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Battery Thermal Management System Using Phase Change Material on
Trapezoidal Battery Pack with Liquid Cooling System
Article · May 2020
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International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 5, (2020), pp. 5288 - 5300
Battery Thermal Management System Using Phase Change Material on
Trapezoidal Battery Pack with Liquid Cooling System
G. Murali1*,V. Nagavamsi2,A. Srinath3, M. Arul Prakash4
Professor1*, PG Scholar2, Professor3, Associate Professor4
1*,2,3,
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation,
Green Fields, Vaddeswaram, Guntur (Dt) Andhra Pradesh-522502, India.
Department of Mechanical
4
Engineering, Sri Sairam Engineering College, Chennai-600044, India.
1*
muralinitt@gmail.com,2nagavamsi10@gmail.com,3srinath@kluniversity.in,
4
arulmprakash@gmail.com
Abstract:
The usage of Electric Vehicles (EVs) is rapidly increasing in recent years as they are eco-friendly
and due to shortage of fossil fuels in future. Lithium ion battery cells are widely used batteries for EVs
and hybrid electric vehicles. Because of their high specific charge, power densities and long life. In
Battery Thermal Management System (BTMS) liquid cooling strategy has its own advantages and
disadvantages. Liquid cooling strategy has some issues like leakage of Phase Change Material (PCM)
when it completely melts and low heat transfer rate from cells to tubes. In this paper, novel design of
trapezoidal battery pack is proposed with Composite Phase Change Material (CPCM) based liquid
cooling system. Paraffin wax (PA) is used as PCM and graphite powder as high thermal conductive
particles. CPCM is prepared in three compositions and filled in between the cells having 5mm gap.As
PCM has low thermal conductivity, graphite powder (high thermal conductive particle) is employed into
PCM. Thermal conductivity is enhanced from 0.25up to 2.7 W/mK and heat transfer rate is enhanced
dramatically.The performance of battery pack is investigated by varying various flow velocities of coolant
atdifferent discharge rates. And compare with the normal trapezoidal battery pack, battery packwith pure
PCM and CPCM. Experimental tests carried at 28-30℃ ambient temperature and discharge rateslike
1C,2C and 3C.From the results, it is observed that CPCM based trapezoidal battery pack shows effective
heat transfer rate than PCM based battery pack. And also, in liquid cooling system based BTMS uniform
temperature distribution is achieved and Maximum Temperature (Tmax)is maintained at optimum range
i.e. below 45℃ in all test conditions.
Key Words: BTMS, Electric vehicles, Liquid cooling system, CPCM, Thermal conductivity.
1. Introduction
The growth of EVs is rapidly increasing from last few years in electric vehicle industries. As
these EVs are free from emissions and eco-friendly. These EVs run motor by electricity supplied through
batteries. But the efficiency of batteries is more concerned now a days as the life cycle of these battery
cells are degrading. Generally, lead acid batteries are used previously which are substituted by Lithium
Ion Batteries (LIBs). Lithium ion batteries are far better than any other battery cells because it has high
power densities, specific energy, long cycle life and very less self-discharge rate. But, performance and
efficiency of the LIB cells depends on maximum operating temperature. This temperature should be
dissipated to environment in order to maintain reliability and safety of battery modules. The lifetime and
capacity of battery modules are degraded at maximum operating temperatures while, in cold climate the
energy output decreases. In EVs more heat accumulation, battery degradation and low efficiency is due to
improper design in thermal management system. Therefore, improving lifecycle, safety and performance
of battery modules/packs are still a major challenge.
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An effective battery thermal management system (BTMS) should be incorporated into the electric
vehicle. To assure that operating temperature of battery pack lies between optimum range (40-50℃)and
maintain uniform temperature distribution with in the cells. For designing effective battery thermal
management system several analyses and experiments are conducted by employing various types of heat
transfer medium into battery packs and modules. Some of the types of heat transfer medium are aircooling [1,2], liquid-cooling [3,4], heat pipe cooling [5,6], refrigeration cooling [7] and phase change
materials cooling [8].From all these cooling techniques, phase change material cooling gives high heat
transfer rate which provides better cooling performance compared to other techniques. Phase change
material (PCM) has ability to store more heat while changing its phase. Comparing to air cooling
technique PCM based BTMS has high cooling rate and better structure over liquid cooling and good
application for all types of batteries as heat pipe cooling is particularly subjected to rectangular shaped
surfaces. There are two challenges for the application of PCM based BTMS as pure PCM like paraffin has
lower thermal conductivity, it doesn’t suit for larger applications. Low surface heat transfer coefficient is
another limitation which leads to heat accumulation due to lack of available latent heat.
Low thermal conductivity of PCM canbe enhanced by some methods like employing high
thermal conductive particles [9,10], metal foams [11,12], nano particles and carbon fiber.When PCM
completely melts, heat accumulation occurs and causes thermal runaway that leads to failure of battery
module or pack. So,hybrid thermal management system is necessary to obtain better cooling capacity.
That means combining two or more techniques to reduce maximum temperature rise of battery packs and
modules. Chen et al. improved BTMS by analyzing space distribution along the battery cells in modules
through air cooling technique. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method is used for analyzing
different cell spacing models of battery pack to calculate maximum temperature rise. By optimization, it
is concluded that maximum temperature rise can be reduced up to 3K and temperature difference is
minimized up to 60% [13]. Fan-Fie et al designed BTMS incorporated with PCM and analyzed thermal
performance. By increasing cell spacing distribution, it is found that maximum temperature rise is
decreased approximately 5K. Whereas are maximum temperature difference is very less. So, by
improving cell to cell spacing, thermal conductivity of PCM and melting point maintains battery pack at
optimum temperature [14]. By these studies, it is observed that incorporating PCM with other techniques
gives better cooling performance.
Comparing to air cooling, liquid cooling has more cooling performance as specific heat of fluid is
three times more than air. Even temperature distribution among the cells can be achieved from liquid
cooling technique. In liquid cooling the volume flow rate is less compared to air cooling. Although air can
be blown in large flow rates to get better heat transfer rate, pressure losses and inefficiency are two major
problems in air cooling technique. So, liquid cooling has better ability to transfer heat than any
othertechnique. In liquid cooling technique, coolant can pass through direct contact and indirect contact in
which both types are efficient in their respective applications. When coolant is passed over the surface of
battery cell, it is direct contact. Whereas coolant when passed by means of tubes, channels and cold plates
[15] i.e. indirect type of liquid cooling. PCM based BTMS employed with liquid cooling gives effective
cooling performance and high heat transfer rate compared to other techniques. Therefore, cooling
performance, efficiency and reliability of battery pack increases. Some of the demeritsof PCM based
BTMS employed with liquid cooling are volume change [16] and anti-leakage [17] of PCM, it is active
cooling so power supply is needed to flow coolant. And also, liquid is heavier than air cooled system.
This paper aims to improve thermal conductivity of PA by employing high thermal conductive
additives into PCM. And reduce maximum temperature rise, temperature difference, and also heat
accumulation at center of the battery pack. In previous studies anti-leakage and anti-volume change
properties of PCM are not concentrated while in design.Which results in improper temperature
distribution along battery packs. So, in this study these issues are resolved by appropriate construction of
novel trapezoidal shaped battery pack. 18650 cylindrical lithium ion batteries are considered for
developing battery pack with trapezoidal shape. For this experimental study, initially normal battery pack
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is designed and used to investigate thermal behavior under different discharging rates. Later using PCM,
composite phase change material (CPCM), CPCM with liquid cooling within the battery pack was
investigated at various loads and different liquid flow velocities. The main study focuses on comparison
of PCM cooling over CPCM based liquid cooling systems in ordered to maintain battery pack at optimum
temperature range and uniform temperature distribution.
2. Model and methodology:
2.1 Model description
Trapezoidal battery pack was developed for the current study in which Samsung 18650
cylindrical lithium ion cells are used. Cylindrical lithium ion cells have 18mm diameter and 65mm height
made of lithium-cobalt. Battery pack consists of six modules, each module consists of four cells. Total 24
cylindricalLIB cells, which are connected in 6S4P (6 series 4 parallel) order. These 24 LIB cells are
arranged with 5mm cell spacing throughout the battery pack. Copper tubes of 6mm diameter are used for
liquid cooling system. These copper tubes are inserted in between the LIB cells with 25mm spacing.
Ethylene glycol mixed with water in 1:1 ratio is used as coolant which passes through copper tubes. The
trapezoidal battery pack is designed with 64⁰ tapered angle. Around 60-65⁰ tapper angle is optimal for
design of battery pack [18]. Capacity of trapezoidal battery pack is 24V and 10Ah. Aluminum sheet of
2mm is surrounded around and wooden plates at the top and bottom side of battery pack. The model of
trapezoidal battery pack with and without liquid cooling system is presented in Figure1.
Figure1. Model of trapezoidal battery pack a. trapezoidal shaped battery pack b. trapezoidal
shaped battery pack with liquid cooling system
2.2 Methodology
Battery pack is modeled with trapezoidal shape having 24V and 10Ah capacity with 24 LIB cells.
Thermal performance of trapezoidal battery pack is investigated at different discharging rates like 1C,2C
and 3C. Thermal behavior is monitored by connecting battery pack with temperature sensors at various
points. PCM is added into the trapezoidal battery pack and thermal behavior is investigated at different
loads. PA is used as PCM having 47℃ melting point. Thermal physical properties of PCM is presented in
Table.1.
Table1.Physical properties of Paraffin wax
Property
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Melting point
47℃
Specific heat capacity
2.970 kJ/kgK
Thermal Conductivity
0.25 W/mK
Latent Heat
2258 kJ/kg
Density
975 kg/m3
To enhance PCM’s thermal conductivity, high thermal conductive particles are employed into PCM.
Graphite powder is used as high thermal conductive particles. These particles are added at three different
compositions like 20%, 25% and 30% into the PCM to form CPCM. This CPCM is employed into the
battery pack and thermal behavior is investigated similarly. Temperature sensors placed at various points
is shown in Figure2. Thermal behavior is investigated at six different points is monitored by six
temperature sensors. Top left and right extremes, center, bottom left and right extremes, another at
ambient are the positions in which sensors are placed. Later liquid cooling system is designed and coolant
is passed through copper tubes in battery pack. By varying flow velocities of liquid coolant, thermal
behavior is investigated. Several tests are carried out in detail to provide best and effective cooling system
for BTMS.
Figure2. Trapezoidal battery pack showing positions of temperature sensors placed at different points.
3. Experimental Setup:
3.1 Preparation of CPCM
Composite PCM is mixture of PCM material and high thermal conductive additives/particles. In
this paper PA is phase change material and graphite particles are additives. In which paraffin has high
latent heat capacity which acts as heat storage material whereas graphite particles help in enhancing
thermal conductivity in PCM. Graphite particles are added to PCM for improving heat absorption rate.
The graphite particles composition for mixing with paraffin is chosen as 30%, 25% and 20% to the weight
ratio. Magnetic stirrer with hot plate is used for preparation of CPCM which is shown in Figure3.
Paraffin wax is melted at 100℃, when paraffin completely melted graphite particles are added and
stirreduntil it is evenly mixed with PA. Magnetic stirrer is used for mixing which rotates at1000 RPM, so
that expanded graphite particles mix uniformly. Finally, paraffin mixed with graphite mixture at various
compositions are collectedand poured into the mold.
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Figure3. Setup showing the preparation of CPCM a. pure paraffin wax b. with graphite powder in PCM.
3.2 Experimental setup for testing trapezoidal battery pack
Trapezoidal battery pack is tested at various stages like battery pack without PCM, with pure PCM,
with CPCM at different compositions and liquid cooling-based battery pack at different flow velocities.
Components used for testing battery pack are temperature sensors connected to data acquisition module,
50W resistors connected in series for providing various loads to discharge battery pack and PC for
monitoring thermal behavior. For CPCM based liquid cooling system peristaltic pump is used to change
various flow velocities of coolant. Figure4. representsexperimental setup for trapezoidal battery pack with
liquid cooling system.
Figure4. Experimental setup for testing liquid cooling system
based trapezoidal battery pack
4. Results and Discussion
4.1 Thermal performance of trapezoidal battery pack without PCM
Thermal performance of designed trapezoidal battery pack was tested at three different discharge
rates like 1C,2C and 3C. Temperature rise of battery pack was monitored at six different points which
includes ambient temperature. No cell spacing is considered for normal battery pack. Temperature
profiles of trapezoidal battery pack is shown in Figure5. Lines shown in graph are with respect to sensors
placed in particular position. Which can be referred from the Figure2.
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Figure 5. Temperature profiles of trapezoidal battery pack without PCM
atdifferent discharge rates (a). 1C,(b). 2C and (c). 3C
Thermal behavior of battery pack at different discharge rates of 1C,2C and 3C. Thermal performance was
monitored at different time periods because of temperature is raised beyond the limit i.e. 65℃. From
above graphs it is seen that temperature rise is more at the center of the battery pack forthree discharge
rates. Maximum temperature of trapezoidal shaped battery pack raised to 65.47℃ when no PCM is used
at 1C at 1200s. When discharge rate is increased to 2C temperature rise is increased and reach 65.53℃ at
600s.Again, discharge rate increased to 3C, temperature behavior is slightly varied with 2C andTmax is
raisedwithin 500s above 65℃.This test is carried out at 28℃ambient temperature with natural air
convection. For achieving good accuracy this test is carried out multiple times in which temperature rise
doesn’t change at same operating conditions.
4.2 Impact of thermal performance of trapezoidal battery pack using pure PCM
Trapezoidal battery pack is designed such a way that cell to cell spacing considered as 5mm as it
is optimum value. PCM is poured into the mold of trapezoidal battery pack covering 95% surface of each
battery cell. Melting point of PCM is necessary for designing BTMS based PCM. As if melting point is
high, PCM do not melt properly and Tmax is rise will be more. If PCM melting point is less, this leads to
fast melting of PCM and unable to absorb heat due to less latent heat. So, PA with 46.7℃ melting point is
considered for cooling battery pack.
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Figure6. Temperature profile of PCM based BTMS at discharge rates like
(a). 1C,(b). 2C and(c). 3C.
PCM based trapezoidal battery pack is investigated at different discharge rates like 1C, 2C and 3C at
28℃ of ambient temperature. Thermal behavior of battery pack for three discharge rates are presented in
Figure6. At the distance of 5mm (cell to cell spacing)PA was filled and worked effectively in minimizing
maximum temperature rise. At the same time period of respective discharge rates maximum temperature
rise is noted and Tmax is controlled by 8℃. As Tmax is 55.63℃ at 1C for 1200s, this is not optimum
temperature. Results suggests that better BTMS is required to reducemaximum temperature rise. Because
of poor thermal conductivity of PCM, heat transfer rate is low. In order to increase thermal conductivity,
high thermal conductive particles should be added into the PCM material. Enhancing of thermal
conductivity is discussed in next section.
4.3 Impact of thermal performance of trapezoidal battery pack using CPCM
Preparation of CPCM is carried out by three different compositions of graphite powder i.e. high
thermal conductive particles in PCM as 20%,25% and 30% to the weight ratio.Thermal conductivity of
PCM is enhanced by adding graphite powder to the value of 2.7W/mK from 0.25W/mK. Heat generated
from battery cells transferred to CPCM. Heat absorbed by CPCM is transferred to the aluminum sheet
which is surrounded to battery pack. From aluminum through air convection heat is transferred to
surroundings. Thermal performance is tested at different discharge rates for different compositions of
CPCM are presented in Figure7. As compared to pure PCM cooling strategy, CPCM based BTMS works
effectively by enhancing cooling rate. The Tmax reduced to 48.68℃ from 55.63℃ (peak temperature of
pure PCM). By optimization of CPCM, 30% weight ratio composition graphite powder into PCM is
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shown better results compared to pure PCM and other CPCM compositions. Interestingly, the peak
temperature is exceeding optimum range of 45℃.So, results show that even with CPCM based BTMS
battery pack is not able to provide sufficient cooling rate.
Figure7. Temperature profiles for CPCM based BTMS at different dicharge rates and compostions (a)
20% Graphite powder 80% Paraffin wax (b) 25% Graphite powder 75% Paraffin wax (c) 30% Graphite
powder 70% Paraffin wax
4.4 Impact on thermal performance of trapezoidal battery pack using CPCM based BTMS with
liquid cooling system.
Eventhough CPCM based battery pack gives appreciable performance than normal battery pack, heat
transfer capability is not enough to achive desirable optimum temperature.So,to increase the efficiency of
CPCM battery pack with liquid cooling strategy is introduced into BTMS. Copper rods are placed in
center of three battery cells with 25mm gap spacing. Ethylene glycol mixed with water in 1:1 ratio is used
as coolant. The surface of copper tubes are in contact with CPCM so that, heat absorbed from LIBs is
transferred to CPCM and then from CPCM to tubes. When coolant is passed through tubes then heat is
extracted at faster rate. CPCM based battery pack with liquid cooling system is tested for only CPCM
with 30% graphite powder as it shown good results comparing to other compostions.Test conditons are at
28℃ ambient temperature and different discharge rates under various flow velocities like 0.5m/s,
1m/s,1.5m/s and 2m/s. Optimization of flow velocity is done to know the minimum velocity at which best
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result is achieved. Figure8. represents the values of Tmax of CPCM based battery pack with liquid cooling
system at different discharge rates under verious flow velocities.
Figure8. Tmax values of CPCM based battery pack with liquid cooling system
at various flow velocities.
50
1C
48.42
Temperature (◦c)
48
47.55
2C
3C
46.59
47.18
46.83
45.87
46.90
46
45.38
44
43.27
44.14
43.29
41.61
42
40
38
0.5m/s
1m/s
1.5m/s
2m/s
Velocity
4.5 Effect of uniform temperature distribution in CPCM based trapezoidal battery pack with liquid
cooling system.
Temperature distribution of battery pack is vital for its cycle life, reliability and efficiency. If cell
to cell temperature difference of battery pack is not evenly spread, it leads to damage of LIB cells.
Resolving these issues is very difficult because we can’t identify damaged cells from battery pack. The
cell to cell temperature difference should be below 5℃ to maintain battery pack effectively. In this study,
cell to cell temperature difference is focused on with PCM system, with CPCM based system and CPCM
based trapezoidal battery pack with liquid cooling system at all discharge rates. For all BTMS systems
maximum temperature difference values are presented in Figure9.
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25
Max. Temperature Difference
With PCM
With CPCM 30%
CPCM with Liquid cooling
20
16
15
12
10
10
8
7.1
5.6
5
4.2
3.5
2
0
1C
2C
3C
Discharge rates
Figure9.Behavior of uniform temperature distribution within battery pack at different discharging rates.
Uniform temperature distribution of below 5℃ is successfully achieved in this study at all
discharge rates and flow velocities in liquid cooling BTMS. Values of maximum temperature distribution
is like 2℃ for PCM based BTMS, 3.5℃ is for CPCM based BTMS with 30% of high thermal conductive
particles and 4.2℃ temperature difference is achieved for liquid cooling BTMS with all flow velocities.
5.Conclusion
A novel trapezoidal shaped liquid cooling system is successfully developed incorporating CPCM
into battery pack. By CPCM heat transfer rate is enhanced results in increasing cooling efficiency. CPCM
is made of PA and graphite powder in three different compositions and optimized for better thermal
conductivity. Further cooling performance of trapezoidal battery pack is compared with different systems
like in natural convection, with pure PCM and with CPCM. This comparison study helps is studying
advantages in their respective strategies and assists in increasing efficiency.The problems in liquid
cooling system are successfully resolved by this trapezoidal designed battery pack and following
conclusions have been made.
1. Designed novel trapezoidal battery pack supports anti-leakage and anti-volume change
properties.Uniform temperature distribution of battery pack is achieved successfully.
2.Thermal conductivity is drastically increased in CPCM based battery pack compared to PCM
based battery pack from 0.25 to 2.7W/mK. Therefore, heat transfer rate is increased which results
in enhancing cooling performance of BTMS.
3. CPCM based battery pack reducedmaximum temperature rise up to 14.2% than PCM based
battery pack. And also helped to maintain uniform temperature distribution in CPCM based
trapezoidal battery pack.
4. By varying flow velocities in CPCM based BTMS with liquid cooling system, Tmax is
controlled in optimum range i.e. 40-45℃ at flow velocity of 2m/s. In comparison with previous
experimental studies, this experimental investigation is successful in achieving optimum
temperature range with low flow velocity.
5. Finally, PCM with melting point of 46.7℃ is recommended for CPCM based battery pack with
liquid cooling system. To achieve peak temperature of 44.29℃ trapezoidal battery pack
temperature, with maximum temperature difference of 4-5℃.
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To summarize, CPCM with liquid cooling system based BTMS is more efficient in cooling
performance and uniform temperature distribution than only natural convection, PCM and CPCM based
BTMS. PA with 46.7℃ melting point is recommended to use with 30% wt ratio in preparation of CPCM
to give best results. In addition to this study, investigation can be done by changing flow paths of coolant
and by employing nano particles into PCM. For achieving optimum temperature range at higher discharge
rates like 4C and 5C. This helps in promoting the practical applications using liquid cooling systems in
pure/hybrid EVs and other cases.
Acknowledgements
The authors appreciate continuous support by Center for Advanced Energy Studiesand KLEF
management for providing access for library and required facilities during this experimental study.
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Authors
Dr.G. Murali is Presently working as Professor of Mechanical Engineering at
Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (Deemed to be University), Guntur
District, A.P., India. He received B. E (Mechanical Engineering) degree from
Bharathiar University, Coimbatore and He earned his M.Tech (Thermal) at NIT,
Tiruchirappalli. He received his Ph.D. from Anna University; Chennai He is
having 19 years of Experience in teaching. He has published 34 papers in reputed
international journals and filed 2 patents and presented 8 papers in international
conferences. His current research interests include Thermal Energy Storage, Latent
heat storage, PCM, Solar water and air heaters and bio fuels. He is a Life member of The Indian Society
for Technical
Picture size should
Education (ISTE), The Institution of Engineers (IEI India) and The Indian Society of
absolute
Heating,beRefrigerating
and Air Conditioning Engineers (ISHRAE). He is member of Editorial Board/
3.18cm in height
Reviewer
Board for “International Journal of Bio Sciences & Engineering (IJBSE)”. He is a certified
and absolute
reviewer
in Elsevier publication, Also reviewer for various journals. he has conducted various programs
2.65cm in width
such as FDP, Workshop and Symposium in various institutions. Received Quality researcher award 2018
at KLEF.
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC
5299
International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology
Vol. 29, No. 5, (2020), pp. 5288 - 5300
V Nagavamsi pursued bachelor’s degree in Mechanical Engineering from Koneru
Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (Deemed to be University), Guntur District, AP,
India, in 2017. Had one publication in Scopus indexed journal with title ‘Fabrication
and comparison of mechanical properties of sandwich and laminate natural fiber
composites. Currently pursuing master’s degree in Thermal Engineering in Koneru
lakshmaiah Education Foundation, Guntur District, AP, India.
Presently Dr.A. Srinath is working as Professor and Head of Mechanical
Engineering Department at Koneru Lakshmaiah Education Foundation (Deemed
to be University), Guntur District, A.P., India. He received Ph.D. from Pt. Ravi
Shankar Shukla University- Raipur under Govt. Engg. College, Raipur as Research
Center; (Now NIT Raipur). He obtained M.E. (Machine Design) from Rajiv Gandhi
Technological University, Bhopal. He earned B.Tech. (Mechanical Engineering) from
Nagarjuna University, Guntur in 2001. He is an Experienced educational leader &
professor with over 18 years of exposure to Strategic Planning, General
Administration, Educational Envisioning, Teaching, Staff Empowerment, Training & development and
Team Building. Merit of publishing 34 research papers in SCOPUS and SCI Indexed journals with high
impact factor and SJR rankings, attending 10 Conferences/ Seminars/Workshops, coordinating for 6
conferences. Successfully Supervised 3 Ph.D. scholars for the award of PhD from JNTU-Hyderabad and
KL Deemed to be University, and currently supervising 9 Ph.D. scholars. Filed and Published 6 Patents at
IPO-India and 4 Patents Granted from IPO-India. Received UGC Research Award from MHRD-UGCNew Delhi for period between 2014-16.
Dr. Arul Prakash M is a Faculty Member in the Department of Mechanical
Engineering of Sri Sairam Engineering College, Chennai. His Teaching Experience is
19 years in the area of Thermal Engineering, Fluid Flow analysis, Heat transfer, and
Mechatronics. He obtained his post-graduation in Thermal Engineering in the year
2000. He obtained his doctoral degree Ph.D. from Anna University Chennai in the
year 2018. Presently his research work is in the field of Computational Fluid Flow
simulations and Heat Transfer. He has published five international publications in
peer-reviewed journals. His areas of interest are in Computational Fluid Flow, Heat Transfer, Renewable
Energy, jet impingement, nano-fluids and Automation.
ISSN: 2005-4238 IJAST
Copyright ⓒ 2020 SERSC
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