Yuki ga furu.
The snow
(snow)
many words
and ame
as nouns
are never used
English
57
(rain)
or
''
and the
like.
are
nouns.
and as verbs, while in
are used as verbs, so that Japanese
has no expressions corresponding to "
rains,"
falls.
"
Furu " means "
in flakes from the sky/'
It
snows,"
"
to fall in drops
It
"
PHRASES
S8
i
a
•J
Q
Kori ga haru.
To be frozen over,
Shimo ga
The
oriru.
frost falls.
to be covered with
ice.
Note
:
— " Kori " means
" ice," and " haru " " to
spread over," " to expand."
When
it
freezes,
we
" kori ga haru."
say,
Note
"
:
— " Shimo " means
frost,"
and " oriru,"
" to come down."
PHRASES
^
59
PHRASES
6o
m
f
9
Inabikari ga suru.
Lightning flashes.
Note
:
— " inabikari
means " lightning," and
" suru " " to do." We say
also " Inabikari ga hikaru
In Japanese
(flashes)."
many nouns with the
particle, ga, after them,
often take the verb, suru ;
" Dzutsu {luadache) ga
suru," which means, " to
as,
have a headache."
Kaminari ga naru.
It
thunders.
Note :— " Kaminari"
{God's cry or roar") means
" thunder," and " naru,"
" to sound out."
PHRASES
€tl
I
ii
I
Kisha ga hashiru.
Kawa ga nagareru.
A (railway) train
A river runs.
runs.
Note
:
— " Kisha " means
" train," « hashiru,"
" run."
Note
•'
:
— " Kawa " means
river,"
and " nagarcru,'*
" to flow in stream
or streams."
63
PHRASES
I''
t'
PHRASES
ti
^
63
PHRASES
64
tff
f
^
<
Nezumi ga
nigeru.
Neko ga naku.
A rat runs away.
A cat mews.
(Rats run away.)
(Cats iiiews.)
Note
"
:
— " Nezumi " means
rat,"
and " nigeru,"
" ruft away:"
Note
"
:
—" Naku " means
to cry
;
to sing.''
How
to write Japanese characters
(See page 88)
66
PENMANSHIP
SENTENCES
67
\i
if
r
X r
Hito ga tegami
wo
kaite imasu.
A man is writing
Kodomo ga
imasu.
asonde
SENTENCES
63
*
^
t
SENTENCES
69
7
fj
J5
-^\
4
wo Ano gakusei wa hon
wo yonde-imasu.
kaite-imasu.
Ano
rujin
That old
wa
e
man
is
painting a picture.
Note
:
— " e " means
and " kaite
"
imasu," " is painting
'*
picture,"
or
" drawing."
That student
is
reading a book.
Note
:
—" yonde-imasu
means "
is
reading."
"
SENTENCES
70
T
I
f
-T
•^
X T
A
Ano otoko-no-ko wa Ano onna-no-ko wa
tsutsumi wo
akago wo seotteimasu.
kakaete-imasu.
That boy
is
holding
a package under
his
Note
:
That girl is carrying
a baby on her
arm.
— " kakaetc-imasu "
—
means " is holding under
his arm " or " in his arms."
back.
Note
:
— " seotte-imasu "
—
means "
is carrying
on
her back," and " akago,"
"baby."
"akago"
The meaning
is
" red
of
child."
SENTENCES
71
^
M"^
It
Alio gakusei
wa
hashitte-imasu.
Ano rodosha wa
nimotsu
wo
hakonde-i-masu.
That student
is
running.
Note :^-" gakusei
means " student," and
" hashitte-i-inasu " is
running."
That labourer
is
carrying a load.
Note
:
— " rodosha "
means
" labourer," and " hakondei-tnasu,
"
is
carrying."
SENTENCES
72
^
Tj.
t
Ano
wa Ano junsa wa junkai
wo shite-i-masu.
wo mite-
onna-no-ko
hoshi
i-masu.
That
girl is
up at the
Note
:
looking
stars.
— " wo mite- i-masu,
means "
is
looking {or
looking up) at," and
"hoshi," "star."
That policeman is
going his rounds.
Note
:
— " junsa " means
"policeman," and "junkaj
wo
shite-i-raasu,"
"
going his rounds."
is
SENTENCES
73
r
Ir
/
-f
if
I
r
T
9
'^
Heya no sumi
ni
naga-isu ga
Teiburu no soba ni
isu
ga ari-masu.
ari-masu.
There
the
{or
is
a)
sofa in
corner
There are chairs
by the
table.
of the room.
—
" Naga-isu "
means " sofa," and
Note
:
" sumi-ni," " in the
corner."
—
" Isu " means
Note
" chair," " no soba ni
means " by."
:
SENTENCES
74
^
^t
:$
V
B
>
y^^
/
^
1/
^
Inu-goya no naka
ni inu
ga
ori-masu.
There
is
a dog
in the kennel.
Note
:
— ''Inu-goya
means " kennel."
Futon no ue
neko ga
ni
ori-masu.
There
is
a cat
on the cushion.
Note :— " Futon
''
means " cushion."
SENTENCES
^^^
T?
/
75
SENTENCES
76
W
M"V
»J
Ay
I
ir
Oka no ue
ni
jinsha ga
ari-masu.
is
shrine
on the
Note
:
hill.
— " Jinsha "
means " Shinto
ni
ori-masu.
a Shinto
There
Kago no naka
ko-tori ga
shrine,"
and "oka." "hill."
There
is
a
little
bird in the cage.
Note :— " Kago "
means
" cage."
SENTENCES
17
&
riaj
^%y
/ail*
V
•
-7
r
7
Michino katawara
ni yubin-bako ga
Hashi no chikaku
ari-masu.
ari-masu.
There
is
a post-box
by the
side of
the road.
—
" michi " means
Note
" road," " no katawara ni,"
" by the side of," and
:
'<
"
yObin-bako," " post-box
"
pillar-box."
or
ni
kobanshoga
There is a policebox close by
the bridge.
Note :— " K6ban-sho "
means " police-box," and
" no chikaku
ni,"
" close
by " and " hashi,"
« bridge."
SENTENCES
78
<o
m
^.
>c
t
f
Kodomo no
sobani
inu ga ori-maru.
Sutobu no maeni
kodomo ga
ori-masu.
There
is
a dog
beside the child.
There
is
a child
before the stove.
Note :— " No-mae-ni"
means " before " " Sutobu "
is derived from English
" stove."
SENTENCES
79
r
I
IT?
/V
o
Kwabin no nakani
Teiburu no ueni
hana ga ari-masu.
kwabin ga
arimasu.
There are flowers
in the flower-vase.
There
is
flower-
vase on the table.
Note
:
— " kwabin "
" flowcr-vase."
is
means
" Teiburu
derived from English
" table."
''
SENTENCES
8o
^S
}f
9
^
T
t
Ki no eda
ni
karasu ga
ori-masu.
There
is
its
Yane ni suzume
ga ori-masu.
'
a crow
on a branch
There are sparrows
on the roof.
of the tree.
Note
:
— " karasu "
means "crow."
Note
:
—" suzume
means " sparrow."
SENTENCES
8l
'k.'-r
if
Onna-no-ko ga
Otoko-no-ko tachi
hari-shigoto wo
shite-i-masu.
ga mari wo
nagete-i-masu.
A girl is engaged
Boys are playing
in needlework.
ball.
—
" Hari-shigoto
Note
wo shite-i-masu "
:
means "
is
engaged
needlework."
in
"
—
:
" Mari wo nagetei-masu " means " are (is)
Note
throwing a
ball."
" Tachi " is a Suffix used
in forming the plural of
a personal noun or
pronoun.
SENTENCES
.82
$>
i;
W*
It
^^T\i
"h
t
t
Ano shikwan wa
gorei wo kakete
Ano
heishi
wa jii wo
ninatte-i-masu.
i-masu.
That
officer is
giving a
command.
Note .— " Shikan "
means " ofBcer," and
" gorei
i-roasu.
wo
'
IS
kakete
giving a
command."
That private
is
carrying a gun on
his shoulder.
—
" Heishi " means
" private soldier," " is
carrying— on his shoulder,''
and " jo," " gun."
Note
:
SENTENCES
7
^
Ano
fujin
>N
wa
ami-
83
r
_,
^^
SENTENCES
84
iJ4
h
7 if ^
I
X
i
t
Watashi no ototo
wa fue wo
fuite-
Watashi no ane
wa piano WO
i-masu.
soshite-i-masu.
My younger
My elder sister is
brother
on a
Note
:
is
playing
playing on the
piano.
flute.
— " — wo
fuite-
i-masu," means " is
blowing " and '< fue,"
" flute."
Note
:
—" Watakushi no
my " " — wo
''
means "
s6shite-i-masu," " is playiftg
". Piano ." is
on."
,
derived from the English
piano."'
SENTENCES
I
y
>--
8S
^
'9
-.9
)
^I
*rs
»
t?
Boku no ane wa
Shinrui no uchi e
yuki-mashita.
My elder sister has
gone to a
Note
:
relatives.
— " Yukimashita
means
" has gone,"
" shinrui no uchi e "
" to a
relative's."
—
Boku no haha wa
kaimono ni
yuki-mashita.
My mother has
gone shopping.
—
" Kaimono ni "
means " to make a
Note
:
purchase {or shopping) "
" yuki-mashita,"
" has gone."
Note : Japanese has but one tense for the. English
Present Perfect and Past, so that " has {or have) gone
and " went " take the same form.
SENTENCES
86
M
9
m/
7^
^ ^
.a?
A
+
-^
»
V
Boku no
ototo
wa
Boku no imoto wa
asobi ni yuki-
yubinkyoku e
mashita.
yuki-mashita.
My younger
My younger
sister
brother has gone
has gone to the
for play.
post-office.
Note :— " Asobi
ni
means " for play ";
" to play."
"
—
" Yubinkyoku "
means " post-office."
Note
:
SENTENCES
87
\i
^
-^
t
\i
t
t
I
ft
1t
Boku no
ani
wa
Boku no
chichi
wa
yakusho e
gakko e
yuki-mashita.
yuki-mashita.
My elder brother
My father has gone
has gone to school.
to his office.
Note
:
— " Gakko c "
Note
means " to school."
Note
:
—" Boku
" Watakushi no."
young man
'
no
''
is
— " Yakusho e "
means " to his office."
same meaning as
of the
The former
or a student.
:
is
generally used
by a
88
SENTENCES
SENTENCES
89
^}^
H^
Hibachi no nakani
sumibi ga
ari-masu.
There are burning
charcoals in the
brazier.
—
" No naka ni "
means " in, " sumi-bi,"
" burning charcoal."
Note
:
Literal interpretation
" Suini " means charcoal,"
:
and " hi "
" bi ")
{fir
signifies " fire."
Heya no mannaka
ni hibachi ga
ari masu.
There
a brazier
middle
of the room.
is
in the
Note :— " Hibachi
"
means " brazier," " mannaka
ni," " in the middle," and
" heya," " room."
SENTENCES
go
A*
1^X7^
^
:^2
*
^^
^t e.
'^
^.^
L
I
%
Nihon no ichiban hajime no Tenno
Jinmu-Tenno to moshimasu.
The first Emperor of Japan is
the Emperor of Jimmu.
Note
first
:
— " Jimmu "
is
Emperor who founded
the posthumous
this
wo
called
name
of the
Empire ; " Jimmu " means
" as mighty as a god " and " moshi-masu " means, " they
call "; "
we
call ";
" you
call ";
"
is called."
SENTENCES
gi
3^^
H=
y
^
ItfV
r
^
Kono tenno ga Nihon-koku wo
kensetsu-nasaremashita.
This
Emperor founded the country
of Japan.
Note :— "
meaning as "
Kensetsu-nasaremashita "
kensetsu-shita," but the
expression than the
latter.
is
of the same
former
is
a politer
SENTENCES
92
*-
n.
%i
Jc
t
«
II
Nihon wa shima-guni de atte, shiho wa
umi ni torimakarete i-masu.
Japan
is
an island-country, and
surrounded on
Note
:
— " Shitna--gunl "
" niakarete-i-masu,"
every "
all sides
"
tori-side " (or
is
by the
means
surrounded,"
" on
all sides ").
is
seas.
" island-country,"
" shih5 waj"
" on
SENTENCES
93
y
•XT
.A
>\
>\
Sono shufu
jinko
wa Tokyo to
moshimashite,
wa gohyakuman
Its capital is called
ijo
arimasu.
Tokyo, and
its
population exceeds five millions.
Note:
—"Shufu"
" population," "
ijo
means
desu," "
and "gohyaku-man ", "five
" Sono
" has
is
"capital,"
"jinko,"
more than " or " exceeds,''
millions."
two meanings
;
as "its," and the other, "that."
one
is
of the same sense
SENTENCES
94
yui Stl ^'^
9
t
Nihon
wa itaru-tokoro
ni takai
yama
ga takusan arimasu.
There are a great
many
high mountains
in every part of Japan.
Note
" takai
:
— " Itaru
yama ga
tokoro ni " means " in every part,"
takusan," " a great
many high mountains."
SENTENCES
95
SENTENCES
96
K
t
f
Nihon
wa
matsu-no-ki no kuni to
iwarete orimasu.
Japan
Note
:
pine-trees,"
masu), "
is
is called
the land of pine-trees.
— " Matsu-no-ki
no kuni " means " the land of
"iwarete orimasu" {or iware-masu; yobarecalled."
SENTENCES
^*
Desu kara kaigan
g'j,
^^"'
wa
^*
taigai
matsu no
taiboku ga haete-i-masu.
And
most of the sea-shores are grown
so
over with large pine-trees.
Note:
"Jcat-gan,"
— "Desu
*'
kara" means
" and
,
so
'';
so that,
sea-shore "; " taigai," " most of ";,?' generally";
"taiboku," "big tree"; "haete-i-masu," "grow (grows)!';
"
matsu-iao-ki
wa
ga haetc
iru ";
" pine-trees grow
";
matsu-no-ki ga haete-i-masu," " the sea-shore
over with pine-trees."
" kaigan
is
grown
SENTENCES
98
2^13
I
r
'^
f
Cho wa utsukushii ga gaichu desUi
The
butterfly
(it is)
Note:— "Ch5
is
a beautiful
a noxious
means
(insect),
but
insect.
"butterfly,"
" utsukushi-i,"
" beautiful," " gaichu," " noxious insect."
" Ga
tion
" after a predicate verb or adjective, is
which means " but."
a conjunc-
SENTENCES
0fn
59:
W^
^^z
^•^
r
Cho
MT
wa futatsu no
ni
tsubasa to roppon
no ashi ga ari-masu.
The butterfly has two wings and six
Note
\5ing
(£>/•
:
— " Futatsu
no "
wings),." roppon
Note
:
—"
ni
wa
" two " " tsubasa,"
"
(o^
muttsu no"), "six,"
means
no"
acd " ashi," " leg " (or " legs
legs.
").
ga ari-masu " means " has
,"
The noun which comes before " ni
{^ " have ")
wa " is the subject of the verb " has " and the noun which
Some sentences in this
follows " ni wa " is its object.
coBstruction may be translated literally.
For instance,
''Niwa {ni wa) like £-a ari masu" means "There is
{ffrimasti)
a pond {ike go) in the garden {niiva nizva)."
SENTENCES
ICO
*
5i
n^
O
I
^
Cha wa
cha^no-ki
no ha kara
seishi-masu.
Tea made of the leaves of the
tea plant.
Note
plant,"
masu, "
:
— " Cha "
" ha/' means "
is
made
" Scisuru "
means "
leaf,''
of," of " is
is
used
in
tea,"
" cha-no-ki,"
" tea-
or " leaves," and " kara seishi
made
from.''
the sense of " to prepare."
c
SENTENCES
I02
Ao-zora ni gan no tonde-oru no
wo
go-ran-nasai.
See the wild-geese
Note:
,.
— "Gan
fly in
no tondcoru no
the blue sky.
wo" "the flight
of
wfld-gefese."
When stress is laid upon the doing, we say " gan no
tonde iruno wo go-ran nasal," but when it. is laid upon the
doer, we say " tonde iru gan wo goran nasai."
From a grammatical point of view, the particle "no"
between a noun and a verb denotes that the noun is in the
same relation to the verb as a noun in the possesive case in
English is to a gerund coming after it ; as " Kodomo no
rialoi ico ga kikoeru (I hear a child's crying) ; that is, " I
hear a child cry."
.
.
SENTENCES
Gan wa
^03
aki ni kite haru ni
nam to
kaette-yukimasu
Wild-geese comes here in the autumn,
and go away when
— " Aki
it is
spring.
"
the autumn," " ni naru
means " to pass to a certain state or condition from a previous
one." The English equivalent of it being " grow " or " be-
Note
:
ni
" means "
in
"heishi ni naru" may be translated "beconie
and the literal translation of " haru ni naru " is
" become spring-time," that is, " it will be spring-time."
" Haru ni naru to " means " when it becomes spring.**
" Kite i^f)" and " kaette i^f ';> 7- ) " are the cod"
iunctive forms of " kuru (come) " and " kaeru (return)
come,"
soldiers,"
rc-rpcctively.
i'
" Kaeru " means " return "; " \z.tXX.eyuM-masu" means
go back," and " kaette ki-masu," " come back."
SENTENCES
104
t
Kome wa
Nippon-jin no shiiyo-naru
shoku-ry5-hin desu.
Rice
is
the principal food of the Japanese.
Note: — "Shuyonaru shokuryo-hin " means
"princi-
pal food."
"Shoku
(pp)»" 3"
(:^)-r>'o
article
;
(ifSj-)"
means "eatable," and "hin
" shokury5-hin " may be translated " an
article {or articles) of food."
SENTENCES
^t
105
SENTENCES
io6
Nara no daibutsu wa Ninon de ichiban
okii
butsuzo desu.
The Daibutsu at Nara is the biggest
image of Buddha in Japan.
Note
(big,
:
— " Daibutsu "
is
a compound
wood
of " dai
"
large\ and " butsu " (Buddha) " Butsuzo " means " the
image of Buddha."
situated near Kyoto.
"Nara"
is
a famous place which Is
SENTENCES
ro8
t 5^
.h
I
'-t
ir
Watakushi
wa
kisha-ryoko
I
kinjitsu chichi to
wo
shimasu.
am going to make a railway-travelling
with my father shortly.
Note :^" Kisha-ryoko " means " railway-travelling,"
" kinjitsu {or chikajika ni)," "shortly," " to," " with,"
' Watakushi wa
wo shimasu " means " I am
."
going to make
" Kinjitsu " means " near day."
" Watakushi wa
wo shimasu " may mean :
(1)
I will or (I shall)
(2) I
do
or
make
do
.
(or
make)
[Fresmt)
.
{Ftiture).
SENTENCES
Nihon de ichiban
okii teishaba
toy
wa
Tokyo-eki desu.
The
largest railway-station in Japan
is
Tokyo-Station.
—
'
Note : " Ichiban 6ki-i " means " largest," " teishaba,"
railway-station." " eki " • stage."
COMPABISOX OF ADJECTTVKS
Okii (large)
Motto
:
{Positive degree).
(Conparative).
adverb, tnatto (more) is often understood.
Ichi-ban (number one) okii (largest) :
{^Superlative).
The
okii (larger)
:
I
SENTENCES
ro
a
-7
t
I'
It
wa sakujitsu ensoku ni
dekake mashita.
Yesterday we went on an excursion
(or a trip).
Watashi-tachi
—
" Sakujitsu " means " yesterday," " ensoku ni
Note
dekakeru," " to go on an excursion," and " ensoku ni dekake
" -tachi " is a plural
mashita," " went on an excursion."
teniiinatioii of pjersonal nouns, and pronouns.
" En-soku " is composed of two words signifying " far "
"
and foot;" " mashita " or " ta," which is a familiarism,
:
is
an auxiliary forming the past tense.
PRESENT
PAST
dekake masu
dekake rit
dekake mashita
dekake ta
SENTENCES
lii
^
f
".
f
Watashi-tachi wa asa hayaku dekakemashite, yoru osoku kaeri-mashita.
Early
in the morning-,
out),
and came home
(or set
late irithe liight.
—
" Asa hayaku " means " early in the morn" dekake-mashita Cor dekaketa)," went out "kaeri-
Note
ing,"
we went out
mashita"
:
..or
kilaku-shi-mashita),
osoku,'' " late in the night."
"
'*
"came home," "yoru
mashiDekake-jz/asu,"
mashita" and "
te" -masn forms the present and the future, -niashita, the
past, and -mashite, a 'connecting particle, preceding to the
succeeding clause.
SENTENCES
112
^
^i
-r
Kinzoku no uchi de
yaku
Iron
is
wa tetsu ga ichiban
ni tachi-masu.
the most useful (metal) of
all
metals.
—"Tctsu"
means "iron," "ichiban yaku ni
tachi-masu," " is the most useful," " kinzoku no uchi de,"
" of all metals."
Note:
Note:— When "of" comes
superlative degree,
" no uchidewa."
it is
after the adjective of the
always translated " no uchidc " or
SENTENCES
m
l»3
SENTENCES
1X4
Tetsu
wa buki ya hamono wo tsukuru
ni tsukaware-masu.
Iron
is
used in making weapons
and edged-tools.
Note
:
— " Buki " means " weapon," " ha-mono " means
" edged tool " " tsukaware-masu "
" tsukuru ni," " in making."
"
is
(or
are)
used,"
The
particles ya and to are conjunctives differing slightmeaning and use. " Ya " is generally used in the
sense of " by way of example," while " to " is used in a
ly
in
The particle " ni " after a
rather exclusive proposition.
verb denotes intention or purpose, " tsukaware-masu " is
the passive form of " tsukai masu."
SENTENCES
11$
y
m¥
9V%
t
^^
>^
^^
7s
Sono-hoka
ni tetsu
wa gunkan ya
ki-
kwansha wo
tsukuru-ni tsukaware-masu.
Besides, iron
is
used in making warships
and locomotives.
Note
:
—" Sono-hoka ni" means " besides," " gunkan,"
" warship," and " kikwansha," " locomotive."
(outside) ni " literally
means
"
on outside of
it."
" Sono hoka
SENTENCES
Ii6
a^
^^'*
^F^"
Nihon de ichiban-tsuyoi kemono
kuma
:
The strongest beast
Note:
—"Ichiban
wa
desu.
in
Japan
is
the bear.
tsuyoi" means "strongest," "ke-
mono," " beast," " kuma," " bear."
SENTENCES.
::^|
117;
SENTENCES
Ii8
>N
m
r
X
>v
wa
Nihon de wa kuma no sanchi
Hokkaido desu.
The place of the production of bears
in
Note :
origin,
Japan
—" Sanchi "
is
is
a
Hokkaido.
compound word
of Chinese
composed of " san (production)" and " chi
(place),"
SENTENCES
119
Ml
Sit
J:.'
^
t
Kuma wa
^>-
ato-ashi de tachi-agaru koto
ga deki-masu.
The bear can stand up on
his hind-legs.
—
Note : " Tachi-agarukoto ga deki-masu " (or "
ga dekiru ") "can stand up," and "ato-ashi de," "on
his
hind-legs."
When
" dekiru " " is used as a predicate verb,
" watakushi wa sore ga deHmasu "
As an auxiliary, it means " can."
" can do ";
do
it."
as,
—"means
can
it
I
A verb
with " koto " after it is a verbal noun ; " kodomo wa asobu ^t?io ga suki " mssns " boys like playing "
" tachi-agaru ^oia ga dekiru " means literally " can do
standing lip "
;
SENTENCES
tao
J:
«
^
J.
Sono kawa
wa
yoi shiki-mono ni
nari-masu.
Its skin
(fiir)
makes a good
"
Note
'"
make "
"
."
''*
seat.
'i
I
:
— " Kawa," means " skin," "
ni nari-masu,"
(or " inakes)."
wa
——
:
nl narimasu "
" Yoi kodomo
A good boy
wa
yoi hito «/
makes a good man."
" a thing spread to
sit
means "
makes
narimasu" means
" Shikiniono " means
or squat upon/' or " seat."
SENTENCES
122
t
Nihon ni wa yoi zaimoku ga
takusan ari-masu.
Japan has a great deal of good timber.
Note:
are
(is)
,"
— " Nihon nl
wa
ari-masu" means "there
in Japan," " takusan " means "
" a great deal of
" or
many
" plenty of
" Yoi zaimoku," means " good timber."
(or
."
much)
SENTENCES
SENTENCES
124
y
^
if
Sono uchide sugi ga ichiban hiroku
mochii-rare-masu.
Among them
cryptomeria
is
used
most widely.
Note: — "Sono uchide" means "among them," and
"ichiban hiroku
mochii-rareru," "
mochii-rare-masij "
is
(are) used
or
"ichiban hiroku
most widely."
SENTENCES
f
125
\i
Kore-ra no zaimoku
wa
ita
ya hashira
ni tsukurare-masu.
These timbers are made into planks
(or
NocE
'
pillar.",
:
—"
boards) and pillars.
Ita "
means " plank," and " hashira " means
SENTENCES
126
^?
^tl i^T
7
Mokuzo-kaoku
wa kore-ra no
zairyo
no
dore-ka de tsukuru-no-desu.
Wooden houses
are built of one or
another of these materials.
Note;
—"Mokuzo-kaoku"
" zairyo," " materials," and "
another of
——."
means "wooden house,"
no dore ka
de,''
" one or
SENTENCES
127"
t
1^1
X
r
<o
Nihon de ichiban no ehushin wa
Kusunoki Masashige desu.
The most
'
loyal subject in
is
Masashige Kusunoki.
Note :-^" Chushin " means " loyal
" Miasashtge "
is
Japan
the family name.
is
.
subject."
"
the personal name, and " Kusunoki
SENTENCES
128-
wa toki no Tenno no tanie-ni
nankwai-mo senso wo shimashita.
Masashige
Masashige fought
many a
battle for the
sake of the then Emperor.
—
" Nankwai mo senso wo shimashita '' means
Note
" fought many a battle," " no tame ni," " fo rthc sake of,"
" toki no Tenno," " then the Emperor."
" Nan kwai," is an interrogative phrase used in the
But when it is followed by
sen.se of " how many times."
the particle, mo, it means " many times," " time after time "
or " repeatedly." " nan-nin " means " how many persons,"
and " nan-nin mo," " many a person."
:
SENTENCES
Shikashi tsui-ni kare
wa
129,
teki no tame-ni
uchi-yaburare-te senshi-shimashita.
But at last, he was defeated by
enemy, and fell in battle.
Note
:
his
— " Tsui ni " means " at last," " teki no tame ni,"
no tame ni " is used in various
by (through the agency of).
"Uchiyaburu" in the active voice, and "uchiyaburareru " in the passive. " Uchiyaburarete " is in the conjunctive form, serving to join one clause to another.
" Senshi-shimashita " means " fell in battle."
" by
his
senses
,
enemy."
:— (i)
"
for the sake of (2)
SENTENCES
I30
T
Masashige no shinda toki ni rnusuko no
Masatsura
wa juichisai deshita.
Masatsura, the son of Masashige, was
eleven years old
when
he died.
Note — " Masashige no (or ga) shinda toki ni " means
when be (Masashige) died."
The particles no and ga are of the same sense when they
" No " in such a case as " Musuko
are used before a verb.
:
"
no Masatsura " does not denote possession while the same
" Masatsura no musuko (the son of Masatsura),
does.
The past position in the former instance is equivalent
to the English preposition, of, in " the city of London."
particle in
SENTENCES
^''
^"
Kare mo mata
131
7ft^*
chichi to onajiku
chiishin deshita.
He was a
Note :
ku " " as
loyal subject as his father was.
—" Mo mata "
(another)
is
means "
or was."
also,"
"
to onaji-
SENTENCES
132
^^ ^?
?5f*
W^^f.
y'
Niju-san-sai no toki ni
Masatsura
wa
Kawachi no Shijonawate de
senshi-shimashita.
When
fell
he was twenty-three years
old,
he
at Shijonawate in the province
of Kawachi.
Shijonawate " is a famous place which is
near
the
city Osaka.
situated
" Niju-san no toki ni " means " at the time (i.e. age) of
23 years ^sai)."
Note:— "
'
SENTENCES
134
\
r
H^
^
/^^T7
'T7
7>
Ima wa Tokyo
ni
tsugu daitokwai
de ari-masu.
At
present this
is
a large town ranking
next to Tokyo.
Note
:
— " Itna wa " means " at present,'' " daitokwai,"
" a large [or great( town " {or " city)."
" next to
."
"
ni tsugu,"
SENTENCES
/
Nintoku-Tenno
I3S
^
mo kono-chi wo
shufu to
nasare-mashita.
The Emperor Nintoku made
this place
the capital of the country.
Note :—" Nintoku
Emperor. "
"
" this place," " shufu," "
" Nintoku
is
the posthumous
to nasare-mashita,"
"
name
of
tlic
" made," " kono chi,"
capital."
means " benevolence."
SENTENCES
136
f
^
^l
V^*
*^
;^
^
Sono nochi Toyotomi Hideyoshi ga
kono-chi ni shiro
wo
kizuki-mashita.
Afterwards Hideyoshi Toyotomi had
a castle built here.
Note
"
castle."
:
— " Sono-nochi " means " afterwards," " shiro,"
" Kizuki-mashita" has two meanings — " had a
thing built" and " built a thing."
build a castle, as he
means "
in this
(He himself did not
was not a carpenter).
place,"
and " sono
" Kono-chi ni "
nochi,''
" after that."
SENTENCES
137
4
fc
^
v"
9
Kono
shiro
wo
This castle
Note
:
Osaka-jo to ii-mashita.
was
called
" Osaka-jo."
— " Osaka-Jo " means " the castle of Osaka."
SENTENCES
1.^8
l^
^
i
^
v70
t
Shichu
wo
nagareru kawa wo Yodo-gawa
to ii-masu.
The
river which runs through the city
is called the " Yodo River."
—
Note: "Shichu vvo" means "through the city,"
"nagareru," " run." There is no Japanese word which
corresponds to the Relative Pronoun " which" so that when
we translate " the river which runs " into Japanese, we say
•' nagareru kawa."
Japanese has no relative pronouns. When a verb takes
a noun after it, the noun does not make its object as in
English, but is modified by the preceding verb, which is said
to be in the conjunctive mode, so that English relatives, who,
which, and so on have no equivalents in Japanese.
Kawa ga shichii wo nagareru. (A river runs through
the city). Shichu wo itagareru kawa.
(A river which runs
through the city).
SENTENCES
139
V
Kono-kawa igwai
ni hori-wari
ga
takusan ari-masu.
Besides this river, there are a great
many
Note:— "
canals in the city.
Igwal-ni"
or
"no hoka-ni" means
" besides," " hbriwari ga takusan," " a great many canals."
SENTENCES
I40
Kono chi wa Nihon de no
saidai-kogyo-chi
de ari-masu.
This place
is
the largest manufacturing
district in
Note:
Japan.
— " Kogyo-chi " means " manufacturing district"
^
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JS
ft
EP
89
—
HoNA/ to Speak
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THIS
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