The Efficacy of Air Traffic Control Tower Used
in Communication Transmission in WCC-ATC
Airfield Operation
A Research Presented to the Senior High School Department of
WCC-Aeronautical and Technological College
Binalonan Campus
In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements of the Subject
Inquiries, Investigation and Immersion
Agbayani, Kurt L.
Almerol, Rowyna Adel C.
Fama, Jazzlyn B.
Pagal, Keian James G.
Quiming, Clark Lloyd O.
Sales, Jetboy D.
DECEMBER 2022
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
To Jesus Christ, our Lord, and Savior, for providing wisdom, strength, support, and
knowledge in exploring things, for guiding us through all the trials we faced, and for
providing the determination to pursue our study and make this study possible.
The researchers would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to everyone who
assisted in any way, and contributed their time and knowledge to make this research a
reality. Whatever has been accomplished and whatever the outcome of every endeavor,
there is a great source of all effort, striving, guidance, and gracious blessings without
whom this task would be impossible.
The researchers would like to express their heartfelt gratitude to Ma’am Rosalyn
Fonacier Navalta, their Research adviser, for her unwavering support of their study and
research, as well as her patience, motivation, enthusiasm, and vast knowledge. Her advice
has been invaluable throughout the writing of this research. We could not have asked for a
better adviser and mentor for our research project.
The researchers would like to express their heartfelt appreciation to their Reading
and Writing Teacher, Ma’am Razhimae Khyle Tangalin, she was influential in bringing
this study to fruition. The researchers are truly grateful for her expertise in overcoming
what appears to be an impossible task. Thank you for your time, advice, and support.
Providing us with the information we require toconduct this research.
To the researcher's adoring parents, for their moral support, financial assistance,
and spiritual guidance on every path the researchers take.
I
DEDICATION
This humble work is lovingly dedicated to the researcher's parents, who serve
as their inspiration, as well as to our friends and classmates who have always made us
happy and inspired throughout this writing.
To, Engineer Delfina V. Gacula, Ms. Rosalyn Fonacier Navalta, and Ms.
Razhimae Khyle Tangalin who were the key to making our research paper a reality.
And, most notably, to our ALMIGHTY GOD, who serves as a source of
strength and knowledge, because everything is futile without him.
This Research Paper is dedicated to you.
II
ABSTRACT
Effective communication has been a great factor for every industry,
specifically, the Aviation Industry. It is one of the backbones of the welfare of this
industry, it has a massive contribution for the safety and security of every activity
that has been going around. Without having the right equipment when
communication, there would be a massively negative result that would have a great
impact.
The main purpose of this quantitative pragmatic research study is to
identify the effectiveness and the right usage of the tower equipment for the
communication transmissions.With the estimated resources used in maintaining the
management of the aviation industry every year, a handful of tragedy is still
present mainly due to poor management or insufficient knowledge in the usage
of communication transmissions.
In conducting this research study, its main purpose is to truly enhance the
effectiveness of the tower equipment used in communication transmission. With
proper instructions to the people responsible in the management involved.
Furthermore, this research paper may also succor future studies when they
are collecting data for their study, and it can also benefit the other organizations to
know more about this study.
III
Title:
The Efficacy of Air Traffic Control Tower Used in
Communication Transmissions in WCC-ATC Airfield Operation
Researchers:
Agbayani, Kurt L.
Almerol, Rowyna Adel C.
Fama, Jazzlyn B.
Pagal, Keian James G.
Quiming, Clark Lloyd O.
Sales, Jetboy D.
Adviser:
Ms. Rosalyn Fonacier Navalta
Track:
STEM (AMT/Avionics/Aero Eng’g)
Institution:
WCC-Aeronautical and Technological College, Binalonan
Campus
Keywords:
Air Traffic Control Tower, Communication Transmissions
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
DEDICATION
ABSTRACT
…………….……………….……………….……………..……..
I
…………….……………….……………….………….……………..……..
II
…………….………………..…….……………….……….…………..……..
TABLE OF CONTENTS
…………….…...………….……………….……………..……..
III
IV
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
Background of the Study
…………….……………….……………….……………...……..
1-2
Theoretical Framework
…………….………………….……………….……………..……..
3
Conceptual Framework
…………….………………….………….…….……………..……..
4
Research Paradigm
…………….………………….…………………….…………..…….. ... 5
Statement of the Problem
………….….……………….……………….……………..……..
6
Scope and Delimitations
……..……….……………….……………….……………..……..
7
Hypothesis
…………….……………….……………………………….……………..…….. 7
Significance of the Study
Definition of Terms
………….….……………….……………….……………..……..
…………….…………..………….……………….…………….. …..
7
8-9
CHAPTER II: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
Related Literature …………….……………….……………….……………..……...…..
10-13
IV
Related Studies
………….……….……………….……………….……………..……..
14-16
Synthesis of the Study ………….……….……………….……………….………………. ..
17
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH AND METHODOLOGY
Research Design
………………….….……………….……………….……………..……..
Locale and Population of the Study
…………….……………….……………….....……..
19
…………….……………….……………….…………...……..……..
19
…………….……………….……………….……………...………..……..
19
Research Instrument
Sources of data
18
Data Gathering Procedure
…………….…………….……………….………..……..……..
Statistical Tools for Data Analysis
Ethical Considerations
20
…………….……………….………..…………………. 20
…………….……………….……………….……...………..……...
22
CHAPTER IV: SUMMARY, FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION
Presentation, Analysis, and Interpretation of Data …………….…………….………….…. 23-32
CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, FINDINGS AND CONCLUSION
Summary of Findings
…………….…………………….……...………..…………………… 33
Conclusion …………….…………….………….……………….……………..…………….. 34
Recommendation
…………….…………….………….……………….……………..……… 34
IV
APPENDIX
Letter to the Principal
…………….……………….……………….……………..…………. I
Letter to the Respondents
…………….……………….……………….……………..……..
I
Survey Questionnaire…………….……………….……………….……………..…………….. I
BIBLIOGRAPHY
References
List of Tables
…………….……………….……………….………….……………..…………
…………….………………..…….……………….……….…………..……..
II
III
IV
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Global demand for more capacity in air traffic management systems is increasing. At the
same time there is growing demand for quality of the service provided by the Air Navigation Service
Providers as well as for lower charges.
Moreover, this has led to efforts by the European Union to increase the efficiency of Air
Traffic Management in Europe. An analysis and evaluation of the metrics that are currently used to
measure the performance of Air Navigation Service Providers and to develop a system of
performance metrics for the Air Traffic Management System is presented. The usefulness of a system
is determined by the concepts of efficiency and performance. Both terms have common features but
are not identical. The performance of the system is the full set of its features related to its ability to
meet established and presumed needs.
Thus, one of the most crucial tasks in the industry is communicating with air traffic control,
as the majority of pilots and aviation enthusiasts are aware. Pilots and passengers are both kept safe
by air traffic controllers, who also maintain the system’s efficiency. Air traffic controllers have been
using ATC system for more than 30 years (Lange, Hjalmarsson, Cooper, Ynnerman, & Duong,
2015).
Also, the computations of the ATC system are used to maintain separation distance between
aircraft and to improve the routing of aircraft in airspace. The major importance of communication in
aviation is to increase the level of safety and reduce accidents that could be prevented. (Sapir 2006)
states that communication is purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating ideas,
1
emotions and desires by means of a system of voluntarily produced symbols.
Throughout these three decades, ATC systems have continuously evolved and improved to
meet the increasing demands of the global aviation industry. The introduction of sophisticated
radar systems, advanced communication tools, and data processing technologies has significantly
enhanced the capabilities of air traffic controllers. These systems enable controllers to effectively
monitor the position and movements of aircraft, provide timely instructions and clearances, and
maintain appropriate separation distances between aircraft to prevent any potential conflicts.
The ATC system's longevity demonstrates its proven track record in ensuring the safety of
flight operations. Over the years, air traffic controllers have successfully managed countless
flights, adapting to various situations and weather conditions. Furthermore, the ATC system's
continuous use and evolution over the past three decades have provided valuable insights and
lessons that have contributed to its ongoing improvement. Through thorough analysis of past
incidents, feedback from controllers, and advancements in technology, the ATC system has been
refined to address emerging challenges and enhance operational efficiency further.
Through this study, we will examine the efficacy of the Air Traffic Control at WCC
Binalonan by giving full attention to the feedback of each personnel/worker, taking time to
apprehend the factors being made that causes hazards and risk that is solve with precision
instruments, aviation equipment or specialized machinery for equipment validation test to
ensure that their safety management operation persistently perform inside a given paramete
2
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
The air traffic control system is set up in such a way that controllers can accept aircraft into
their airspace and handoff aircraft leaving their airspace with little collaboration from other pilots.
This system is intended to manage safety via constraints based on prohibitions and safeguards that
limit the scope of action. We argue that the emphasis on constraints has led us to overlook how
controllers actively and collaboratively manage safety. In ATC, a collaborative framework is
proposed to guide the research.
Furthermore, different types of plan modification (replanning, plan amendment, and building
plans) and negotiation strategies (deferential, preferential, and generational) could be identified.
ATC procedures and training programs are frequently based on limited safety and are largely silent
on how controllers actively manage safety. As a result, we must take into account how controllers
operate. (Donald Gyles, 2017)
We believe that applying these theories will lead to a better understanding on how
professional Air Traffic Controller work. Together, these theories were used to give people
perspective on the kind of workplace they want to work in.
3
CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK
The figure below depicts the Air Traffic Control plan for aiming and efficiency. Aircraft
turnaround time is critical for on-time flights and smooth passenger flow. Many factors come into
play, including aircraft type, local procedures, maintenance requirements, flight capacity, and others,
and each situation should be viewed individually.
There are, however, standardized procedures in place that make aircraft turnaround
extremely efficient and safe.
Figure 1. Conceptual Model of the Study
4
Figure 2. Research Paradigm
5
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM
The objective of this quantitative pragmatic research is to determine the Efficacy of Air Traffic
Control Tower used in Communication Transmissions in WCC ATC Airfield Operation.
As conclusions succeed this research, The following questions will be addressed by this study:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
a. Gender
b. Year Level
c. Pilot License
2. What is the level of efficiency of air-to-air communication of WCC Control tower based
on:
a. Pronunciation
b. Services
c. Equipment
3. Is there a significant difference among the factors of air-to-air communication of WCC Control
tower?
Hypothesis:
Based on the ANOVA results, there is a significant difference among the factors of air-to-air
communication of WCC Control Tower.
4. Prepare lessons in speech laboratory to improve the English communication Skills of the Student
Flying Pilots.
6
SCOPE AND DELIMITATION
This study focuses on the performance of a total of 60 Air Traffic Controllers and WCC
Student Pilots from World Citi College Binalonan during the School Year 2022-2023. Thus, this is
a pragmatic study in which the researchers incorporate operational decisions based on 'what will
work best' in finding answers to the research questions, allowing pragmatic researchers to conduct
research in innovative anddynamic ways to find solutions to research problems. This research looks
into how to truly improve the effectiveness of communication tower equipment. With proper
instructions given to the people in charge of the management involved.
This research cannot be applied to all workplace organizations. The study's findings will
greatly help some College Interns and other students understand how to efficiently use and relate
their theoretical and conceptual performance to identify the effectiveness and proper usage of the
tower equipment for communication transmissions at WCC Binalonan.
HYPOTHESIS
H0: There is no significant difference among the factors encountered by the respondents in flight
operations.
SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Students.
The findings of the study will broaden one’s understanding of how each
student's personnel’s experiences as they overcome different hazards and risk in the workplace,
given that in today's world, nearly everyone prioritize safety.
Air Traffic Personnel. Hence, this is concerning because it has been a critical field since
7
it requires an enormous amount of safety management. The performance of every personnel has
also been a great factor in the safety of this industry.
Readers. Thus, it is important to conduct this study for the readers and other researchers
to gain insights on how competent the Air Traffic Control is used in communication when facing
safety risks and challenges in the aviation industry.
Future researchers. This study will help them determine the factors that contribute to the
performance of the personnel on the efficacy of Air Traffic Control for communication. It is very
important to know or understand those instances in order to properly evaluate the people in charge
in this particular field for it also contributes to the outcome regarding the safety of aviation.
Future studies. This may also help future studies when they are collecting data for their
study, and it can also benefit the next generations to know more about this problem.
DEFINITION OF TERMS
The facilitate the understanding of the study, different terms are defined herein.
1.
Air Traffic Controller (ATC). As use in this study, this refers to personnel in charge of managing
an aircraft in controlled airspace throughout its flight, taking responsibility for the aircraft's safety
and making the flight as efficient as possible. (SKYbrary Aviation Safety, 1935)
2.
Enormous. This refers to extraordinarily great size, number, or degree especially: exceeding usual
bounds or accepted notions. (The Oxford English Dictionary, 1531)
3.
Air Navigation Service Provider (ANSP). It is defined as an organisation that provides
navigation services to aircraft in the airspace or in the maneuvring area. (Frequentis, 1993)
4.
Management. It shall refer to a person or group of people who challenges and supervises another
person or group of people in order to achieve desired goals and objectives (Jim Wilkinson, 1999)
5.
Crucial. This refers to matters that may cause anxiety or other emotions for it is extremely
important or necessary
8
6.
Efficiency. It is defined as doing things right in a workplace rather than being effective. (Peter
Drucker, 2016)
7.
Efficacy. It refers to accomplishing tasks It is the ability to produce a desired amount of a desired
effect, or achievement of a given goal. (Dictionary.com, 1520)
8. Underpinning. It shall refer to action of supporting or strengthening from beneath. (The Oxford
English Dictionary, 1580)
9. Automation. Defined as technology development and application to produce and deliver goods
andservices with minimal human intervention. (Techopedia.com, 1946)
10. Intervene. It refers to meddling with the outcome or course of a condition or process (as to prevent
harm or improve functioning. (The Oxford English Dictionary,1600)
11. Cognitive. It is defined as the ability to think, learn, and remember clearly is an essential
component of carrying out daily tasks. (Dr. Richard J. Hodes, Director of Department of Health
and Human Services, 2022)
12. Safety. As use in this study, this refers to matter of life and death. It is the sum of our contributions
to safety management that determines whether the people we work with live or die. (Sir Brian
Appleton, Technical Adviser to the Enquiry on Piper Alpha Accident, 1988)
13. Transmission. It is expounded as the act of moving something from one location to another.
(The Oxford English Dictionary,1610)
14. Framework. It shall specify as a real or conceptual structure intended to serve as a support or
guide for the building of something that expands the structure into something useful. (The Oxford
English Dictionary,1640)
15. Competent. This refers by keeping your head in a crisis, persevering with a task even when it
appears hopeless, and coming up with good solutions to difficult problems when every second
counts. (Col.ChrisHadfield,2022)
9
CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES
REVIEW AND RELATED LITERATURE
This chapter introduces and discusses the various ideas, concepts, and research findings
that are relevant in supporting to the research design from both foreign and local viewpoints.
Effective communication has been a great factor for every industry, specifically, the
Aviation Industry. It is one of the backbones of the welfare of this industry, it has a massive
contribution for the safety and security of every activity that has been going around. Without
having the right equipment when conduction a communication, there would be a massively
negative result that would have a great impact.
With good communication transmissions, the security or the safety in the aviation industry
is more enhanced. In addition to this, a good management in the communication area is also
needed to achieve safety. Determining the procedures in producing effective tower equipment
should be more assessed by the aviation management.
Foreign Literature
Transportation Engineering
The Air Traffic Control Tower is very important in the aviation industry, especially for
communication and assessing safety risks. Every member of staff should be capable of handling
situations like this, with sufficient knowledge and professionalism. The air traffic control system is a
complex human-machine system. It provides knowledge bases as well as precise satellite-derived
10
navigational information.
European Civil Aviation Conference
Delays caused by ATC capacity increased by 76% in 2018 compared to 2017, while delays
caused by ATC staffing increased by 186%. A Flight Traffic Controller's primary responsibility is
to ensure safe and efficient air traffic. Every commercial flight follows a predetermined route that
includes way points between the departure and arrival airports. Throughout the flight, the aircraft is
under the control of traffic control/air traffic services (ATC/ATS), which provides communication,
navigation, and surveillance services. Surveillance services manage separation from other aircraft
and obstacles by providing aircraft location and identification. Surveillance can also be used to
track aircraft.
Working in air traffic control is a process and a set of decisions that requires a high level of
professionalism. Personnel decisions must be made with care. The work processes of frontline air
operators are represented as a continuous set of decisions. They are generated and implemented in
both stealth and obvious ways. (Longbiao Li, 2020).
As air transport demand continues to outpace system capacity, efficient and effective
capacity management becomes critical to the operation of the future global air traffic system.
Despite significant progress in relevant research held over the last two decades, such as air traffic
control management and airport capacity modeling, research loopholes in air traffic control
management still exist, and links between different research areas are required to improve the
system performance of air traffic management. (Cheng-Lung Wu, 2018)
The efficient and safe operation of the airspace system relies heavily on the skilled
11
coordination between air traffic control (ATC) personnel and flight desk personnel. As satellitebased navigation technology and automation systems in flight desks continue to advance rapidly,
there is a growing suggestion among researchers to increase the level of automation within ATC to
meet the evolving safety and efficiency requirements. Automation in ATC can offer several potential
benefits. It can improve the accuracy and precision of aircraft tracking, enabling more efficient
routing and optimized use of airspace. Automated systems can also assist in detecting and resolving
potential conflicts, enhancing situational awareness for both controllers and pilots. Moreover,
automation can help reduce human error and workload, allowing controllers to focus on higher-level
tasks such as strategic planning and decision-making. (Robert E. Caves, et al., 2015)
However, it is essential to strike a balance between automation and human involvement to ensure
that critical decision-making, adaptability to unforeseen events, and effective communication
between stakeholders are not compromised. While the potential benefits of increased automation in
ATC are evident, careful considerations, thorough testing, and human factors analysis are necessary
to effectively implement automation while maintaining a high level of safety and preserving the vital
role of human controllers in managing the complex airspace system. (Young Wayne, et al., 2015)
Local Literature
The Civil Aviation Regulations-Air Navigation Services Regulations
The Civil Aviation Regulations-Air Navigation Services Part 11 governs air traffic service
within the Manila Flight Information Region, according to. The procedures embodied herein are
issued by the Director General of the CAAP and will be followed by all parties involved.
"Appropriate Authority," as defined in Part 11 of the Civil Aviation Regulations. (Manuel Antonio
12
L. Tamayo, 2018)
The procedures outlined in this document apply to all members of the air traffic services unit in
charge of air traffic control, flight information, and alerting. When there is an apparent conflict
between the instructions/guidelines in this CARANS Part 11 and instructions/guidelines in other
agency issuances, a request for clarification will be made to the appropriate air traffic service
authority. (Edgardo Diaz, 2018)
Airports are integral part of the aviation industry in the Philippines. Millions of passengers and
billions of cargos have been moved from point to point since its existence. The industry is
responsible for insurmountable economic activity and various technical jobs that entail decisive
and challenging civil aviation management. The increasing number of aircraft intended for direct
inter-regional transport, the trend toward liberalization, and the growing transport volumes,
increase the pressure on airport management and air traffic control. (Kazda & Caves, 2015).
13
REVIEW AND RELATED STUDIES
Foreign Studies
The Institute of Electrical Engineers of Radio Security
The American Institute of Electrical Engineers and the Institute of Radio Engineers address
the design of a secure and fault-tolerant air transportation system in the presence of attempts to
disrupt the system via satellite-based navigation systems in Manhattan, New York, United States.
Adversarial aircraft are assumed to transmit incorrect position and intent information, potentially
resulting in aircraft separation violations.
Furthermore, the organization proposes a framework for identifying adversaries and
malicious aircraft, as well as for air traffic control in the presence of such intentionally erroneous
data. The framework includes three mechanisms that enable each aircraft to detect attacks and
resolve conflicts: fault detection and defense techniques to improve GPS/inertial navigation,
detection and defense techniques based on Doppler/received signal strength, and a fault-tolerant
control algorithm. (K.J. Ray Liu, 2018)
Electrical engineers propose a technique for aircraft localization based on the Doppler
effect and received signal strength from neighboring aircraft to verify aircraft position via
GPS/inertial navigation. The control algorithm is intended to reduce flight times while maintaining
safety. To compensate for the uncertainty of surveillance information in the presence of adversaries,
additional separation is introduced. We simulate the impact of air traffic surveillance attacks on
14
system performance. The results show that the proposed mechanism detects and corrects faults
caused by malicious data injection. Furthermore, the proposed control algorithm constantly adapts
operations to mitigate the effects of these faults. The proposed approaches' ability to defend against
attacks enables reliable air traffic operations even in highly adversarial surveillance environments.
(Stephen Welby, 2018)
The primary safety concern for human-computer interaction, according to Li, Wen-Chin, et
al. (2018), is effective visual scanning by air traffic controllers. This is due to the goal of multiple
remote tower operation (MRTO), which is for a single controller to perform air traffic management
tasks previously performed by up to four air traffic controllers (ATCO) with comprehensive
technological support. This suggests that increased pupil dilation and decreased eye movement
amplitude during a visual search task are related to tactical adaptation to the tasks' requirements for
MRTO by a single ATCO. The main issue with human-computer interaction in single ATCOs
performing multiple monitoring tasks is the distribution of visual attention among display systems.
According to Lin Yi (2021), understanding spoken instructions is essential because they are
primarily used to predict impending traffic dynamics and to detect communication errors that could
pose a safety risk. It not only improves the current ATC system's information source, but it also has
the capability of issuing reliable alerts before the pilot follows an incorrect instruction. Air traffic
control (ATC) is a complex and dynamic system in which operational safety is a well-studied topic.
Mechanical maintenance, resource management, and air traffic control are all aspects of air traffic
operation that have an impact on air traffic control. There is no doubt that every effort should be
made to improve ATC safety.
15
According to Hwan-Kyun-Lee (2018), it is critical that the aviation community effectively
deal with such challenges in preparation for the coming century, such as the establishment of Air
Traffic Management. Furthermore, Engr. Cecilio Ortiz (2016), "we need the help of flying schools
and pilots to introduce CNS/ATM," and "awareness is important because it will ensure success."
Local Studies
Modernized Air Traffic Navigation Safety
The Philippines' constant growth in air travel has had significant consequences for air traffic
congestion. Given limited resources, major airports attempt to address this issue while taking into
account various factors affecting air transportation in general. To identify the most critical attributes
in the commercial aviation industry, this paper uses a fuzzy decision-making trial and evaluation
laboratory-analytic network process (DEMATEL-ANP). To demonstrate the proposed approach, a
case study was conducted with key experts from Ninoy Aquino International Airport. The fuzzy
DEMATEL-ANP model performed well because it could extract the global priority vectors of
attributes in a fuzzy environment. The findings revealed that aviation safety is the most important, as
evidenced by the significant influence it has on other attributes. (Miriam F Bongo and Lanndon A
Ocampo, 2017)
According to Agcaoli (2013), in his article in the Philippine Star, DOTC spokesman Michael
Arthur Sagcal stated that the state-of-the-art systems would modernize aviation safety and
security capabilities, increase airport capacity, and minimize flight delays and aircraft collisions
by providing safety alerts and warnings, managing the use of the airspace and air traffic flow,
andenhancing the Civil Aviation Authority's communications and monitoring capabilities.
16
SYNTHESIS OF THE STUDY
The above collection of both foreign and local references related to the importance of
maintaining the undeniable efficiency that must be managed. It will provide assurance that these
components are equally capable of making it easier for employees to complete the tasks that are
required. And, despite the fact that this has occurred, the economy and society will have significant
consequences.
The data provided demonstrates how important effective communication is in the ATC
industry. Communication effectiveness and efficiency are the most important pillars for
maintaining and improving safety in all airline operations, and proper precautions must be taken to
minimize or avoid miscommunications that could lead to an aircraft disaster. The link between
pilot and controller can be a strong bond or it can be broken with surprising speed and disastrous
results.
Discussion herein provides basic procedures for new pilots and also highlights safe
operating concepts for all pilots. All subsequent messages should assist the operational context by
following the sequential order of the actions required, by grouping related instructions in
transmissions and by limiting the number of directives in each transmission.
17
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
RESEARCH DESIGN
The quantitative study of cross-sectional research design was used in this study to
examine each student's point of view. At a single point in time, cross-sectional research collects
data from many different individuals. In cross-sectional research, variables are observed
without being influenced. The descriptive cross-sectional research design will be used for this
study because it is much cheaper and less time- consuming than many other types of studies,
and it allows you to easily collect data that can be used as a basis for further research.
In addition, cross-sectional descriptive research evaluates how frequently, widely, or
severely the variable of interest occurs across a specific demographic by analyzing data about a
population at a specific point in time. Typically, these studies are used to assess the
prevalenceof health outcomes and describe population characteristics.
Thus, researchers notice that cross-sectional analysis research evaluates problems in a
single instance with a defined start and stop point, as opposed to longitudinal studies,
wherevariables can change over time.
Furthermore, this research design allows researchers to focus on one independent variable
and one or more dependent variables as the focus of the cross-sectional study.
18
LOCAL AND POPULATION OF THE STUDY
This study will be conducted in WCC Aeronautical and Technological Colleges. The 60
students, particularly the ATC students that are enrolled in WCC ATC Binalonan for the S.Y.
2022-2023 will be our respondents, mainly because these students can provide a plentitude of
different significant information, ideas, and distinct opinions from their own experiences in
WCC ATC. These students can also gain knowledge or ideas when conducting this research
study.
RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS
The researcher will use questionnaires with three (3) parts to collect the necessary data.
Part I will inquire about the respondents' demographics. The researcher created the profile tool,
which will determine the sex/gender, year and level, and pilot licenses.
In addition, Part II is a tool for determining the level of performance of Tower control
operating
procedures and analyzing Air Traffic Control Tower tasks. The researchers used Likert-
scale with the correspondence, 1-1.18 (Strongly Agree), 1.9-2.6(Agree), 2.7-3.4(Neutral), 3.54.2(Agree) and 4.3-5(Strongly Agree).
Furthermore, Part III is a standardized questionnaire that will be used to determine the
level of performance of the organization.
SOURCES OF DATA
The primary and secondary sources were used to collect the necessary data for this study. The
chosen 60 respondents were the primary source of data. While books, articles, unpublished theses,
and theinternet served as secondary sources of information.
19
DATA GATHERING PROCEDURE
After obtaining all of the formal permissions that the researchers need from the Air Traffic
Control personnel at WCC Binalonan, as well as the location where the data will be collected,
the researcher will dive into the survey, gathering the data needed on the respondents' profile,
performance, organizational citizenship behavior, workplace spirituality, organizational
cynicism, and work locus of control. The researcher has set aside two weeks to collect and
compile all of the necessary data.
STATISTICAL TOOLS FOR DATA ANALYSIS
The researchers will use the Mean formula to analyze the data they collect to determine
The Efficacy of Air Traffic Control Tower used in Communication Transmissions in WCC
ATC Airfield Operation. The weights are numbers that measure the relative importance (n.d.).
The researchers applied this statistical tool to the data collected from the problem's second
statement. Finally, the researchers used the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) to answer the
problem's third statement. ANOVA, according to Scribbr, is a statistical test used to compare the
means of more than two groups (2022). The following is the formula for the weighted mean,
frequency and percentage distribution:
1. FOR PERCENTAGE:
%=
Percentage score
𝒇
𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑵
Score interpretation
20
75% to 100%
High
54% to 74%
Moderate
0% to 49%
Low
2. FOR WEIGHTED MEAN:
w= ∑ 𝑭𝑾/N
Where:
WM = Weighted mean
Σ
= Summation symbol
F
= Frequency for each option
W
= Assigned weight
N
= Total number of frequencies
3. ANOVA
𝐹=
𝑀𝑆𝐵
𝑀𝑆𝑊
Where,
F is the Freedom
MSB is the Mean Squares Between Groups
MSW is the Mean Squares Within Groups
21
ETHICAL CONSIDERATION
Throughout this inquiry, ethical concerns are prioritized during the time of data collecting
objectivity, mindful management, and Status Strategy are all important factors to consider. The
researchers used regulation in their research during the research, by maintaining a developed and
sustained neutrality, the researcher demonstrated impartiality answer that was not overly
influenced by their interests, sentiments, or affiliations. The study's positive impact on lodging
facilities was ensured by the researchers. comprehending the advantages of technology to their
organizations, which leads to increased productive guest encounter each participant is informed
about the study after all relevant consents have been obtained. The name of the researcher, as
well as the purpose and logic of the study. The investigators, the study's expected advantages as
well
as
the
study's
significance
were
reviewed
participant's
function.
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CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS, AND INTERPRETATION OF DATA
This chapter presents the presentation, analysis, and interpretation of the data gathered from
the answers to the questionnaires distributed to the field. The said data were presented in tabular
form in accordance with the specific questions posited on the statement of the problem. Data
presented, analyzed, and interpreted using statistical measures based on the specific problems stated
in Chapter 1.
PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS
The profile variables considered in this study appraise the respondent's sex, year level, and
pilot’s licenses. The data regarding the first three profile variables of the chosen population and
locale are presented using the frequency count and percentage distribution.
PROFILE OF THE RESPONDENTS
Table 1
Profile of the Respondents in terms of Sex
Sex
Frequency(f)
Percentage (%)
Rank
Female
30
50%
Neutral
Male
30
50%
Neutral
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Table 1 shows the profile of the respondents in terms of sex. Both sexes have the
percentage of 50, therefore, there is no majority in the whole population. The data states that
both male and females are equal.
Table 2
Profile of the Respondents in terms of Year Level
Year and Level
Frequency(f)
Percentage (%)
Rank
1st year
15
25%
Neutral
2nd year
15
25%
Neutral
3rd year
15
25%
Neutral
4th year
15
25%
Neutral
Table 2 shows the profile of the respondents in terms of year level. It states that all of
the respondents in all four-year levels have the equal percentage. Therefore, there is no
majority in all of the respondents.
Table 3
Profile of the Respondents in terms of Pilot Licenses
Licenses
Frequency(f)
Percentage (%)
Rank
SPL
45
75%
1
PPL
15
25%
2
Table 3 shows the profile of the respondents in terms of licenses. The table states that
the majority is the SPL which has the percentage of 75%. This concludes that the majority of
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the respondents are working on Special Pilot License (SPL) and while the minority are
working on Private Pilot License (PPL) which has the percentage of 25%.
Legend:
(4.3 - 5)
Strongly Agree- The students strongly agree with the statement.
(4.2 – 3.5)
Agree- The students agree with the statement.
(3.4 – 2.7)
Neutral- The students are neutral with the statement.
(2.6 – 1.9)
Disagree- The students disagree with the statement.
(1.8- 1)
Strongly Disagree- The students strongly disagree with the statement.
25
Quality of Pronunciation
Mean
Verbal
Interpretation
1. Have a clear understandable
4.25
Strongly Agree
4.25
Strongly Agree
4.08
Agree
4.03
Strongly Agree
5
Strongly Agree
4.32
Strongly Agree
pronunciation.
2. Use appropriate patterns of
stress, rhythm, and intonation.
3. Produce language following the
grammatical structure.
4. Have a wide range of
vocabulary that allows
participating in
conversation of diverse topics.
5. Follow the topic of a conversation
and participate accordingly.
Average
Table 4: Evaluation of Results Based on Pilots in Coordination Factors in Air Traffic Control
Efficiency in terms of Pronunciation
Table 4 shows the qualitative interpretation of the level of efficacy of pronunciation in-flight
operation. Based on the table, results are highly effective during flight operations,
26
Unclear pronunciation causing difficulty of hearing quality signal from the radar during flight
operations is infrequently experienced by the students. Hence, they strongly agree with other factors
producing quality signaling of commands from radar including appropriate patters of speech, wide
range of vocabulary, and language that has a grammatical structure that pilots were using during
flight operations. The general weighted mean, 4.32, shows that the students usually experience
quality of pronunciation from the air traffic control during Flight Operations.
27
Quality of Services
Mean
Verbal
Interpretation
1. I receive the right amount of
4.83
Strongly Agree
4.83
Strongly Agree
3. I receive accurate air navigation 4.83
Strongly Agree
guidance from the assigned Air
Traffic Controller.
2. I am appropriately recognized
when I ask for a radar signal.
signal when on operation.
4. My department provides all the 4.92
Strongly Agree
equipment, supplies, and
resources necessary for me
to perform my duties.
5. The management makes changes 5
Strongly Agree
based on my suggestions and feedback.
Average
4.88
Strongly Agree
Table 5: Evaluation of Results Based on Pilots in Coordination Factors in Air Traffic Control
Efficiency in terms of Services
Table 5 shows the qualitative interpretation of the level of efficacy of services in-flight
operation. Based on the table, results were all strongly effective primarily because the provided
questions about services were properly handled by the Air Traffic Controllers during flight
28
operations. The general weighted mean, 4.88, shows that the students agree on experiencing these
services during flight operations provided by the Air Traffic Controllers.
Quality of Equipment
Mean
Verbal
Interpretation
1. Surface movement and
4.08
Agree
4.25
Strongly Agree
4.17
Agree
5
Strongly Agree
surveillance radars always emit a
signal which reflects the
target.
2. Voice communication control
systems function properly
even though the internet
connection goes down.
3. Flight data information display
equipment is always accurate
and well-organized during and
after the operation.
4. Navigation and surveillance
systems do not encounter
privacy issues and crime due to lack
of security.
29
5. Ultra-high frequency and very
4.82
Strongly Agree
4.46
Strongly Agree
high frequency communication
systems perform efficiently
without becoming short range
and signal interference when raining.
Average
Table 6: Evaluation of Results Based on Pilots in Coordination Factors in Air Traffic Control
Efficiency in terms of Equipment
Table 6 shows the qualitative interpretation of the level of efficiency of the equipment used
during flight operation. Based on the table, the WCC Pilot students strongly agree that the Air
Traffic Officers continuously inspect and upgrade their equipment to produce quality radar signals as
per the ATC guidelines and instructions. While they agree that there are high frequency
communication systems perform efficiently without becoming short range and signal interference in
any weather conditions and marking the weighted mean showed that the students strongly agree
about the properly organization of the equipment during pre-flight and post-flight operations. The
general weighted mean, 4.46, shows that the students strongly agree that the equipment efficiently
work during pre-flight and post-flight.
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INDICATORS
General
Weighted Verbal
Mean
Interpretation
1. Quality of Pronunciation
4.32
Strongly Agree
2.Quality of Services
4.88
Strongly Agree
3. Quality of Equipment
4.46
Strongly Agree
Table 7: Evaluation of Results Based on Pilots in Coordination Factors in Air Traffic Control
Efficiency in terms of Quality of Pronunciation, Services and Equipment
Table 7 shows the qualitative interpretation of the level of efficiency of the pronunciation,
services, and equipment used during flight operation. Based on the table, majority of the respondents
in WCC ATC has put the verbal interpretation, strongly agree. Therefore, all of the indicators
regarding the coordination factors in ATC are highly efficient.
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ANOVA
Sum
of
Mean
Squares
df
Square
F
Sig.
Between Groups
.582
2
.291
4.718
.031
Within Groups
.741
12
.062
Total
1.323
14
Ftab/Fcri=3.89
alpha 0.05
Table 8: Evaluation of Results on ANOVA
The Analysis of Variance shows that the computed F-value, 4.718, is greater than the
Fcritical 3.89. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected, which means there is significant difference
among the factors.
Therefore, the T.Test will be utilized:
Pronunciation vs. Equipment
Pronunciation vs. Services
Equipment vs. Services
0.05832159
1
0.05832159
2.16
2.16
2.16
Table 9: Evaluation of Results on T.Test
The results of T.Test shows that the Tcomputed in all factors are less than the Tcritical. Therefore,
there is no significant difference among the facors in effective communication in WCC Air Tower Control.
32
CHAPTER 5
SUMMARY OF FINDINGS, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter includes the summary of findings that the researches have analysed, documented
conclusion and recommendation that will help in enhancing students writing quality, in upgrading
the curriculum and for the future researches.
SUMMARY
The main objective and purpose of this research is to identify the Efficacy of Air Traffic
Control Tower Used in Communication Transmission in WCC-ATC Airfield Operation. The
findings of the data are derived from the analysis of the data. The data shows that the percentage of
the respondents from first year students to fourth year students are equal, thus, there is no majority in
terms of year and level. The findings of the data regarding coordination factors in the air traffic
control tower shows that the quality of the pronunciation is highly effective during flight operations.
Regarding statistical power, the simulation study shows that there is a minute difference between
these three factors but at the same time, they were strongly efficient during flight operations. There
were no apprehensions about the services, as well as the quality of pronunciation are being overpowered and well-maintained, and equipment were unsubstantiated for improvement.
Therefore, the data’s result regarding quality of service are all strongly effective, followed by
the quality of equipment, the data shows that WCC student pilots strongly agree that the
pronunciation, equipment, and services were highly effective and performs efficiently throughout the
flight operations.
Upon further testing, the ANOVA shows a significant difference among the 3 factors that
tests the efficacy of the air-to-air traffic control, since the computed F-value, 4.718, is greater than
33
the alpha level of 0.05. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected.
CONCLUSION
After deliberating the findings of risk-associated hazards, the researchers concluded that,
student pilots of WCC ATC in each level comprise the most significant percentage of research
participants since more students in the population and location strongly agree that the air-to-air
traffic control workplace protocols/factors used by the student pilots throughout the operations were
highly effective.
In deliberating, the researchers concluded that the data in the Quality of Services which has
the general weighted mean of 4.88 is the highest of all where in every question has a Strongly Agree
interpretation. Next is the data regarding the Quality of Equipment which has the general weighted
mean of 4.46, got the 2nd place, followed by the data regarding the Quality of Pronunciation which
has the general weighted mean of 4.32. Therefore, the Air traffic Control Tower Protocols Used in
Communication Transmission in WCC-ATC Airfield Operation were highly effective and efficient.
RECOMMENDATIONS
Upon completion of the study, the following recommendations were made by the findings
suggested by the respondents:
1. Personnels in the Air Traffic Control tower should properly learn languages, grammar,
and the structure used in communicating.
2. The radars in the Air Traffic Control tower should always be in good condition.
3. The control tower should have the most efficient equipment and that it should be always
well-organized.
34
4. Programs like 5S frequently provide beneficial organizational improvements that can
lead to less clutter. Ensure that radar equipment is stored safely and that spills are cleaned up as
soon as possible. Conduct regular inspections to look for potential hazards like tangled cords,
cluttered floors, and disorganized tools.
5. To maintain an open dialogue about health and safety concerns, the Organization must
hold regular meetings on workplace safety. It's never a bad idea to be overly prepared. Regular
meetings to review safety rules and discuss prevention keep workplace safety at the forefront of
everyone's minds, so that when something does go wrong, everyone knows what to do right away.
35