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But in Modern
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Technology adds
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• Brainware : the user is the person who
operates the computer in this case is human
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New Technology
Technology Trends of 2021
Learning and enhancing your skills are vital in this
technological era. This helps you to prepare
yourself for getting the highest paying jobs in the
field of your choice. And if you are a professional
already, learning new technologies and tools will
take you an inch closer to the promotion you
always dreamt of. Widening your arsenal of tools
also enhances your value as a professional in
your company.
1. Artificial Intelligence
AI is the technology used for equipping
computer systems with the ability to make
decisions like human.
(AI will help you secure jobs such as )
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Machine Learning Engineer
Data Scientist
Computer Vision Engineer
Business Intelligence Developer
Data Analyst
2. Data Science
Data Science is the technology that helps
to make sense of complicated data.
(Data Science will help you secure jobs such
as )
▪ Data Scientist
▪ Data Architect
▪ Business Intelligence Manager
▪ Data Engineer
▪ Data Analyst
▪ Business Analyst
3. Internet of Things
IoT (Internet of Things) is a network of devices
that are connected to each other. Their devices
can interact and share data with each other.
These devices may be connected via WiFi, and
they share data about their environments and
how they are being used. These devices have a
computer chip that facilitates this exchange.
(Internet of Things will help you secure
jobs such as )
• IoT Software Developer
• System Design Engineer
• IoT Product Manager
• IoT Research Developer
• IoT Solution Architect
Blockchain
Blockchain is the foundational technology
that powers electronic currencies such
as Cryptocurrencies. In simple terms, a
Blockchain is an electronic ledger that can
be shared among different users. This
helps in creating a record of transactions
that cannot be altered. Each of these
records is time-stamped and linked to the
previous one.
There is a rise in careers in
Blockchain and it will create different
job positions which are as follows:
•Blockchain Developers
•Blockchain Quality Engineer
•Blockchain Legal Consultant or
Attorney
•Blockchain Engineer
Emerging Technology
1. 5G
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Wireless mobile telecommunications
technology.
This ensures
it can be applied to:
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Wireless voice telephony
Mobile internet access
Wireless voice telephony
Mobile internet access
Fixed wireless internet access,
Video calls
2. Virtual Reality and Augmented Reality
Virtual Reality This is the generalized term for any type
of experience that essentially places the user “in” another world
or dimension.
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Immersive (flight training)
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Non-immersive (Demo, Video games )
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Augmented reality
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ASOS – virtual catwalk.
Gucci – 'try on' shoes in AR.
Toyota – vehicle demo.
Modiface on Amazon – Virtual Makeover.
Adidas – more virtual sneakers.
YouTube – Beauty Try-On.
VF – virtual mannequins.
3. Robotic Process Automation (RPA)
Robotic process automation is a form of
business process automation technology
based on metaphorical software robots or on
artificial intelligence /digital workers. It is
sometimes referred to as software robotics.
• Sophia's creator David Hanson
Low Technology
1. Low technology
Technology That is low complicated and
sophisticated and advanced and state of art
technology. do-it-yourself (DIY)
For example, a car with a low-tech engine is
easier.
• They employ people with relatively low levels of education
or skill.
• They use manual or semiautomatic operations.
• They have low levels of research expenditure.
• The technology base is stable with little change.
• The products produced are mostly of the type that
satisfies basic human needs such as food, shelter,
clothing
and
basic
human
services.
Medium Technology
1. Medium Technology
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Electrical device.
Screen magnifier.
Audio book.
Adapted cd player/music player.
Voice amplification.(mic)
Scooter.
Gait trainer.
Wheel chair.
TV
Appropriate Technology
1. Appropriate Technology
The term appropriate technology is used to
indicate a good match between the technology
utilized and resources required for its optimal
use.
•Labor-intensive technology.
•Alternate technology.
•Self-help technology.
•Village-level technology.
Example in Agriculture
Food preservation and post harvest processing.
Lack of proper processing and preservation
technologies forces farmers to sell their produce
in raw form
Tacit Technology
Tacit Technology
It is usually based on experience and therefore
remains within the minds of developers.
The technology developers are the ones who
have the know-how in question.
There is no uniformity.
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Riding a bike
Playing the piano
Driving a car,
Hitting a nail with a hammer
Putting together pieces of a complex jigsaw
puzzle,
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1 Rate of Improvement of Technology
A figure of merit for each functional capability of a
technology is to be identified.
• For a product it could be travel speed per unit time
(transport vehicles),
• or lumens per watt (lighting fixtures),
• or instruction execution rate per second
(computers).
• For a process, it could be the efficiency of fuel
utilization or reduction in waste generation.
• S-shaped growth curves are formulated to form a
system of curves depicting advancement of
technologies.
2. Rate of Substitution of Technology
• It is determined on the basis of relative changes in
the market shares of two technologies or two sets
of technologies.
• Cumulative pattern of gain in market share by a
technology exhibits S-shaped growth.
3. Rate of Diffusion of Technology
Diffusion is the process by which a new idea or new
product is accepted by the market. The rate of
diffusion is the speed with which the new idea spreads
from one consumer to the next.
In literature various theories related to technological
change have been introduced.
Some of them are summarized in the following
paragraphs (Saren, 1991; Sharif, 1986; Stoneman,
1983;
Saviotti,
1985)
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Karl Marx perceived technology as not self generating, but as a
process directed by willful, conscious, active people and
molded by historical forces.
He held that technological change - the development of the
productive forces - was the prime mover of history. The
individual entrepreneur invests and innovates because it is
rational for profit maximization or necessary for survival. Marx
seemed to be under the spell that innovations simply must be
labor-saving.
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This theory views innovation as the engine of economic development. Innovation is
defined as the carrying out of new combinations of means of production, which
include a wide variety of cases such as
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Both macro and micro-technology management seek
to raise economic efficiency.
Consistency among these two levels of management is
essential, but institutional mechanisms will largely
determine whether they are effectively combined.
While macro-support could catalyze changes, the real
actions have to take place at the industry level.
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1. Basic research:
It for the sake of increasing our general
understanding of laws of nature. It is a process of generating
knowledge over a long period of time. It may or may not result in
specific application.
2. Applied research:
It is directed toward solving one or
more of society’s problems. Basic and applied research advance
sciences by systematically building knowledge on previous
knowledge. Successful applied research results in technology
development and implementation.
3. Collaboration Teamwork is essential to getting things
done. In today’s global and digital 24/7 world, challenges are
more complex; it’s becoming increasingly important to bring
more, diverse minds to the table and to break down silos.
Collaborative process is more than working together. It
means the ability to think together and to act on complex
projects. A successful collaboration is mainly based on
Listen and explore—What can we do together?
Learn and adjust—How will we learn together?
Focus and align—What should we do together?
Link and leverage—What will we do together?
4. Technology development: This is a human activity that
converts knowledge and ideas into physical hardware,
software, or service. It may involve demonstrating the
feasibility of an idea, verifying a design concept, or building
and testing a prototype.
5. Technology implementation: A step-by-step process or
“roadmap” for technology Implementation, which outlines
how to plan, implement, and sustain the use of technology in
the target market.
6. Production Across all production environments, most
manufacturing processes fit into one of five generalcategories:
• Repetitive
• Discrete
• Job Shop
• Process (batch), and
• Process (continuous)
To get single product out of the door, most companies use a
combination of more than one of these environments.
7. Marketing/Commercialization is the process by which a
new product or service is introduced into the general market.
The process of commercialization is broken into phases, from
the initial introduction of the product through its mass
production and adoption. It takes into account the production,
distribution, marketing, sales and customer support required to
achieve commercial success.
Innovation Management
Innovation, is not only necessary prerequisite
for the continued survival and development
of enterprises. The most direct way of
business innovation is through technological
innovation, disruptive innovation or social
innovation.
Management of innovation, however, plays a
significant role in promoting technological
and institutional innovation.
Gregory’s (1995) five step model
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