INFS3412
Web Development I
CASCADING STYLE SHEETS (CSS)
I nfo rm at ion System s De p art m ent
Co l l e ge o f Econ omics a n d Pol i t ical S ci ence
CSS
― CSS stands for Cascading Style Sheets
― CSS describes how HTML elements are to be displayed on screen
― It is a simple mechanism for adding style (e.g., fonts, colors, spacing)
to Web documents
― CSS saves a lot of work. It can control the layout of multiple web
pages all at once
― External stylesheets are stored in CSS files
CSS Syntax
― A CSS rule-set consists of a selector and a declaration
◦ The selector points to the HTML element you want to style.
◦ The declaration block contains one or more declarations separated by
semicolons.
◦ Each declaration includes a CSS property name and a value, separated by a
colon.
◦ A CSS declaration always ends with a semicolon, and declaration blocks are
surrounded by curly braces.
CSS Comments
― A CSS comment starts with /* and ends with */. Comments can also
span multiple lines:
p {
color: red;
/* This is a single-line comment */
text-align: center;
}
/* This is
a multi-line
comment */
CSS Selectors
― CSS selectors are used to "find" (or select) the HTML elements you
want to style.
― Selection is based on:
◦ Element name
◦ ID
◦ Class
CSS Selectors
― CSS Element Selector
◦ The element selector selects HTML elements based on the element name
p {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
<p>Every paragraph will be
affected by the style.</p>
<p>Me too!</p>
<p>And me!</p>
Every paragraph will be affected by the style.
Me too!
And me!
CSS Selectors
― CSS id Selector
◦ The id selector uses the id attribute of an HTML element to select a specific
element.
◦ The id of an element is unique within a page, so the id selector is used to
select one unique element!
◦ To select an element with a specific id, write a hash (#) character, followed
by the id of the element
#para1 {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
◦ Note: An id name cannot start with a number!
CSS Selectors
― CSS Class Selector
◦ The class selector selects HTML elements with a specific class attribute.
◦ To select elements with a specific class, write a period (.) character, followed
by the class name.
.center {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
<h1 class="center">Red and centeraligned heading</h1>
<p class="center">Red and centeraligned paragraph.</p>
Red and center-aligned heading
Red and center-aligned paragraph.
CSS Selectors
― CSS Class Selectors
◦ You can also specify that only specific HTML elements should be affected by
a class.
◦ In the example below only <p> elements with class="center" will be centeraligned:
p.center {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
<h1 class="center">This heading will not
be affected</h1>
<p class="center">This paragraph will be
red and center-aligned.</p>
This heading will not be affected
This paragraph will be red and center-aligned.
CSS Selectors
― CSS Class Selector
◦ HTML elements can also refer to more than one class.
<p class="center large">This paragraph refers to two classes.</p>
In this example the <p> element will be styled according to
class="center" and to class="large"
― Note: A class name cannot start with a number!
CSS Selector
― CSS Universal Selector
◦ The universal selector (*) selects all HTML elements on the page.
* {
text-align: center;
color: blue;
}
CSS Selectors
― CSS Grouping Selector
◦ The grouping selector selects all the HTML elements with the same style
definitions to minimize the code
h1 {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
h2 {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
p {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
h1, h2, p {
text-align: center;
color: red;
}
Exercises
― Define a CSS style that displays all paragraphs text in blue
― Define a class-based CSS style for h2 heading such that it appears in
the center of the document
― Define an class-based selector for displaying text in red. Then apply it
to the most important list items in an ordered list
― Define an ID-based selector for a h2 type headings only
― Define a group class-based selector that will display the text color as
BLUE for
◦ All paragraphs
◦ H2 with class blue
◦ List items with id tasty