Anatomy review unit 1
What is apoptosis: Programmed cell death
The division of cell’s cytoplasm is known as: cytokinesis
Cytoplasm consists of: Cytosol and organelles
In a _____ solution, cells shrink and shrivel? Hypertonic
If a red blood cell is placed in a hypotonic solution: the cell will shrink and shrivel
“Garbage disposal” or “stomach” of the cell containing powerful enzymes: lysosome
“Powerhouse” of the cell that generates a large amount of ATP in the presence of oxygen: mitochondria
Phase of mitosis when the chromosomes line up in the middle of the cell: metaphase
Phase of mitosis when new nuclear envelopes form around the two new nuclei and chromosomes
unwind from back o chromatin: telophase
What is necrosis: cell death that occurs due to tissue damage
When you pile salt on Mr. Slug, water moves out of him and into the salt. This process is known as:
osmosis
Pinocytosis involves ___, whereas phagocytosis involves ____. Cell drinking; Cell eating
Small organelle/large enzymes that joins amino acids to make protein: Ribosome.
A cell is the basic unit of structure and function of an organism: TRUE
Part of the enzyme that is specifically shaped to bind to a certain substrate: active site
Anabolism refers to: Chemical reaction that acquire energy
Breakdown of larger molecules into smaller molecules: Catabolism
All of the following tend to denature proteins/enzymes except: the presence of a substrate
NOT a proper base pairing in DNA: A-G
The name of an enzyme ends in: -ase
NOT a characteristic of enzymes: They are most active at 100 degrees Celsius
“Glycolysis” refers to: The breakdown of glucose molecules to release energy
In most metabolic pathways, the final product often acts to inhibit the first (or near the first) enzyme in
the pathway. This is known as: negative feedback
Metabolism consists of all of the chemical reactions in an organism that support life: true
Citric acid cycle and ETC chain occur in the: mitochondria
Abdominal cavity: small intestine, liver, pancreas NOT BRAIN, OR HEART
Anatomical position: standing erect, facing forward, arms down by sides, feet shoulder width toes/palms
forward
Systems that function to move blood and transport its associated gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones
and heat throughout the body: Cardiovascular
Something on the opposite side of the body: contralateral
Term that means to maintain a relatively stable internal environment: homeostasis
The ears are _____ to the nose: Lateral
Place the terms from the simplest to the most complex: Cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, human
body
Planes of section that divides the body into equal right and left portions: Midsagittal
Skin, heart, and brain are examples of the ___ level of organization: Organ
Organization category one level less complex than cells: organelles
Organization category one level more complex than cells: tissues
Plane of section that divides the body into superior and inferior portions: transverse
The pelvic cavity contains the organs of the reproductive and urinary system? TRUE
The stomach is superior to the diaphragm: FALSE
Acids are defined by releasing this ion into solution: H+
Atomic number is determined by the number of: protons
Atoms that lose electrons tend to become: Positively charged
Bond that involves sharing pairs of electrons: covalent
Negatively charged subatomic particles that orbit the nucleus: electrons
In an ionic bond: one atom loses and another atom gains electrons
An electrically charged atom is called: ion
Subatomic particle with no charge: neutron
Cell membranes are mostly made of: phospholipids
Nucleotide base found in RNA, but not in DNA: Uracil
Characteristic of DNA: Tends to be double stranded
Which of the following organs is in the abdominopelvic cavity: The liver
Paired organs, such as the kidneys or lungs, are said to be: Bilateral
Which quadrant of the body contains the stomach? Left upper quadrant
An anatomical section that separates the body into right and left portions is the ___? Sagittal
The thoracic cavity lies _____ the abdominopelvic cavity: Superior to
The diaphragm separates the thoracic and the abdominopelvic cavities: TRUE
53 I 126.9: What is the atomic number? 53
In a covalent bond: atoms share a pair or more of electrons
In an ionic bond: one atom loses and another atom gains
The atomic number of an atom equals the number of protons, and the atomic weight equals the number
of protons plus neutrons? TRUE
The symbol Na+ represents a sodium atom that has lost an electron? TRUE
In all organisms, the basic unit of life is: the cell
Cells with similar functions aggregate into organelles? FALSE
Which are factors that affect enzyme function: Excess heat, poison, extreme pH
Which metabolic pathway produces the most ATP? ETC
Enzymes speed up chemical reactions by lowering activation energy? TRUE
ATP has 3 high energy phosphate bonds? FALSE
Occipital lobes: vision
Parietal lobes: sensory information from skin
Temporal lobes: hearing
Frontal lobes: control of voluntary muscles
Which plexus supplies motor movement to the shoulder, wrist and hand? Lumbar??
Brain stem: Pons, Midbrain, medulla oblongata
Cerebellum: balance
Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes make up: cerebrum
Diencephalon: hypothalamus and thalamus limbic system
Sympathetic nervous system: epinephrine (smooth muscle)
Body temperature: hypothalamus
Lateral ventricles is where most cerebrospinal fluid is secreted from the choroid plexuses
Limbic system: “emotional brain”
Occipital: vision
Eye movement: oculomotor
Olfactory: sense of smell
Which cranial nerve carries the sensory information for vision? Optic
The nerve that is part of the cervical plexus and stimulates the diaphragm? Phrenic
The term for a network of spinal nerves? Plexus
What part of the central nervous system provides two-way communication with the peripheral nervous
system? Spinal cord
Major function of the trigeminal nerve: sensory for skin of face, teeth, gums and lips
Vagus nerve: controls heart rate and intestinal movement
CN Vii: Sense of hearing and equilibrium
Sense of smell  olfactory nerve
Sense of vision  optic nerve
Motor nerve for eye movement.. in charge of superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus and inferior
oblique  oculomotor
Motor nerve that moves the eye and specifically the superior oblique eye muscle  trochlear
Motor nerves of mastication  trigeminal
Motor nerve that moves the eye and specifically the lateral rectus eye muscle  abducens
Sensory functioning for taste and motor functioning for facial expression  facial
Two branches one for equilibrium, one for hearing  Vestibulocochlear
Sensory for pharynx, tonsils and tongue. Motor for salivary glands and swallowing  glossopharyngeal
Motor function for speech/swallowing, motor and sensory for thoracic and abdominal viscera  vagus
Two branches: cranial, spinal branch  accessory branch
Motor movement of the tongue for speaking, chewing and swallowing  hypoglossal
Parasympathetic impulses will INHIBIT digestion while sympathetic nerve impulses will MAINTAIN
digestion
Controls the secretion of cortisol: adrenocorticotropic hormone
Hormone that stimulates kidney to conserve water: antidiuretic hormone
The ____ of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone, cortisol and androgens: cortex
Which glands are located on top of each kidney and have two parts; the cortex and the medulla?:
adrenal glands
The ____ of the adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine? Medulla
A hormone that controls the calcium ion concentration in the body is? Calcitonin
Considered the major stress response hormone: cortisol
___ is a condition caused by decreased secretion of insulin or the ineffective use of insulin? Diabetes
mellitus
Hormones are made by ductless glands called ___ glands? Endocrine
Which hormone is produced by the ovaries and stimulates the development of the female reproductive
organs? Estrogen
Hormone that stimulates the testis in males and ovaries in females? Follicle stimulating hormone
The pituitary hormone that is responsible for growth and development is? Growth hormone
The hormone secreted by the pancreas that increases the blood level of glucose? Glucagon
Hormone that targets the anterior pituitary: Prolactin, Growth Hormone Releasing hormone,
adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin? Growth hormone releasing hormone
____ is the result of excessively low blood sugar and can result in insulin shock? Hypoglycemia
The structure in the brain that controls the pituitary gland is the __? Hypothalamus
The hormone produced by the pineal gland is called? Melatonin
The release of most hormones is controlled by ____ feedback? Negative
Hormone that contracts the uterus in a positive feedback cycle during childbirth? Oxytocin
A patient is discovered to have a high calcium blood level. Which gland is most likely causing the
problem? Parathyroid
Which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus for its
secretion? Prolactin
Hormone from the thyroid gland that increases basal metabolic rate? T3
ADH is released during childbirth, causing strong contractions of the uterus? False
The alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas secrete the hormone insulin? FALSE (Beta)
The pancreas can perform both as an endocrine and exocrine gland? True
Athletes abuse erythropoietin (EPO) because this hormone? Increases the number of red blood cells
The thymus gland secretes hormones called ___ that ___? Thymosins; control the production and
differentiation of white blood cells
A hormone is a secreted molecule that is carried in the bloodstream to where it acts on target cells that
bear specific receptors for that hormone? TRUE
The type of epithelium that secretes into ducts that open onto surfaces or into body fluids is:
Areolar tissue contains: collagenous fibers, elastic fibers, and gel-like ground substances.
An important mechanism that controls metabolic pathways under physiological conditions is: negative
feedback
Articular cartilage of a long bone is found: on the outer surface of the epiphyses
A basement membrane anchors epithelial tissue to connective tissue: true
An organ consists of: two or more tissues grouped together that function together
As cells are pushed from the deeper portion of the epidermis toward the surface; they divide continually
Wwhich of the following groups of bones, based on shape, is associated with a correct example? Long
bones- forearm bones
Which type of tissue lines the follicles of the thyroid glands?
About 90% of all cancers originate from? Epithelium
Nerve fibers scattered throughout the dermis are associated with: muscles, glands and sensory
receptors
Humans require vitamins in their diets because these nutrients: act as coenzymes
A compound gland branches repeatedly before reaching the glandular cells or secretory part
The type of intercellular junction that forms dense tissue is: tight junction
Cerebrospinal fluid is produced by ___ and it ___. Choroid plexuses in the ventricles; protects the brain
from blows to the skull
Transverse tubules and sarcoplasmic reticulum are well developed in? skeletal and cardiac muscle fibers
Muscle fibers are basically a collection of? Sarcomeres
The joint between adjacent vertebral bodies is? Symphysis that is amphiarthrotic
Cerebrospinal fluid: Informs the autonomic centers in the brainstem and hypothalamus about the
internal environment, provides a pathway for waste to enter the blood, and protects the brain and
spinal cord
____ support the axon from within. Neurofibrils
The nervous system? Detects changes in the internal or external environment, controls the movement
of muscles, and integrates information from several sources and uses it to determine an appropriate
response.
A tendon is ____, whereas an aponeurosis is ___? Cordlike and connects muscles to bones; a broad
sheet of dense connective tissue that connects muscles to muscles.
Transverse tubules store calcium ions? FALSE
When the flexor muscle of one arm contracts in a withdrawal reflex, the extensor muscle of the other
arm contract. This phenomenon is called?? Crossed extensor reflex
Reflexes help to control? Heart rate and blood pressure, respiratory rate, and digestive activities
Cerebrospinal fluid is? Clear and liquid
Gray matter of the spinal cord is mostly composed of?
A neuron may have? One axon and many dendrites
Which of the following lists the part of a reflex arch in the correct sequence? Receptor, sensory neuron,
interneuron, motor neuron, effector
Cartilaginous joints are connected by? Hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage
The epidural space contains? Loose connective tissue, blood vessels and adipose tissue
The fourth ventricle is in the? Brainstem
Masses of myelinated nerve fibers appear? White
An inflammation of the meninges called meningitis usually affects the? Arachnoid mater and pia mater
The expected response to the triceps jerk reflex is? Extension of the forearm
The innermost layer of connective tissue in the skeletal muscle is? Endomysium
Three general functions of the nervous system are? Integrative, motor and sensory
The functional connection between two neurons is a? Synapse
Blooms 12-13
All hormones are: organic compounds
Hormones: regulate metabolism, have functions in growth, reproduction, and development, help
regulate water and electrolyte balance and blood pressure
Receptors for the special senses are found? Primarily in the head
“Endocrine” means… internal secretion
Receptors for the general senses are found.. widely distributed throughout the body
Some things to help you focus you studying
1. 3 parts of the bony labyrinth (vestibule, semicircular canals, cochlea) and what they are
responsible for
Vestibule: Functions of static equilibrium (senses when body is not moving)
Semicircular: functions of dynamic equilibrium (senses when body is moving)
Cochlea: hearing
2. 5 types of receptors
Photoreceptor: light – eye
Chemoreceptors: chemical receptors like smell and taste
Mechanoreceptors: pressure, touch
Pain- electrical, mechanical, thermal
Thermoreceptors: changes in temperature
3. Know parts of the ear
Outer: pinna (auricle), external aucoustic meatus, tympanic membrane
Middle: tympanic cavity, ossicles (incus, malleus, stapes) and oval window
Inner: (more complex because it has to do with hearing and equilibrium) bony/membranous
labyrinth. (portions of labyrinth include vestibule, cochlea, and semicircular canals)
4. Hormones released by the endocrine glands and what they do
Growth hormone releasing hormone from hypothalamus goes to pituitary gland where there it
releases growth hormone for fat, muscles and bones.
Thymus: thymosins for immunity T cells
Pancreas releases: glycogan for glucose, insulin for glucose concentration, and somastatin for
calcium regulation
Pineal gland: melatonin for sleep
Thyroid- T3,T4- metabolism
Calcitonin: reduces calcium levels
Posterior pituitary; oxytocin and antidiuretic hormone for water retention
Adrenal gland  medulla cortex: aldosterone (sodium retention), cortisol
Adrenal cortex: epi and norepi
Parathyroid releases parathyroid hormone
5 Read your chapters 12 and 13 PowerPoints
6. Review your cranial nerves especially which ones are sensory since chapters 12 is on senses:
Cranial nerves 3 oculomotor,4 troclear,6 have to do with sight and eye movement
7 Facial ,9 glossopharnygl and vagus (10)
6 vestibularcochlear hearing
7. Which 3 cranial nerves deal with taste.
Facial (7), Glossophlaryngeal (9) and vagus (10)
8. 5 primary taste sensations
Sweet: carbohydrates
Sour: H+
Bitter: Mg and Ca
Salty: Na and K
Occipital lobes: vision
Parietal lobes: sensory information from skin
Temporal lobes: hearing
Frontal lobes: control of voluntary muscles
Which plexus supplies motor movement to the shoulder, wrist and hand? Lumbar??
Brain stem: Pons, Midbrain, medulla oblongata
Cerebellum: balance
Frontal, parietal, temporal and occipital lobes make up: cerebrum
Diencephalon: hypothalamus and thalamus limbic system
Sympathetic nervous system: epinephrine (smooth muscle)
Body temperature: hypothalamus
Lateral ventricles is where most cerebrospinal fluid is secreted from the choroid plexuses
Limbic system: “emotional brain”
Occipital: vision
Eye movement: oculomotor
Olfactory: sense of smell
Which cranial nerve carries the sensory information for vision? Optic
The nerve that is part of the cervical plexus and stimulates the diaphragm? Phrenic
The term for a network of spinal nerves? Plexus
What part of the central nervous system provides two-way communication with the peripheral nervous
system? Spinal cord
Major function of the trigeminal nerve: sensory for skin of face, teeth, gums and lips
Vagus nerve: controls heart rate and intestinal movement
CN Vii: Sense of hearing and equilibrium
Sense of smell  olfactory nerve
Sense of vision  optic nerve
Motor nerve for eye movement.. in charge of superior rectus, inferior rectus, medial rectus and inferior
oblique  oculomotor
Motor nerve that moves the eye and specifically the superior oblique eye muscle  trochlear
Motor nerves of mastication  trigeminal
Motor nerve that moves the eye and specifically the lateral rectus eye muscle  abducens
Sensory functioning for taste and motor functioning for facial expression  facial
Two branches one for equilibrium, one for hearing  Vestibulocochlear
Sensory for pharynx, tonsils and tongue. Motor for salivary glands and swallowing  glossopharyngeal
Motor function for speech/swallowing, motor and sensory for thoracic and abdominal viscera  vagus
Two branches: cranial, spinal branch  accessory branch
Motor movement of the tongue for speaking, chewing and swallowing  hypoglossal
Parasympathetic impulses will INHIBIT digestion while sympathetic nerve impulses will MAINTAIN
digestion
Controls the secretion of cortisol: adrenocorticotropic hormone
Hormone that stimulates kidney to conserve water: antidiuretic hormone
The ____ of the adrenal gland secretes aldosterone, cortisol and androgens: cortex
Which glands are located on top of each kidney and have two parts; the cortex and the medulla?:
adrenal glands
The ____ of the adrenal gland secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine? Medulla
A hormone that controls the calcium ion concentration in the body is? Calcitonin
Considered the major stress response hormone: cortisol
___ is a condition caused by decreased secretion of insulin or the ineffective use of insulin? Diabetes
mellitus
Hormones are made by ductless glands called ___ glands? Endocrine
Which hormone is produced by the ovaries and stimulates the development of the female reproductive
organs? Estrogen
Hormone that stimulates the testis in males and ovaries in females? Follicle stimulating hormone
The pituitary hormone that is responsible for growth and development is? Growth hormone
The hormone secreted by the pancreas that increases the blood level of glucose? Glucagon
Hormone that targets the anterior pituitary: Prolactin, Growth Hormone Releasing hormone,
adrenocorticotropic hormone, oxytocin? Growth hormone releasing hormone
____ is the result of excessively low blood sugar and can result in insulin shock? Hypoglycemia
The structure in the brain that controls the pituitary gland is the __? Hypothalamus
The hormone produced by the pineal gland is called? Melatonin
The release of most hormones is controlled by ____ feedback? Negative
Hormone that contracts the uterus in a positive feedback cycle during childbirth? Oxytocin
A patient is discovered to have a high calcium blood level. Which gland is most likely causing the
problem? Parathyroid
Which of the following hormones requires a releasing hormone from the hypothalamus for its
secretion? Prolactin
Hormone from the thyroid gland that increases basal metabolic rate? T3
ADH is released during childbirth, causing strong contractions of the uterus? False
The alpha cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas secrete the hormone insulin? FALSE (Beta)
The pancreas can perform both as an endocrine and exocrine gland? True
Athletes abuse erythropoietin (EPO) because this hormone? Increases the number of red blood cells
The thymus gland secretes hormones called ___ that ___? Thymosins; control the production and
differentiation of white blood cells
A hormone is a secreted molecule that is carried in the bloodstream to where it acts on target cells that
bear specific receptors for that hormone? TRUE
___ glands are modified form of sweat glands and produce the substance known as ear wax?
Ceruminous
Hyperthermia: skin blood vessels dilate
Hypothermia: Skin blood vessels tend to constrict