19TH CENTURY MATHEMATICS
The 19th century was a period of great mathematical progress, with many notable mathematicians
making significant contributions to various areas of mathematics. Here are some prominent
mathematicians from the 19th century:
1. Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855): A German mathematician, Gauss made significant
contributions to various fields, including number theory, algebra, and geometry. He is
known for his work on the fundamental theorem of algebra, Gauss's law for electric fields,
and the development of the method of least squares.
2. Augustin-Louis Cauchy (1789-1857): A French mathematician, Cauchy made important
contributions to mathematical analysis, including the theory of functions of a complex
variable and the development of rigorous definitions of limits and continuity. He also made
significant contributions to the theory of partial differential equations.
3. Niels Henrik Abel (1802-1829): A Norwegian mathematician, Abel made pioneering
contributions to the field of algebraic equations and laid the foundation for the modern
theory of equations. He is known for his work on elliptic functions and the Abel-Ruffini
theorem, which states the impossibility of solving general equations of degree higher than
four by radicals.
4. Évariste Galois (1811-1832): A French mathematician, Galois made groundbreaking
contributions to algebra and group theory. He developed the theory of Galois groups and
Galois theory, which laid the foundation for modern algebra and has applications in many
areas of mathematics and science.
5. Bernhard Riemann (1826-1866): A German mathematician, Riemann made significant
contributions to analysis, number theory, and geometry. He is known for his work on
Riemann surfaces, Riemannian geometry, and the Riemann zeta function, which has
important applications in number theory and physics.
6. George Boole (1815-1864): An English mathematician, Boole made groundbreaking
contributions to the field of mathematical logic. He developed Boolean algebra, which is the
foundation of modern digital computer design and has applications in computer science,
engineering, and other fields.
7. Karl Weierstrass (1815-1897): A German mathematician, Weierstrass made important
contributions to mathematical analysis, particularly in the area of real analysis. He is known
for his work on the theory of functions, including the development of the concept of a
mathematical limit and the theory of uniform convergence.
8. Sofia Kovalevskaya (1850-1891): A Russian mathematician, Kovalevskaya made significant
contributions to the field of partial differential equations and mechanics. She was the first
woman to obtain a doctorate in mathematics and made pioneering contributions to the
study of rotating bodies, which are now known as the Kovalevskaya top.
9. Arthur Cayley (1821-1895): A British mathematician, Cayley made significant contributions
to various areas of mathematics, including algebra, geometry, and matrix theory. He is
known for his work on group theory, the Cayley-Hamilton theorem, and the development of
the theory of matrices.
10. Pafnuty Chebyshev (1821-1894): A Russian mathematician, Chebyshev made significant
contributions to various fields, including number theory, probability theory, and
approximation theory. He is known for his work on prime numbers, the Chebyshev
inequality, and the development of Chebyshev polynomials.
These are just a few of the many notable mathematicians who made significant contributions
during the 19th century. Their work laid the foundation for many areas of modern mathematics
and continues to influence the field today.
20th century mathematicians
The 20th century was a period of significant advancement in the field of mathematics, with many
notable mathematicians making groundbreaking contributions. Here are some prominent
mathematicians from the 20th century:
1. Alan Turing (1912-1954): Known for his work in computer science, Turing made significant
contributions to the field of mathematics, particularly in the areas of computability theory,
artificial intelligence, and cryptography. He is often considered the father of modern
computer science.
2. John von Neumann (1903-1957): A Hungarian-American mathematician and polymath, von
Neumann made significant contributions to a wide range of mathematical fields, including
game theory, quantum mechanics, and computer science. He was a key figure in the
development of the modern digital computer.
3. Andrei Kolmogorov (1903-1987): A Soviet mathematician, Kolmogorov made important
contributions to probability theory, statistical mechanics, and turbulence. He is known for
developing the theory of stochastic processes and the Kolmogorov-Arnold-Moser theorem
in celestial mechanics.
4. Emmy Noether (1882-1935): A German mathematician, Noether is known for her work in
abstract algebra and theoretical physics. She made groundbreaking contributions to the
field of algebra, including Noether's theorem, which relates symmetries in physics to
conservation laws.
5. Kurt Gödel (1906-1978): An Austrian-American mathematician, Gödel made significant
contributions to mathematical logic, particularly in the area of incompleteness theorems.
His work on the foundations of mathematics had a profound impact on the philosophy of
mathematics and computer science.
6. Jean-Pierre Serre (born 1926): A French mathematician, Serre made major contributions to
algebraic geometry, number theory, and topology. He is known for developing the theory
of Galois representations and for his work on modular forms, which has applications in
cryptography and coding theory.
7. Paul Erdős (1913-1996): A Hungarian mathematician, Erdős was known for his prolific and
collaborative work in graph theory, number theory, and combinatorics. He is credited with
co-authoring over 1500 mathematical papers, making him one of the most prolific
mathematicians in history.
8. Alexander Grothendieck (1928-2014): A French mathematician of German descent,
Grothendieck made groundbreaking contributions to algebraic geometry and other
branches of mathematics. He developed the theory of schemes, which has become a
fundamental tool in modern algebraic geometry.
9. Maryam Mirzakhani (1977-2017): An Iranian mathematician, Mirzakhani made significant
contributions to the field of geometry and dynamics. In 2014, she became the first woman
to be awarded the Fields Medal, one of the highest honors in mathematics, for her work on
moduli spaces of Riemann surfaces.
10. Terence Tao (born 1975): An Australian-American mathematician, Tao has made significant
contributions to various fields, including number theory, harmonic analysis, and partial
differential equations. He is known for his exceptional mathematical talent and has received
numerous awards, including the Fields Medal.
These are just a few of the many notable mathematicians who made significant contributions
during the 20th century. There are countless others who have advanced the field of mathematics in
diverse ways, and their work continues to influence the field today.
21st Century Mathematicians
As the 21st century is still ongoing, it is challenging to provide an exhaustive list of mathematicians
who have made significant contributions to the field, as there are many mathematicians currently
active and making groundbreaking discoveries. However, here are some prominent
mathematicians who have made notable contributions in the 21st century:
1. Maryam Mirzakhani (1977-2017): An Iranian mathematician, Mirzakhani was the first woman
to win the Fields Medal, one of the highest honors in mathematics. Her work focused on
complex geometry, particularly the study of moduli spaces of Riemann surfaces, and she
made significant contributions to the understanding of the geometry of these spaces.
2. Terence Tao (born 1975): An Australian-American mathematician, Tao is known for his work
in various areas of mathematics, including number theory, harmonic analysis, and partial
differential equations. He has made significant contributions to the field of arithmetic
combinatorics and has won numerous awards for his research, including the Fields Medal.
3. Maryna Viazovska (born 1984): A Ukrainian mathematician, Viazovska made a
groundbreaking discovery in 2016 by solving the sphere packing problem in dimension 8.
This is a long-standing problem in mathematics that had remained unsolved for over 300
years, and her work has implications in coding theory, cryptography, and other areas of
mathematics.
4. Akshay Venkatesh (born 1981): An Australian mathematician, Venkatesh has made
significant contributions to the field of number theory, particularly in the study of
automorphic forms and representation theory. He has won several awards for his research,
including the Fields Medal, and is known for his deep insights and innovative approaches to
mathematical problems.
5. Emmanuel Candès (born 1970): A French mathematician, Candès has made significant
contributions to the field of compressed sensing, a cutting-edge area of applied
mathematics that has applications in signal processing, image reconstruction, and data
science. His work has revolutionized the field of signal processing and has led to many
practical applications.
6. Maryna S. Prus (born 1972): A Ukrainian mathematician, Prus has made significant
contributions to the field of functional analysis and operator theory. Her work focuses on
the study of operators on Hilbert spaces and has applications in quantum mechanics and
mathematical physics.
7. Cédric Villani (born 1973): A French mathematician, Villani has made significant
contributions to the field of partial differential equations and kinetic theory. He was
awarded the Fields Medal in 2010 for his work on the Boltzmann equation and has been
recognized for his innovative and interdisciplinary approach to mathematical problems.
8. Lisa Piccirillo (born 1981): An American mathematician, Piccirillo made a significant
breakthrough in 2018 by solving the 50-year-old problem known as the Conway knot
problem. Her work resolved a long-standing question in knot theory and made significant
contributions to our understanding of low-dimensional topology.
These are just a few examples of the many mathematicians who are currently making significant
contributions to the field in the 21st century. The field of mathematics continues to evolve and
advance, and there are undoubtedly many more mathematicians who will make notable
contributions in the future.
Famous mathematics and their contributions in Math.
1. Euclid (c. 325-265 BC) - Best known for his book "Elements," which is a collection of
mathematical propositions and proofs, including the famous Pythagorean theorem.
2. Archimedes (c. 287-212 BC) - Made significant contributions to mathematics, including the
principle of buoyancy and the development of calculus.
3. Isaac Newton (1642-1727) - Developed calculus independently and made major
contributions to the study of optics, motion, and gravitation.
4. Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) - Considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time,
Euler made major contributions to almost every area of mathematics, including calculus,
number theory, graph theory, and topology.
5. Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) - Made significant contributions to number theory,
algebra, statistics, and geometry, including the development of the normal distribution.
6. Bernhard Riemann (1826-1866) - Made major contributions to complex analysis, number
theory, and geometry, including the famous Riemann hypothesis.
7. Emmy Noether (1882-1935) - Known for her contributions to abstract algebra and the
development of Noether's theorem, which relates symmetries to conservation laws.
8. Alan Turing (1912-1954) - Considered the father of computer science, Turing made major
contributions to cryptography and the development of the first computer.
9. John von Neumann (1903-1957) - Made significant contributions to set theory, quantum
mechanics, and game theory, including the development of the modern computer
architecture.
10. Andrew Wiles (born 1953) - Known for his proof of Fermat's Last Theorem, one of the most
famous problems in mathematics.