Public Policy
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Nature, Scope and Significance of
Public Policy
R K Sapru (2012) could be used as a reference material for this chapter
What is Public?
Public as opposed to Private
What is Policy?
• An authoritative decision
• A declaration of goal
• A declaration of course of action
Some examples of Public Policies from India
A policy is devised generally to solve people’s problem, its an
authoratative decision with declaration of goal and a declaration of course
of action
Nature of Public Policy
• In this course we focus on the Policy
Sciences perspective on Public Policy
• And view Public Policy Science as a tool
to mitigate people’s problems
Key Elements of Policy Sciences
• Focus on problem ‘Problem Orientation’
• Explicitly normative (concerns with ethics
and values)
• Multi-disciplinary
Production of Knowledge in Natural
Sciences (Positive)
The scientific method has four key basic
steps:
- Observe
- Hypothesize (Null
hypothesis)
- Test
- Repeat step 1
Basic Science
Case-study 1 – Queen wasp
Policy Relevant Science
Case-study 2 – Water contamination
due to fertilizer application
Production of Knowledge in Social
Sciences
Production of knowledge in social
sciences involve the following steps:
- Observe
- Hypothesize (Null Hypothesis)
- Collect data
- Test the Null hypothesis
- Repeat step 1 (increases the
observed data)
Larger uncertainty
Production of knowledge in complex
(Nature-Human) systems
Source: IPCC, 2013; Physical Science Basis
The Art and Science of Public Policy
(Positive and Normative)
-
Contexual and Problem orientation
Value
Ideology
Interests
The problem orientation
• What is problem
• Public policy a tool to solve the problems
of Politics
• Example of problem identification – Indian
context
What is Value? In context of Public
Policy
• Refers to the questions of how things
should be?
• Largely centres around ‘Democratic
Values’ and ‘Human Dignity’
• Examples of Value and how these are
indispensable to public policy
• Values of the Indian state – Constitution
(esp in the Preamble and the directive
principles)
Preamble
We, the People of India having solemnly
resolved to constitute India into a Sovereign,
Socialist, Secular, Democratic, Republic and
to secure to all its citizens; Justice, social,
economic, political; Liberty of thought,
expression, belief, faith and
worship; Equality of status and opportunity;
and to promote among them all; Fraternity,
assuring the dignity of the individual and the
unity and integrity of the nation.
Directive Principles as listed in the
constitution
Ideology
• Ideology refers to ‘a set of beliefs or
principles, especially one on which a
political system, or organization is based’.
Ex- capitalists and socialist ideology
• How is Ideology different from Values
Indira Gandhi as the pioneer of
environmental policies in the world
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
India forests – 100 years
95
90
85
80
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
Mha
1880
1950
1970
2005
2010
Source: Tian et al 2014, Reddy et al 2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
On Environment and Climate Change all
major political institutions are at one page
One value but different ideologies
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Source: Chaturvedi, 2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Interests & Interest groups
•
•
•
•
Benfits/losses
Who is at risk?
Who gains?
What is at stake
The Policy Process
• Identification of objectives
• Learnings from Natural, Social
and Complex sciences
• Specification of alternatives
• Recommending policy actions
• Implementation of the policy
• Monitoring policy outcomes
• Evaluating policy Performance
Example: Climate Policy; Ozone hole
Value
Ideology
Interests
(who is at
risk?/
what is on
stake?)
The Policy Process
Natural sciences
Social Sciences
Integrated sciences
Identification of
objectives
Restructuring of
objectives
Elaborate with the
example of Ujjawala &
General Category
reservation
Authority for
decision making
Policy outcomes
Public
Administration Course of action
Monitoring
NITI Ayog
Specification of
Alternatives
Goal Declared
Evaluation
Values
Implementation
Executive
Evaluating Policy
alternatives
Legislature
Policy selection/
recommendation
Judiciary/
Judicial
scrutiny
Finance Commissio
Specification of Alternatives
The Policy Process – Forecasting
different alternatives
• Systems analysis – (Ex-IESS tool 2047)
• Economic Forecasting
• Modelling and Simulations (Equilibrium/
Dynamics)
• Information and Data Management
System (Ex-GIS), Meghalaya State CaseStudy, an Experimental drought monitor
(advanced application of satellite data)
Systems analysis tool
Economic modelling
Economic modelling
General Equilibrium
models
Partial Equilibrium
models
Econometric Analysis and Forecasting
• Simple Linear Regression
• Multiple Linear Regression
Architecture of a simple General
Equilibrium model
Partial Equilibrium Economic Model
NDVI analysis (2000-2016) of Disturbed
and Intact Forests
Figure 1. Map showing the distribution of National parks (NP), Wildlife sanctuaries (WLS)
and Reserved forests (RF) in Meghalaya (1. Dribru hills RF, 2. Tura peak RF, 3. Chima
Bangshi RF, 4.Dhima RF, 5. Rajasimla RF, 6. Iidek RF, 7. Songsak RF, 8. Darugiri RF, 9.
Dambu RF, 10. Rongrengiri RF, 11. Siju WLS/RF, 12. Emanggiri RF, 13. Angratoli RF, 14.
Baghmara WLS/RF, 15. Rait Khawn RF, 16. Shyrwat RF, 17. Upper Shillong RF, 18. Rait
Laban RF, 19. Nongkhyllem WLS/ RF, 20. Umsaw RF, 21. Saipung RF, 22. Saipung RF, 23
Road network – with 100 ft buffer
around the line
Source: NESAC, via MBDA
Settlements – with 500 m buffer around the
points
Source: NESAC, via MBDA
Area under shifting cultivation
Source: NESAC, via MBDA
Combined disturbed area – under roads,
settlements and shifting cultivation
Satellite data based Experimental
Drought monitor
https://sites.google.com/a/iitgn.ac.in/india_drought_monitor/home
Access this website to learn about the India Drought Monitor
Planning Commission & NITI AYOG
Role of Planning Commission
• Make an assessment of the material capital and human resources
of the country and to suggest ways of augmenting them;
• Formulate a plan for the most effective and balanced utilization of
the country’s resources;
• Determine priorities of the plan and to allocate resources to
different sectors of the plan;
• Remove factors retarding economic growth in the current sociopolitical scenario of the country;
• Build up machinery for the successful implementation of the plan ;
• Appraise progress achieved in the execution of plan from time to
time and to bring about necessary adjustment in policy and thrusts
of the plan;
• Make necessary changes in both policy and implementation of the
plan in accordance with the advice or recommendation received
from the central or the State Governments.
NDC
The Planning Commission as originally constituted was but an arm
of government of India. The state governments had no participation
in it or had no role to play in the planning process. To remove these
defects The National Development Council ( NDC) was created in
1952. The National Development Council was to consist of the
Prime Minister as its chairman, the Chief Ministers of all the states
and union territories and the members of the commission. The
National Development Council was conceived as a super planning
body. It acts as a forum in which the Prime Minister. Union Ministers,
the Chief Ministers of states and members of the Planning
Commission interact at all stages of planning. Plans are formulated
by the Planning Commission and approved the National
Development Council before they are presented to the Parliament
and the state legislatures. In this way plans formulated by the
planning commission received a national character.
• Structure of Planning Commission
• Structure of NITI Ayog
• Functions, powers of PC and Functions
and powers of NITI
• Legacy of PC – most important
achievements
• Most important achievements of NITI
• Future prospects of NITI Ayog
Differences/ Similarities between NITI Ayog and
Planning Commission
•Genesis - Cabinet resolution (what is the basic
idea, need for separate body to focus on Public
Policy, instead of Pub Admin)
•Structure - Planning Commission + NDC < NITI
Ayog (NDC integrated)
•Five year plans Vs three year Action Agenda
(from 2017 onwards/ seven year strategy/ 15
year vision document
•Powers to allocate resources- NITI will be
aligned to Finance Commission
recommendations
Planning Commission
Factors that led to decline of Planning
Commission
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Collision with Finance Commission (Gadgil formula)
Collision with Finance Ministry
Lack of consititutional and legal sanctity
Globalization, Liberalization and Privatization
Focus on theoretical tools, which were wrong on ground
Faulty budgeting
Collision with annual budget
Plan-non plan distinction
Inconvenience to states
How is Planning Commission doing in
other countries?
• Russia’s Gosplan sacked in 1991
• China’s Planning Commission gave way to
NDRC in 1998
• Problems with NDRC
Question?
Neoliberalism has
conned us into
fighting climate
change as
individuals –
Critically
examine this
statement
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Can Planning Commission bounce back
again in India?
Key features of 12th FY Plan
NITI Ayog’s 3 year Action Agenda
Doubling Farmer’s income by 2022
• land-leasing agreements (NITI Ayog land leasing law)
• Agricultural Insurance interventions
• 10 pilot projects in NITI (Aayog) to try to demonstrate
that doubling of farmer’s income by 2022 is possible
(“precision agriculture” using AI in 10 districts to be
selected from seven states: Assam, Bihar, Jharkhand,
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Rajasthan, and Uttar
Pradesh)
• NITI Aayog signed an agreement with software firm
IBM to develop a model for crop-yield predictions
using AI so that farmers can be provided real-time
advisories in these states.
Employment generation
• NITI Aayog is also planning to release the
first household survey-based employment
data
• Payroll data unit in NITI Aayog, and we will
create a big data analytics unit
Niti Ayog’s first three year action agenda
• Broad Macro-economics aligned to FC
recommendations (expediture/ receipts), plus
forecasts for next three years, 7 years, 15
years
• Example of recommendations: Forest sector
– suggestions in wood products; landleasing agreements (NITI Ayog land leasing
law); GIS based tracking of assets created
under MGNREGA; Updating of SECC
database; suggestion on afforestation app
NITI Ayog’s role in policy
implementation and monitoring
“I am hoping that on the 9th of this month, a document will
be placed in Parliament which will be the most detailed
performance-based outcome Budget document that you
would ever see. NITI Aayog has been working on it for six
months and we have created a 740 items, line-by-line
outcome-based document which every ministry will have to
follow. Each line has an outcome target mentioned there,”
said Kumar at the Express Adda on Tuesday.
NITI Ayog: Source of Statistics
- http://niti.gov.in/state-statistics (States)
- http://niti.gov.in/best-practices/districtwise-statistics (District)
- National Level
(http://niti.gov.in/content/national-statistics)
NITI Ayog’s role in implementation of
SDGs
http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/SDGs%20V22-Mapping_August%202017.pdf
NITI Ayog’s Draft Energy Policy
NITI Ayog’s Health Policy document
The Policy Process
Identification of
objectives
Specification of
Alternatives
Restructuring of
objectives
Evaluating Policy
alternatives
Evaluation
Decision theory
Policy selection/
recommendation
Policy outcomes
Monitoring
Implementation
Pillars of governance
- Legislature
- Executive
- Judiciary
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Legislative powers of centre
and states
Centre list ~ 100 subjects – ex- UN bodies, international, defence etc
State list ~ 60 subjects – Sanitation, agriculture, fisheries etc
Concurrent list ~ 50 items – forests, wildlife, family planning etc
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Parliament and state
assemblies
- Bicarmel system in the parliament
- Upper house, Lower house
- Rule book for constitution, officials and operations for
Parliament are provided in the Article 79 – 122
Tamil Nadu has a total population of 6 crore it sends a
total of 39 MPs, West Bengal has 9 crore population
but it sends only 40 MPs – can you explain why?
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Are there other institutions in
India that could legislate?
Who else have the legislative powers, and under what
conditions?
President - Ordinance
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Is the Bicameral system relevant for today’s
India? Examine the demand to remove Rajya
Sabha over its continued delay in passing bills.
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Does legislatures take input from
scientists, and social scientists?
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Decision making - Choices
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Rational method of decision
making
The rational decision-making process involves careful,
methodical steps. The more carefully and strictly these
steps are followed, the more rational the process is
Rational choice
in Economics
and sociology
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Decision making - Choices
- Decision making under certainty (ex-Linear
Programming) – focus on optimality
- Decision making under uncertainty (Robust
Decision making (RDM) – focus on robustness
than optimality
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Linear Programming as a decision tool
• Linear Programming is a technique for making
decisions under certainty; when all the options
available are known and objectives and its
constraints are quantified.
• That course of action is chosen out of all possible
alternatives which yields the optimal results.
• Linear Programming can also be used as a
verification and checking mechanism to ascertain
the accuracy and the reliability of the decisions
which are taken solely on the basis of decisionmaker's experience- without the aid of a
mathematical model
Test- Examine the limitations of Linear Progamming in Public Policy Applications
A Robust Decision making Framework
for Climate Change Risk Management
IPCC, 2014
Meghalaya govt. has limited
resources and which forest areas
require resource allocation on priority
basis so as to maximize resilience to
climate change
Robust or no regret policy recommendations for the Meghalaya Govt.
Steps for the vulnerability assessment
& Collect Indicator Data
Collection of Indicator Data
1. Current: Satellite Data (MODIS) – 2000-2016
2. Current: Field Study – 182 plots across
Meghalaya at 84 locations
3. Future: Climate Impact Modeling
Field Study locations
Inherent Vulnerability Index for the
forests of Meghalaya
Limitation of Purely Rational Decision
making Approach
- The process can be time-consuming and
costly.
- Lack of adequate data and tools and many
instances
The decision maker takes the analysis as a guide but
makes his own decisions
Human factors, emotions, values etc; Ex-situation of projects
in some specific areas, own constituency
Simon’s Bounded Rationality
This concept revolves on a recognition that human
knowledge and capabilities are limited and imperfect.
Three specific limitations are generally enumerated:
1. Decision makers do not have access to all possible
information relevant to the decision, and the information
they do have is often flawed and imperfect (DATA).
2. Decision makers have limited analytical and
computational abilities. They are not capable of judging
their information and alternatives perfectly. They will
inevitably make misjudgments in the evaluation process
(TOOLS).
3. Decision makers do not have unlimited time to make
decisions. Real-life situations provide time constraints in
which decisions must be made (TIME).
I am not looking for the sharpest needle, but a needle sharp enough to
sew clothes; optimal vs adequate
Heuristics in decision-making
- Simple, efficient rules which people often
use to form judgments and make
decisions
- These rules work well under most
circumstances,
- but may lead to systematic deviations from
logic, and rational choice theory.
- The resulting errors are called "cognitive
biases” (subjective social reality) –
concept of mental maps. Development Vs
Sustainability?
Policy Briefs: As a tool for policy
advocacy or objectively informing
policy makers
A policy brief is a concise summary of a
particular issue, the policy options to deal
with it, and some recommendations on the
best option.
What should a policy brief comprise of?
Headline summary in 3-4 bullet points
- Identification of problem/(s)
- Identification of objectives
- Specification of Alternatives
- Identification of optimal/ robust (under
uncertainty) alternative
- Policy recommendation (novel)
Links:
https://www.res
earchgate.net/
publication/324
861034_Cobenefits_of_po
wer_sector_de
carbonisation_f
or_air_quality_
and_human_h
ealth_in_India
Political Context (which is often silent)
• Tug of war on deployment of renewables
Problem identification
• Among air-pollutants, PM2.5 is most harmful
to human health. Mean annual PM2.5
concentration in India has increased by 54%
in the previous two decades, from 30 μg/m3
in 1990 to 47 μg/m3 in 2013 (World Bank and
HME, 2016), forcing a large disease and
mortality burden on Indians
• While all other major economies have been
able to reverse air pollution, In India it is still
rapidly rising
• Power sector contributes to 15%, 30% and
50% of PM, NOx and SOx emissions in India
Objectives
• To identify a robust strategy to mitigate air
pollution and health risks from the Indian
power sector
Specification of Alternatives
Chaturvedi et al 2018
Specification of Alternatives
Identification of optimal/ robust (under
uncertainty) alternative
Recommendations
• We conclude that implementation and
compliance of stringent pollution control
norms is vital for reducing pollution and
associated health risks. However, while full
emission control and suitable
implementation and compliance
mechanisms evolve, decarbonisation and
a shift to renewables could play a
significant role in reducing air pollution and
associated health risks in India in the next
decade.
The executive: Its role in policy
formulation and implementation
• The President (Art. 52-72, Election,
impeachment, powers)
• Council of Ministers (Cabinet [Cabinet
Secretariat], State and Deputy Ministers),
headed by PM (PM’s Secretariat, renamed
as PMO) – Art 75-76 (centre); Art 163-164
States
• Bureaucracy: Implementers but have
growing power in policy formulation as well
The executive
The Executive is the branch of Government accountable for the
implementation of laws and policies legislated by the legislature
The Union Govt.
The President
The Council of Ministers
Cabinet
The Cabinet Secretariat
The PM
Other Ministers
The PMO/ PM’s
Secretariat
Policy Implementation
Policies
Programmes
Projects
Policy Implementation approaches
Examples from centre
• Top down: Ujjawala
• Bottom up: Doubling farmers’ income by
2022 (compared to 2014)
National Action Plan on Climate Change
• NABARD Adaptation fund:
https://www.nabard.org/content.aspx?id=5
85
Examples from the state
• Bihar’s Hariyali Mission
Tools for tracking the implementation of
Bihar’s Hariyali Mission
https://forestonline.bih.nic.in/ePublicPlantati
on/Home.aspx
2011
2015
Naya Raipur
• Naya Raipur:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UXli2
oy2I8
Local level governance
• https://rural.nic.in/sites/default/files/DO_lett
erfromSPR_toChiefSecretary_with_revise
dAnnexure_English_06042018.pdf (Village
Panchayat)
Are 100% EV (new sale) feasible/
implementable by 2030?
• Price difference (7 Lakh INR ~ 5 Lakh
INR)
• Subsidy of about 1.4 Lakh
• Operating cost (0.6 INR/Km to 5.6
INR/Km)
CC, Air-Pollution, Forex reserves, a buyer sector for India’s surplus
electricity supply,
Source: The Anthropocene Magazine, 2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Battery constitutes 40% of the total cost
Status of Project Programme
implementation in India/ Data sources
• http://mospi.nic.in/about-ministry-0
• http://mospi.nic.in/result-framework-documents
• State-wise project summaries:
http://www.cspm.gov.in/english/project.html
• http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/mospi
_monthly_major_achievement_may18.pdf
• Statistical Year book: http://www.mospi.nic.in/statistical-yearbook-india/2015
Revenue Sharing between Centre and
States
centre-state relations and revenues
sharing; controversies surrounding the
ToR of the 15th Finance Commission
Source of Centre’s income; and its
expenditure
Source of Centre’s revenue:
https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub201819/bag/bag5.pdf
Centre’s Total Expenditure:
https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub201819/bag/bag6.pdf
Source of State’s income
• http://www.prsindia.org/uploads/media/Stat
e%20Budget%20201819/Karnataka%20Budget%20Analysis%20
2018-19.pdf
• Transfer of centre’s revenue to states:
https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub201819/bag/bag3.pdf
Source of income for local bodies
(Village and Urban bodies)
• Centre’s Total Expenditure:
https://www.indiabudget.gov.in/ub201819/bag/bag6.pdf
• Plus urban bodies have their own revenue
streams
Finance Commission
http://fincomindia.nic.in/ShowContentOne.as
px?id=17&Section=1
Vertical Distribution & Horizontal
Distribution
Vertical and Horizontal Distribution
Union Govt
Horizontal Distribution
Vertical Distribution
State 1
State 2
State 3
State 4
State …
Finance Commission
XIII FC
XIV FC
XIII FC
XIV FC
Details of the 14th Finance Commission
• http://fincomindia.nic.in/ShowPDFContent.
aspx
Terms of Reference for the 15th Finance
Commission
• http://fincomindia.nic.in/ShowPDFContent.
aspx
Controversies:
Commission –
1) mention of 2011 population level
2) Population replacement level
3) Trying to bring back the 42% to 32%
Omission 1) Forest criteria missing!
Nature of controversy: Is it a South Vs North controversy.. Clearly No
Controversy around the ToR of Finance
Commission 15
• Reverting back unconditional (not earmarked
to any set expense) devolution to 32% from
the current 42% (which was done in the FC 14)
• As Gujarat CM Modi wanted this to increase to
50%
• Basing allocation revenue based on 2011
census, instead of so far prevalent 1971 census
(UPA too did it in case of FC 14 ToR) – there is
no south-north divide on this
Total Fertility Rate in the 15th FC
The ToR asks 15th FC to look at ways to
incentivise states for “efforts and progress
made in moving towards replacement rate of
population growth”. Replacement level
needs a total fertility rate (TFR) of 2.1. As
many as 18 of 29 states have TFR of 2.1 or
below, with two more states likely to join this
list soon. Most states, therefore, will be
ineligible for incentives as they have passed
the point of “progress”.
All India average = 2.4
Missing Forest Sector in 15th FC
Forest cover in
different states
of India
Policy Brief - Missing Forest Sector in
the FC 15!
• FC 14 provided 7% weight to existing forest on he
basis of the consideration of opportunity cost
• Even FC 13 sanctioned forest Grants of Rs. 5000
Crores five years starting from the year 2010-11
• There is no mention of forests in the FC ToR
• Proposal – Link to additional area brought under
tree or forest cover; in addition to forest cover
• Context: Paris Goal (INDC); BONN Challenge
India’s international obligations under
the forest sector
• Goal 1: Additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3
billion tonnes of CO2 by 2030 from forests
and trees (NDC) (Unconditional)
• Goal 2: As part of Bonn Challenge India
committed to 21 million hectare of land
restoration (by 2030 compared to 2014)
Forest Conservation Act, 1980
Joint Forest
Management 1990
Chaturvedi et al 2010, in Carbon Management
Baseline 1.1 Mha
Areas undergoing desertification in India; find Desertification ATLAS here:
https://www.sac.gov.in/SACSITE/Desertification_Atlas_2016_SAC_ISRO.pdf
Full paper could be found here: http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/51065/
Chaturvedi et al 2012
New Chapter on Role of Judiciary
Structure of
Judiciary in
India
- Law Commission
- Tribunals (NGT)
High courts
• In the original Constitution the High Courts
were given powers of judging the validity
of the Central and the State laws. But the
42nd Amendment of the Constitution took
away the powers of the High Courts to
determine the validity of the central laws
and put various conditions on their powers
of judging the validity of the State laws.
However, the 43rd Constitutional
(Amendment) Act, 1978 has restored
these powers to the High Courts.
Judicial Review (Article 13)
• All laws in force in the territory of India immediately before the
commencement of this Constitution, in so far as they are
inconsistent with the provisions of this Part, shall, to the extent of
such inconsistency, be void.
• The State shall not make any law which takes away or abridges the
rights conferred by this Part and any law made in contravention of
this clause shall, to the extent of the contravention, be void.
Very good article on Judicial Review:
http://www.mondaq.com/india/x/20649/Constitutional+Administrative+Law/Judicial+Rev
iew+in+India
Judicial Review (Article 13)
• In this article, unless the context otherwise required, – "law" includes any Ordinance, order, bye-law, rule,
regulation, notification, custom or usage having in the
territory of India the force of law;
– "laws in force" includes laws passed or made by a
Legislature or other competent authority in the territory of
India before the commencement of this Constitution and
not previously repealed, notwithstanding that any such law
or any part thereof may not be then in operation either at
all or in particular areas.
• Nothing in this article shall apply to any amendment of
this Constitution made under article 368.
- Article 31B created Ninth Schedule to the
constitution, items inserted in this
schedule could not be challenged in court
for being inconsistent with the
Fundamental Rights
- Distinction between ordinary law and
constituent law, the net result was that
constitutional amendments can not be
questioned in the courts
• Golaknath and State of Punjab: U-turn, no
distinction beween ordinary law and
constitutent law;
• The courts ruled that Fundamental Rights
are so sacrosanct and transcendental that
even an unamimour vote of all MPs is not
sufficient to weaken or undermine them,
• But landlords got to respite, right to
property no longer fundamental right, this
will apply in prospective
• Then came 24th amendment, insertion of
Art 13 (4) – again made sure that courts
can not touch constitutional amendments
• Keshavanand –all amendments enacted
after Keshavanand has to pass through
the filter of ‘basic structure filter’ created
by the SC
Can legislation/ executive still nullify
judicial judgement
• Government of the day can modify any
judgment of the Supreme Court by enacting
a Law/Ordinance by exercising the powers
under Article 368of the Constitution.
However, the exception to this power is that
Parliament or Legislature cannot alter
the ‘Basic Structure’ of the Constitution.
Any issue or controversy falling outside the
purview of Basic Structure Doctrine can
be modified and amended by the
Parliament.
Judicial Review
Judicial Review in its most widely accepted
meaning is the power of the courts to
consider the constitutionality of acts of
organs of Government (the executive and
legislature) and declare it unconstitutional or
null and void if it violates or is inconsistent
with the basic principles of the Constitution
Golden Triangle of Fundamental Rights
• 14 (Equality before law),
• 19 (Protection of certain rights regarding
freedom of speech, etc),
• 21 (Life & Liberty)
Presentation topics
• First Greenfield city Naya Raipur/ Sustainable
cities – future of India
• India’s policy on Electric Vehicles
• Second and Third generation fundamental
rights and courts’ dilemma
• Ujjawala scheme
• Demonstrate an application and critique of
IESS 2047 tool of NITI AYOG
• Implementation of Sustainable Development
goals
• Elaborate key Centre Vs State Public policy
• NITI Ayog Vs Planning Commission
• Role and Responsibilities of Finance
Commission of India
• Doubling of Farmer’s income by 2022
• Installing 175 GW of Renewables by 2022
– is this feasible?
Olga Tellus – second generation
fundamental rights
Second generation of human rights
• Secondary rights would include a right to
be employed in just and favorable
condition, rights
to food, housing and health care, as well
as social security and unemployment
benefits.
2002 insert of Right to Education as a
Fundamental Right
• Right to Information
• Right to Education
• Right to Privacy
Rulings on Right to Privacy Vs Right to
Information
Third generation of human rights
•
•
•
•
•
•
Group and collective rights
Right to self-determination
Right to economic and social development
Right to a healthy environment
Right to natural resources
Right to communicate and communication
rights
• Right to participation in cultural heritage
• Rights to intergenerational
equity and sustainability
Third generation fundamental rights
• The grant or withdrawal of permanent or
temporary licenses to sell firecrackers is
actually an executive act but owing to it
coming in the way of realising what the
Supreme Court says the ‘human right to
breathe clean air’ the court gets the
authority to intervene
• NGT
NGT – 3rd generation fundamental right
• National Green Tribunal Act, 2010:
(NGT) is an Act of the Parliament of
India which enables creation of a special
tribunal to handle the expeditious disposal
of the cases pertaining to environmental
issues. It draws inspiration from the India's
constitutional provision of Article 21, which
assures the citizens of India the right to a
healthy environment.
NGT
• This court can rightly be called ‘special’
because India is the third country following
Australia and New Zealand to have such a
system.
• This is the first body of its kind that is
required by its parent statute to apply the
"polluter pays" principle and the principle
of sustainable development.
Lanmark NGT verdicts
• Save Mon Region Federation and Ors. vs.
Union of India and Ors: Victory for Birds,
Massive Hydro Power Project Loses
(Arunachal)
• Samit Mehta vs. Union of India and Ors: In this
case ‘Polluter Pays’ principle invoked (Mumbai
Oil spill)
• Almitra H. Patel & Ors. vs. Union of India and
Ors: Complete prohibition on open burning of
waste on lands (2014)
Some of the examples of how Judiciary
positioned itself in relation to public
policy
• Generally did not interfere unless
absolutely necessary
In Narmada Bachao Andolan v. Union of India, there
was a challenge to the validity of the establishment
of a large dam
It was held by the majority that:
It is now well settled that the courts, in the exercise of
their jurisdiction, will not transgress into the field of policy
decision. Whether to have an infrastructural project or
not and what is the type of project to be undertaken and
how it has to be executed, are part of policy-making
process and the courts are ill-equipped to adjudicate on
a policy decision so undertaken. The court, no doubt,
has a duty to see that in the undertaking of a decision,
no law is violated and people’s fundamental rights are
not transgressed upon except to the extent permissible
under the Constitution…
Case of Demonitization
• Is the due process followed?
• Is there any better way to doing it?
• What are the reliefs required for general
public?
Case of Subrahmaniam Swamy – 2G and
Sethusamudram – yes SC took decision on
economic policy
In 2G Spectrum Allocation case, it took brilliant
economist and litigant par excellence Dr.
Subramanian Swamy to get all of them cancelled
as that policy decision was arbitrary and then get
it done by the better policy and that policy was auction. It was in more public interest to auction
the spectrum and SC had taken the clock as
back as 1991 to ensure that. He was successful
in doing the same with the Setu Samudram
Project too.
Sethusamudram project
• The court by an interim order in 2007 had
stayed dredging of Ram Sethu or Adam’s
Bridge on petitioners’ (Swamy) plea that it
had immense religious value for Hindus
Court constituted rules in Vishakha
case
• Read about Vishakha case and Vishakha
guidelines framed by court and later
adopted by Parliament
Vishakha Guidelines, 1997
POSH Act, 2013
Law commission
The Policy Process
Identification of
objectives
Specification of
Alternatives
Restructuring of
objectives
Evaluating Policy
alternatives
Evaluation
Decision theory
Policy selection/
recommendation
Policy outcomes
Monitoring
Implementation
Implementation
Policies
Programmes
Projects
Status of Project Programme
implementation in India/ Data sources
• http://mospi.nic.in/about-ministry-0
• Achievements: http://mospi.nic.in/majorinitiativesachievements-1
• http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/QPR
%20of%20TPP.pdf
• http://mospi.nic.in/result-framework-documents
• State-wise project summaries:
http://www.cspm.gov.in/english/project.html
• http://mospi.nic.in/sites/default/files/publication_reports/mospi
_monthly_major_achievement_may18.pdf
• Statistical Year book: http://www.mospi.nic.in/statistical-yearbook-india/2015
Policy Implementation approaches
Examples from centre
• Top down: Ujjawala
• Bottom up: Doubling farmers’ income by
2022 (compared to 2014)
Naya Raipur
• Naya Raipur:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4UXli2
oy2I8
Are 100% EV (new sale) feasible/
implementable by 2030?
• Price difference (7 Lakh INR ~ 5 Lakh
INR)
• Subsidy of about 1.4 Lakh
• Operating cost (0.6 INR/Km to 5.6
INR/Km)
CC, Air-Pollution, Forex reserves, a buyer sector for India’s surplus
electricity supply,
Source: The Anthropocene Magazine, 2018
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Battery constitutes 40% of the total cost
National Action Plan on Climate Change
• NABARD Adaptation fund:
https://www.nabard.org/content.aspx?id=5
85
Examples from the state
• Bihar’s Hariyali Mission
Tools for tracking the implementation of
Bihar’s Hariyali Mission
https://forestonline.bih.nic.in/ePublicPlantati
on/Home.aspx
2011
2015
Local level governance
• https://rural.nic.in/sites/default/files/DO_lett
erfromSPR_toChiefSecretary_with_revise
dAnnexure_English_06042018.pdf (Village
Panchayat)
Public Policy
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
The Policy Process
Natural sciences
Social Sciences
Integrated sciences
Identification of
objectives
Restructuring of
objectives
Elaborate with the
example of Ujjawala &
General Category
reservation
Authority for
decision making
Policy outcomes
Public
Administration Course of action
Monitoring
NITI Ayog
Specification of
Alternatives
Goal Declared
Evaluation
Values
Implementation
Executive
Evaluating Policy
alternatives
Legislature
Policy selection/
recommendation
Judiciary/
Judicial
scrutiny
Finance Commissio
Lothal
Ashokan edicts
• The PDF attached.
Tolemy’s map
Silk Route Map
International organisations
• Non-governmental Organisations
• Business organisation
• Intergovernmental Organization
Intergovernmental Organization
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
UN
World Bank
WTO
IMF
Interpol
International Court of Justice
FAO
WHO
United Nations
Structure of the UN
• General Assembly – each country one
vote (193)
• UN Secretariat • Security Council- 15 members, with five
permanent members
• International Court of Justice – 15 Judges
for a period of Nine years
Budget of the UN
• UNGA – $5.7 Bn
• Peace-Keeping - $7.3Bn
Troop number ~90,000 (India accounts for 10%)
India budget ~ $336Bn
US budget ~ $4.148Trn
Objectives of the UN
• Peacekeeping and security:
• Success – Korean war; Kuwait
• Failures – Bangladesh genocide 1971, Sri Lanka,
Combodia genocide 1974, Rawandan genocide 1994;
• A study in 2005 found the UN to be successful in two out of
three peacekeeping efforts. It compared efforts at nationbuilding by the UN to those of the United States, and found
that seven out of eight UN cases are at peace, as compared
with four out of eight US cases at peace
Human Rights
• In 1948, the General Assembly adopted
a Universal Declaration of Human Rights
• UNHRC – Case of Burundi
Socio-Economic Development
• MDG Vs SDG
Millennium Development Goals
• Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger (1)
• Achieve universal primary education (2)
• Promote gender equality and empower women
(3)
• Reduce child mortality (4)
• Improve maternal health (5)
• Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other diseases
(6)
• Ensure environmental sustainability (7)
• Develop a global partnership for development
(8)
GLOBAL
MDG 1: The number of people living on less
than $1.25 a day has been reduced from 1.9
billion in 1990 to 836 million in 2015,
although the target of halving the
proportion of people suffering from
hunger was narrowly missed.
MDG 2: Primary school enrolment figures
have shown an impressive rise, but the
goal of achieving universal primary
education has just been missed, with the
net enrolment rate increasing from 83% in
2000 to 91% this year.
MDG 3: About two-thirds of developing
countries have achieved gender parity in
primary education.
MDG 4: The child mortality rate has reduced
by more than half over the past 25 years –
falling from 90 to 43 deaths per 1,000 live
births – but it has failed to meet the MDG
target of a drop of two-thirds.
MDG 5: The global maternal mortality ratio
has fallen by nearly half – short of the twothirds reduction the MDGs aimed for
(From 1990 to 2015, the global maternal
mortality ratio declined by 44 per cent – from
385 deaths to 216 deaths per 100,000 live
births).
MDG 6: The target of halting and beginning
to reverse the spread of HIV/Aids by 2015
has not been met, although the number of
new HIV infections fell by around 40%
between 2000 and 2013.
MDG 7: Some 2.6 billion people have
gained access to improved drinking water
since 1990, so the target of halving the
proportion of people without access to
improved sources of water was achieved
in 2010 – five years ahead of schedule.
However, 663 million people across the
world still do not have access to improved
drinking water
MDG 8: Between 2000 and 2014, overseas
development assistance from rich nations to
developing countries increased by 66% in
real terms, and in 2013 reached the record
figure of $134.8bn (£80.3bn).
India MDG
http://niti.gov.in/writereaddata/files/SDGs
%20V22-Mapping_August%202017.pdf
http://www.mospi.gov.in/sites/default/files/pu
blication_reports/MDG_Final_Country_repor
t_of_India_27nov17.pdf (Page 19)
SDGs
India’s performance on SDGs in 2018
http://www.sdgindex.org/assets/files/2018/02
%20SDGS%20Country%20profiles%20editi
on%20WEB%20V3%20180718.pdf
What about the performance of the US?
Paris Agreement and the global goal of
limiting warming below the dangerous
threshold
o Global surface temperatures have already risen by
~1°C compared to the pre-industrial times.
o The world community at Paris in December 2015,
agreed to limit warming to below 2°C, and agreed to
make efforts to event limit it to 1.5°C
o To meet this temperature goal the UNFCCC invited
‘nationally determined’ voluntary emission reduction
commitments from its 197 parties
Where are we heading? – US withdrawal
200
GHG emissions GtCO2e/year
180
160
4.7°C
140
120
BAU GHG projections
100
80
3.0°C
60
Paris Agreement Com
mitm
40
0
-20
1.5°C
Trajec
tor
y
2°C Trajecto
ry
1990
1994
1998
2002
2006
2010
2014
2018
2022
2026
2030
2034
2038
2042
2046
2050
2054
2058
2062
2066
2070
2074
2078
2082
2086
2090
2094
2098
20
ents2.7°C
Net impact of US withdrawal global
temperature (worst case)
1.7°C
The window for action is rapidly closing
65% of our carbon budget compatible with a 2°C goal already used
Amount
Remaining:
275
Total Carbon
Budget:
790
GtC
2900 GtCO2
GtC
Amount Used
1870-2011:
1000 GtCO2
515
GtC
1900 GtCO2
AR5 WGI SPM
With Imperial
College London
and Financial
Times, London
Methodology
published in
Chaturvedi and
Woods, 2015
This tool was extensively
covered in international
media Financial Times,
The Guardian, and used
for peer reviewed
publications
• https://ig.ft.com/sites/climate-changecalculator/
BITS Pilani, K K Birla Goa Campus
Climate Change Calculator: Outreach and
impact
- 29,000 page views (22,000 unique visitors)
- Most-shared interactive pieces of FT in the last
couple of years
- Shares per page view: 14%, very high
both by FT standards, and industry
measures (initial weeks of launch, more latest
data not available)
“It (Calculator) condensed a vast amount of numerical
information into a very simple tool, and did so without
compromising on the representation of uncertainty” –
Royal Society Citation
Datasets in to the calculator
8.00
GHG emissions in GtCO2e
6.00
4.00
3.00
655 GtCO2e cumulative
emissions over 20112100
2050 BAU
emission
2020 target projections
obtained from
OECD, 2011
7.00
5.00
2025 BAU emission
projections as
stated in US INDC
BAU
INDC and long-term goal
Beyond 2050
projections
highly
uncertain
2025 target from
23
INDC (High
em 8 G
21 is tC
Ambition)
00 sio O
ns 2 e c
ov um
er ul
2050 target from
a
20 ti
Long-term target
11 ve
(High Ambition)
-
2.00
1.00
0.00
1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2011 2012 2020 2025 2030 2035 2040 2045 2050 2100
India’s climate Pledge
1. To reduce the emissions intensity of its
economy by 33 to 35 percent by 2030 from
2005 level
2. To achieve about 40 percent cumulative
electric power installed capacity from nonfossil fuel based energy resources by 2030
(with the help of transfer of technology and low cost
international finance including from Green Climate
Fund (GCF).
3. To create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3
billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through
additional forest and tree cover by 2030
(Unconditional).
1. To reduce the emissions intensity of its economy
by more than a third by 2030 compared to 2005
levels
- India’s emission intensity of GDP has reduced by 12 per cent between 2005
and 2010 – MoEF, 2016 (BUR1)
- Another 23% reduction in the next 20 years is possible, despite plans to
improve the share of manufacturing in GDP from current 17% to 25% in 2022
0.0180
0.0160
Emission intensity kg/INR GDP
Power sector
0.0120
0.0100
Economy-wide emissions
intensity reduc1on goal
80
35%
60
0.0080
0.0060
40
0.0040
0.0000
2005 value=100
100
0.0140
0.0020
120
20
a)
2005
2022
2027
54%
Projected reduc1on in emissions intensity in the
power sector due to reduced coal, increased
efficiency and increased renewables
0
2005
2022
Chaturvedi (in press)
2027
b)
2. Cumulative electric power installed capacity from nonfossil fuel based energy resources at 40% by 2030
Chaturvedi (in press)
Will India be able to meet its Paris commitments
and go ‘above and beyond’ it by 2030?
As US shrugs off its responsibility India
set to compensate the US loss
}
25%
reduction
in
emission
projections
Bill Hare concludes that “India is set to overachieve its Paris
Agreement climate pledge” it further stresses that “the ongoing
growth of renewable energy and slowdown of coal in India is the
most important development underway globally today.”
Source: CAT
66 million trees if all survive will sequester less than 300 milliion tonnes of
CO2 in the next decade, however the target is 2500-3000 million tonnes!
3. Additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes
of CO2 by 2030 from forests and trees
5.0
Mha
Greening India Mission
MDF
4.0
D/O
3.0
2350 MtCO2e
(2010-2030)
2.0
S/G
MDW
1.0
AF++
0.0
MDF
D/O
S/G
MDW
AF++
Ravindranath and Murthy, 2010
India’s Climate Action Rating
Critically
Insufficient
Highly
Insufficient
Argentina
Russia
Canada
Saudi Arabia
China
Turkey
Japan
USA
South Africa
South Korea
Insufficient
2ºC
Compatible
Australia
Brazil
EU
India
Indonesia
Mexico
Requirement for Increasing emission reduction ambition for
a 2ºC compliant world
Chaturvedi, 2018
SDGs- Inter-linkages
SDG Goal 4: Ensure inclusive and equitable
quality education and promote lifelong
learning opportunities for al
4.1. By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys complete
free, equitable and quality primary and secondary
education leading to relevant and effective learning
outcomes
4.2. By 2030, ensure that all girls and boys have
access to quality early childhood development, care
and pre-primary education so that they are ready for
primary education
4.3. By 2030, ensure equal access for all
women and men to affordable and quality technical,
vocational and tertiary education, including university
4.4. By 2030, substantially increase the
number of youth and adults who have
relevant skills, including technical and
vocational skills, for employment, decent
jobs and entrepreneurship
4.5 By 2030, eliminate gender disparities in education
and ensure equal access to all levels of education and
vocational training for the vulnerable, including persons
with disabilities, indigenous peoples and children in
vulnerable situations
4.6. By 2030, ensure that all youth and a substantial
proportion of adults, both men and women, achieve
literacy and numeracy
4.7. By 2030, ensure that all learners acquire the
knowledge and skills needed to promote sustainable
development, including, among others, through
education for sustainable development and sustainable
lifestyles, human rights, gender equality, promotion of a
culture of peace and non-violence, global citizenship and
appreciation of cultural diversity and of culture’s
contribution to sustainable development
National
Average =
75%
Expenditure on Education Sector in
India
Kothari
Commission
Recommended
that India
should spend
~6% of its GDP
on education
National Education Policy
NEP 1- 1968 (based on Education
Commission)
NEP 2 – 1986
42nd Amendment
RTE Act - 2002
NEP 3 underway
• Dr. Kasturirangan Committee
National Health Policy
History and evolution of national health
policy in India
• Is health sector a priority in India? (low spending,
private sector dominance)
• Bhore Committee (1946) – most comprehensive
plan but no implementation
• First National health Policy – 1982 – Alma Ata
declaration
• Second – 2002 – MDGs
• Third – 2017 – SDGs
• Prior to 1982, it was implicit in the 5 year plans
• The sad part is that at the state government level
there is no evidence of any policy initiatives in the
health sector.
Bhore Commission Recommendations
Larger health picture in India
• India represents about a fifth of global disease burden,
and much of it is preventable (also India has 1/5th
population as well, so its not unusual)
• India’s government spends only 1% of GDP (Gross
Domestic Product) on health, of which 80% (Mukherjee
2014) is sub-national - raised and spent by the states
themselves
• The Centre designs national programs and the states
have to just accept them. The Centre assures this through
the fiscal control it has in distribution of resources.
However it accounts for only ~30% total spend, rest
comes from the states
• State-level public service provision in India has chronically
underperformed and is plagued by poor quality and
corruption (Davis 2004, Singh 2015)
Larger health picture in India
• India did make some remarkable improvements in health
sector (like – life expectancy), but is this due to Govt.
policies?
• The National Rural Health Mission’s (NHRM) budget
tripled between 2005-06 and 2011-12, but did not lower
India’s infant mortality, maternal mortality, and total fertility
rates to targeted levels.
• Similarly, while NRHM enabled state governments to
convert more than 14,500 primary health facilities to 24/7
facilities (an increase of 500%) (Sundararaman 2012),
the influx of money to states failed to increase doctor
attendance rates in these same facilities (Aiyar 2012).
• The advent of Rashtriya Swastha Bima
Yojana (RSBY) has not been very successful
National Health Policy 2017
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bMct3Fa
NW5w
Goals of National Health Policy - 2017
• Progressively achieve Universal Health
Coverage
• Reinforcing trust in Public Health Care
System
• Align the growth of private health care
sector with public health goals
• Increase Life Expectancy at birth from
67.5 to 70 by 2025 (~69 years today).
• Establish regular tracking of Disability
Adjusted Life Years (DALY) Index as a
measure of burden of disease and its
trends by major categories by 2022.
• Reduction of TFR to 2.1 at national and
sub-national level by 2025 (2.33 today,
down from 6 in 1960s).
• Reduce Under Five Mortality to 23 by
2025 and MMR from current levels to 100
by 2020 (2016 – 130, down from 240 in
2004).
• Reduce infant mortality rate to 28 by 2019
(2016, 34).
• Reduce neo-natal mortality to 16 and still
birth rate to “single digit” by 2025.
• Achieve global target of 2020 which is also termed as target of
90:90:90, for HIV/AIDS i.e,- 90% of all people living with HIV
know their HIV status, - 90% of all people diagnosed with HIV
infection receive sustained antiretroviral therapy and 90% of all
people receiving antiretroviral therapy will have viral
suppression.
• Achieve and maintain elimination status of Leprosy by 2018,
Kala-Azar by 2017 and Lymphatic Filariasis in endemic pockets
by 2017.
• To achieve elimination of TB by 2025.
• To reduce the prevalence of blindness to 0.25/1000 by 2025
and disease burden by one third from current levels.
• To reduce premature mortality from cardiovascular diseases,
cancer, diabetes or chronic respiratory diseases by 25% by
2025.
Is Leprosy eradicated in India?
• In 2005, the World Health Organisation
declared that leprosy had been
effectively eradicated worldwide.
• 230,000 new cases continue to be
detected every year. Of these, India
accounts for more than half, about 60%
Can India eliminate TB by 2025? Five
year ahead of global deadline?
- 2.8 million cases in India
- Annual incidence reduced from 289 persons per
100,000 in year 2000 to 217 per 100,000 in 2015,
- Eliminating TB would necessitate a dramatic
reduction to less than 1 person per 10,00,000.
- TB prevalence was as high as 567 persons per
100,000 compared to 206 per 100,000 for
households that use clean fuels. In this context,
Ujjawala, Swachh Bharat Abhiyan, Housing for All,
and the National Nutrition Mission has critical role
to play
Source: http://sbm.gov.in/sbmreport/home.aspx
• Increase utilization of public health facilities by
50% from current levels by 2025 (20% today, 68%
out of pocket expense).
• Antenatal care coverage to be sustained above
90% and skilled attendance at birth above 90% by
2025.
• More than 90% of the newborn are fully
immunized by one year of age by 2025 (now
2018).
• Meet need of family planning above 90% at
national and sub national level by 2025.
• 80% of known hypertensive and diabetic
individuals at household level maintain controlled
disease status‟ by 2025
Immunisation
• Between 2009 and 2013, the increase in
immunisation coverage had been at 1%
per year. Between 2015-16, India’s
immunisation coverage increased by 6.7%
per year,
• Relative reduction in prevalence of current
tobacco use by 15% by 2020 and 30% by
2025.
• Reduction of 40% in prevalence of stunting of
under-five children by 2025.
• Access to safe water and sanitation to all by
2020 (Swachh Bharat Mission).
• Reduction of occupational injury by half from
current levels of 334 per lakh agricultural
workers by 2020.
• National/ State level tracking of selected
health behaviour.
• Increase health expenditure by
Government as a percentage of GDP from
the existing 1.15% to 2.5 % by 2025.
• Increase State sector health spending to >
8% of their budget by 2020.
• Decrease in proportion of households
facing catastrophic health expenditure
from the current levels by 25%, by 2025.
What is catastrophic medical cost?
• Catastrophic household health care
expenditures defined as health
expenditure exceeding 10% of its total
monthly consumption expenditure or 40%
of its monthly non-food consumption
expenditure, are unacceptable.
- 67.78% of total expenditure on health in
India was paid “Out of Pocket”, whereas
world average is 18.2%.
Health related economic catastrophies
in India
- Over 63 million persons are pushed to poverty every
year due to health care costs.
- In 2011-12, the share of out of pocket expenditure on
health care as a proportion of total household monthly
per capita expenditure was 6.9% in rural areas and 5.5%
in urban areas.
- This led to an increasing number of households facing
catastrophic expenditures due to health costs (18% of all
households in 2011-12 as compared to 15% in 2004-05).
Disparities and inequities in health care
outcome at sub-national level
- Even in States where overall averages are
improving, marginalized communities and
poorer economic quintiles of the population,
especially in remote and tribal areas,
continue to fare poorly.
- For instance, fully immunized children aged
12-23 months in Odisha were only 45% in
scheduled tribes as compared to 62% for
the State.
- Corresponding figures for skilled attendants
at birth are 26% and 51%
Private Vs Govt Healthcare facilities
• Over 70% of ailing population in rural
areas and almost 80% in urban areas
utilize private facilities
• It has been observed that, in 2014 the
average amount spent per child birth as
inpatient in private hospitals was nine
times that spent in public hospitals for both
rural and urban areas across all quintiles.
One of the fundamental policy questions being
raised in recent years is whether to pass a health
rights bill making health a fundamental right- in
the way that was done for education?
The policy while supporting the need for moving in the
direction of a rights based approach to healthcare is
conscious of the fact that threshold levels of finances
and infrastructure is a precondition for an enabling
environment, to ensure that the poorest of the poor
stand to gain the maximum and are not embroiled in
legalities. The policy therefore advocates a
progressively incremental assurance based approach,
with assured funding to create an enabling
environment for realizing health care as a right in the
future.
Ayushman Bharat Scheme/ PM Jan
Arogya Yojana (PMJAY)
• Part A – Universal healthcare facilities, free
medicines etc (150 000 health and wellness
centres across the country – Primary care)
• Part B – Coverage (Secondary and Tertiary
Care)
- 10 crore families (~50 crore people)
- Basis – SECC, 2011
http://secc.gov.in/reportlistContent
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zirY1FrtcR
c