18LEM110L- Indian Art Form
SEMESTER – VI
Name of the Student : Louie Allen
Register Number: RA2011026010211
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTATIONAL
INTELLIGENCE
SCHOOL OF COMPUTING
SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(Deemed University u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, 603 202.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY
SRM INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(Deemed University u/s 3 of UGC Act 1956)
Kattankulathur, Chengalpattu District, 603 202
BONAFIDE
CERTIFICATE
Register Number : RA2011026010211
Certified to be the bonafide record of work done by Louie Allen of B.Tech.(CSE)
Degree for the course 18LEM110L(IndianArtForm) in SRM Institute of Science and
Technology, Kattankulathur during the Academic Year 2023.
Date :
Faculty In-charge
Head of the Department
ii
CONTENT
Ex.No.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Weekly Assessment
Mysore and Tanjore Art
Indian artists from different fields
Mughal Paintings
Indus Valley civilization paintings on pottery
Thanjavur, Madhubani paintings
Pattachitra paintings
Rock cut sculpture, Sculptures in Religious Buildings
& Terracotta
8.
9.
10.
Cultural stonework in India in the form of primitive Cupule art
The Buddhist Pillars of Ashoka of the Mauryan Period
Kolam - The traditional floor drawing of South India
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Page No.
1. MYSORE AND TANJORE ART ASSIGNMENT
Mysore paintings are a style of traditional paintings that originated in the city of Mysore in
Karnataka, India. The history of Mysore paintings dates back to the 17th century, during the
reign of the Wodeyar dynasty, who were patrons of the arts.
Initially, the paintings were created on walls and ceilings of palaces and temples, using
natural dyes and colors. Later, artists started creating these paintings on paper, using
watercolors and other mediums.
The art form flourished under the patronage of the Wodeyars, who encouraged artists to depict
Hindu mythological stories, religious themes, and portraits of royalty. Mysore paintings are
known for their intricateand detailed work, vibrant colors, and use of gold foil.
During the British rule in India, the art form suffered a setback, as the British discouraged
traditional art forms and favored European styles. However, the art form continued to be
practiced by a few families who passed down the skills and techniques to the next
generation.
In the 20th century, the Mysore Palace School of Art was established, which provided
formal training to aspiring artists in the traditional style of Mysore paintings. This led to a
revival of the art form, and today, Mysore paintings are recognized and appreciated
globally.
Mysore paintings continue to be a significant cultural heritage of Karnataka and India, and
the state government has taken measures to preserve and promote the art form. Today,
Mysore paintings are used to decorate homes, offices, and public spaces, and are also sought
after by art collectors and enthusiasts.
The process involved in making Mysore paintings is quite intricate and involves several steps.
Here is a briefoverview of the process:
1. Preparation of the canvas: The canvas is prepared by pasting a layer of cloth on a
wooden base and applying a mixture of chalk powder and glue on top. This creates a
smooth surface for painting.
2. Sketching the design: The artist sketches the design on the canvas using a pencil. The
design usually depicts Hindu mythological stories, religious themes, or portraits of
royalty.
3. Outlining: The artist then outlines the sketch using a fine brush and black ink. This
is an importantstep, as it defines the boundaries of the painting.
4. Filling colors: The artist then fills in the colors using natural dyes and watercolors.
Mysore paintingsare known for their vibrant colors and intricate work.
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5. Adding gold foil: After the colors have dried, the artist adds gold foil to highlight
certain areas of the painting. This gives the painting a unique shine and adds to its
aesthetic appeal.
6. Finishing touches: The artist then adds finishing touches to the painting, such
as shading andhighlighting, to enhance its beauty and depth.
Mysore paintings require a lot of patience, skill, and attention to detail. They are a unique form
of art that hasbeen practiced for centuries and continues to be popular today.
Tanjore paintings are a form of traditional South Indian paintings that originated in the
town of Thanjavur (also known as Tanjore) in Tamil Nadu, India. They are known for their
unique features, which include:
1. Use of gold foil: Tanjore paintings are characterized by the use of gold foil, which is
used to highlight certain areas of the painting. The gold foil gives the painting a unique
shine and adds to its aesthetic appeal.
2. 3D effect: Another unique feature of Tanjore paintings is the 3D effect that is
created by the use of stucco or relief work. This involves applying a mixture of chalk
powder and glue to certain parts ofthe painting to create a raised effect.
3. Rich colors: Tanjore paintings are known for their rich and vibrant colors, which
are made usingnatural dyes and pigments.
The procedure for creating a Tanjore painting is quite elaborate and involves several steps.
Here is a briefoverview of the process:
Sketching the design: The artist sketches the design on the canvas using a pencil. The design
usually depicts Hindu gods and goddesses, as well as scenes from mythology and religious
texts.
Preparing the canvas: The canvas is prepared by pasting a layer of cloth on a wooden base
and applying a mixture of chalk powder and glue on top. This creates a smooth surface for
painting.
Outlining: The artist then outlines the sketch using a fine brush and black ink. This is an
important step, as itdefines the boundaries of the painting.
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2. INDIAN ARTISTS FROM DIFFERENT
FIELDS
Observe the following images carefully and write a paragraph (200 words) on how folk art
plays crucial role in the lives of common man in India.
Image 3 (Source: https://images.search.yahoo.com/search/images)
Folk art has been an integral part of the Indian culture for centuries, and it plays a crucial
rolein the lives of the common man. It reflects the rich and diverse cultural heritage of the
country and provides a means of expression for the common people. In India, folk art
takes many forms, ranging from music, dance, and theater to painting, sculpture, and
handicrafts. These art forms are deeply rooted in the rural and tribal communities of the
country, and theyreflect the local traditions, customs, and beliefs.
One of the key roles of folk art in the lives of the common man in India is to provide a
senseof identity and belonging. It connects people to their roots and helps them preserve
their
cultural heritage. Folk art also serves as a medium of communication, allowing people
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to express their thoughts, emotions, and ideas in a creative way. It brings people
together andfosters a sense of community and camaraderie.
Moreover, folk art has economic significance for the common man in India. Many of these
artforms are closely linked to traditional livelihoods such as farming, weaving, and pottery.
They provide a source of income for the rural and tribal communities, and help sustain
their way of life. Folk art also has tourism potential, as it attracts visitors from all over the
world,generating revenue and creating employment opportunities.
In conclusion, folk art is an essential part of the lives of the common man in India. It is
not just a means of entertainment but also a means of preserving cultural heritage,
promoting
social cohesion, and sustaining livelihoods.
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3. MUGHAL PAINTINGS
Mughal used different themes to make their miniatures or paintings such as legendary
stories, wildlife, royal life, hunting scenes, battlefield, Muslim mythology and more. And
the best part of these paintings is that they have now become the main medium to describe
the tales of the Mughal Empire’. Discuss how these paintings were not just paintings but an
art ofstorytelling in about 500 words. Paste relevant pictures along with your write up. (10
marks)
Mughal paintings are a blend of Indian, Persian, and Islamic art styles, which reached their
pinnacle of excellence during the Mughal Empire (1526-1857). These miniature paintings
arenot just visual expressions but are an art of storytelling that convey a wealth of
information
about the Mughal era. The Mughal artists, known as Ustads, were skilled in their craft and
employed various themes and techniques to create works of art that told stories about the
era'shistory, religion, culture, and lifestyle.
One of the most prominent themes in Mughal paintings was the depiction of legendary
stories. These stories often included scenes from the Ramayana and Mahabharata, which
were popular among the Hindu population of the Mughal Empire. The artists used vibrant
colors, intricate details, and bold lines to illustrate these stories, making them come alive
forthe viewer. Through these paintings, the Mughal artists preserved these legendary tales
and made them accessible to a wider audience.
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Another popular theme in Mughal paintings was wildlife. The artists depicted a range of
animals, from lions and tigers to deer and birds, in their natural habitats. These paintings
werenot just a display of the artists' skill but also served as a record of the fauna that
existed in the Mughal Empire at the time. The paintings were also a tribute to the emperor's
hunting prowess, which was considered a symbol of power and dominance.
The royal life of the Mughal emperors was also a popular theme in the paintings. The
artists depicted the emperors and their courtiers in various poses, such as playing music,
engaging inconversations, or enjoying a leisurely activity. The paintings offered a glimpse
into the luxurious lifestyle of the Mughal elite, and also served as a reminder of the
emperor's status
as a divine ruler.
Hunting scenes and battlefield scenes were also common themes in Mughal paintings. The
artists depicted the emperor and his army engaged in hunting expeditions or in battle
againsttheir enemies. These paintings were not just a display of military might but also
served as a record of the Mughal army's conquests and victories.
Muslim mythology and religion were also prominent themes in Mughal paintings. The artists
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depicted scenes from the Quran, Hadith, and other Islamic texts. These paintings were a
reminder of the emperor's faith and devotion to Islam, and also served as a means of
spreading the message of Islam to the masses.
In conclusion, Mughal paintings were not just paintings but were an art of storytelling.
The artists employed various themes and techniques to create works of art that told
stories aboutthe Mughal era. The paintings offered a glimpse into the legendary tales,
fauna, lifestyle, military might, religion, and culture of the Mughal Empire. These
paintings were not just a display of the artists' skill but also served as a record of the era's
history and served as a means of spreading the message of Islam to the masses. Even
today, Mughal paintings
continue to be a valuable source of information about the rich cultural heritage of the
MughalEmpire.
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4. INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
PAINTINGS ON POTTERY
1. Stone Statues: Bearded Man (Priest Man, Priest-King), Indus Valley Priest, Male
TorsoBearded Man (Priest Man, Priest-King):
The bearded man statue, also known as the Priest Man or Priest-King, is an iconic artifact
from the ancient Indus Valley Civilization, which existed around 2600-1900 BCE. The
statuedepicts a male figure with a beard and a headdress, wearing a robe and holding a
small objectin his right hand. The identity of the figure is still uncertain, but it is believed to
be a religiousor political leader.
Indus Valley Priest:
The Indus Valley Priest statue is another artifact from the ancient Indus Valley
Civilization. This statue depicts a male figure, possibly a priest, standing with his hands
clasped together in a prayerful gesture. He is wearing a robe and a headdress, and his
facial features are
stylized. The statue is made of terracotta and dates back to around 2500-2000 BCE.
Male Torso from Indus Valley Civilization:
The Male Torso statue is another important artifact from the Indus Valley Civilization. It
is asmall, carved stone torso that was likely part of a larger sculpture. The torso depicts a
muscular male figure with broad shoulders and a defined chest. The arms and head are
missing, but the details on the torso suggest that it may have been part of a warrior or
athletestatue. The statue dates back to around 2600-1900 BCE.
2. Bronze Casting: Human as well as animal figures - buffalo with its uplifted
head,goat, dog and bird, bull, Dancing Girl
Human and Animal Figures:
Bronze casting is an ancient method of creating sculptures by pouring molten bronze into a
mold. Many cultures around the world have created bronze sculptures of humans and
animalsthroughout history. These sculptures range in size and complexity, from small
figurines to large monumental works.
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Buffalo with its Uplifted Head, Goat, Dog, and Bird:
The bronze sculptures of animals from the Indus Valley Civilization, dating back to
around3300-1300 BCE, are some of the earliest examples of bronze casting in the
world. These
sculptures include a buffalo with its uplifted head, a goat, a dog, and a bird. The level
of detail in these sculptures is remarkable, with intricate patterns and textures carved
into thebronze.
Bull:
Another significant bronze sculpture from the Indus Valley Civilization is the bull. The
bullwas a sacred animal in many ancient cultures, and this sculpture likely had religious
significance. The bull sculpture is highly detailed, with intricate carvings on its body and a
distinctive hump on its back.
Dancing Girl from Indus Valley Civilization:
The Dancing Girl is a famous bronze sculpture from the Indus Valley Civilization, dating
back to around 2500 BCE. The statue depicts a young girl in a dancing pose, with her arms
and legs bent and her hips tilted. The sculpture is highly stylized, with exaggerated features
and a minimalist approach to clothing and accessories. The Dancing Girl is an iconic
exampleof the artistic achievements of the Indus Valley Civilization.
3. Terracotta: bearded males, terracotta mask of a horned deity, Toy carts with
wheels,whistles, rattles, bird and animals, gamesmen, and discs, figures of Mother
Goddess. Bearded Males:
Terracotta figurines of bearded males were common in the Indus Valley Civilization,
dating back to around 2600-1900 BCE. These figurines depict men with long beards and
elaborate headdresses, wearing robes and other clothing. The identity and purpose of
these figures arestill unclear, but they likely had religious or political significance.
Terracotta Mask of a Horned Deity:
The terracotta mask of a horned deity is another important artifact from the Indus Valley
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Civilization. This mask, dating back to around 2300-1750 BCE, depicts a horned figure
witha stylized face and intricate headdress. The mask likely had religious significance and
was possibly used in rituals or ceremonies.
Toy Carts with Wheels, Whistles, Rattles, Bird and Animals, Gamesmen, and Discs:
Terracotta was also used to create a variety of toys and games in the Indus Valley
Civilization. These toys include toy carts with wheels, whistles, rattles, bird and animal
figurines, gamesmen, and discs. These toys were likely used by children and adults for
entertainment and leisure.
Figures of Mother Goddess from Indus Valley Civilization:
The figures of the Mother Goddess are among the most iconic and important artifacts
fromthe Indus Valley Civilization. These terracotta figurines depict a female figure with
exaggerated hips and breasts, often surrounded by animals and plants. The Mother Goddess
figures likely had religious significance and were associated with fertility and nurturing.
These figurines date back to around 2600-1900 BCE and are some of the earliest
depictionsof the divine feminine in world history.
4. Seals: beautiful figures of animals such as unicorn bull, rhinoceros, tiger, elephant,
bison,goat, buffalo, etc., Pashupati Mahadeva
Beautiful Figures of Animals:
Seals from the Indus Valley Civilization dating back to around 2600-1900 BCE often
featurebeautiful and intricate figures of animals. These figures include a unicorn bull,
rhinoceros, tiger, elephant, bison, goat, buffalo, and more. The level of detail in these
figures is remarkable, with intricate patterns and textures carved into the seals.
Pashupati Mahadeva:
One of the most significant seals from the Indus Valley Civilization is the Pashupati
Mahadeva seal. This seal depicts a male figure sitting cross-legged, surrounded by animals,
including an elephant, tiger, and two buffalo. The figure is often interpreted as a
representation of the god Shiva, known as Pashupati Mahadeva in Hinduism. The seal is
believed to have religious significance and provides important insight into the beliefs and
practices of the Indus Valley Civilization.
5. Pottery: Painted Earthen Jar
Painted Earthen Jar from Indus Valley Civilization:
Pottery was a significant part of daily life in the Indus Valley Civilization. Earthenware
jars and bowls were used for cooking, storage, and serving food and water. One notable
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exampleof pottery from the Indus Valley Civilization is the Painted Earthen Jar. This jar,
dating backto around 2500 BCE, features intricate geometric patterns and animal motifs
painted in blackand red on a cream-colored background. The level of detail and precision
in the painting is remarkable and provides important insight into the artistic achievements
of the civilization. Pottery like the Painted Earthen Jar is also important for understanding
the technology and methods used for creating and firing ceramics during this time period.
6. Beads,
Ornaments
and
CosmeticsBeads:
Beads were an important part of the Indus Valley Civilization's material culture. They
were made from a variety of materials, including stone, shell, bone, and copper. Beads
were usedfor a variety of purposes, including as jewelry and as currency.
Ornaments:
Ornaments were also an important part of the Indus Valley Civilization's material
culture.Jewelry was made from a variety of materials, including gold, silver, copper,
and semiprecious stones. Ornaments included necklaces, bracelets, earrings, and finger rings. Some
of the most notable examples of Indus Valley jewelry are the gold and silver necklaces
found atthe burial sites of wealthy individuals.
Cosmetics:
Cosmetics were another important aspect of daily life in the Indus Valley Civilization.
Archaeological evidence suggests that people used a variety of substances for cosmetic
purposes, including kohl for eyeliner, henna for hair dye, and perfumes made from
flowersand herbs. Cosmetic containers made from stone and terracotta have also been
found at
archaeological sites, indicating that people valued their appearance and took care in
theirpersonal grooming.
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5. THANJAVUR, MADHUBANI PAINTINGS
Identify a small, simple, yet beautiful Madhubani painting from web resources. Emulate
thepainting using sketch colours, duly acknowledging the source. Alternately, create your
ownMadhubani painting. Paste the image. (10 marks)
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6. PATTACHITRA PAINTINGS
Watch “Easy Pattachitra painting tutorial/ RADHA KRISHNA pattachitra painting
forbeginners” on
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8VUCceI29Lc
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7. ROCK CUT SCULPTURE, SCULPTURES
IN RELIGIOUS BUILDINGS
1. Earliest Rock-Cut Cave Sculptures.
The earliest rock-cut cave sculptures in India date from the 2nd century AD. and are
largely influenced by Buddhist art. These sculptures were created by carving entire
temples or cavesout of living stone, a technique often used in ancient India.
One of the most famous examples of rock-cut caves in India is the Ajanta Caves in
Maharashtra. These caves have intricate carvings and paintings depicting various
Buddhist themes and stories. The Ajanta Caves are a series of 29 caves created over
several centuries.
They feature intricate sculptures and paintings depicting the life of the Buddha, as well
asscenes from Indian mythology and everyday life. The sculptures are carved with
great precision and attention to detail, and many are decorated with vibrant colours and
foliage.
Also in Maharashtra, the Ellora Caves are another outstanding example of rock carvings
thatdepict Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist themes. The Ellora Caves are a group of 34 caves
created between the 6th and 10th centuries. century AD With sculptures and reliefs
depicting Hindu,
Jain, and Buddhist themes, they are considered one of the finest examples of rock-cut
architecture in India. Dedicated to Lord Shiva, the Kailash Temple in Ellora is
particularlyknown for its intricate carvings and grandeur.
The rock-cut cave sculptures of India were not only a form of religious expression but
werealso places of worship, meditation, and learning. They were often patronized by
kings and wealthy merchants who sought to show their piety and gain religious merit.
They testify to
the advanced skills and techniques of ancient Indian craftsmen. These sculptures were
createdby carving entire structures out of solid rock, which required a lot of planning,
design, and
work. Today these caves are important historical and cultural sites and attract tourists from
allover the world. They offer a glimpse into the rich artistic and religious traditions of
ancient India and continue to inspire contemporary artists and scholars.
In addition to the Ajanta and Ellora caves, several other rock-cut cave complexes in India
contain magnificent sculptures and paintings. These include Elephanta Caves near Mumbai,
Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves in Odisha, and Bhaja and Karla Caves in Maharashtra.
All in all, the rock-cut cave sculptures of India are a remarkable achievement of ancient
Indian art and architecture. They provide a unique window into the country's rich cultural
andreligious heritage and continue to inspire awe and wonder in visitors from around the
world.
2. Rock-Cut Sculptures of Cave Temples:
The rock-cut sculptures in the cave temples are an important part of India's rich
cultural heritage. Sculptures carved from solid rock are found in various cave temples
across thecountry including Ajanta, Ellora, Elephanta, and Karla.
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The Ajanta Caves in Maharashtra are known for their exquisite frescoes and sculptures
datingback to the second century AD. These sculptures depict various scenes from the life of
the
Buddha and other important figures of Buddhist mythology.
The Ellora Caves, also in Maharashtra, is a UNESCO World Heritage Site consisting of 34
caves carved into the Charanandri Hills between the 6th and 10th centuries. These caves
represent three different religions - Buddhism, Hinduism, and Jainism - and contain some
ofIndia's finest stone carvings.
Located on an island off the coast of Mumbai, the Elephanta Caves contain sculptures
and carvings dating back to the 5th century. These caves are dedicated to Lord Shiva
and are apopular pilgrimage site for Hindus.
The Karla Caves near Pune are the oldest and largest Buddhist rock-cut cave temples in
India.
These caves date back to the 2nd century AD. and are known for their intricately
carved columns and arches. Overall, the rock carvings in the cave temples in India
testify to the country's rich artistic and cultural heritage and continue to be a source of
inspiration forartists and historians alike.
Stone carvings in cave temples are a unique art form that requires great skill and
knowledge. The artists who created these sculptures had to work with precision and
patience, carving thesolid stone to create intricate designs and shapes.
One of the most remarkable features of these sculptures is their ability to stand the test of
time. Despite being exposed to the elements for centuries, many of these sculptures
survivedintact and their delicate features and fine details are still visible. In addition to
their aestheticvalue, these sculptures have great historical and cultural significance. They
provide insight into the religious beliefs, social practices, and artistic traditions of ancient
India and providevaluable insight into the development of Indian art and culture over the
centuries.
In addition, these cave temples were not only places of worship but were also centers of
learning and intellectual discussion. Scholars and artists from around the world visited
these caves to study ancient Indian art and architecture, and the influence of these
sculptures can beseen in art forms around the world.
In conclusion, the rock-cut sculptures in the cave temples of India are a treasure of history,
art, and culture. They are a testament to the ingenuity and creativity of ancient Indian
artistsand continue to inspire and fascinate people from all walks of life.
3. Rock-Cut Sculptures of Monolithic Temples
Rock-cut sculptures of monolithic temples in India are a unique and fascinating aspect of
Indian architecture and art. These temples are carved out of a single rock or a mountain,
andthe sculptures are carved directly into the rock face. The art of rock-cut sculptures in
India dates back to the 2nd century BC, and some of the most famous examples include
the Ajantaand Ellora Caves in Maharashtra and the temples of Mahabalipuram in Tamil
Nadu.
These temples were typically built by rulers or wealthy patrons to showcase their power
and wealth. The sculptures are often elaborate and intricate, depicting a range of subjects
such as Hindu gods and goddesses, mythical creatures, and scenes from Indian epics like
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the
Ramayana and Mahabharata. The rock-cut temples were also often used as places of
worshipand meditation by ascetics and monks.
One of the most impressive examples of rock-cut temples in India is the Kailashnath
Templein Ellora. This temple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is carved out of a single
rock. It took
around 200 years to complete, and the intricate carvings on its walls and pillars
are atestament to the skill and artistry of the craftsmen who built it.
Rock-cut sculptures of monolithic temples in India represent a remarkable feat of
engineeringand artistry. The construction of these temples required a high level of
technical expertise, as the craftsmen had to carve out entire temples from solid rock
without the use of modern toolsand machinery. Instead, they used simple tools such as
hammers, chisels, and picks to chip
away at the rock and create intricate sculptures and carvings.
The rock-cut temples of India are also important from a cultural and historical
perspective.They offer a glimpse into the religious beliefs and practices of ancient India,
as well as thearchitectural and artistic traditions of the time. Many of the sculptures in
these temples arehighly symbolic and convey deep spiritual meanings, making them an
important part of India's cultural heritage.
In addition to their cultural significance, rock-cut temples in India are also important
touristattractions. They attract visitors from all over the world who come to admire their
intricate
carvings and experience the spiritual atmosphere of these ancient temples. The government
ofIndia has taken steps to preserve and protect these temples, recognizing their importance
as a cultural and historical treasure.
Overall, the rock-cut sculptures of monolithic temples in India are an important and
fascinating aspect of India's rich cultural heritage. They represent a unique blend of art,
engineering, and spirituality, and continue to inspire and captivate visitors from around
theworld.
4. Rock-Cut Sculptures of Free Standing Temples
Rock-cut sculptures are a unique form of art found in India that date back to the 2nd
century BC. One of the most significant examples of rock-cut sculptures is the freestanding temples,which were carved out of a single rock or a hillside.
These temples were primarily built during the 7th to the 12th century AD, during the
period of Gupta and Rashtrakuta dynasties. The architecture of these temples varies from
region toregion, but they all share a common feature of being carved out of solid rock.
The most famous of these rock-cut temples is the Kailash Temple at Ellora, Maharashtra.
Thetemple is dedicated to Lord Shiva and was built in the 8th century AD. The temple is
carved out of a single rock and took over 100 years to complete.
Another famous rock-cut temple is the Mahabalipuram temple in Tamil Nadu. The temple
is carved out of a rock face and is believed to date back to the 7th century AD. It is a
UNESCOWorld Heritage site and is famous for its intricate carvings and sculptures.
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Rock-cut sculptures of free-standing temples are a unique art form that was developed in
India during ancient times. These temples were constructed by carving out of a single rock
orhillside, and their construction is considered a significant engineering feat.
Apart from Kailash Temple and Mahabalipuram Temple, other notable rock-cut temples in
India include the Ajanta and Ellora caves in Maharashtra, Badami cave temples in
Karnataka,and the Udayagiri and Khandagiri caves in Odisha.
The Ajanta and Ellora caves, for instance, are a series of 34 rock-cut temples that were
builtover a period of 600 years, from the 2nd century BC to the 10th century AD. These
templesare adorned with paintings, sculptures, and carvings that depict scenes from
Indian mythology, Buddhist teachings, and everyday life.
Similarly, the Badami cave temples are a complex of four temples that were built in the 6th
and 7th centuries AD. They are carved out of sandstone and are dedicated to Hindu deities
such as Lord Shiva and Lord Vishnu.
The rock-cut temples of India are a testament to the skill and creativity of the ancient
Indian craftsmen. They are not only religious sites but also serve as important historical
and culturallandmarks. These temples continue to attract tourists and devotees from all
over the world.
Rock-cut sculptures of free-standing temples have played a significant role in the
development of Indian art and architecture. They are not only religious monuments but
alsoserve as a window into the ancient Indian civilization, its culture, and its beliefs.
These temples continue to inspire artists, architects, and scholars from all over the world.
5. Rock-Cut Sculptures of Rock Cut Monuments
Rock-cut sculptures are one of the most remarkable and unique forms of art found in India.
These sculptures are created by carving out rock surfaces to create intricate and detailed
artwork. They can be found in a variety of rock-cut monuments, which were built by
differentrulers and dynasties across India.
Rock-cut sculptures in India are not limited to just these three famous sites. There are
numerous other rock-cut monuments across India that feature stunning examples of rockcutsculptures.
One of the most famous examples of rock-cut sculptures in India is the Ajanta Caves,
located in Maharashtra. These caves were built by Buddhist monks between the 2nd
century BC and the 6th century AD and contain some of the finest examples of rock-cut
art in India. The
sculptures here depict various scenes from the life of Buddha and other Buddhist deities.
Another famous rock-cut monument is the Ellora Caves, located in Maharashtra. These
caveswere built by a variety of different religious groups, including Buddhists, Hindus,
and Jains, between the 6th and 10th centuries AD. The sculptures here depict various
deities and scenesfrom Hindu and Jain mythology.
The Elephanta Caves, located near Mumbai, are another famous example of rock-cut
sculptures in India. These caves were built by the Rashtrakuta dynasty in the 6th century
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ADand contain intricate sculptures of Hindu deities such as Shiva and Parvati.
In the state of Karnataka, the Badami Cave Temples are another impressive example of
rock- cut sculptures. Built between the 6th and 8th centuries AD, these temples feature
intricate
carvings of Hindu deities, including Vishnu, Shiva, and Brahma.
The Udayagiri and Khandagiri Caves in Odisha are another example of rock-cut sculptures
inIndia. These caves were built by the Jain monks in the 1st century BC and contain
elaborate carvings of Jain deities and symbols.
One of the unique features of rock-cut sculptures in India is that they are not limited to just
one religion. Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain rock-cut monuments can be found across the
country,showcasing the diversity and richness of India's cultural heritage.
Overall, rock-cut sculptures in India are a testament to the skill and creativity of ancient
Indian artists and craftsmen. They provide a unique window into the rich cultural heritage
ofIndia and continue to attract visitors from around the world.
In addition to their artistic value, rock-cut sculptures also provide important historical and
archaeological insights into ancient India's social, cultural, and religious practices. They are
atestament to the advanced technological and artistic skills of ancient Indian craftsmen and
continue to inspire and awe visitors from around the world.
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TERRACOTTA
Terracotta is a type of clay-based ceramic material that has been used for centuries in
architecture and art. Despite its ancient origins, terracotta remains a popular material
for modern designers and architects due to its many benefits. Terracotta offers natural
warmth
and texture, making it a versatile choice for both interior and exterior design. Additionally,
itis a durable and weather-resistant material that requires little maintenance, making it an
excellent choice for sustainable construction. Terracotta is also a sustainable choice, as it
ismade from natural materials and can be recycled at the end of its life cycle. Overall,
the benefits of terracotta make it a popular choice for contemporary design, and its
timeless
aesthetic ensures its continued use in the years to come.
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8. CULTURAL STONEWORK IN INDIA IN
THE FORM OF PRIMITIVECUPULE ART
1. When Were Cupules Made?
Cupules, which are small, roughly circular depressions in rock surfaces, were made in
India and other parts of the world by prehistoric people as early as the Mesolithic period,
which began around 10,000 years ago. However, the exact time when cupule art first
appeared in India is not well established, as there are no clear chronological markers
associated with thistype of rock art. Some cupule art in India may date back several
thousand years, while otherexamples may be more recent.
2. What Are the Main Characteristics of Cupules?
Cupules are small, roughly circular depressions in rock surfaces, and they are
typicallycharacterized by several key features:
• Size: Cupules vary in size, but they are generally small, measuring between a
fewmillimeters to several centimeters in diameter.
• Shape: Cupules are typically circular in shape, although they can also be oval
orirregular in shape.
• Depth: Cupules vary in depth, but they are typically shallow depressions,
measuring afew millimeters to a few centimeters deep.
• Location: Cupules are usually found on exposed rock surfaces, such as boulders,
rockoutcrops, or cave walls.
• Quantity: Cupules are often found in clusters or groups, with dozens or even
hundredsof cupules in a single location.
• Decoration: Cupules may be decorated with additional markings, such as lines or
dots,or they may be arranged in patterns.
• Purpose: The purpose of cupules is not well understood, but they may have been
used for a variety of purposes, such as ritual or symbolic activities, tool-making, or
simplyas a form of artistic expression.
3. Where Do Cupules Occur?
Cupules occur in many parts of the world, and they have been found on every continent
except Antarctica. Cupules are often associated with rock art sites, but they can also be
foundin other contexts, such as at archaeological sites where stone tools were
manufactured or
where people camped. Some of the regions where cupules are particularly common include:
• Europe: Cupules are found throughout Europe, with particularly dense
concentrationsin Spain, France, and Italy.
• Asia: Cupules are also found throughout Asia, including in India, China, and Japan.
• Australia: Cupules are common in Australia, where they are often associated
withrock art sites.
• Africa: Cupules have been found in several parts of Africa, including South
Africaand Zimbabwe.
• North America: Cupules are found throughout North America, with particularly
denseconcentrations in the Southwest United States.
• South America: Cupules have been found in several parts of South
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America,including Brazil, Argentina, and Chile.
In general, cupules are associated with regions where there are abundant exposed
rocksurfaces, such as deserts, mountain ranges, and coastal areas.
4. What Are the Oldest Known Cupules?
The oldest known cupules are difficult to date precisely, as they were made by prehistoric
people using simple tools and techniques that do not leave behind clear chronological
markers. However, some of the oldest known cupules have been found in southern Africa,
where they are associated with the Middle Stone Age (MSA), a period of human prehistory
that began around 300,000 years ago and ended around 50,000 years ago. Some of the
cupules found in southern Africa date back to the MSA and are estimated to be between
70,000 and 100,000 years old.
In other parts of the world, cupules have been found in association with other
prehistoricartifacts and features, which can help to provide an estimated age range.
For example,
cupules found in the La Marche cave in France have been dated to the Upper
Paleolithicperiod, which began around 40,000 years ago and ended around 10,000
years ago.
Overall, cupules are a widespread and enduring form of rock art that have been made by
prehistoric people for thousands of years, and new discoveries continue to shed light on
theirorigins and meanings.
5. What is the Purpose of Cupules? Why Were They Made?
The purpose of cupules is not entirely clear, as there is no single explanation that can
accountfor all of the cupules found throughout the world. However, several different
theories have been proposed to explain why prehistoric people made cupules, including:
•
•
•
•
Ritual or symbolic purposes: Cupules may have been used in ritual or symbolic
activities, such as offerings to spirits or ancestors, or as part of fertility rites or other
ceremonies.
Tool-making or manufacturing: Cupules may have been used as a preliminary step
inmaking stone tools, such as grinding or polishing surfaces, or as a way to test
the hardness or texture of a rock before using it to make a tool.
Navigation or mapping: Cupules may have been used as markers or
wayfindingdevices, indicating paths or landmarks in the landscape.
Aesthetic or artistic purposes: Cupules may have been made simply for their visual
oraesthetic qualities, as a form of artistic expression or as a way to decorate the
rock
surface.
It is also possible that cupules served multiple purposes depending on the cultural
andenvironmental context in which they were made. Regardless of their original
purpose,
cupules provide valuable insights into the beliefs, practices, and technologies of
prehistoricpeople, and they continue to be the subject of ongoing research and debate
among
archaeologists and other scholars.
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9. THE BUDDHIST PILLARS OF ASHOKA
OF THE MAURYANPERIOD
There are many temples that are dedicated to Lord Shiva, Vishnu their avatars and
GoddessLakshmi. The list of must-visit temples is as follows. Collect information for
each: (10 marks)
• Kandariya Mahadeva Temple
The Kandariya Mahadeva Temple is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva
andlocated in the medieval temple town of Khajuraho in the Indian state of
Madhya Pradesh. It is considered one of the finest examples of the North
Indian temple
architecture of the medieval period.
The temple was built in the 11th century by the Chandela dynasty, which ruled
the region at the time. It is known for its intricate and highly detailed carvings,
which cover nearly every inch of its exterior and interior walls.
The temple stands at a height of 31 meters and consists of a main shrine
surroundedby 84 smaller shrines. The main shrine has a linga, a symbol of Lord
Shiva, and is
surrounded by a circumambulatory path. The exterior of the temple is adorned with
sculptures of various Hindu deities, including Shiva, Vishnu, and Brahma, as well
ascelestial nymphs, musicians, and other figures.
The temple is also known for its erotic sculptures, which depict various sexual
positions and acts. These sculptures have attracted a lot of attention over the years
andhave been the subject of much debate and controversy.
Despite being over 900 years old, the Kandariya Mahadeva Temple remains in
excellent condition and is a popular tourist attraction, drawing visitors from all
overthe world. It was designated a UNESCO World Heritage site in 1986 as part
of the Khajuraho Group of Monuments.
•
Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho
Lakshmana Temple is one of the most prominent temples in the Khajuraho group
of temples, located in the Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It was built
during the Chandella dynasty in the 10th century AD and is dedicated to Lord
Vishnu.
The temple is made of sandstone and stands on a high platform with a flight of
stairs leading up to it. It has a square sanctum, a vestibule, a mandapa, and a
porch. The
exterior walls of the temple are decorated with intricate carvings, depicting
various scenes from Hindu epics like Ramayana and Mahabharata. The carvings
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also depictscenes of daily life, celestial beings, and mythical creatures.
The main entrance of the temple has a magnificent archway with sculptures of
rivergoddesses, Ganga and Yamuna, and other deities. The sanctum sanctorum
houses afour-armed idol of Lord Vishnu, with his consort, Goddess Laxmi, by
his side.
The temple's architecture reflects the Nagara style of temple architecture,
characterized by a curvilinear tower, multiple chambers, and intricate carvings.
The Lakshmana Temple is a UNESCO World Heritage Site and is one of the
mostvisited temples in Khajuraho. It is known for its intricate carvings and
excellent preservation, making it a significant example of the architectural and
artistic
achievements of the Chandella dynasty.
•
Chaturbhuj Temple
Chaturbhuj Temple is a Hindu temple located in the city of Orchha, in the
Tikamgarh district of Madhya Pradesh, India. The temple is dedicated to Lord
Vishnu and is oneof the most famous and important temples in Orchha.
The temple was built by the Bundela Rajput king, Raja Madhukar Shah, in the
16thcentury. The name "Chaturbhuj" means "four-armed" and refers to the fourarmed statue of Lord Vishnu that is enshrined in the temple.
The temple is built on a high platform and has a beautiful blend of both Hindu and
Islamic architectural styles. It has a rectangular plan and features a large central hall
with a high dome. The exterior of the temple is decorated with beautiful carvings and
intricate designs.
One of the unique features of the Chaturbhuj Temple is its location. It is situated
onthe banks of the Betwa River and offers stunning views of the surrounding
countryside. The temple is also located near the famous Jahangir Mahal, which
isanother popular tourist attraction in Orchha.
The Chaturbhuj Temple is an important pilgrimage site for Hindus and attracts
thousands of visitors every year. It is also a popular tourist destination and is a
must-visit for anyone interested in history, architecture, and culture.
•
Javari Temple, Khajuraho
Javari Temple is a small temple located in the Khajuraho Group of Monuments in
Madhya Pradesh, India. It is believed to have been built during the 10th century AD,
during the Chandela dynasty's rule.
The temple is dedicated to Lord Vishnu, and it features simple yet elegant
architecturewith a single spire shikhara (tower). The temple is made of sandstone
and has a rectangular plan with a mandapa (pavilion) and a sanctum.
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The exterior of the temple is adorned with intricately carved sculptures and
friezes, depicting various mythological scenes and deities, such as Lord Vishnu,
Lord Shiva,and the ten avatars of Lord Vishnu. The intricate carvings on the
temple walls are
considered to be some of the finest examples of Indian temple art.
The Javari Temple is located within the Western Group of Khajuraho temples,
which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. The site is well-preserved and attracts a
large number of tourists and scholars from all over the world. The temples at
Khajuraho areconsidered to be one of the finest examples of medieval Hindu
temple architecture in India.
•
Vamana Temple, Khajuraho
Vamana Temple is one of the many temples in Khajuraho, a UNESCO World
Heritage Site located in Madhya Pradesh, India. It was built during the Chandela
dynasty in the 11th century and is dedicated to Lord Vamana, the fifth avatar of
Lord Vishnu.
The temple is built in the Nagara style of architecture and is known for its
intricatecarvings and sculptures. The main shrine of the temple is adorned with
a beautiful
idol of Lord Vamana. The temple also features other sculptures of deities, apsaras,
andmythical creatures.
The exterior walls of the temple are decorated with various scenes from Hindu
mythology and everyday life. These intricate carvings depict various aspects of life,
including love, war, music, dance, and yoga.
One of the most unique features of the Vamana Temple is its design. The temple
is built on a high platform, and the entrance is accessed by a steep flight of stairs.
The temple also has a large pavilion with a flat roof, which provides a panoramic
view ofthe surrounding area.
Vamana Temple is one of the smaller temples in Khajuraho, but it is still a popular
tourist destination due to its intricate carvings and unique design. The temple is
opento visitors throughout the year, and there is a small entry fee. Visitors are
required toremove their shoes before entering the temple.
•
Varaha Temple Khajuraho
The Varaha Temple is one of the most prominent temples in Khajuraho, a
UNESCOWorld Heritage Site located in the Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.
The temple is dedicated to Lord Varaha, an incarnation of Lord Vishnu, and was
built in the 10th century by the Chandela dynasty.
The temple is famous for its stunning architecture and intricate carvings, which
depict various scenes from Hindu mythology. The outer walls of the temple are
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adorned with beautiful sculptures of various deities, including Lord Shiva, Lord
Vishnu, and
Goddess Durga. The temple is also home to a massive sculpture of Lord Varaha,
which is considered to be one of the largest and most impressive Varaha sculptures
inIndia.
The Varaha Temple is built in the Nagara style of architecture and features a
sanctumsanctorum, a mandapa, and a porch. The temple is constructed entirely of
sandstone and features a beautiful pyramidal roof with a small shikhara at the top.
The interior of the temple is decorated with beautiful carvings and sculptures,
which are
considered to be some of the finest examples of ancient Indian art.
•
The Varaha Temple is an important pilgrimage site for Hindus and is visited by
thousands of devotees every year. The temple is also a popular tourist attraction and
isa must-visit destination for anyone interested in ancient Indian art and
architecture.
Duladeo Temple Khajuraho
Duladeo Temple is one of the famous temples in Khajuraho, a small town located
inthe Indian state of Madhya Pradesh. The temple was built during the Chandela
dynasty rule, which existed from the 10th to the 12th century AD. The temple is
dedicated to Lord Shiva, one of the major deities in Hinduism.
The architecture of Duladeo Temple is similar to other Khajuraho temples, which
are renowned for their intricate and exquisite carvings. The temple is built in the
Nagara style of architecture, which is characterized by a tall and curvilinear spire
known as ashikhara.
The walls of the temple are adorned with intricate carvings, depicting various
aspects of Hindu mythology and daily life in medieval India. The carvings also
include eroticsculptures, which are a hallmark of Khajuraho temples.
Duladeo Temple is located in the eastern part of Khajuraho, surrounded by lush
greenery and beautiful scenery. It is easily accessible by road and is open for
visitorsthroughout the year. The best time to visit the temple is during the
Khajuraho DanceFestival, which is held annually in February and showcases the
rich cultural heritageof India.
In summary, Duladeo Temple is a beautiful and historic temple located in
Khajuraho, India. It is renowned for its exquisite architecture and intricate
carvings, which makeit a popular tourist destination.
•
Devi Jagadambika Temple
Devi Jagadambika Temple or Jagadambika Temple is one of a group of about 25
temples at Khajuraho, Madhya Pradesh, India. Khajuraho is a World Heritage
Site. The temples of Khajuraho were built by the rulers of the Chandela dynasty
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betweenthe 10th and 12th centuries.
Devi Jagadambika temple, in a group to the north, is one of the most finely
decoratedtemples at Khajuraho. It is named after Jagadambika, a Hindu goddess
related to
Devi. Three bands of carvings encircle the body of the temple. In the sanctum is
anenormous image of the Goddess (Parvati).
•
Matangeshwar Mandir Khajuraho
Matangeshwar Mandir is a Hindu temple located in Khajuraho, a town in the
Chhatarpur district of Madhya Pradesh, India. It is dedicated to Lord Shiva and is
considered one of the oldest temples in the Khajuraho complex. The temple was
built during the Chandela dynasty, which ruled over central India from the 10th to
the 12thcentury.
The temple is constructed in the Nagara style of architecture, with a shikhara
(tower) rising above the sanctum sanctorum. The sanctum sanctorum houses a
lingam, a
symbol of Lord Shiva. The temple is built using sandstone and has intricate
carvingsand sculptures on its walls and pillars.
The temple has a rectangular plan and is divided into three sections: the ardhamandapa (entrance hall), the mandapa (assembly hall), and the garbhagriha
(sanctumsanctorum). The entrance hall has a small porch and is supported by four
pillars. Theassembly hall has eight pillars and a flat roof.
Matangeshwar Mandir is an active temple and is visited by devotees throughout the
year. It is also a popular tourist attraction, known for its exquisite architecture and
intricate carvings. The temple is located near the Khajuraho group of temples and is
easily accessible by road.
•
Lakshmi Temple Khajuraho
The Lakshmi Temple is one of the groups of temples located in the Khajuraho
complex in Madhya Pradesh, India. It is dedicated to the Hindu goddess
Lakshmi,who is considered the goddess of wealth, fortune, and prosperity.
The temple was built during the Chandela dynasty in the 10th century and is
known for its intricate carvings and architectural style. It is one of the smaller
temples in theKhajuraho complex, but it is considered one of the most beautiful
and well-preservedtemples.
The Lakshmi Temple is built in the Panchayatana style, which is a common
architectural style of Hindu temples in India. The temple is made of sandstone and
features a sanctum, a mandapa or a hall, and a porch or an entrance.
The temple's exterior is decorated with carvings of various deities, including
Lakshmi,Ganesha, and Vishnu. The interior of the temple is adorned with carvings.
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10. KOLAM - THE TRADITIONAL FLOOR
DRAWING OF SOUTH INDIA
1. Write a note on the importance of Symmetry in Rangoli in the space provided
below.
Symmetry plays a crucial role in the creation of Rangoli, a traditional Indian art form
that involves the use of colored powders, rice, or flowers to create intricate patterns and
designson the floor. Symmetry refers to a balanced arrangement of shapes, colors, and
patterns on both sides of a central axis, creating a harmonious and aesthetically pleasing
composition.
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In Rangoli, symmetry is important for several reasons. Firstly, it helps to create a sense
ofbalance and harmony in the design, making it more visually appealing. The use of
symmetrical patterns also creates a sense of order and structure, which is essential in
creatinga beautiful and cohesive design.
Symmetry also plays a symbolic role in Rangoli. In Hindu culture, symmetry is
oftenassociated with balance and harmony, representing the idea of unity and the
interconnectedness of all things. By incorporating symmetrical patterns into Rangoli,
artistscan convey these ideas and create a sense of spiritual and cultural significance in
their designs.
In addition to its symbolic and aesthetic importance, symmetry is also a practical
consideration in Rangoli. By using symmetrical patterns, artists can create designs that are
easy to replicate and maintain. This is particularly important in public spaces, where
Rangoliis often created for festivals and other events and needs to be maintained over
some time.
Overall, symmetry plays a crucial role in the creation of Rangoli, helping to create
beautiful,balanced, and meaningful designs that are both aesthetically pleasing and
culturally
significant.
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