SPRING
DESIGNERS
HANDBOOK
HAROLD CARLSON
Consulting Engineer
Lakewood,
New
MARCEL
DEKKER, INC.
Jersey
New York and Basel
Contents
Foreword
v"
Preface
IX
xi
Acknowledgments
xiii
List of Symbols
SPRING MATERIALS
1
How Steel is Made
2
3
Metallurgy of Spring Steels
•
Chemical Elements and Their Influence
27
High-Carbon Spring Steels
Music-Wire Spring Steel
•
Hard-Drawn Spring Steels
Oil-Tempered Spring Steels
•
•
Valve Spring-Quality Steels
•
High-Carbon Valve Spring Steel
3
Alloy Spring
43
Steels
Chromium-Vanadium
Chromium-Vanadium Spring Steel Wire
Chromium-Silicon Alloy Spring Steel Wire
Valve Spring Steel
•
4
Hot-Rolled Bars for Hot-Coiled
General
•
Hot-Rolled Carbon Steel Bars (ASTM A 68 and
SAE 1095)
for Springs
iii
Springs
•
Hot-Rolled Alloy Steel Bars
•
Tool Steels
53
Contents
5
Steel Strip
High-Carbon
and Tempered
•
Cold-Rolled Steel
•
Hardened and Tempered
6
59
Flat High-Carbon Spring Steel Strip
•
Strip, Not
Cold-Rolled Steel
Strip, Hardened
Heat Treatment of Steel Strip
69
Stainless Steel Wire and Strip
General
•
Austenitic
Group 300 Series
•
Martensitic Group 400
Precipitation Hardening Group 17-7 PH
Series
•
Workability
of Stainless Steel
83
Metallurgy of Copper-Base Alloys
History
•
Ores
Mining
Hardness and Temper
•
•
7
Alloying
•
Tolerance
Stress-Corrosion Cracking
•
Spring Brass Wire, ASTM B
Wire Manufacture
•
•
Gauges
Corrosion Resistance
•
•
Workability of Copper-Base Alloys
134; Strip, ASTM B 36, Alloy
•
Phosphor-Bronze Wire and Strip Wire: ASTM B 159,
Alloy 510, and ASTM B 103, Alloy 524 Beryllium-Copper
260
•
Wire, ASTM B 197, and Strip, ASTM B 194, Alloys 1 70 and
172
•
Summary
of
Data for
Applications
Copper-Base Alloys
•
Other Copper-Base Alloys
History
•
Nickel Ores
Wire Manufacture
Resistance
•
111
of Nickel-Base Alloys
Metallurgy
•
•
Mining
Gauges
•
-
Reduction of Ores
-
Hardness and Temper
Workability of Nickel-Base Alloys
Alloying
•
Corrosion
•
Monel 400:
•
8
Monel K-500: Spring Wire and Strip
Spring-Quality Wire and Strip Inconel X-750:
Spring Wire and Strip
Inconel 600:
•
Spring Alloy Bars, Wire, and Strip
Other Nickel Alloys
Occasionally Used for Springs
9
Elinvar
Extra
*1 O
129
Constant-Modulus Alloys
•
Iso-Elastic
•
Elgiloy
•
Ni-Span
C
Alloy
902
•
Elinvar
Other Materials Occasionally Used for Springs
Fatigue Failure; Recommended Design
Fatigue Theories
•
Fatigue Tests
•
Definitions
Stresses
•
135
Recommended
Design Stresses
SPRING DESIGN
177
Compression Springs
Introduction
Springs
•
Compression Springs
Rectangular
•
*1 "1
Conical Compression
Wire Compression Springs
Diameter
Dynamic Forces Vibration, Natural Frequency,
and Surge
Compression Spring Buckling Compression
Springs with Drawbars Compression Springs—Design Hints
Changes
•
•
•
Contents
*1 2
Extension
Springs
199
Initial Tension in Extension Springs
Hooks
13
Extension
•
Springs—Design
Torsion
Springs
Torque
Design Methods
•
•
Approximate Stresses in
Hints
209
•
Design Considerations
•
Torsion
Springs—Design Hints
*14
221
Special Springs
General
Requirements for Design
Interesting Problems
•
•
Other Types of Springs
•
SPRING MANUFACTURE
15
Methods
Introduction
Grinding
243
Manufacture
•
Coiling
Pressing
Measuring
•
Looping Testing Shotpeening Finishing
Hydrogen Embrittlement Torsion Springs—Manufacturing
•
-
•
•
Problems
16
Heat Treatment
A
275
Simplified Explanation
Austempering
by
•
•
Solid Solutions
Equilibrium Diagrams
Heat Treatment
•
Grain Structure
Coloring Springs
•
Blue
Heat Treatment for Hard-Drawn and
Pretempered Spring Materials
Hardening
Springs Made from Annealed Steel
*17
•
•
Corrosion
and
Tempering
289
Galvanic Corrosion
*18
Tolerances
293
1 9
Glossary of Spring Terminology
305
20
Miscellaneous Tables
311
Subject Index
343