Level 4 HND in
Construction Management
Unit 14
Credit value 15
Unit 14 :Building Information Modelling
2022-2023
Learning Outcomes
1- Discuss the term Building Information Modelling in the context
national and global developments in the construction industry.
of local,
2- Describe the basic concepts surrounding Building Information Modelling.
3- Discuss the differences in purpose between Building Information Modelling
and its associated outcomes, and traditional forms of construction information.
4- Assess ways in which the design and construction process of an asset influences
the way that asset is managed and maintained.
Assessment Criteria
Pass
Merit
Distinction
LO1 Discuss the term Building Information Modelling in the context of local,
global developments in the construction industry
national and
D1 Critically analyse the impact
P1 Explain the term Building M1 Analyse the importance of
Building
Information
Information Modelling, and how it Building Information Modelling in of
relates to the construction industry.
Modelling on the construction
the construction industry.
industry and how it can
M2 Analyse the way that key
P2 Discuss the key terms and terms and consistency of these positively affect both the capital
definitions in regard to Building terms should inform all members
and operational phase of a
Information Modelling.
of a project team.
facility.
The importance of BIM in a global context and the need to export skills
How BIM is important for the countries?
While the idea of BIM as a technology has been around for over a decade, it is only recently that BIM
has become popular in the industry and among researchers. This shift is less than a decade old with
many researchers and practitioners reporting the beginning of the ‘BIM age’ between 2005 and 2008. A
flurry of activity surrounding BIM is evident in the industry and in academia in the USA and the UK.
BIM is now widespread around the globe, with many nations reporting that BIM is affecting their
respective industries at various levels. The construction industry in the developed world is rushing to
embrace BIM as a catalyst for gaining operational efficiencies, with BIM adoption increasing
tremendously in the last three to five years.
The world around us is becoming technologically advanced every day.
With increasing urbanization
and smart cities gaining momentum, all the major countries around the globe have started paying
attention to its adoption of BIM. Adoption of BIM can help the country create a strong foundation on
the infrastructure side, making it set an example to others.
The importance of BIM in a global context and the need to export skills
How BIM is important for the countries?
The importance of BIM in a global context and the need to export skills
Status of BIM adoption globally:
Research activity focusing on BIM has also increased.
Most of the information available in the
research literature and industry publications is therefore primarily focused on a select few countries,
mostly from the developed world.
Developing countries
Developing countries have not yet arrived on the scene. This may seem contradictory: the volume
of construction is poised to increase, and the gains that can be achieved from using BIM in
developing countries could be enormous.
The state of research, education and practice pertaining to BIM in the rest of the world, especially
the emerging markets, remains largely undocumented. With a significant shift in construction output
expected towards emerging markets, it is prudent to explore the topic of BIM from their perspective.
The importance of BIM in a global context and the need to export skills
Status of BIM adoption globally:
Let’s understand how different countries across the globe are progressing in BIM adoption.
United Kingdom:
With government support, the UK has radically adopted BIM strategy that has
glorified the global image of UK designers, contractors, and other
professionals. In April 2016, government mandated BIM Level 2 on all the
public projects. UK’s construction industry is one of the most technologically
advanced and digitized industry in the world. After the initiative taken by the
government, The national BIM report have shown that 20 percent of the
industry have adopted it successfully and have gained a 12% increase since
2017.
The importance of BIM in a global context and the need to export skills
Status of BIM adoption globally:
Let’s understand how different countries across the globe are progressing in BIM adoption.
United Arab Emirates:
The UAE is a rapidly growing and urbanizing economy with
the construction industry’s significantly supporting sector to
this humongous growth. Many of the famous buildings had
used BIM and have been on the rise before the mandate was
passed by the government, which was in the year 2014. It is
mandatory for all the projects that are 40-stories and higher,
or 300,000 sq. ft. and larger. BIM adoption seems to be slow
in UAE, but some of the significant projects have used BIM.
BIM Uptake Influence On Ongoing Megaprojects In UAE, Egypt
• ALEC, Besix, Orascom construction, Ssangyoung, ASGC have adopted BIM for their projects in middle
east.
• Dubai’s ICD Brookfield Palace Tower constructed by South korean contracting giant Ssangyong is
using BIM.
• Grand Egyptia Museum is being built by Belgian Contractor Besix alonside Orascom Development uses
the BIM – “Nowadays you would consider that completely normal – Every project generally gets done
using BIM”.
• Contractors, as head of UAE operations for voltas, Gumeet Nanda explianed at MEP conference, UAE
in 2019 – “BIM reminded an under-utilised technology process in the regional construction and civil
engineering sectors. Not being utilized to even 10% of the capabilities”.
The importance of BIM in a global context and the need to export skills
Status of BIM adoption globally:
Let’s understand how different countries across the globe are progressing in BIM adoption.
United States:
BIM was initially utilized and successfully implemented in the
1990s all around the world. The United States were the pioneers to
get their hands-on BIM development and adoption in the 1970s in
the construction industry. BIM isn’t mandated across all the states
yet, but it is expected to grow significantly. Wisconsin state
implemented and made it mandatory to implement BIM for public
projects if equal or above the total budget of $5 million. But it is
only in the last three years the adoption of BIM has escalated. The
implementation process of digitalizing the construction industry in
the US has been slow, and it is because it is in the experimental
form.
The importance of BIM in a global context and the need to export skills
BIM in the UK:
In the UK BIM progressed fairly slowly until the UK government’s BIM Task Group released its
BIM Policy in May 2011.
This has been called the BIM ‘light
bulb moment’ for the UK
construction sector. Now the UK is considered to be leading the way,
influencing global BIM
initiatives.
One of the key contributions of UK BIM activities is the BIM maturity model (known as the BewRichards BIM maturity model; see the Figure). This ramp model demonstrates a systematic
transition of BIM maturity levels in the industry. At level 0 the delivery and operation of
projects/assets relies on two-dimensional (2D) information that is primarily paper-based, leading to
inefficiencies.
The importance of BIM in a global context and the need to export skills
Benefits of BIM Globally:
At the project level numerous benefits can be attained by using BIM.
Project team members report that BIM allows improved visualisation,
better coordination (including clash detection and resolution)
and
reduced rework. The study captures the top benefits of BIM adoption
by companies globally, as shown in the Figure.
In the latest McGraw Hill report into the value of BIM in
Construction, it again showed that the main benefits for contractors
using BIM was the reduced errors in construction.
Software like Navisworks can apply clash detection processes and
significantly reduce the chance of needing to fix a problem on site, or
going back to the drawing board and halting works whilst an error is
resolved.
The importance of BIM in a global context and the need to export skills
Benefits of BIM in the construction industry:
For the professionals (architects, surveyors, engineers)
involved in an infrastructure project, BIM allows for a
virtual information model to be communicated from the
design team to the main contractor and subcontractors and
then to the owner/operator with each specific professional
adding specific data to the single-shared model.
The whole system is designed to reduce information
losses that traditionally occur especially when a new team
takes over a project. It also provides extensive
information of complex structures.
Utilizing BIM in the construction sector resulted to higher
quality work, greater speed and productivity, and lower costs for building professionals in terms of
design, construction, and operation of buildings (Laiserin, 2002).
The importance of BIM in a global context and the need to export skills
Benefits of BIM in the construction industry:
In a McKinsey report, one study found that 75% of
companies that have adopted BIM reported positive returns
on their investment (RIO) with shorter project life cycles
and savings on paperwork and material costs. Because of
these benefits, various governments like Britain, Finland,
and Singapore, mandate the use of BIM for public
infrastructure projects
BIM increases productivity in labor. In a study involving a
small contracting enterprise, the impact of BIM on labor
productivity was quantified and findings demonstrated a
75% to 240% increase in labor productivity for modeled and
prefabricated areas.
Return on investment (ROI): is a performance measure used to evaluate the efficiency or profitability of an investment
or compare the efficiency of a number of different investments. ROI tries to directly measure the amount of return on a particular
investment, relative to the investment’s cost.
Importance OF BIM In Construction Industry
Traditional Construction
Also commonly referred to as “Design-Bid-Build,” this remains the most traditional process for
construction projects in the U.S., where the owner will separately contract with a designer and building
contractor. A design firm is hired to deliver ready-to-use design plans, and then the owner will solicit
bids from contractors to complete the work.
There is no contractual relationship or obligation between the designer and builder, and the landowner bears
all responsibility for the completeness of the design documents. Likewise, an owner should have some
technical knowledge and be prepared to spend time and resources managing their own project.
PLANNING ---- DESIGN ----- PERMITS & APPROVALS ---- SITE PREP &
DEVELOPMENT.
Documented Inefficiencies Of Traditional Approaches
This shows how traditional practices contribute unnecessary waste and errors. Evidence of poor field
productivity is illustrated in a graph developed by the Center for Integrated Facility Engineering (CIFE)
at Stanford University (CIFE 2007). The impact of poor information flow and redundancy is illustrated
using the results of a study performed by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
(Gallaher et al. 2004).
CIFE Study of Construction Industry Labor Productivity
Extra costs associated with traditional design and construction practices have been documented through
various research studies. Figure below.
(Chuk Eastman, 2011)
NIST Study of Cost of Construction Industry Inefficiency
The NIST study included commercial, industrial, and institutional buildings and focused on new and “set in place”
construction taking place in 2002. The results showed that inefficient interoperability accounted for an increase in
construction costs by $6.12 per square foot for new construction and an increase in $0.23 per square foot for operations and
maintenance (O&M), resulting in a total added cost of $15.8 billion. NIST determined that the following costs resulted from
inadequate interoperability across U.S filed construction industry.
(Chuk
Eastman, 2011)
Of these costs, roughly 68 percent ($10.6 billion) were incurred by building owners and operators. These
estimates are speculative, due to the impossibility of providing accurate data. They are, however,
significant and worthy of serious consideration and effort to reduce or avoid them as much as possible.
“Widespread adoption of BIM and the use of a comprehensive digital model throughout the
lifecycle of a building would be a step in the right direction to eliminate such costs resulting from
the inadequate interoperability of data”.
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
Managing Construction Information During Across The Life of a BIM- Enabled Project
(Roy Crotty, 2017)
Information management on BIM projects is not a great deal different from good project information
management practice generally. Successful implementation of the Building Information Modeling
approach on a project requires careful attention to three important issues:
• The structure of the project organization and the type of procurement strategy;
• The implementation of agreed exchange file formats for all key applications, identifying the types of
information that might be exchanged between the different applications;
• The implementation of agreed information interchange protocols, identifying the originator of each type
of information and the status or level of detail it should contain at each interchange point throughout the
duration of the project.
BIM implementation strategy
In the implementation scenario envisaged here, the architect creates the baseline architectural model of the
building and publishes it to the members of the team. (Ideally, even at the very earliest stages of design,
the team should include the main contractor or construction manager.)
Project organization and procurement strategy:
There are a number of ways in which the overall project can be organized to take advantage of the Building
Information Modeling approach. The crucial requirement is that, from the beginning, the principals and
project managers from each of the key organizations – client, architect, principal consultants and main
contractor – should agree explicitly to make information management a strategic issue on the project.
Main contractor:
The form of project organization in which BIM has been most widely used is probably design and
build (D&B). The key feature of D&B is the transfer of almost all project delivery risk from the
client to the D&B contractor.
The latest RICS / Davis Langdon ‘Contracts in Use’ survey shows that between 1985 and 2007, the proportion of
projects delivered under D&B forms of organization increased from 8 per cent to 32.6 per cent.14 Whether this
rate of growth has continued through the current recession remains to be seen(AIAS077630), but it would seem
to be likely that D&B will continue to be used on a significant proportion of UK projects. Because in this
arrangement the consulting team are all employed directly by the main contractor, he can influence them
strongly in the systems they use and the standards and protocols deployed on the project. D&B will probably
be the most important proving ground for BIM working in the coming years. One of the most favorable
environments in which to deploy BIM methods is in management forms of contract: construction
management, where the client contracts with and pays the specialist contractors directly; and management
contracting, where the management contractor holds the contracts and makes the payments. the main
contractor, referred to from here on as the construction manager (CM), becomes part of the professional team,
paid on a cost plus fee basis, and engaging collaboratively with the other members of the team. The CM is
usually appointed early in the project, typically during the conceptual or early detail design stages. His main
role is to plan and monitor the design and construction stages in detail, to test the design for build ability and to
procure and manage the specialist contractors. The essential contribution of the CM is detailed knowledge of
the design and fabrication techniques and capabilities of the key specialist contractors, particularly the
structures, cladding and M&E contractors. This is necessary in particular to ensure that the flow of
information from these processes back into consultants’ design programmed, is planned and managed
effectively.
Projects on which the main contract is awarded on a traditional lump sum basis are not considered appropriate
for the application of BIM techniques at the present time.
Specialist contractors (term used here includes sub-contractors, trade contractors
etc.):
The main contractor should be appointed on a non-confrontational/collaborative basis, the specialist
contractors should be selected on a competitive, fixed price, lump sum basis.
Certain of the specialist contractors and suppliers are thought to possess key construction or product
information that the design team cannot be expected to know about in advance.
Content Of Key Project Information Flows
(Roy Crotty, 2017)
(Roy Crotty, 2017)
Data Exchange Standards – Interoperability
First, making clear who is responsible for producing what design information to what level of detail at what point
in the development of the design. In other words, what design information can I expect you to produce, at
what level of detail at any particular point in time? That is a problem of business process interoperability; do
our two firms understand exactly how each other does business? It is essentially a problem of design
management and coordination. there are three basic ways in which CAD systems can exchange information:
• Through the use of one-to-one translators, in which each system in a pair of sending and receiving systems
deploys a translator program so as to be able to read and write files in each other’s format. This means that
every system in a particular domain needs to have available a translator for every other system; so the
approach is relatively rarely used.
• Through the use of a proprietary file format, in which one system vendor publishes a file structure for which
other applications vendors can develop routines that enable them to read and write the first vendor’s files.
Autodesk’s DXF is the most widely used CAD file format of this type.
• Through the use of a neutral exchange format for a particular domain, in which each system in the domain is
able to read and write data in the neutral format. Each system thus needs to be able to read and write files only
in the neutral format.
It is important to bear in mind that data exchange is not just a capability required for today’s purposes and
applications. Accurate, practical data exchange methods will also ensure that material which is archived
today will be restorable and reusable 10 or 20 years from now.
Information interchange protocols / Management of Project Information:
The BIM approach to the management of project information depends heavily on the commitment of the
main firms to ensuring that information flows on the project should be as efficient and as responsive as
possible. The priority is to get people who create information to think about how other people will want
to use that information and, therefore, how they should prepare and present their material for that
purpose. This requires that the project team agrees to share information in agreed formats and according
to an agreed set of protocols. This requires that the project team agrees to share information in agreed
formats and according to an agreed set of protocols.
The information management challenge starts with understanding the actual flows of technical information
around the project: who provides what information, to whom, and when?
Figure in next slide is intended to represent the point-to-point exchanges of technical information; it does
not reflect the contractual links or administrative overhead associated with these transactions. Figure in
next slide or a similar project-specific map, will identify the information links that exist between the
various firms on the project. The next step is to identify the particular types of information that will pass
along each of the links at particular points in time during the project.
(Roy Crotty, 2017)
A more general deliverables-based breakdown is given figure. This sort of breakdown focuses on the
immediate use to which deliverables created in each of five project stages will be put. The approach
helps to clarify the network of relationships between design activities.
(Roy Crotty, 2017)
Shows the key deliverables for each discipline, for each Plan of Work stage on a typical building
construction project. A more general
In Next Slide Figure Shows construction project software map.
Note: To see the contents in a way clear way a print out of the zoom view of this figure will be handed out
to the students during the class so that they can clearly see the contents of the Figure.
FKey design deliverables by RIBA Plan of Work stage.
(Roy Crotty, 2017)
BIM Across An Asset Life Cycle
BIM should be a combination of the designer’s, contractor’s, and BPM’s BIM model that includes information
about a building—from planning to completion and from commissioning to handover. Every bit of
information should be stored and used in BIM such as Information about a building’s space, equipment,
furnishings, installations, and critical warranties in graphical and non graphical format. The challenge is that
currently this is not the case, and the industry is far from being able to meet the owner’s needs because of
limitations in software, talent, and standards. Unfortunately, many owner requirements are based on this
BIM theory, and there is great disappointment when the reality fails to live up to the owner’s expectations.
The facility managers do not have to sift through the piles of information to gather data. With the BIM
database, any information about any equipment is just “one click away.” During any renovation or
maintenance program, a facility manager can click on any equipment to receive information on product,
warranties, life cycle of the product, maintenance period, replacement cost, and even who installed the
product. The BIM and its database can even be linked to any facility management (FM) software for
scheduling any kind of maintenance on the equipment or even completing the work orders during daily
operations.
One of the most challenging situations for any building owner has been when to sell the building(s) after
many years of occupancy. Depending on the age and its previous use, it may or may not appeal to the
prospective buyer unless it can be demonstrated that the building is worth the asking price by the seller.
For starters, typical buyers want to know that the building satisfi es their criteria regarding its location
and whether it satisfies their logistical needs for their operations and that of their clients. They also want
to know if the building size will satisfy their operating needs today and if it can accommodate future
growth for their company or organization. While these questions can sometimes be addressed through a
visual and physical assessment, the not-so-obvious supporting systems are far more diffi cult to assess.
Without proper inventory of the various systems and components of the building, the chances of
achieving a successful sale may not be very favorable. This is where the benefi ts of a system like BIM
can enhance the appeal of a better product to the prospective buyer and give the building owner the
leverage to better market its product.
Step 1 - Information Delivery And Process That Effectively Support BIM:
I. The general contractor shall provide a building information modeling (BIM) implementation plan to the
owner for approval prior to executing any work. This plan should include the people, processes, and
platforms that will be used to execute BIM on this project. This plan should include the scope that is
included in the general contractor’s guaranteed maximum price (GMP). An alternate scope can be
proposed for an additional fee with a documented return-on- investment analysis.
II. Prior to commencement of any construction, the general contractor shall participate in the BIM process
by creating the constructability model that will provide a wide range of information throughout the life
cycle of the building.
III. The BIM shall include building systems per the modeling criteria of this specification and model
elements per the model element table to be integrated into the constructability model. The model will
incorporate information from the final architect of record contract documents, as-built details,
construction logistics, and sequences. This model shall serve as a method to improve coordination prior
to construction, thereby reducing errors in the field through clash detection. The completed virtual
facility shall accurately reflect the final as-built conditions for use by the owner’s facility management
team.
Project Information
Project Background:
Project Name:
Project Description:
Building Type:
Square Footage:
Project Reference #:
Contract Method:
Level of Development (LOD): The level of completeness to which model elements are developed. The LOD has five
levels, from conceptual through as-built. The lowest level starts at conceptual then moves to approximation and
then to the highest level of representation precision.
i. LOD 100—Conceptual
ii. LOD 200—Approximate geometry
iii. LOD 300—Precise geometry
iv. LOD 400—Fabrication
v. LOD 500—As-built and facility management
Element Property (EP): A portion of the model element representing the material and information about
that element.
Model Author (MA): The party responsible for developing the content of a specific model element to the
LOD required for a particular phase of the project.
Model element authors are identified as
follows:
i. GC—General contractor
ii. BC—BIM consultant
iii. SUB—Subcontractor
iv. S—Supplier
V. Building System Model: A subset of the model that
represents a specific trade or discipline.
VI. Industry Foundation Class (IFC): A system of defining and representing standard architectural and
construction-related graphic and nongraphic data as 3-D virtual objects. IFC allows data exchange among BIM
tools, cost estimation systems, and other construction-related applications in a way that preserves the ability to
perform analyses on those objects as they move from one BIM system to another. The contractor BIM
application(s) and software must be certified in the IFC coordination view (2 3 or better).
VII. Facility Data: The intelligent attribute data included in the BIM model to accurately represent information for
operation and maintenance of the real facility.
VIII. Construction Submittals: Periodic quality control meetings or construction progress review meetings shall
include reviews on the implementation and use of the models, including interference management and design
change tracking information.
IX. Soft Clash: When one model element intersects with another model element’s set clearance tolerance. When
clashing against model elements with the need for clearance tolerances, the model author shall set the clash
detection software to the required clearance tolerance per specified requirements.
X. Hard Clash: When one model element intersects with another model element. Hard-clash tolerances are set to a
zero-tolerance distance.
Software and Hardware Requirements:
The general contractor shall select BIM application(s) and clash detection software to develop a constructability
model. The general contractor will use 3-D graphic model(s) and associated intelligent attribute data created by
this software to produce accurate construction documents.
Software Requirements :The constructability model shall be developed with true solid modeling with
object-oriented software. The contractor must use Revit software for modeling. Software compliance
certification from all providers and subcontractors will be required.
Hardware Requirements
All providers and their subcontractors are to utilize the minimum or greater manufacturer recommended
hardware for creation of models and other deliverables. All providers and their subcontractors must
utilize properly licensed software for creation of models and other deliverables. The software packages
used for this project are subject to audit.
Qualifications of BIM Personnel:
i.
The BIM model author must have a bachelor’s degree in architecture, construction management, or
MEP-related field with a complete understanding of architecture, structure, and other building trades.
ii. The specialist must also have past experience in modeling and trade coordination on at least two projects
that were completed successfully.
iii. The specialist must be proficient in using all the applicable BIM software.
iv. The BIM personnel must be available for an on-site meeting within one week’s notice.
v. The BIM manager shall have all the above qualifications in addition to project management experience.
vi. The BIM manager must also have coordinated/ managed at least two similar projects.
Infrastructure Requirements
i. A BIM coordination room shall be provided for clash detection/coordination meetings where all the team
members can meet to discuss technical discipline coordination issues using the models. During
construction, the BIM coordination room shall be located at or near the construction site.
ii. For each BIM coordination room, appropriate equipment and tools shall be provided. SMART Boards
may be used to view documentation (2-D and 3-D), create mockups interactively, archive the latter, and
convert them to requests for information (RFIs) or other relevant reference documents.
Roles and Responsibilities:
Each subcontractor shall provide the information related to its scope of work, as required by this specification
section, in the format and frequency required for all model authors to perform their responsibilities.
• The general contractor’s BIM manager is responsible for ensuring the quality of the model is achieved as
desired.
• The BIM manager is also responsible for coordinating and managing the trade coordination meetings.
• The responsibilities also include, but are not limited to, as-built and facility management (FM) data
coordination and their correct implementation per this BIM specification.
• The owner, construction manager, and other consultants shall have the exclusive right to use all model
author submissions, including the BIM submissions, both during and after construction, at no additional
cost to the construction manager or the owner.
• Each model author understands and agrees that participation in this program does not waive the
intellectual property rights of other participants or other parties providing information or other products
to the program where the information or other products may be protected by patents, copyrights,
trademarks, etc.
Deliverables:
Constructability Review Model A constructability review model shall be created per the following
specifications.
Specifications:
The constructability review model shall be created using Revit or equivalent software for each discipline—
architecture, structure, mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and fire protection—to LOD 300 for the
purpose of constructability review of the design and contract documents.
Submittals:
The contractor must submit the following deliverables:
i. Constructability model for each discipline in Revit format: RVT.
ii. Model in any of the free viewer formats: DWF
or SMC.
iii. A discrepancy report must be generated during the course of modeling by the BIM author and within the
BIM (Revit) application. The discrepancies must be tagged or indicated numerically in the model that
relates to the discrepancy report. The report must include:
a. A description of all the discrepancies or missing information found in the contract documents.
b. The discrepancies should be itemized in number to match the tags in the plan view.
c. The discipline of that discrepancy. For example: architecture or mechanical.
e. The report must also include where the discrepancy is located in the contract document.
Detail B.
f. The BIM author must rate the discrepancy in the priority level of low, high, medium, based on the critical
nature of the discrepancy, using his or her best knowledge.
Coordination Drawings:
Once all the building systems have been fully developed, it is the responsibility of the general contractor
to make sure that all the building systems are coordinated and made clash free. Upon completion of
coordination, model author(s) must provide the coordinated drawings and model.
Submittals:
The contractor must submit the following deliverables
after all the trades have been coordinated:
i. 2-D annotated and color-coded coordination drawings in PDF format printed in 1/8" = 1'-0“ scale in two sets.
The coordination drawings must be signed off on by each model author/ coordinator and/or all the parties
participating in this exercise.
a. Individual coordination drawings for each discipline.
b. Coordination drawings with all disciplines coordinated in one sheet. All the disciplines in the drawings must be
color-coded, and the elements must be tagged and annotated.
ii. Fully coordinated and updated Revit model for all disciplines.
iii. Federated and coordinated model in either SMC or NWD format.
iv. A clash report demonstrating the model is clash free.
Schedule Simulations:
The general contractor must submit three construction schedule simulations to depict all the possible
schedule conflicts prior to construction initiation. The simulation model must comply with the following
specifications.
Specifications:
i. The schedule attached to each element in the model must refl ect the actual construction on-site.
ii. The schedule simulation must include construction of all the elements in each discipline.
iii. The simulation software to be linked with Revit for creating the simulation is not restricted. However, Synchro
or Navisworks Timeliner is strongly preferred.
As-Built Model:
The constructability model must be updated and developed to the following specifi cations to generate an
as-built model.
Specifications:
i. Upon completion of the constructability review and all building system coordination, the model for each
discipline must be updated per final coordination drawings and per the as built generated on-site during
construction.
ii. The model shall be further developed to LOD 400 and must be updated with all the RFIs, architect’s
supplemental instructions (ASIs), and any other changes in the contract documents released to date. Any
changes in the product specifications or cut sheets that relate to compiled BIM data for facility
management shall also be updated with the as-built as available.
Submittals:
The contractor must submit an updated interim model at every as-built update for approval by the architects and/ or
owner’s representative. The final as-built Revit model may be submitted toward the completion of construction
where the entire as-built has been released and signed off on by the architect.
Facility Management Model:
Specifications During construction, it is the general contractor’s responsibility to incorporate all the operations
and maintenance (O&M) and facility management data into the model regarding each discipline and its
elements according to the following specifications.
i. The model must be developed to LOD 500 with the entire manufacturer’s specific content for
future operation and maintenance.
ii. All the families must be created per the specifi - cations and performance following Autodesk’s
best practice of content creation.
(Roy Crotty, 2017)
(Roy Crotty, 2017)
(Roy Crotty, 2017)
(Yusuf Arayici, 2015)
Key Terms in Regards to BIM
AEC -Architecture, Engineering and Construction – Expression commonly used internationally to indicate the
construction sector
AIA - American Institute of Architects – www.aia.org
AIM - Asset Information Model – As part of the BIM process, the various project teams create their
information models that are continuously enriched with relevant progress data from the various project
development phases. This continues until delivery of the complete model (models federation) to the owner or
end user. The data model takes the name of “Asset Information Model” or AIM. Once the project is delivered
and complete, AIM’s main objective is to manage, maintain and operate the built asset.
BEP - BIM Execution Plan – A document prepared by the contractor that illustrates in detail how
aspects of the information model of the project will be taken into account in carrying out the planning and
implementation phases; In other words, the BEP is the contractor’s response to the requirements
contained in the EIR(Exchange Information Requirements). Operationally speaking, two types of BEP
are prepared: the preliminary contract BEP (set out by each agent) and the post-contract BEP (prepared
by the tender winner)
BIM - Building Information Modeling // Model // Management – A well-known acronym whose meaning
has evolved over time. Its universally accepted meaning is “building information modeling”, and essentially
refers to the process of design, construction and operation of a building (or an infrastructure – usually a large
engineering project) carried out by using object-oriented electronic information.
BSI - Building SMART International – a non-profit international organization, open and completely
independent. The association is structured in “Regional Chapters” (representing states or groups of states)
and brings together professionals and entrepreneurs, owners and/or property asset managers, software
manufacturers and building materials, government agencies, research organizations, etc. Its mission is to
influence the development of the Building Industry economy through creation and dissemination of open
and common standards that facilitate the exchange of data regarding a construction between the various
operators. Also promoter of the IFC(Industry Foundation Classes – Provides Digital Description of Asset)
standard, it was born with the name of International Alliance of Interoperability (IAI), subsequently it
changed its name. – www.buildingsmart.org – www.buildingsmart-tech.org
BSI - British Standards Institution – British Authority for Standardization. Founded in 1901, it is the
oldest institution of standardization in the world – www.bsigroup.com
CAD - Drawing Computer Aided // Design // Drafting – an information technology sector that deals
with the development of software technologies to support the activities and preparation of technical drawings or,
more generally, of design.
CDE - Common Data Environment – a unique source of information for a specific project or property. It’s a
structured computing environment used to collect, manage and distribute all data related to the project or asset of
interest.
CAPEX - CAPital Expenditure – There are variety of expenses that a company has to pay in order to run the
business. In other words it is the financial commitment that goes into supporting the construction of an asset or
building. The expenses for long term benefit more than a year for a company.
CIC - Construction Industry Council – The representative body of professional institutes, research
organizations and business associations in the UK construction industry. Founded in 1988, it plays a
significant role in the representation and commitment to the development of BIM in the UK. –
www.cic.org.uk
COBie - is an international standard relating to managed asset information including space and equipment. It
is closely associated with building information modeling (BIM) approaches to design, construction and
management of built assets, and was devised by Bill East of the United States Army Corps of Engineers, who
authored a pilot standard in June 2007.
COBie helps capture and record important project data at the point of origin, including equipment lists, product
data sheets, warranties, spare parts lists, and preventive maintenance schedules. This information is essential to
support operations, maintenance and asset management once the built asset is in service.
In December 2011, it was approved by the US-based National Institute of Building Sciences as part of its
National
Building
Information
Model
(NBIMS-US)
standard.
COBie has been incorporated into software for planning, design, construction, commissioning, operations,
maintenance, and asset management. COBie provides several approved formats including spreadsheets, STEPPart 21 (also called IFC file format), and ifcXML. Formats are available here: https://www.wbdg.org/cobie.
DXF - Drawing eXchange Format – A file format used for exporting and importing data between CAD
programs.
EIR - Employer’s Information Requirements – a pre-tender document drawn up by the client, where the
relevant requirements, specifically the production and delivery of information aspects are defined. It therefore
represents an equivalent to the Preliminary Design Document.
ERP - Enterprise Resource Planning – Type of software aimed at planning of corporate resources and aimed at
a more efficient decision-making processes within a company. Generally speaking, software solutions of this
kind, allow you to integrate all major business processes: from sales, purchase management, inventory,
customers, accounting and fiscal management aspects, etc.
EU - European Union
FM - Facility Management – Facility Management – is the real estate management in its broadest sense, for
example both from the material point of view (ordinary and extraordinary maintenance of structures and
facilities), and immaterial, being services (cleaning, concierge, etc.) for its proper use and maintenance of value
and/or expressible income.
Resources:
Text Books:
EASTMEN, C., TEICHOLZ, P., SACKS, R. and LISTON, K. (2011) BIM handbook: A Guide to Building Information
Modelling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers and Contractors. 2nd ed. Hoboken, New York: John Wiley &
Sons Inc.
FAIRHEAD, R. (2013) Information Exchanges: RIBA Plan of Work 2013 Guide. London: RIBA Publishing.
HOLZER, D. (2016) The BIM Manager’s Handbook: Guidance for Professionals in
Architecture, Engineering and Construction. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
MORDUE, S., PHILP, D. and SWADDLE, P. (2015) Building Information Modelling for
Dummies. Hoboken, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
SAXON, R. (2016) BIM for Construction Clients. London: RIBA Publishers.
SHEPHERD, D. (2015) BIM Management Handbook. London: RIBA Publishers.
Websites:
www.theb1m.com
www.bimtaskgroup.org
www.bimtaskgroup.org
www.thenbs.com
www.autodesk.com
https://bimcorner.com
The B1M (General Reference)
The BIM Task Group (General Reference)
The BIM Task Group COBie UK 2012 (General Reference)
NBS BIM (Building Information Modelling) (General Reference)
The official website for Autodesk (General Reference)
BIM Corner (General Reference)
K.PRAMOD REDDY, Bim for Building Owners and Developers making a business case for using Bim
Projects.
ROY COTTY, 2012 The Impact of Building Information Modelling Construction.
Resources:
This unit links to the following related units:
Unit 2: Construction Technology
Unit 4: Construction Practice & Management
Unit 6: Construction Information (Drawing, Detailing, Specification)
Unit 26: Advanced Construction Drawing & Detailing
Unit 36: Advanced Building Information Modelling
Unit 47: Construction Data Management
Thank You.