ELLIER
ULTRASONIG
PHASED ARRAY
TOFD
%
HELLIER
TOFD
Hellier NDT
NDTf¡aining and Certiication
a Rockwood Company
%
HELLIER
INTRODUCTION
2
NDTTrairing and Cen¡6cátion
a Rockwood Company
Terminology of TOFD
.
HELLIER
D-scan: Scan that shows the data collected
when scanning the probe pair normal to the
direction of the beam along a weld or flaw.
B-scan: Scan that shows data collected when
scanning the probe pair in the direction of the
beam transversely across the weld or flaw
Lateral Wave: Wave that runs directly between
two TOFD probes on a flat or convex surface.
Back Wall Echo: Echo due to the wave
reflected from the rear sudace.
.
.
.
r
%
and cerflfrc¿tion
a Rockwood company
LNDTTT¿inin9
History of TOFD
.
.
.
.
4
%
HELLIER
The Time of Flight Diffraction (TOFD) ultrasonic lesting
method is relati"vely new and vüas firsi developed qt
Harwell laboratory-in the late 1977's by Maurice Silk (1).
ln the 1980's digital systems were available but not very
portable. limiting TOFD in the field.
lnitiallv TOFD was onlv developed and used as a sizing
tool. it was expected ihat the flaws would be detected by
the conventional techniques and then TOFD used for
more accurate sizing.
TOFD was invented in the UK in the 1970s initially as a
research tool.l3l The use of TOFD enabled crack sizes to
be measured more accurately, so that expensive
components could be kept in operation as long as
posdible with minimal risk of failure.
NDTTmining and Ce¡tifi.¿tion
a Rockwood company
%
HELLIER
. Responsibilities
5
NDTTTa¡ning and Certifr.¿tion
PERSONNEL
CERTIFICATION
of Level of Certification
¿ Rockwood Company
w
HELLIER
. SNT-TC-14
. CP IB9
. NAS 410
. lso 9712
. ACCP
. CGSB
. CSWIP
AWS-NDE
NDTTráinins ¿nd certifcatlon
I
6
a Bo.kwood Company
NDT Personnel
Qualification and Certification
w
HELLIER
. Recommended Practice SNT-TC-1A: a set
of guidelines to assist the employer in
developing uniform procedures for the
qualification and certification of NDT
personnelto satisfy the employer's specific
requirements. (Published by ASNT)
NDrrlainiñs and celtifcation
7
a Rockwood Company
I
NDT Personnel
Qualification and Certification
'
w
HELLIER
Certification Standards:
-
-
Certification Standard CP-'l 89: minimum
requirements for the qualification and
certification of NDT personnel. (Published by
ASNT)
NAS-410: minimum requirements for the
qualification and certification of NDT personnel.
(Published by Aerospace lndustries Association
of America)
8
NDTTraining and Certi6calion
a Rockwood Compañy
%
NDT Personnel
Qualifi cation and Certification
HELLIER
. Written Practice: Employer's procedure for
the control and administration of NDT
training, examinat¡on, and certification of
personnel responsible for conducting
nondestructive tests.
NDllrainins and certifrc¿tion
9
a Rockwood Company
]
%
NDT Personnel
Qualification and Certifi cation
.
HELLIER
Qualification:
- Levels of Qualification: Levels l, ll and lll
- Qualification Requirements: Education,
Training, Experience & Examinations
. verified
by demonstrated knowledge and skill,
documented training, and documented experience
required for personnel to properly perform the duties
of a specific job.
l0
]
NDrrrainins and Cert¡ñ<ation
a Rockwood company
%
HELLIER
NDT Personnel
Qualification and Certification
Emolover Certification
. Certification:
a written testimony of
qualification.
. Certifying Agency: the employer of the
.
I
personnel being certified.
Certifying Authority: the person or
persons properly designated in the written
practice to sign certifications on behalf of
the employer.
ll
NDTrrainins and certifrcatloñ
a Rockwood company
NDT Personnel Qualification and Certification
%
HELLIER
-ECIplsyerce4if!§at'en
.
Outside Agency: a company or individual
who provides NDT Level Ill services and
whose qualifications to provide these
services have been reviewed by the
employer engaging the company or
individual.
12
]
NDTrrái¡ins and certifrcation
a Rockwood Company
%
NDT Personnel Qualification and
Certification - Central Certification
.
'
.
HELLIER
Certification: a written testimony of
qualification.
Certifying Agency: An independent
organization that has no vested interest in
whether the candidate passes.
Certlfving Authority: The organization
designated as the Certifying Agency.
1l
a Rockwood Company
NDTTraining añd certifi.ation
I
%
PERSONNEL
CERTIFICATION
HELLIER
. SNT-TC-1A--]
. NAS410 !
a
. CP 189
. ISO 9712
. ACCP
Employer Certification
r
l
.!
a
. CGSB
.
CSWIP
AWS-NDE
Central Certification
14
NDTTraining and certifi.¿tion
]
a Rockwood Company
LEVEL
.
.
I
Z
HELLIER
Should be qualified to properly perform
specific calibrations, specific NDT, and
specific evaluations for acceptance or
rejection determinations accord ing to written
instructions and to record results.
Should receive the necessary instruction or
supervision from a certified NDT Level ll or
lll individual.
15
NDTTrai.ing and Certif cation
LEVEL II
á Ro(kwood Company
%
HELLIER
Should be oualified to set up and calibrate
eouioment ánd to interoret ánd evaluate
rebults with resoect to applicable codes,
standards, and'specificátions
Should be thorouqhlv familiar with the
scope and limitationé of the method
Should exercise assiqned responsibilitv for
on-the-iob traininq an'il quidarice of
traineeé and Levél I peréonnel
Organize and report results of NDT
16
NDTrráinin9 and certin.ation
L
a Rockwood Company
LEVEL
.
.
III
%
HELLIER
Should be capable of developing, qualifying, and
approving procedures; establishing and approving
techniques for inspection; interpreting codes,
standards, specifications and procedures; and
designating the particular NDT methods,
techniques and procedures to be used.
Should be responsible for NDT operations for which
qualified and assigned and be capable of
interpreting and evaluating results in terms of
existing codes, standards and specifications.
11
NDTTráinin9 and Certiácation
LEVEL
.
.
.
II¡
a Rockwood Company
%
HELLIER
Should have sufficient practical background
in materials, fabrication and product
technology to establish techniques and to
assist in establishing acceptance criteria
when none is otherwise available.
Should have general familiarity with other
appropriate NDT methods
Be capable of training and examining Level
I and ll personnel for certification
18
NDrrraiñin9 and certilcatlon
L
a Rockwood Company
FORMAL TRAINING
V
HELLIER
- Requirement varies with the level
. Level I UT - J0 hours
. Level II UT - 40 hours
.TOFD - 40 hours
19
NOTTraining ¿nd Certificat on
GRADING CRITERIA
Score of 70 required on
closed-book final exam
a Rockwood Company
Z
HELLIER
IIELLIER SOUTH CENTRA.L
20
NDTTrainins and cert¡ñcarion
I
a Rockwood company
TRAINING CERTIFICATE
%
HELLIER
w
:<42*I 4e:-
W4HEI-T-TER
NDT
2l
a Rockwood Company
rrainine ¿nd cert,ñcation
L
EXPERIENCE
w
HELTIER
. Level I UT
- 210 hours
. Level II UT - 630 hours
. Total
: 840 hours ofwork experience in
ultrasonic testing
22
NDTrraining and Certincatioñ
á Ro.kwood company
PERSONNET QUALTF\CAT\ON
m
Summary of Requirements per SNT-TC1A
for ULTRASONIC TESTING
LEVEL TRAINING
I
Il
To
hours
40 hours
40
210 hours
io
630 hours
1áC I'."" r,;
Fl-,
NDrr,aintns and
]
EXPERIENCE
i..o.,
r:
certifcation
a aocmooa comisany
c E RT t F t CAT t O N EXA M t N ATTONS
.
GENERAL (written)
.
SPECIFIC (written)
w«
. PRACTICAL (hands-on, performance)
. VISION (near vision acuity & color contrast)
NDTTraining and Cer!ifi .ation
24
a Rockwood Company
CERTIFICATION LEVELS I & II
.
%
HELLIER
Passing composite grade of 80 %, with
minimum of 70%
. Valid for a maximum period of three or
five years.
- period depends upon employer's written
practice
]
NDrrrain¡ns ¿nd
certirc¿tion
a coctwoo¿ comi5any
%
HELLIER
. Basic Principles of TOFD
,6 NDTTTa¡nins and cedification
I
a Rockwood Company
w
Review of ultrasonic wave theory,
refracted lonqitudinal waves
HELLIER
. Refracted longitudinalwaves are used
because they provide the strongest signal
and the quickest velocity compared to shear
WAVES.
. LW in Carbon Steel: .2320 ps
. SW in Carbon Steel: 0.1280 ps
,7 NDrrrainins añd certi6catlon
|
SOUND
a Rockwood company
Z
HELLIER
. Sound
-the passage of mechanical energy
through a medium (i.e., vibrations in
motion)
28
NDTfraining and Cert¡ication
a Rockwood company
%
SOUND
HELLIER
. Ability to propagate depends upon:
-material composition
-sonic wavelength, which depends on
. velocity
. frequency
29
NDTTrainlns and certifcatio¡
a Rockwood Company
I
DISTANCE EVALUATION
. Time/Distance
-
-
%
HELLIER
Relationships
sound travels at different speeds in different
materials
but speed of sound is consfanf in a given
homogeneous (uniform) material
therefore we can measure distance by
measuring sound travel time
NDTTraiñlng añd Certi6.¡tion
30
a Rockwood Company
Wavelength and lts Elements:
Velocity
V
HELLIER
. Velocity depends on:
-material properties:
. density (p) and Elasticity
-wave mode:
. Longitudinal
. Shear
. Surface
- material temperature
I
NDTTrai¡in9 añd certincation
31
¿ Rockwood Company
w
. Wavelength ()") is defined
AS:
-
the distance from one point
on a wave tra¡n to the next
identical point
the distance sound travels
within the duration of one
complete cycle
32 NDrrraini¡9 ¿nd cen$catlon
I
á Rockwood Company
w
HELLIER
.
Wavelength ()") is defined
AS:
-
33
]NDTTrainins
the distance from one point
on a wave tra¡n to the next
¡dentical point
the dlstance sound travels
within the duration of one
complete cycle
¿nd cert¡fication
The Sound Beam
a Rockwood Company
Z
HELLIER
The sound beam consists of a near field
(Fresnel zone) and a far field (Fraunhofer
zone)
-
The end of the near field (and the beginning of
the far field) is called the Yo Point.
NDTTraining ¿nd Certi6catlon
34
a Ro.kwood company
%
The Sound Beam
HELLIER
The varying phase relationships in the near
field cause varying wave amplitudes
-
therefore, it is difficult to estimate reflector size
in the near field
35
a Rockwood Company
Z
The Sound Beam
HELLIER
. The far field provides a predictable and
correctable decrease in sound pressure as
distance from the transducer increases
-
therefore, reflector size can be estimated in the
far field
36
NDTTraining
a
a Rockwood Compañy
%
The Sound Beam
.
:7
Point sources:
Sound originates on
the crystal surface
as a number of
individual point
sources radiating
spherical waves
INDTTTáinin9
and certifcation
The Sound Beam
As the waves
progress outward
from the transducer,
they interfere with
each other
3B
NDTTraining and Certlficatlon
HELLIER
I
a Rockwood Company
Z
HELL¡ER
The Sound Beam
%
HELLIER
At the yo point,
waves combine into
a single spherical
wave front
Huygens Principle: a
given waveform can
be constructed from
a number of
individual
elementary waves
r9
NDTT¡aining a.d Cert¡fc¿!io¡
The Sound Beam
a Rockwood Compa.y
%
HELLIER
Inténsi
Exponential Decay
I
NDIlrainlns and certlncat¡on
40
a Rockwood Company
w
The Sound Beam
HELLIER
. The length of the near field can be
calculated from the following formula:
D'r.f
¡r4xV
Where:
(mm)
D : Crystal Diameter (mm)
N:NearField Le¡gth
f:
Frcquency (MHz)
V:
Veloci§ (Km/sec)
41
NDT Tr¿inin9 and Certif cation
a Rockwood Company
w
Sound Beam
HELLIER
1/- D'" f
4xV
ínck¡re<
*
o¡?t)'¡! ' 's 4.3qlr.(l ¡.5tJmm
- 4,0.240in
I ps
NDTTraininq ¿nd Celtllicat¡o¡
t
t
42
a Rockwood Company
%
The Sound Beam
HELLIER
. Beam Divergence can be calculated from
the following formula:
'2, r\
''
zo- s¡, lt
la'7
I
Wlrere:
A¡gle
D: Crysial Diameter (mm)
y = Beam DiverSerce
f=
v
Frequency (MHz)
= Velocity
0i¡/sec)
43
]
a Rockwood Company
NDTTraini¡s and ceriilcation
%
The Sound Beam
0=Si
a = .i*
HELLIER
,'l
t.2 2_xtV
^
X
D ,f
-'[ 1 .22 x 0. 2-.3
0.75 x 7 .5 )=
""
44
NDTTraining and Celtlncatioñ
a Sockwood company
%
Reflection Principles
.
HELLIER
Sound reflects when it strikes an
acoustic interface
NDTTraining añd Certif cation
45
a 8o(kwood Company
w
Reflection Principles
HELLIER
. An acoustic interface is the boundary
between two materials of different
acoustic impedance
46
á Rockwood Company
Reflection Principles
.
Z
HELLIER
Sound will be reflected at the interface
and transmitted across the interface
Reflected
Transmitted
]
NDTIr¿ini.g ¿nd certifcation
Reflection Principles
47
a Rockwood Company
%
HELLIER
Reflection
- Echo
- Acoustic Interface
- Acoustic lmpedance
- Reflection Factor
- Factors Affecting Reflection
NDT
I
Trainins and certifcation
48
a Rockwood Company
%
Reflection Principles
A.
Echo is reflected from
B.
HELLIER
AN ACOUSTIC ¡NTERFACE
Acoust¡c inteiace wh¡ch is a
boundary of two med¡a
C. Acoustic impedance
ri ¿ ftrr{t¿,r ú rh¿ ilrBsii0¡ ¿ h}.dprit
ül&ro jú 1.) b$n,a
r¡nmirs
is the
opposition of the passage of sound
rE*!
(V=ZD )
D.
Reflect¡on factars is a percent of the
energy be¡ng reflected
away,transmifted
reflectivity is affected by
Size
-
'
.
.
.
shape
orientation
material
NDT Traininq and
49
a Rockwood Company
ced¡f cation
%
Reflection Principles
HELLIER
Formula for calculating reflected energy (RE):
%RE
,1oo
-('.-',1
z,
\2,+ )
where:
Z, : impedance of material through which sound is traveling
Z, : impedance of material sound strikes at the interface
Note: Due to the Law of Conservation ofEnergy,
Transmitted Energy : 100% - Reflected Energy
NDTfraining and Cerliá.ation
i0
a Ro.kwood company
%
Reflection Principles
o/"RE
_
l7
7
.l
\
=l't '2 | >,100
\2,+2,)
%RE
i
HELLIER
-i
0.00047
6 .4 5
0.00047 ; 6 .4 5 )-"
NDr16inins and certifr<ation
"^
ts
5l
Rolkwood Company
%
HELLIER
Ultrasonic lnstrument Functions
. Narrow band
display
improves test
sensitiv¡ty
. provides an
1Ms06i)
improved
signal to noise
ratio
52 NDrrr¿inins and certification
J
a Rockwood Company
%
HELLIER
Ultrasonic lnstrument Functions
.
Broad band display
provides high
resolution
-
enhances separat¡on
of reflectors
:
E
0
,rr"l 1,, irii ,..,,
i .,:
24§3
a Rockwood Company
53 NDITráinin9 and certifr(¿tio.
I
%
HELLIER
Ultrasonic I nstrument Functions
Randwidth
Narrow
Broad
Damping
Ringing
Sensitivity
Resolution
Low
High
Long
High
Low
Short
Low
High
]
I
i4 ] NDrrrainlns
añd certin.at¡on
a Bockwood Company
%
HELLIER
Angle Beam Theory
55
NDTTTa¡nins and
ce¡tifcation
a Ro.kwood ComPanY
I
Whal h-¿ppsns when th-e- incident sound wave strikes
w
IELIIl
an acoustic interface at an
angle other than 90o?
Reflection
Transmission
Refraction
Mode Conversion
56
NDT
I
fraininq and certiiicat,oñ
a Rockwood CompañY
ANGLE BEAM THEORY
Z
HELLIER
Three things occur when the longitudinal
sound beam is incidence upon the interface
of the test material at an angle other than 0"
(normal incidence).
tr
tr
tr
i NDTTrajn n9 and Certiñcation
Reflection
Reflection;
Refraction;
Mode conversion;
51
a Rockwood Company
%
HELLIER
. Angle of Reflection = Angle of lncidence
NDT
Training and Certi6catioñ
58
á Rock!,,/ood Company
lncidence wave other than normal
(at riqht anqle) to sufface.
%
HEltrER
59
NDTTraiñins ¡nd certifcario.
a Ro.kwood Company
I
V
lncidence wave (not at 90o)
HELLIER
Shear
Mode Conversion
NDT
I
Tra¡nins and certiication
60
a Rockwood Company
%
lncident Wave (not at 90o)
HELLIER
Tncident wave
Interface
Transmitted wave
The sound is reftacted due to differences in sound
velocity in lhe 2 materials.
61
NDT
a Ro.kwood Compañy
Training and certifi cation
w
Refract¡on
.
HELLIER
Change in angular direction of a wave as it
passes (at an incident angle other than
zero) through an interface between two
materials of different acoustic velocities.
. The greater the difference in velocities, the
greater the refracted angle.
62 NDTTraini¡9 and certircation
|
a Rockwood Company
w
MODE CONVERSION
HELLIER
Tncident wave
Tnterface
Ref¡acted
Long. Wave
Mode Converted
Shear Wave
Some ofthe sound energy is
converted to a shear wave.
] NDT Traininq and
63
a Rockwood Coñpany
certircatio¡
%
HELLIER
EIF:FrEC T IVE ANGLES IN STEEL
V{S).
W EtDGIE ANGLES IN PLASTIC
\1
h
:!
{l-
I
e"i
.t
.",
64
N DT
Tr¿ining ¿nd Certi
a Rockwood company
%
Snell's Law
HELLIER
Maferiql
l
Plexglass
Material 2
Steel1020
NDT
65
TÉinlng añd Celtifcaiion
a Rockwood Company
Z
Snell's Law
HELLIER
Plexiglass
46.7
NDf Training and Cert¡i.átion
66
a Ro.kwood Company
%
Snell's Law
HELLIER
Plexglass
67
NDI T'ain n9 ¿nd Cerrifcátion
Snell's Law
NDTTraining and Cert¡f catio¡
a Rockwood company
w
HELLIER
68
a Rockwood company
zz
Snell's Law
HELLIER
69
NDr T,aln,¡s ¿nd certi6c¿ton
a Rockwood Company
I
1st CriticalAngle
%
HELLIER
Longitudinal wave refracted at 90
degrees
'10
NDTfraining and Cert¡ication
a Rockwood company
%
Snell's Law
HELLIER
'71
NDrrrainins and certifcátjon
a Rockwood Company
I
%
Snell's Law
HELLIER
Plexglass
72
NDTTr¿ining añd Ce(i6cation
a Rockwood Company
%
Snell's Law
HELLIER
Plexglass
NDTTraining ¿ñd Certifr
73
.¿tio.
a Rockwood Company
w
HELLIER
2nd CriticalAnqle
S (Surface Wate)
Shear wave refracted at 90 degrees.
Suface wave develops.
74
NDTTraiñlnq and Certiñcation
á Rockwood Company
STIMMARYM
When incident angle is behueen
normal inc¡dence and the 1st Critical
Angle
Both longitudinal and shear
waves will exist in the test píece.
NDrrraining ¿ñd certifcation
75
a Rockwood Company
L
SUMMARYM
At the l"t Critical Angle
L. Wave is refracted at 90o.
Beyond 1't Critical Angle only a shear
u ave u ill exist ln test specimen.
NDrrrainins and certlncation
I
16
a Rockwood Company
SUMMARY
w
HELLIER
Beyond the I "r Critical Angle:
L . Wave is reflected at fhe i¡terface.
s
S. Wave only exists in the specimen.
NOT
Training and certifcation
77
a Rockwood Company
SUMMARYM
At the 2nd Critical Angle:
S. Wave is refracted at 90o.
Rayleigh Wave begins to develop.
78
NDTTrainins and certifrcaiion
I
a Rockwood company
Z
Skip Distance
HELLIER
The distance along the surface from the Beam
Index Point to the point where the sound retuffrs
to the surface after reflecting off the bottom
surface.
Skip Distance
79
NDrrrainine and certifcatio¡
a Rockwood Coñpany
L
%
Skip Distance
HELLIER
SKD:2TXTanO
What is the skip distance
Skip Distance
NDTfráinin9 and Cenificat o¡
ifT
:
2.5 inches and P = 45"?
SKD:5X 1-
5 inches
80
a Rockwood Company
lntroduction to TOFD
Concepts and Theory
w
HELLIER
Diffraction Process:
When an ultrasonic wave interacts with a long
crack-like flaw it results in the production of
diffracted waves from crack tips, in addition to
any ultrasonic waves reflected from the surface
of the crack.
The diffracted waves are much weaker than
reflected waves used for conventional
ultrasonic inspection, but they radiate from the
tips in all directions along the same plane as
the incident ultrasonic waves.
&
NOTTTa¡nln9 aod Certif.ation
Huygen's Principle
a Bockwood company
%
HELLIER
. Each point on a wave front may be regarded as
a new source of waves. Hence, each point on
the surface (on a scale smaller than the
wavelength) acts as a reflection point and
produces waves. Then as the separate wave
cross each other interference takes place and
as explained by Young in 1802 for light "the
resultant displacement is the sum of the
displacements dues to each separate wave"
and in this case the result is a reflected plane
wave. However, at the edge of the surface the
waves from the tip are Ieft and produce so
called diffraction waves
M
NDTTraini¡g and Certiñ€ation
a Rockwood company
%
Tip Diffraction
HELLIER
. The phenomenon of tip diffraction is just
another technique in ultrasonics. The use of
tip diffraction signals has long been used in
pulse-echo sizing estimations since it often
enhances the signalwhen the probe is
opposite the end of the defect and used in
this was it is sometimes called the maximum
amplitude technique or backward scatter tip
diffraction.
ú
I
NDTrrainins a.d certiñ(ation
a Rockwood Company
Z
Technique Limitations
HELLIER
. Need access to both sides of the weld
. Near surface indications could be hidden
. Root area indications could be missed
.
AII the TOFD inspection data has to be
visually analyzed in order to select the
reportable defects.
&
NDTTraining and Cefification
a Rockwood Company
%
Technique Limitations
.
.
.
e
HELLIER
TOFD is no more accurate in estimating flaw length
than standard pulse-echo techniques, although by
using various softvvare algorithms(SAFT) the
accuracy can be improved
Since a considerable operator effort is involved in the
analysis of the TOFD data experience and training
are essential.
TOFD is that these diffracted defects signal
responses are exaggerated in length on the on-line
display as a consequence of being scanned across
by the wide beam envelope. Consequently even an
isblated gas pore will appear initially as a linear
response on the created image.
.
NDI Training and Certif.ation
Technique Limitations
a Rockwood Compañy
w
HELLIER
. Temperature Limitations:
TOFD is not significantly different to other contact
- inspection
methods when it comes to its usability on
-
-
s6
|
components at elevated temperature.
the effectiveness of a suitable couplant medium
often being the limiting factor.
By using high temperature tolerant probe
construction materials, water cooling techniques and
high temperature grease for coupling, it is possible
to apply TOFD at temperatures up to 200" and,
where 'local' cooling is permitted, at operating
temperatures in the region of 350' C.
NDrrrainins and certification
a Rockwood Company
Technique Limitations
w
HELLIER
Materials
As with all other non-invasive techniques where
the measurement of transmitted signals is used
to determine condition, TOFD is susceptible to
the effects of energy dissipation through
diffusion, absorption, attenuation, and because
very small changes in signal response provide
the basis of detection, the technique is arguably
Iess suited to use on very coarse grain material
than its counterpafts.
e
NDrrraiñrns and certificátion
a Rockwood company
J
Technique Limitations
.
Z
HELLIER
Continuous Condition Monitoring:
. Where known defects exlst, and are consldered
to be safety and reliability critical, they can be
regularly or even continuously monitored using
strategically positioned TOFD transducers
coupled to a remote instrument capable of
monitoring change characteristics of the signal
waveform signature. Output immediate hard
copy evidence or alarm signal..
B
NDTTraining and Certi6cation
a Rockwood Company
Technique Limitations
Z
HELLIER
. Safety
-
e
Clearly the technique is safer than any form of
industrial radiography and more environmenially
acceptable. ln terms of overall safety it could be
argued and demonstrated that the improved
defect reporting accuracy and reliability of TOFD
is a very powerful tool in the risk assessment
equation and that, as such, it is in itself an
important safety device.
NDT Iráining and Certilcatlon
a Rockwood company
%
HELLIER
Equipment
,o NDrrra¡ninS and certincation
]
a Rockwood Company
Computer Based Systems
$
NDTTraining and ce¡tiÍcation
I
HELLIER
a Rockwood Compañy
TD Focus
.
HELLIER
The TD Focus-Scan is our
flagship multi-function
ultrasonic inspeciion system.
Desioned and manufactured
bV lechnoloqv Desrgn to the
niost exact¡no international
standards, thé system is
designed to seamlessly
performl
I\Iulti-channel Phased Array
Time-of-Fliohi Diffraction
{ToFD)
Pu se Echo
Corroslon I\,4apping
ASI\,'lE compliant Girth/Seam
wel.l exanriñat ons in everv- area
of engineering endeavor
e
NDTTraining ¿nd Ceñificat¡on
o
^uL¡wvuu
!wmPáñy
Omniscan
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
HELLIER
fhe
new Omniscan Mx2 UT2 module
from OlvmDUs reoresents a Dowedul. vet
áffór.l¿Éle'solLrh.in for TOFó insoectioh
Several hardware and sofiware
improvements makeweld inspection usinq
the TOFD iechniouefaster añd easier.
Leadino class siohal-to-no se ratro
provrdei opt muñ data qua üy for ToFD
nspeclton.
lmprovements
TOFD \Mzard
PCS calibration
C sper B-scan
MUIIFTOFD layoLts
Laterál Wave straightening
Higher PRF on TOFD groups
Hrgher voltage (up to 340 \4 e ir¡inates
the need for preamplilers
NDTTraining and
e3
V
ceriiñ.atio¡
a Rockwood Compa¡y
]
Sonatest - Veo
.
ea I
w
HELLIER
Integrated Help and
Wizards guide the user
through scan set up
whilst Optimisation
Tips ensure the Veo
always performs at the
highest level. Fast and
efficient wizards for
sound velocity, wedge
delay, TCG, DAC,
TOFD setup and
Encoder calibration are
all provided as
standard
NDTrraiñinq and certificát on
a Rockwood Company
Zetec - Topaz
Z
HELLIER
The 700 MB data file size
capability allows efficieni
inspections on ¡arge
comoonents. Create as manv
inspáction groups as needed
with up to 512 focal laws.
Ultravision TouchrM
embedded
The embedded advanced foca¡
law calcu¡ator with visual
feedback allows easy setup
preparat¡on. On-board
volumetric merge and
measurement tools enable
oowerful data analvsis and
inspection report g'eneration.
q5
LNDTTrainlng
and certircation
Processors
.
a Rockwood Company
%
HELLIER
The basic storage location of a computer is one bit
which can be inbne of two states and can be used to
represent numbers 0 or 1 . ln ultrasonic systems a
collection of 8 bits(one byte) has frequently been
used to represent the amplitude of one sample,
however, §ome are now using '10 or 12 bits to
represent the amplitude.
. I Bit of data = 6dB of Dynamic Range
. 8 Bit Data = 42dB of Dynamic Range (0-100%)
. 10 Bit Data = 54db of Dynamic Range (0-200%)
. 12Bit Data = 66dB of Dynamic Range (0-400%)
. '16 Bit Data = 90dB of Dynamic Range (0-800%)
s6
NDTTrálnlng ¿nd Ce¡ti6c¿tion
a Rockwood company
V
Digitization
HELLIER
The conversion of the analog A-scan into a string of
numbers is known as digitization and consists of
sampling the analog wave form at regular sampling
intervals.
The amplitude of each stored sample along with the
position and phase information is passed to the
computer for storage. Therefore the information is
stored in the computer is a string of numbers
representing the A-scan which can be recalled to
reconstruct the A-scan for an A-scan display or by
stacking together consecutive A-scan and B-scan
can be reconstructed.
s7 NDfTraining
añd Certifr.ation
a Rockwood Company
%
Control panel including input
and output sockets
HELLIER
. P'l is used for Transmitting
. R1 is used for Receiving
,s NDrrraini¡S and cert¡n.¿tion
I
¿
Rockwood Company
Block diagram showing basic
internal circuit mod ules
s
NDTTraining and Certifrc¿tion
Portable battery operated versus full
computer-based systems
Z
HELLIER
a Rockwood Compañy
%
HELLIER
Computer Based Systems
roo NDTTraining and cértif.¿tion
a Rockwood company
%
Beam Profile Tools
HELLIER
. Eclipse Scientific
-
ES Beamtool:
a Rockwood Company
1ol i NDTTTa¡n¡ns and certificalion
¡
Probe Center Separation(PCS) calculators for
FIat material/components
PCS = 4l3T X Tan (0)
PCS at a specific deptf
= 2T X Tan(0)
.
iD
T0FDPoFl
V
HELLIER
i0FD Pllbe
l
O = angle
NDTTraining and Ce¡t¡ncation
a Rockwood Compañy
Probe Center Separation(PCS) calculators
curve
roi
surfaces
NDTTr¿inrng and certifc¿t on
for %
HELLTER
a Rockwood Company
Z
Beam Spread Effects and Control
HELLIER
FA
FV
Sin O =; Of Sln O =DF
A- Wavelength of sound in medium
D = Crystal Diameter
F = Factor depending on the choice of cut-off
factorat the beam edge, eg. 6dB F= 0.51
and for 20dB = 1.08
loa
NDTTraining and certifrc¿tioñ
a Bockwood Company
%
Beam Spread
HELLIER
. To calculate the beam spread in the metal:
1.
2.
3.
4.
i05
N DT
For the chosen beam center angle in the metal
calculate the angle in the probe shoe, theta
shoe
Calculate the beam spread, X degrees, in the
shoe
Work out the range of angles in the shoe, 0"¿,,
+ y and O"nor- y
Use snells law to work out the corresponding
beam edge angles in the metal for the two
angles 0shoe * y and Qr¡r"- y in the shoe.
Training añd Certilcation
a Rockwaod Company
Z
Beam Spread
HELLIER
. Beam spreads for 60 degrees:
¡."rt!", L.--:
Frequency,
Mhz
f. t"ot iZoil¡
Beam Spread for center angle of 60
degrees in steel
D=6mm
D = 10mm
d = 1smm
3
402-94
473-440
51
5
47 .3
10
3.2
r06 Nur llarnrn9 áño Lefrncanon
-
1-72.2
A4
51.9
-
70.6
54.5
-
66.5
68.5
55.8
-
64.8
57.1
-
63.1
-
a Rockwood Company
%
Beam Spread
HELTIER
. Effective volume of coverage for 45 and 60
.
degree probes
40mm thiCkneSS
2r.a"t.-, .
i
tt.!:..
Beam Spread, degrees in steel
,ú NDrrr¿iniie
Angles,
Degrees
D=6mm
D = lomm
D = 15mm
45
340-57
38.8
51.8
408-499
60
47.3-84
51.9 -
70.6
54.5
-
66.5
70
54.0
59.6
90
62 6
-
82.1
-
90
and certi6calion
|
Multiple Zone Coverage and
Limitations
-
a Ro.kwood Company
%
HELLIER
. On materials with thick walls, one pair of
TOFD probes will not be sufficient to cover
the entire materialthickness. ln this
instance two or more pairs of transducers
are used to inspect the entire volume.
ros NDrrraining and certification
]
a Rockwood Company
Multiple Zone Coverage and
Limitations
roq NDTTr¿inrn9 and Certifc¿tlon
%
HELLIER
a Rockwood Company
%
Probes
HELLIER
Accuscan "S" - The Accuscan S series is intended to
provide excellent sensitivity where axial resolution is
not of primary importance. Typically a longer wave
duration and relatively narrow frequency bandwidth
Centrascan "C" - Provide excellent sensitivity with a
high signalto-noise ratio in difficult-to-penetrate
materials.
Videoscan "V" - Untuned transducers that provide
heavily dampened broadband performance. Best for
applications where good axial or distance resolution
is necessary or in tests that require improved signalto-noise in attenuating or scattering materials.
1ro NDTTrainlng
and Cefi6.ation
a Rockwood Company
Composite Materials
%
HELLIER
. Barium titanate BaTiO3 - Better Transmitter
. Lithium Sulfate - Better Sensitivity
. Quartz - Not very sensitive
111 NDTTÉining and Certiication
Dampening Characteristics
a Rockwood Compa¡y
V
HELLIER
. The backing is usually a highly attenuated,
high density material that is used to control
the vibration of the transducer.
112 NDTTraining and Certificat on
a Rockwood Company
%
Selection of FrequencY and
Diameter
,
HELLIER
a Rockwood CoñPanY
NDITr¿inlng ¿nd Certlfc¿t¡on
Wedges
fl
:ir-41!
s-i1451-ltic
srt-4il'iHc
4'
sl1-60i
sT2.i0L
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sfi.ó01-lHc
s12-5GL-tHa
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70
sti7oL'iaa
sr?-?oi- Jc
'10
ira NDrTraining and certincatio¡
1
¿
Rockwood ComPanY
%
Scanners
NDTTráinln9 and Cenincation
HELLIER
a Rockwood Company
w
Mechanized
HELLIER
Use of automatic TOFD inspection has a great
advantage where require higher POD, greater accuracy,
more méasurements, faster procedures and elimination
of human involvement
Automatic TOFD may offer a solution by taking multiple
readings and averaging results: errors are reduced and
may even be eliminated. Also automated TOFD is a
fasier procedure where measurements entail complicated
settincj up, triggering, result interrogation and evaluation
proceáules m-áual-measurement éystems are inevitably
slow.
Automated system, on the other hand can perform better
scan in the same surfaces due to their constant speed
and constant force contact.
i,6 NDTTr¿inins and certifc¿t on
I
¿
Rockwood Company
%
Semi-Automated
HELLIER
Uses probes fixed to a scanner with wheels
but controlled manually
Flex Scanner
Chain Scanner
Compact Scanner
r17 NDTTraining and ceñilcatlon
a Rockwood Company
Semi-Automated: Compact Scanner
.
Z
HELLIER
Smalland versatile
manual one-axis
encoded scanner.
It can be used with
up to four probes
on plates and for
circumferential
scans on pipe as
small as 4 in.
schedule(4.5in. OD)
-
iis
NDT
I
Traiñins ¿nd certircation
a Rockwood Compary
Semi-Automated: Flex Scanner
.
Z
HELLIER
The HSMT-Flex is
intended for manual
one axis encoded
inspection of
circumference welds
on pipes of 4.5 in. OD
and greater. The
scanner can be fitted
with up to 8 probes
using optional probe
holders, thanks to its
capacity to bend in the
center.
iie I NDTTraininq and certincatlon
a Rockwood Compañy
I
Semi-Automated: Chain Scanner
Z
HELLIER
The CHAINTM scanner is the
optimum, manual pipe-inspection
solution for a pipe range with
outside diameter of 45 mm to 965
mm (1.75 in. to 38 in.) and the
possibility of two encoded axes.
The scanner, which is held by
chain Iinks instead of magnetic
wheeis, js able to inspect
ferromaqnetic or non-feffor¡aqnetic
surfaces.
Main applications are:
C¡rcumferential-pipe weld
inspections with phased a..ay,
TOFD, or conventional UT
Corros¡on mapping of small areas
with Dhased arrav or conveni¡onal
UT (üsing XY; 2 éncoder models)
1,o NDrrráinin9 and ceftifr€ation
I
a Rockwood Company
Automated - Weld Rover
.
r2r
%
HELLIER
The WeIdROVER is a
simple, industrialstrength, one-axis
encoded motorized
scanner that provides
fully automated data
acquisition. lt makes
efficient phased array
weld inspections on
ferromagnetic piping or
vessel using up to 6
probes. UT, TOFD, PA.
NDTfra¡ninq and certiication
Automated - Pipe Wizard
a Rockwood Company
%
HELLIER
The PipeWIZARD is an
automated girth weld
inspection system
using phased array and
conventional UT
techniques (AUT).
Specially designed for
in-site weldlo-weld
inspection in extreme
environments, onshore and off-shore.
r,,
I
NDTTraini¡s ¿nd certifrcation
¿ Rockwood Company
%
Manual
HELLIER
Manual test may introduce
many errors, because
measurements are taken once,
at a s¡ngle t¡me.
Human involvement means
these orocesses must be
undertaken at human speed;
Using Manual system it is very
diffcult to ma¡ntain the constant
speed and the constani force
aoniacl where the surfaces are
not smóoth. Due to variable
speed and non-constant force
cbntact, in many cases, usinq
Manual system ¡t is impossible
to scan non-smooth surfaces
properly.
r-i
NDT-Ir¿iniñ9 and certiñc¿tion
a Fockwood company
w
HELLIER
Testing Techniques
1r.a
I
NDTTráinln9 and certiñcation
a Rockwood Company
Line Scans(single tandem probe setups)
.
rb
certlfcation
Line Scans(multiple probe setups)
r26
HELLIER
One probe is setup
on one side of the
weld, the other is
setup on the other
side of the weld
using a pitch catch
technique through
the weld using angle
beam longitudinal
wedges.
I NDTTraininq and
j
%
NDT Tralning and Certrficaiion
á Rockwood Company
%
HELLIER
Z
Raster Scans
HELLIER
. Raster Scans are
done by indexing
the probe along
each pass.
z
NDTTraining ánd cedifi.¿tion
a Rockwood Company
%
HELLIER
Calibrations
r2a NDTTrainlng
and Certi6catioñ
a Rockwood Company
%
Material Velocity
Calculations
HELLIER
_ zls"+d") -zs
.V=-\";;"1:
ILb_LL)
. Tt* =?7 + 2to
. Tb*='&*
*rro
a Rockwood Company
12s NDTfraining and Certiñcatioñ
Combined probe delay(s)
calculations
.
HELLIER
r¡.following formúlae are used to calcu,ate the IOFD beams:
.
Wedged Delay- ¡0,
irf
.
.
w
p)! i¿
- ,.-" 'r ,.,
LW = time taken for lateral wave to iravel from probe to probe (Us)
s
-
oist¿nce of probe to welo cenle- li_e
c = material velocity (mm/ps)
io = wedge delay (ps)
D = materia thlckness
TbñE
Ime
at backwall
NDTTr¿inin9 and Certi6.átion
a Rockwood Company
Combined probe delay(s)
calcu Iations
%
HELLIER
BW = timetaken lor ihe sound to iravel from the probe to baclovall back to prcbe (gs)
s = distence of probe lo weld ceniér line
c = maie.ial velocity (mmlps)
D = ñraterial f,iclsless {mm)
t0 = wedge deiay (us)
As wdl as ülese fundamental formulae, basic Snell's láw and bea§r spread calculations are
used to caiculate and ploi the 6dB beam divergence from the beam center line.
NDTTrainlng and certifr cation
Velocity Calculation
a Eockwood Company
Z
HELLIER
. V= z(sz +az)s -zs
{tn-t)
i3, NDTfrainins
I
¿nd certincatioñ
a Rockwood Company
Z
Digitization rates and
sampling
HELLIER
Digitizing Frequency:
Usually set between 5
and 12 times the probe
frequency. Determines
the resolution on the AScan(number of samples
vs. the range)
The larger the number
the better the A-scan
resolution
rr3
NDTTkini¡q ¿nd Cenific¿tion
a Rockwood Company
V
Digitization rates
HELLIER
Digitiing f¡eqüerey: F,xar4le:
25 MHz
_-I
1a
NDTTraiñin9 and certifr(ation
5
MI{z probe)
50 MHz
r¿¿J.pr..
100 MHz
zae
stpres
a Ro.kwood Company
Digitizer
Size
*
%
Data Sampling
HELLIER
. The number selected indicates the resolution
.
of the amplitude digitization; this resolution
influences the size of an elementary data
sample, and therefore the size of the
resulting data file;
8 bits: this option generates ultrasonic data
with 255 different amplitude levels.
NDI1É¡nlns and certifr.atio¡
135
a Rockwood
compa¡y
I
V
SignalAveraging
HELLIER
Averaging: Defines the number of A-Scans
recorded per acquisition step; the displayed
A-Scan is an averaging of those signals
Adjusting Averaging will affect scanning
.
speed
The larger the number the better the image
t __
u
i36
|
NDTTrálnins and ce¡tifrcation
'-.-.--'-.
-.-
t
u
lÁ....o.d
rsrsnar
I
_t
a Rockwood Company
Pulse width control
%
HELLIER
The pulse width is impodant when using
TOFD in that it helps to optimise the shape of
the received signal.
+\/oltage: Defines thte applied voltage( sa.ne
for all charrnels)
.* Pr.¡lse \rvidth:
P*' : ( P r o b e FTe ¿auenc), { L4 d z) )=,
r37 NDTTrai¡in9
and Certiication
PCS and angle selection
.
a Rockwood company
V
HELLIER
Focus 2/3 ¡nto the part
PCS = 4/3 T x Tan (e)
-
.
Focus at gpecif¡c depth
-
r3s
2TxTan(e)
This formula is used to
improve the image to
evaluate an indication.
NDTTráining and Certi6cation
a Rockwood Compa¡y
%
Sensitivity
.
13e
I
HELLIER
Sensitivity is normally done on the base
metal of the area being inspected
NDrrr¿inin9 and Certincation
a Ro(kwood Compañy
Z
Pre-amplifiers
HELLIER
. Diffracted signals in
.
general are low in
amplitude requiring
pre-amplifies to
amplify them.
Required to amplify
diffracted signals
r40 NDTfrainlng
and Ce¡ti6cation
5682-lct01
a Rockwood Company
Z
Effects of curvature
,
I
HELLIER
As seen above the top of the material is not being
inspected
NDTrrá ¡rn9 ¿nd certLfcátioñ
a Rockwood company
Z
HELLIER
Data collection
1a, NDrrrainins and certincation
I
a Rockwood Company
Single Probe Setups
Z
HELLIER
Different single
probe
scanners are
available.
This setup has
a probe on
each side of
the weld.
1a3 NDfT.aining and Certifcatlon
Multiple Probe Setups
r14 NDTTralnlng and certifrcation
a Rockwood Compa¡y
Z
HELLIER
a Roclwood company
Non-encoded scans
%
HELLIER
. Time-based data storage
-
-
Data is not collected, through screen displays can
be saved and reported. ln some manual units, it is
possible to collect scans using time-based data
collection; however, this data is inherently unreliable
compared with encoded data since the measured
defect length will depend on the operator's scanning
speed, and lengths not calibrated
For some circumstances 2D images can improve
defect assessment and data storage. Some
applications e.g. Hydrogen lnduced Cracking, a
beam sweeping unit may be adequate.
145 NDTLaining añd Cerlilcation
a Rockwood Coñpany
Encoded Scans
.
.
Line Scans
%
HELLIER
-
One line Scan
- Parallel
- Non-Parallel
1a6
LNDTTTai¡¡ns
and ce¡tification
a Rockwood Company
Encoded Scans
%
HELLIER
. Raster Scans
r47 NDTTraining and Certitcation
Probe offsets and indexing
a Rockwood Compañy
%
HELLIER
For 213 through the Material:
u 4/3(T) X Tan 0
For a specific Depth:
-PCS=2TXTan0
r4a
NDT
Traini¡g and Certifi.ation
a Rockwood company
w
HELLIER
Proced u res
rae NDTTraini¡g and CeIt¡f!a!ion
Specific Applications
a Rockwood Coñpany
%
HELLIER
Base material scans
As with all other non-invasive techniques where
the measurement of transmitted signals is used
to determine condition, TOFD is susceptible to
the effects of energy dissipation through
diffusion, absorption and attenuation and,
because very small changes in signal response
provide the basis of detection, the technique is
arguably less suited to use on very coarse grain
material than its counterparts.
r50 NDTTrainlng and aertinc¿tion
a Ro.kwood Company
Z
HELLIER
Weld Inspect ons
NDrrraining and certitcation
15r
]
a Bockwood Company
Z
Detection and evaluation of
fabrication weldinq flaws
HELLIER
. Detection and evaluation of fabrication
welding flaws
15,
I
NDrrrainlns añd cert¡frc¿tion
a Rockwood compány
%
Weld lnspections - Cracks
HELLIER
TOFD is generally accepted as be¡ng part¡cularly sensit¡ve to
'tight' vertlcally orientated planar defects such as cracks and
30 degrees
LOF, where the disposition of the discontinuity is
off normal to the main beam axis.
All d¡scontinuit¡es absorb and radiate the mechanical energy
induced bv ultrason¡c excitation (vibration). Because TOFD
emolovs á discreet transmitter and receiver, the maioritv of
radiatéd (reflected) energy is ignored and only the ('diffrácted)
signals emanating from the peripheries of defects are detected.
This applies irrespective of size. type. orientation or position and,
orovidino the defects fall within the effective beam envelope, the
ivery lorñ amplitude) signals diffracted from iis edges will be
capfured and displayed in correct relative position.
i
1$ NDrÍainins and Cefif.atio¡
]
a Rockwood Company
Z
Weld lnspections
Laminations
HELLIER
. Horizontal Planar Defects - Laminations
. TOFD detects the presence of such defects
as laminations and lack of inter-run fusion
but is also capable of accurately depth
posit¡on¡ng and area sizing them.
rs4 NDTTraining
and Certifcation
a Rockwood Company
Weld Inspections - Transverse
Defect, %(^
. Because defects radiate diffracted signals in
all directions and because the characteristic
wide beam fans both horizontaland vertical
planes, TOFD is equally sensitivity to most
transverse defects - even when axial
scanning is performed where the main beam
axis lies in the same plane as the defect
itself.
r55 NDrTrainins and certifcation
|
Weld lnspections lnclusions
a Roclwood company
%
HELLIER
. !nclusions
. lt is commonly believed that TOFD cannot
resolve slag and porosity. This is not the
case - but with particularly poor quality
welding where the incidence of such defects
is high.
r56 NDrrraining añd
|
certilcatlon
a Rockwood Company
%
Weld lnspections - Root Erosion and
lncomplete Penetration
HELLIER
. Detection of volumetric loss such as weld
root erosion and partial penetration weld
d imensional verifications
i'
NDTTrainins aod celtifcat¡on
I
a Ro(kwood Compány
%
Weld Inspections Geometric Limitations
HELLIER
. Geometric Limitations
. Transitions
. lnsulation on the pipe or component
i5s NDTrrainins and certincation
I
a Rockwood Company
Weld lnspections Cladding Thickness
.
%
HELLIER
Cladding Thickness and integrity evaluations
r5, NDrr¡aining and cerriñ<ation
a Rockwood Company
I
Complex Geometries
w
HELLIER
Transitions, nozzles, branch connections,
tees, saddles, etc.
Because of its nuclear origins, TOFD has
been developed and proven for use in some
very complex geometric conditions. These
include flange to vesselwelds hemispherical
components, nozzles (including the
detection and sizing of radial cracks
propagating from the'crotch' area) and other
forms of set in and set on penetrations.
rú NDrrr¿inl¡s
I
and certifcation
a Rockwood Company
Complex Geometries
Transitions
V
HELLIER
This type of
configuration maybe
difficult to inspect
because the change
in materialthickness.
r6r
NDfTra¡ning añd Certifcation
Complex Geometries
Nozzles
16, NDTTraining
and Cert¡icatioñ
a Rockwood Compañy
Z
HELLIER
¿ Ro.kwood Company
Complex Geometries
Branch connections
-
V
HELLIER
. Probes can be
mounted on the
branch connection.
r$
NDTfraining ¿nd Cert¡frca!ion
Complex Geometries
Tees
r6a NDTTrainino
and Certifr.ation
a Rockwood Compnny
w
HELLIER
a Rockwood Comp¿ny
Data Presentations
%
HELLIER
. A-Scan
. D-Scan
Gray scale imaging and Bscans
V
HELLIER
With TOFD data the succession of A-scans collected
along a scan are displayed as a B- or D-scan. Bscan generally means a scan across a weld
D-scan - a scan along the weld.
Both have the same appearance and are made up of
a succession of A-scans and for the following
description ihe general term B-scan will be used.
Because the TOFD diffraction signals are very weak
the may not be easily seen on an individual A-scan
but in the B-scan display they are generally easily
recognizable since the eye is very efficient at picking
out patterns in the data.
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Data Presentations
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Data Evaluation
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Codes/StandardsiSpecifications:
ASME Section V Article 4
-ASME Section Vlll
-ASME Section Xl
_ASME 2235
-
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-
EN 583/6
BS 7706
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Codes
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This proposes a table of acceptance criteria
for all indications that are detected(prEN
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Flaw Characterization
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. Patterns for Surface Breaking Defects
-
-
For Surface breaking cracks the expected TOFD
B or D-scan will be modified. Thus if the defect
breaks the upper surface the lateral wave will
normally be
For cracks open to ihe backwall the resultant Dscan, the effect on the back wall depends on the
height of the crack.
,?5 NDrrrainins and certifc¿tion
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Data Evaluations - Cracks
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HELLIER
. For cracks with small penetration into the metal
.
.
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the diffraction signal should be seen just above
the back wall with normally no change in the
appearance of the backwall signal.
lf the crack penetrates in somewhat further the
backwall signal may lose some amplitude and
have a dip due to the longer path for sound at
the edge of the beam still being reflected from
the backwall and getting to the receiver.
lf the crack penetrates sufficiently far the back
wallsignalwill be cut off.
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Loss of Couplant
.
.
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HELLIER
During scanning its very easily to lose good
contact with the. Loss of couplant removes
signals from the A-scan(lateral and backwall)
and should not be confused with loss of part of
the signal.
Loss of the lateral wave but with the lateral
wave still present indicates a surface opening
crack
Loss of back wall but with lateral wave still
present indicates a rear surface opening crack.
NDTTrainins añd certifi.atlon
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Plate Laminations
NDTTraining and ce¡tif catlon
a Rockwood Compary
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HELLIER
¿ Rockwood Company
Clad Vessel
NDTTrainlns and
certilcatio¡
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Tank Corrosion
NDT
Traiñing ¿ñd certifrcation
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HELLIER
a Rockwood Company
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HELLIER
a Rockwood Compary
Hydrogen Blistering
NDT Train n9 and
Certif.¿tlon
Weld Root Erosion
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NDTTraiñlns añd certificarion
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HELLIER
a Rockwood company
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HELLIER
a Rockwood Company
Weld Root Erosion
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Steel Forgings
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NDrrraining and.érrinc¿tion
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HELLIER
a Rockwood Compañy
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a Rockwood Company
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lncomplete Root Penetration
HELLIER
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Note the two signals from the top & bottom
NDTTraiñi¡9 ánd cert frc¿tion
a Rockwood Compañy
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Lack of Root Penetration
HELLIER
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Note the inverted phase behareen LW and defect
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NDTr¡áinin9 and certircation
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Lack of Fusion - Side Wall
HELLIER
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Note the two signals from the top & bottom
NDTfraining and certifi c¿rion
a Rockwood Company
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Porosity
HELLIER
Porosity may image in many forms whether
individual or cluster
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a Rockwood Company
Transverse Crack
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HELLIER
ln the LW we can observe the wide beam effect on the crack
NDTTraining añd Certilc¿tlon
a Rockwood Company
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Concave Rooi
HELLIER
Distortion of back-wall echo
NDTTraininq and Certin.atior
a Rockwood Company
Lack of Fusion - lnterpass
NDT
Training and certiicatlon
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Root Crack
%
HELLIER
a Rockvvood Company
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HELLIER
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Data Evaluation
HELLIER
. Flaw Dimensioning:
-
-
One suggestion is to measure the iime at a
crossover point when the cycle changes from
positive to negative. The sample nearest point to an
amplitude of zero should be chosen.
lf the lateral wave starts with say a positive cycle
take the reading at the start of the cycle. The
equivalent time at the back wall signal will then be,
because of the phase change, the start of the
second negative cycle has been chosen because
the amplitude is much greater and there are more
cycles.
193 NOTT¡aining and ceñifcation
a Rockwood Company
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-
Software Tools
Lateral Wave Synchronization
HELLIER
. Lateral/back wall synchronization Straightens the image of the Lateral wave
giving an improved image and sizing.
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After
a Rockwood comp¿ñy
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Software Tools
Lateral Wave Removal
HELLIER
. Removes the Lateral Wave as to
improve resolution of near surface
indications
Before
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¿nd certifcation
Software Tools - SAFT
Synthetic Aperture Focusing
Technique(SAFT) is a
computer enhanced imaging
technique for the detect¡on and
characterizat¡on of
discontinuiiies. The technique
takes advantage of the
nonlinear ohase shift of a
reflection ás a discontinuity ¡s
Iinearly scanned.
lmoroved lateral resolution and
a liiqher s¡gnat-to-noise ratio
are achieved by using phased
shift, mathematically simulating
the focusing of an ultrasonic
lens that is focused on every
point in an inspected part.
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NDTTraining:ndCelt16€ation
After
a Rockwood Compány
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HELLIER
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Parabolic Cursors
HELLIER
Parabolic Cursors are
used to size
indications in height
and length. These
curve because of the
time variation
between the surface
and the backwall.
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INDTTT¿inin9
and certificat¡on
a Rockwood Company
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Reporting
HELLIER
lmaging Outputs
One can take screenshots instead of
generating a report in the equipment.
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a Rockwood Company
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HELLIER
.
.
Open the lndication table
lnform the customer that
the table can be turned
on/off without losing data
and can be saved with or
without screen images
a Rockwood Company
NDTTrainl¡g and Cerrifr catlon
Analysis=ReportTable
.
.
.
-
HELLTF-
Add the defect into the
report using the cursor
positions applied earlier.
Repeat process for one
additional defect.
Also add a comment to
one of the defects as
applicable- LOF, porosity
etc
] NDT Tr¿ininq and
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certifc¿tion
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HELLIER
.
.
.
Reporting is a very important
conclusion to a weld
inspection.
Often conventional reports
are nothing more than a hand
written form signed by the
operator.
Highlighting the
completeness and overall
value of the OmniScan report
is very important.
NDTTraining añd Certilca!ion
Repoding '- Overv-iew
.
Formatting Reports
.
Modifying Report Fields
.
Building and Previewing
.
Saving report and data
.
Custom Reports
I
NDrTrainlng and certincation
a Ro.kwood Company
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HELLIER
"
a Rockwood Company
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HELLIER
.
.
.
The Table report is a
detailed report which can
include multiple indications.
The Complete layout will
only allow for one
screenshot to be entered.
El
For practical purposes you
can always use the table
format and turn on all
sections.
NOT
Traiñing and Certific¿fon
a Rockwood Company
%
HELLIER
.
Highlight the different User
Fields, Note, Headers, and
addit¡onal parameters that can
be added into the report.
.
.
lf time allows, enter information
into one of the user fields.
Try to highlight the flexibili§ for
them to generate information
that is important to them
d¡rectly into the report.
NDTTrainins ánd ceñifcation
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a Rockwood Company
the
Report
Z
"I!LL!!R
Take this opportunity to
name the report
Explain how the File name
is applied to each different
file type
Explain the d ifferent ways
to save data
N
Dr rraining and cert,ncatlon
I
a Rockwood Company
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HELLIER
.
Recall the report and review
each section quickly,
focusing on the Defect
Table
.
Mention the fact that the
Olympus Logo can be
changed to lead into custom
reporting capability.
I
NDrr'ainins and ceni¡cation
a Rockwood Company
Repoding = Universal Formatting
.
.
Z
HELLIER
Highlight the universal format used for reports(HTML).
This format makes it easy to send reports to the end
customer and enables it to be opened with Windows
and other major operating systems.
Can be converted to .pdf and sent via email.
a Rockwood company
NDr r.áinins and ceriiñcation
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HELLIER
.
Equipment and Software
Details- Basic lnfo
oLYMPt S.
orni§oh
RepoÉ
Customer Generated User
Fields
.
Probe lnfo
.
FFT info if FFT performed
,oa
NDTTráiñlnS añd certincation
I
a Rockwood Company
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HELLIER
.
Basic Setup and
UT parameters
Gate Positions
and Thresholds
Focal Law
Calculator/Beam
pa rameters
,m NDrrrainins
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Reporfing - Repol
.
Part Parameters
.
Scan Parameters
.
Defect Table
I
a Rockwood €ompany
and certificátion
NDrTrainins añd certification
Sections
%
IELLIEI
a Rockwood Company
Z
HELLIER
.
.
Individual indication
entries with readings
and comments as
applicable
Screenshots of
indication entries
NDrrráinins and certifcation
a Rockwood Company
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Z
.
A report is a good wrap up ofthe
entire presentation they can use
with other decision makers to
explain the features they were
Dresented across different
bepartments in a single easy to
transmit document.
alyMPl.!'s'
The reoort from the demo is one
of the best visual reminders of
the OmniScan strengths
Send the reDort to the customer
and provide' any necessary follow
up
NDITrainrng ¿nd Certiñc¿tioñ
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Reporting
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HELLIER
Plotting, ACAD, etc...scan plan
The scan plan can be generated in the
equipment or by an offline beam simulation
software.
,r3 NDrrraining and certiñcation
|
a Bo(kwood Company
%
HELLIER
2ra NDTTraining and Certlfication
a Rockwood Company