STUDY GUIDE Prepared by: JONALD DE LOS SANTOS TRAQUIÑA SOUTHERN LUZON STATE UNIVERSITY - POLILLO CAMPUS DEAR FUTURE LPT, I am happy to share with you my self-made presentation and review materials for your benefit. As you continue your dream of becoming a licensed professional teacher, I would like to inform you that the presentation which I’ve made will just serve as your guide to understand the concepts that you need to master before taking the licensure examination. This can help you master the essential topics and concepts of professional education. The topics are very broad that’s why you have to research and provide supplementary idea for each concept. With the help of this study guide, you can develop your understanding of the most essential concepts so you can clearly understand each point. This will enable you to master the concepts that you need to learn so you can formulate accurate judgment when answering questions. Enjoy this study guide! JONALD DE LOS SANTOS TRAQUIÑA JANUARY 2022 LET TOPNOTCHER These are the topics and concepts that you need to master before taking the Licensure Examination for Professional Teachers: CONTENTS The The The The The The The The The The The The Meaning of a Child based on R.A. 7610 Difference between Childhood and Adolescence Meaning of Child Development and Stability Difference between Growth, Maturation and Learning Principles of Human Development Stages of Human Development Stages of Play Brain Personality Development by Sigmund Freud Psychosocial Theory by Erik Erikson Cognitive Development Theory by Jean Piaget Moral Development Theory by Lawrence Kohlberg These are the topics and concepts that you need to master before taking the Licensure Examination for Professional Teachers: CONTENTS The The The The The The Emotional Intelligence by Daniel Goleman Language Acquisition Device by Noam Chomsky Four Parenting Styles by Diana Baumrind Learning Disabilities Difference between Impairment, Disability, Handicap Types of Learning Disabilities Definition of children based on R.A. 7610 over 18 but are Study the definition of a child unable to take care of themselves BELOW 18 Image Source: https://freepngimg.com/png/163688-kids-reading-free-download-image Image Source: https://www.vector.stock.com/royalty-free-vector/disability/-people-cartoon-sick-anddisabled-vector-21144943 Study the difference between childhood and adolescence stage CHILDHOOD ADOLESCENCE time for a boy or girl until s/he reaches adulthood period of infancy to puberty childhood to adulthood beginning of puberty to age of maturity Study the meaning of child development and stability CHILD DEVELOPMENT the process of change and stability STABILITY constancy of persistence of behavior personality DEVELOPMENT includes growth and decline it can be positive or negative involves increase of complexity and skill progression Study the difference between growth, maturation and learning GROWTH HEIGHT & WEIGHT QUATIFIABLE amount of CHANGE IN BODY DIMENSION LEARNING change in behavior MATURATION change that comes with age GROWING OLDER Study the principles of human development Principles of Human Development 1. A learner should be considered as a living human being. 2. Development is unique to every individual. 3 Elements: (1) Growth, (2) Structural Differences, (3) Alteration in form 3. No two living things are exactly the same. 4. Development is relatively in order. PROXIMODISTAL -tendency for more general functions of limbs to develop before more specific or fine motor skills Study the difference between proximodistal and cephalocaudal CEPHALOCAUDAL -means head to toe -general pattern of development seen in the earliest years of post natal Image Source: https://www.slideshare.net/vijay143manoj/principles-of-growth-and-development64896340 5. Children grow in the same pattern. *a very rapid growth (first 7 y/o) *slowing in the middle (early – late childhood) *rapid change (puberty) 6. Learners respond differently to academic stimuli. Issues on Human Development 2.1 Nature vs. Nurture 2.2 Continuity vs. Discontinuity 2.3 Stability vs. Change Study the difference between nature and nurture genetics and hereditary factors, physical appearance and personality characteristics NATURE vs NURTURE environmental factors, child experiences and social relationships Study the difference between continuity and discontinuity a continuous process of being around others and learning from them CONTINUITY vs DISCONTINUITY development occurs in distinct stages, attitude changes as we move through the lifespan Study the difference between stability and change belief that personality developed in the first 5 years predict adult personality STABILITY vs CHANGE personalities are modified through interaction with family and experiences at environment Study the stages of human development STAGES OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT Stages of Human Development Pre-natal -conception to birth Infancy/Babyhood -birth to 2 years old Early Childhood -2 to 6 years old Late Childhood -6 to 12 years old Adolescence -12 to 18 years old IMPORTANT PART of development process THE PRE-NATAL STAGE occurs in THREE MAIN STAGES Image Source: https://www.verywellmind.com/stages-of-prenatal-development-2795073 FIRST 2 WEEKS after conception 1 GERMINAL STAGE FIRST STAGE OF PRE-NATAL first and shortest stage of human lifespan FERTILIZATION process of mitosis Zygotes divide from two, four or etc. Image Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/ddusangg/ EXODERM Integumentary and Nervous blastocysts CONCEPTION Male sperm and female egg cell unite MESODERM Muscle and skeletal ENDODERM Digestive and Respiratory outer cell - placenta inner cell - embryo Image Source: https://bio.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Human_Biology/Book%3A_Human_Biology_%28Wakim_and_ Grewal%29/23%3A_Human_Growth_and_Development/23.2%3A_Germinal_Stage implantation plays an important role in 2 DEVELOPMENT of the BRAIN EMBROYONIC STAGE SECOND STAGE OF PRE-NATAL 2 to 8 WEEKS layers develop into ORGANS APPEAR can determine the heart, and brain Image Source: U3d/Shuttersrock.com HINDBRAIN MIDBRAIN FOREBRAIN By the end of 8 weeks… By the end of the embryonic stage, the basic structure of the brain and central nervous system have been established, peripheral nervous system is also defined. ORGAN SYSTEMS 4 weeks after THE NEURAL TUBEforms… this will later develop into the CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM including the BRAIN and the SPINAL CORD the embryo has all of the basic organs and parts except of those of the sex organs Around the 4 weeks… the HEAD begins to form, quickly followed by the eyes, nose, ears, and mouth MARKS MORE IMPORTANT 3 CHANGES in the BRAIN FETAL STAGE THIRD STAGE OF PRE-NATAL 9 weeks to Birth marks by amazing change and growth GENITAL APPEARS all parts of the body will be formed, three ounces END OF THE 1ST TRIMESTER heartbeats grow stronger, prenatal reflexes finger nails, toe nails, and skin develop eyes, grasping reflex and irregular movement 2nd TRIMESTER THE BRAIN AND THE NERVOUS SYSTEM BECOME MORE RESONSIVE the brain matures faster 6 inches, 8 pounds, organs complete fetus prepare for life outside the womb lungs begin to expand and contract, preparing the muscles for breathing Image Source: https://www.blendspace.com Study the difference between pruning and plasticity PRUNING degradation of synapses and dying off neurons that are not strengthened by experience PLASTICITY brain’s ability to change from experience considered as the FORMATIVE YEARS OF DEVELOPMENT THE INFANCY/BABYHOOD BIRTH TO 2 YEARS OLD the period between birth and the ACQUISITION OF LANGUAGE At birth, infants display a set of HUMAN MILK ideal food for infant HUMAN PRIMITIVE by four months, baby can REFLEXES • • • • • • • GRASP Sucking Rooting Gripping Curling Startle/Moro Galant Tonic an object TODDLER 12 – 14 months, can walk unaided infant’s understanding and mastery of the physical world begins with establishment of enduring emotional bonds with parents or caregivers REFLEX MOVEMENTS RECIPROCAL INTERACTIONS relationship between child and parent that the child learns to love, trust, and depend on other human beings Image Source: https://www.google.com/amp/s/pediaa.com/difference-between-ontogeny-and-phylogeny/amp THE LANGUAGE DEVELOPMENT OF INFANT 1 2 3 4 COOLING 2 MONTHS babies begin to make vowel sounds (a,e,i,o,u) BABBLING 6 MONTHS add consonant sounds to vowel sounds (am, ummm) HOLOPHRASE 1 YEAR one word utterance (mama) TELEGRAPHIC 1 YEAR & 6 MONTHS two words utterance (mama, eat) consider as the PRE-SCHOOL AGE PERIOD OF GREATEST MENTAL DEVELOPMENT THE EARLY CHILDHOOD 2 to 6 YEARS OLD initial SOCIALIZATION EXPERIENCE characterized by GROSS MOTOR DEVELOPMENT jumping, hopping, and skipping major increase in vocabulary and abstract representation of USE OF LANGUAGE MENTAL CONSTRUCT transductive raising EARLY CHILDHOOD DEVELOPMENT a processes involved in change from immature to mature status and functioning consider as the SCHOOL AGE THE LATE CHILDHOOD 7 to the 12 YEARS OLD age of conformity the HABIT FORMATION STAGE MUSCLE COORDINATION is well-developed, and children can engage in physical activities that require complex motor sensory coordination MOTOR PATTERNS children GROW more SLOWLY become more refined and the balance mechanism in the inner ear gradually matures consider as the PROBLEM AGE THE ADOLESCENCE 12 toperiod 18ofYEARS OLD change the PUBERTY STAGE transition period between childhood to adulthood where RAPID PHYSICAL CHANGES and SEXUAL MATURATION occur resulting in changes in ways of feeling, thinking, and acting DEVELOPMENTAL TASKS A. INFANCY & EARLY CHILDHOOD (0 to 5 years old) *walk *talk *take solid food B. MIDDLE CHILDHOOD (6 to12 years old) *get along with age-mates *fundamental skills in learning *sex roles C. ADOLESCENCE (13 to 18 years old) *mature relations with both sexes and emotional independence *values to guide behavior *accepting one’s body *preparing for economic career Study the stages of play STAGES OF PLAY important vehicle for developing self regulations as well as for promoting language cognition and social competence. *main agency of pre-school age/years direct attention to anything that is interesting playing alone watching others play but not play with them plays beside someone but not with them plays with others but no task assignment play with others, bound with rules and roles Image Source: https://pathways.org/kids-learn-play-6-stages-play-development/ Study the basic information about the brain THE BRAIN one of the largest and most complex organ of the body Major Parts of the Brain Image Source: https://www.toppr.com/ask/question/name-the-three-main-parts-of-human-brain Lobes of the Brain FRONTAL LOBE intelligence, planning, judgment, decision making PARIETAL LOBE body position, penmanship OCCIPITAL LOBE visual processing TEMPORAL LOBE memory, hearing Image Source: https://www.pinterest.co.uk/pin/248542473170930873/ THE CEREBRUM the largest part of the brain and is composed of right and left hemisphere Image Source: https://www.lucidmindcenter.com/right-brain-left-brain-test/ Image Source: https://www.lefthandersday.com/tour/being-left-handed Study the different theories on Child and Adolescent Development THE THEORIES ON CHILD AND ADOLESCENT DEVELOPMENT Study the personality development theories THE PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT SIGMUND FREUD THE PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY THE PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY first introduced the concept of id, ego, and superego ID EGO SUPEREGO pleasure, basic instinct, immediate gratification “I want to do that now!” reality, deciding agent “Maybe we can compromise” moral conscience, the right or wrong “It is not right to do that” THE ICEBERG METAPHOR Image Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/776026579537314277/ THE PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT SIGMUND FREUD THE PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY Stage 1: ORAL STAGE Stage 2: ANAL STAGE Stage 3: PHALLIC STAGE Stage 4: LATENT STAGE Stage 5: GENITAL STAGE THE PSYCHOSEXUAL THEORY Infant achieves gratification through oral activities children learn to realize the difference between male and female and become aware of sexuality children learn to respond to some of the demands of the society learns to deal maturely with opposite sex sexual urges are relatively quiet, play with children of same sex Image Source: https://www.verywellmind.com/freuds-stages-of-psychosexual-development-2795962 THE ISSUES ON PYSCHOSEXUAL DEVELOPMENT occurs when an issue or conflict in a psychosexual stage remains unresolved, leaving the individual to focus this stage and unable to move onto the next oral needs of the child are either met, FIXATION overstimulated, or unmet focus on controlling bowel movements, fixation FIXATION can lead to FIXATION ORAL ANAL PHALLIC FIXATION focuses on identifying same-sex parent, fixation could lead to overly vain, exhibitionistic, and sexually aggressive. In this stage, the ff. must be resolved… OEDIPUS COMPLEX ELECTRA COMPLEX a boy competing with his father for his mother’s attention and obsession a girl competing with her mother for her father’s attention and obsession Image Source: https://www.verywellmind.com/what-is-a-fixation-2795188 Study the Psychosocial Theory THE PYSCHOSOCIAL THEORY ERIK HAMBURGER ERIKSONS incorporated social and cultural aspects there are psychosocial crises that affect the child development INFANCY TODDLER PRE-SCHOOL SCHOOL AGE ADOLESCENCE YOUNG ADULT MIDDLE ADULT LATE ADULT Image Source: https://www.psychologynoteshq.com/erikson-stages/ Image Source: https://www.verywellmind.com/erik-eriksons-stages -of-psychosocial-development-2795740 Study the Cognitive Development Theory THE COGNITIVE DEVELOPMENT JEAN PIAGET a progressive reorganization of mental process as a result of biological maturation and environmental experience a progressive The as a result of of BIOLOGICAL and MATURATION ENVIROMENTAL EXPERIENCE Image Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/576249714792150210/ OBJECT PERMANENCE -a belief that things continue to exist even if they’re already gone or cannot be seen Image Source: www.gmc.shahdol.org 0 – 2 years old Image Source: www.gmc.shahdol.org Animism -giving life to inanimate object Irreversibility incapable of being changed Centration -focusing on one salient aspect of the situation neglecting the other Image Source: www.gmc.shahdol.org Symbolism 2 – 7 years old *children are egocentric and pretentious *language is prominent *children can easily be fooled by appearance REVERSIBILITY some things that have been changed can be returned to original state 7 – 11 years old think CONRETELY, LOGICALLY and DEDUCTIVELY characterized by CONSERVATION PRINCIPLE knowing that a quantity doesn’t change if it’s been altered, properties of objects such as mass, volume, and number remain the same, despite changes in the form of objects SERIATION ability to put things in order based on quantity Image Source: https://verywellmind.com think inductively, scientifically logically, abstractly, and can think in 12 to adulthood develop the capacity for abstract and ABSTRACT MANNER by manipulating ideas in their head, without any dependence on concrete manipulation SYSTEMATIC THINKING come up with new rules through INTERNAL REFLECTION, start with HYPOTHESIS that might affect an outcome SCHEMA EQUILIBRATION the way you see the world cognitive balancing of new information and old knowledge ASSIMILATION ACCOMODATION modify what we already know so new information can fit in better Image Source: https://youtu.be/EYbCE1udazw keeps the information and add to what already exist in the mind Study the Moral Development Theory MORAL DEVELOPMENT THEORY LAWRENCE KOHLBERG focuses on how children develop morality and moral reasoning The Punishment & Reward Good boy or Good girl Law and Order Image Source: https://www.verywellmind.com/kohlbergs-theory-of-moral-development-2795071 Study the Emotional Intelligence EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE Daniel Goleman Grandfather of EQ affords the individual to monitor own and others’ emotion Image Source: https://management30.com/develop-competence/emotional-intelligence/ Who am I? RECOGNITION What I do? REGULATION SELF SOCIAL SELF AWARENESS -recognize your emotions and how they affect your thoughts and emotion Emotional Awareness Accurate Self-awareness Self-confidence SOCIAL AWARENESS -can understand the emotions Empathy Organization awareness Service orientation SELF-MANAGEMENT -control impulsive feelings and behaviors Emotional self-control Transparency Adaptablity Achievement orientation Initiative/optimism RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT -know how to develop and maintain good relationship Influence/developing others Team work/collaboration Conflict management Inspirational leadership Study the Language Acquisition Device a postulated organ of the brain that is supposed to function as a congenital device for learning symbolic language LANGUAGE ACQUISITION DEVICE The little black box NOAM CHOMSKY Father of Modern Linguistic human are biologically preconfigured to be ready to learn language CHILDREN CAN ACQUIRE LANGUAGE NATURALLY Study the Four Parenting Styles THE FOUR PARENTING STYLES DIANA BAUMRIND Image Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/762515780648491897 Image Source: https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/762515780648491897 Image Source: https://holisticbrainbalance.wordpress.com/2018/02/17/parenting-style-quadrants-baumrind/amp/ Study the different learning disabilities LEARNING DISABILITIES DISABILITY is the umbrella term for impairments, activity limitations and participation restriction IMPAIRMENT any loss or abnormality of psychological, physiological or anatomical structure or function DISABILITY any restriction or lack of ability to perform an activity in the manner considered normal for human being HANDICAP a disadvantage, resulting from impairment or a disability, which prevents the fulfilment of a role that is considered normal Image Source: https://www.slideshare.net/soharashed/children-with-disabilities Types of Learning Disabilities DYSCALCULIA -inability to understand numbers and learn math NON-VERBAL LEARNING DISABILITIES -has trouble interpreting non verbal cues DYSGRAPHIA -handwriting inability and fine motor skills DYSLEXIA -disability that affects reading and related languagebased processing skills LANGUAGE PROCESSING DISORDER -difficulty attaching meaning to the word VISUAL MOTOR DEFICIT -affects the understanding of information that a person sees ADHD -disability staying focused and paying attention, difficulty controlling behavior DYSPRAXIA -difficulty in muscle control -problems with movement For MORE L.E.T REVIEW MATERIALS, just visit my Facebook account through this link: Search: https://www.facebook.com/traquinajonald10 STUDY TIPS TO TOP THE BOARD EXAM https://m.facebook.com/story.php?story_fbid =2785929701714191&id=100008915650538 All things, whatsoever you ask in prayer, believe that you have received it and; it will be yours. Mark 11:24 “Pray and believe! Prayer and effort should act in harmony. If you work hard to achieve your goal and find heart to pray, God will find answers to your prayers.”
