SOKOINE UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED SCIENCES.
DEPARTMENT OF CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS.
RESEARCH PROJECT PROPOSAL.
TITLE; INVESTIGATION OF VARIATION AMOUNT OF COMPOUNDS EXTRACTED FROM
COMMIPHORA SWYNNERTONII AT DIFFERENT TIME OF DAY IN SOKOINE UNIVERSITY
OF AGRICULTURE
MAZIMBU-MOROGORO
JUMA MOHAMEDI HAMISI
EPC/D/2020/0013
GEORGE HESRON ERNEST
ECB/D/2020/0141
PAULO MARTHA A
ECB/D/2020/0128
NAME OF SUPERVISOR: DR FAITH MABIKI.
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1. INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background
Medicinal plants are worldwide valuable sources of herbal drugs. There are over 1300 medicinal plants used
in Europe, of which 90 % are harvested from wild resources; in the United States, about 118 of the top 150
prescription drugs are based on natural sources. Furthermore, up to 80 % of people in developing countries
are totally dependent on herbal drugs for their primary healthcare, and over 25% of prescribed medicines
in developed countries are derived from wild plant species (Chen et al. 2016). World Health Organization
(WHO) (1996) recognizes medicinal plants as the primary source of health care to more than 80% of
developing countries. Among of these medicinal plants are commiphora species founding in Asia and Africa.
Commiphora Swynnertonii is among the plants that have been used by some Tanzanian tribes to treat various
diseases in humans and animals (Bakari et al., 2011, Mkangara et al., 2014). In Tanzania commiphora plant
is used by several tribes for treatment purpose for example Maasai tribe use this for combating against
various ectoparasites affecting livestock acaricidal agents for killing ticks in cattle. The genus Commiphora
has been demonstrated to exhibit a wide range of biological activities such as anti-inflammatory and
analgesic anti-hyperglycemia and antioxidant hepatoprotective, antibacterial and anticancer activities.
Commiphora species have also been demonstrated to have anti-ulcer, anti-fungal molluscicidal and
antischistosomal activities (Willbrord et al 2014). However, many studies which have been conducted about
the importance or effect of compounds produced with Commiphora Swynnertonii as medicinal plants no
studies reported the variation number of different compounds extracted from Commiphora Swynnertonii at
a different time of a day. The aim of this study is to investigate the variation amount of compounds extracted
from Commiphora Swynnertonii at different time of a day.
1.2
Problem statement and justification.
People have limited knowledge on how light intensity age of plants contributes to variation of amount of
compounds extracted from it. Also, the amount of compounds needed for treatment may be extracted in
excess or insufficiency, this may to lead partial recovering of patient or increase of disturbance in the body
of a patient due to introducing of excess new substances. Due to this problem, the aim of this study is to
investigate the variation of different compounds extracted from Commiphora Swynnertonii at different time
of a day. This study if successful conducted will provide information that may help people such as
traditional physicians and scientists to be aware of the specific amount of compounds extracted from
Commiphora Swynnertonii at a certain time in order to be used for treatment and other uses like scientific
research so as to avoid the effects like insufficiency of compounds required for investigation in
pharmaceutical activity, the use of proper dose so as to avoid effects like hormonal disturbance and
metabolism imbalance and also, may lead to increases the capability of a patient to recover in time.
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1.3
1.3.1
Objective
General objectives
The main purpose of this study is to understand the variation number of different compounds
extracted from Commiphora Swynnertonii at different time of a day.
1.3.2
Specific objectives
i.
To determine how light intensity affects types of compounds extracted from
Commiphora Swynnertonii.
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
Basing on recent studies different scholars work on the same plant species but on other way of interest.
Commiphora swynertonii has been researched aiming at determining and solving various research problem.
According to David Credo et al (2022) conducted a research on activity of sterols isolated from the leaves of
Commiphora Swynnertonii against nosomial infections bacteria and findings of study shown that the presence
of antibacterial active compound on leaves of commiphora swynertonii and further confirm and claimed
traditional uses of this plant in the treatment of bacterial infections. Another finding from Garmary et al (2012)
studied the effect of resinous extract from commiphora swynertonii on experimental coccoidal infection in
chickens and their results of findings show that indicated that resinous extract from commiphora swynertonii
has significant anti-coccidial effect infections in chickens. According to Bakari Kaoneka and Margaret Mollel
(2012) carried out a research based on acaricidal activities of commiphira swynnertonii against the brown ear
tick (Rhipicephalus) and their findings shown that commiphora swnnertonii extract it induce mortalities of
71% and 54% respectively around two weeks old nymphs.
Also according to Bakari et al (2015) carried a research study on effect of commiphora swnnertonii resin
extract on various physiological parameters in chickens and the findings reveal that an administration of resin
extract in chickens which caused no undesirable effect at lower doses but when the dose is increased more
the effect is clear seen and observed. Also another research carried out by Yakob et al (2016) based on a study
on trypanocidal activity of ethanolic extracts of commiphora swynntornii on trypanosoma congelense but this
research finding provide the evidence that ethanolic stem bark extracts of Commiphora Swynnertonii possess
trypanocoidal activity against trypanosoma colengence.
Although different scholars conducted many research concern on commiphora swynertonii plant on various
research topics but no research has been conducted on investigation of variations of compounds extracted
from commiphora swynertonii resin at different time of a day. Among the problem confronting this research
is about awareness of people to understand what compounds present in excess amount from commiphora
swynertonii plant at a different time of a day and by considering age factor of a plant.
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3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Area of study
Identification the variation amount of different compounds extracted from Commiphora
Swynnertonii at different time of a day.
3.2 Research design
The experimental design that will be used to carry out the research is quasi-experimental design
since there will be no randomization of sample collection in Commiphora Swynnertonii resin
extract.
3.3 collection and instrument
Commiphora Swynnertonii saps will be collected and taken to the laboratory for further
experimental investigations.
3.4 Sample preparation and extraction
The Commiphora swynnertonii resin and other parts will be collected as sample, separation and
identification of different compounds will be studied using thin layer chromatograph and UVlamp technique
3.5 The following are the materials used.
Organic sample solution, developing solvent (Hexane, Methanol, ethyl acetate, 𝐶𝐻2𝐶𝑙2), TLC
stunning reagent, TLC plates (Aluminum, Glass or plastic), UV-lamp, Diamond tipped Glass
cutter, TLC chamber, test tube, Sharped knife, filter paper and beaker
3.6 Experimental procedures.
Thin layer chromatography and UV-lamp will be used as separation and identification of
different compounds from Commiphora Swynnertonii. The principle of separation technique
using thin layer chromatograph relies on the relative affinity toward both phases, that is
compounds in mobile phase will move over stationary phase and experimental procedure
explained as follow:
TLC plate will be marked at the bottom with the aid of pencil then the plate dipped into
Commiphora Swynnertonii sample resin. Methanol as mobile phase will be poured into TLC
chamber then plate will be immersed into TLC chamber that contain methanol in such a way that
the sample resin faces the methanol then the chamber closed with a lid. Development of spots
will be waited and once spots are developed the plates will be taken out and dried. Then sample
spots will be visualized under a UV-lamp.
Example- the leaves, roots, resin and barks will harvested then…
3.7 Data Analysis and presentation.
The data will be analyzed through quatitative data analysis methods, SPSS method and presented
through charts, graphs and word.
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SCHEDULE OF ACTIVITIES AND DURATION
27.12.2022
15.02.2023
06.04.2023
26.05.2023
15.07.2023
PROPOSAL WRITING
PROPOSAL ASSESMENT
DATA COLLECTION
DATA ANALYSIS
REPORT WRITING
REPORT SUBMISION
RESEARCH PRESENTATION
Starting date
RESEARCH
REPORT
REPORT
PRESENTATI
SUBMISION WRITING
ON
25.07.2023 16.07.2023 17.06.2023
Duration (days)
5
12
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DATA
ANALYSIS
28
DATA
PROPOSAL PROPOSAL
COLLECTION ASSESMENT WRITING
01.06.2023
20.02.2023
01.02.2023
27.12.2022
14
99
17
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SOURCE OF FUNDS AND BUDGETS
The source of money that will needed during our conducting research will be provided by our parents
and department which is about 145000/=’
ACTIVITY
AMOUNTY
LABORATORY
15000/=
STATIONARY
50000/=
EMERGENCY
30000/=
TOTAL
145000/=
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REFFERENCE
i.
Bakari, G. G., Max, R. A., Mdegela, R. H., Phiri, E. C., & Mtambo, M. (2012). Antiviral activity of
crude extracts from Commiphora Swynnertonii against Newcastle disease virus in ovo. Tropical
animal health and production, 44(7), 1389-1393.
ii.
Bakari, G., Max, R., Mdegela, R., Phiri, E., & Mtambo, M. (2011). Antibacterial and antifungal
activity of Commiphora Swynnertonii (Burtt) against selected pathogens of public health importance.
Res J Biol Sci, 6, 175-9.
iii.
Chen, S. L., Yu, H., Luo, H. M., Wu, Q., Li, C. F., & Steinmetz, A. (2016). Conservation and
sustainable use of medicinal plants: problems, progress, and prospects. Chinese medicine, 11(1), 110.
iv.
Kalala, W., Magadula, J., & Mdegela, H. (2014). Evaluating Acaricidal activity of Commiphora
Swynnertonii (Burtt.) bark exudates against common ticks in Tanzania. Int J Herb Med, 2, 19-25.
v.
Kevin, B. (2017 Effect of climate change on availability, access and use of medicinal plants in the
Nadowli Kaleo district of the upper west region of Ghana (doctoral dissertation, university of Ghana,
region).
vi.
Maghembe, R. S., Mpemba, J. A., & Alfred, M. (2016). Effect of resin extract from Commiphora
Swynnertonii (Burseraceae) on biochemical parameters in in rats. African Journal of Biomedical
Research, 19(3), 249-255.
vii.
Mkangara, M., Chacha, M., & Kazyoba, P. (2014). Antimicrobial and cytotoxicity efficacy of
Commiphora Swynnertonii (burtt) extracts. Int. J. Sci. Res, 3, 1611-5.
viii.
Mkangara, M., Erasto, P., & Chacha, M. (2014). Acaricidal activity of Commiphora Swynnertonii
(Burtt) stem bark extracts against adult Rhipicephalus Appendiculatus newman and Amblyomma
Variegatum. American Journal of Research Communication, 2(9), 82-92.
ix.
Rotimi, K., Edeh, F. K., Aiden, J., Itiola, A. J., & Obamiro, K. (2022). Factors that influence
pharmacists' efforts in addressing substance use in Nigeria: An exploratory study. Exploratory
Research in Clinical and Social Pharmacy, 8, 100189.
x.
Willbrord, M. K., Joseph, J. M., & Robinson, H. M. (2014). Ethnobotanical use of Commiphora
swynertonii Burrt amongst Dorobo people in Tanzania. Journal of Medicinal Plants Research, 8(23),
820-828.
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SIGNATURE OF STUDENTS AND SUPERVISOR
Student’s signature 1
Student’s signature 2
Student,s signature 3
Supervisor’s signature
SUBMISSION: January 2023
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