293569
“Planning, Designing and
Construction of Commercial Building
at Pantheon Bhuj”
A PROJECT REPORT
Submitted by
SUTHAR RAJESHKUMAR BACHUBHAI
190150106050
In partial fulfillment for the award of the degree of
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
In
CIVIL ENGINEERING
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE
BHUJ
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
Prof. DEVANG MAJITHIYA
(ASSISTANT PROFESSOR)
Civil Engineering Department
CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
BHUJ (INDIA) -370001
2022-2023
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CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the Internship entitled "Planning, Designing and
Construction of Commercial Building at Pantheon Bhuj " submitted by
SUTHAR RAJESHKUMAR BACHUBHAI (190150106050) in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of "Bachelor of
Engineering” in Civil Engineering during the academic year 2022-23 (8th
Semester), of the Government Engineering College, Bhuj is record of his
own work carried out under our supervision and guidance and matter
embodied in this report has not been submitted to any other University or
Institution for award of any degree.
Prof. DEVANG MAJITHIYA
Internal Guide
Head of Department
Civil Engineering Department
Government Engineering College,
Bhuj (India) -370001
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CIVIL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT
GOVERNMENT ENGINEERING COLLEGE,
BHUJ (INDIA) -370001
2022-2023
DECLARATION
We hereby declare that the Internship / Project report submitted along with the
Internship / Project entitled “Planning, Designing and Construction of
Commercial Building at Pantheon Bhuj” submitted in partial fulfilment for
the degree of Bachelor of Engineering in civil to Gujarat Technological
University, Ahmedabad, is a bonafide record of original project work carried
out by me / us at space consultancy. under the supervision of Mr. Hitesh
Donga and that no part of this report has been directly copied from any
students’ reports or taken from any other source, without providing due
reference.
Name of the Student
Sign of Student
Suthar Rajeshkumar Bachubhai
_______________
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Apart from my effort, the success of this report depends on the encouragement and
guidelines by all the faculty member of the Civil Engineering Department. I take this
opportunity to thank all the faculty of the Department which helped me to complete this
task.
I wish to express our sincere gratitude to our Internal Guide Prof. DEVANG
MAJITHIYA for helping us through our internship by giving me the necessary
suggestions and advices along with their valuable co-ordination in completing this
internship.
I would like to thank Mr. Hitesh Donga (MIGHTY SCALES INFRA LLP) for giving us
this opportunity to work in the organization.
Thus, in conclusion to the above said, I once again thank the staff members of "MIGHTY
SCALES INFRA LLP" for their valuable support in completion of the project.
Sincerely,
SUTHAR RAJESH B.
190150106050
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ABSTRACT
The purpose of Training is to expose students to real work of environment
experience and at the same time, to gain the knowledge through hands on
observation and job execution. Moreover, this practical training program
allows students to relate theoretical from the industrial training, the students
will also develop skills in work ethics, communication, management and
others. knowledge with its application in the manufacturing industry. The
objectives of industrial training are:
• To provide students the opportunity to test their interest in a particular
career before permanent commitments are made.
• To develop skills in the application of theory to practical work
situations.
• To develop skills and techniques directly applicable to their careers.
• To expose students to real work environment experience, gain
knowledge in writing report in technical works/projects
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List of Figure
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Fig 2.1: Location Map
2
Fig 3.1: Methodology
7
Fig 4.1: Excavation
12
Fig 4.2: Laying PCC
14
Fig 5.1: Footing
15
Fig5.2: Footing Plan
15
Fig 5.3: Column Footing
16
Fig 5.4: Reinforcement of Column
18
Fig 5.5: Combined Footing
19
Fig 5.6: Step Footing
19
Fig 6.1: Plinth Beam
21
Fig 7.1: Stirrups and Bars
24
Fig 8.1: FOUNDATION LAYOUT
26
Fig 8.2: TYPE OF ISOLATED PAD FOOTING
27
Fig 8.3: COLUMN SCHEDULE
27
Fig 9.1: Centring
34
Fig10.1: Slab Formwork
35
Fig10.2: Slab Formwork
36
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List of Table
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------Table 2.1
Student Details
5
Table 4.1
Comparative Analysis of IS Code Criteria
10
Table 4.2
Comparative Analysis of IS Code Criteria
12
Table 4.3
Comparative Analysis of IS Code Criteria
13
Table 5.1
Comparative Analysis of IS Code Criteria
16
Table 6.1
Comparative Analysis of IS Code Criteria
22
Table 7.1
Comparative Analysis of IS Code Criteria
25
Table 8.1
Estimation of Footing Casting
29
Table 8.2
Estimation of Footing JALI
31
Table 8.2
Estimation Site
32
Table 10.1
Comparative Analysis of IS Code Criteria
37
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TABLE OF CONTENT
------------------------------------------------------------------------------DECLARATION
Acknowledgement
Abstract
List of Figures
List of Table
iv
v
vi
vii
viii
CHAPTER 1: Company Profile
1
1.1 Mission Of Company and Projects
2.1Mission of Company
3.1 Head office
1
1
1
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION
2.1 SITE LOCATION
2.2 OBJECTIVES
2.3 SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK
2.4 LITERAURE REVIEW
2.5 Aim and Objective of the Internship
2.6 My Roles and Responsibilities
2-6
2
2
3
3
5
6
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
3.1 PLANNING
3.2 DETAILS DESCRIPTION OF PLANNING
3.3 PLANNING
7-9
8
8
8
CHAPTER 4: Methodology of Work
4.1 Site Clearance
4.2 Excavation
4.3 Laying of P.C.C. (Plain Cement Concrete)
10-14
10
11
12
CHAPTER 5: FOOTING
5.1 Footing
5.2 CASTING OF COLUMN STARTER
5.3 REINFORCEMENT OF COLUMN
5.4 COMBINED FOOTING
5.5 STEP FOOTING
15-20
15
17
17
18
19
CHAPTER 6: PLINTH BEAM
6.1 PLINTH BEAM AND THEIR FORM WORK
21-23
21
CHAPTER 7: STIRRUPS AND LATERAL TIES
24-25
CHAPTER 8: ESTIMATION
26-32
CHAPTER 9: TEMPORARY STRUCTURE
33-34
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9.1 SCAFFOLDING
9.2 R.C.C FORMWORK
9.3 CENTERING
33
33
34
CHAPTER 10: CASTING SLAB AND BEAM
10.1
MANAGEMENT FOR CASTING SLAB AND BEAM35
35-37
CHAPTER 11: CONCLUSION
38
CHAPTER 11: Bibliography
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COMPANY PROFILE
CHAPTER 1: COMPANY PROFILE
1.1 Mission of Company and Projects
Mighty Scales Infra LLP is a Limited Liability Partnership firm incorporated on 27 January
2021. It is registered at Registrar of Companies, Mumbai. Its total obligation of contribution
is Rs. 7,000,000. with their commitments and quality assurance, they have ranked to be the
best in their industry. Their expertise in real estate development ensures the best investment
for our needs. Their team is highly experienced having tenured and creative professionals.
Designated Partners of Mighty Scales Infra LLP are Breeze Jayant Thacker, Nilesh
Sureshchandra Doshi, Monil Hitenbhai Zota, Dharmendra Shantilal Parekh, Arvindkumar
Jaysukhlal Morabia, Dhiren Rameshchandra Doshi, Vipulkumar Kantilal.
1.2 Mission of Company:
Mighty Scales Infra LLP mission to perform for their customers the highest level of quality
construction services at fair and market competitive prices and to maintain the highest level
of professionalism, integrity, honesty and fairness in Their suppliers relationship with their
suppliers, subcontractors, professional associates and customers.
1.3 Head Office
Mighty Scales Infra LLP Identification Number is (LLPIN)AAV-6079. Its Email address
is contact@msillp.com and its registered address is GC 2 Mazzenine floor, Ground
floor,Karma stambh, L.B.S Marg,Vik hroli. West Mumbai, Maharashtra 400086
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INTRODUCTION
CHAPTER 2: INTRODUCTION
Commercial buildings are an important part of doing business, both for those who own
them and for those who rent them.
A commercial building could contain one or more of many types of businesses, including
retailers, restaurants, offices or manufacturing.
Commercial buildings are buildings where commercial activities take place. It include
office buildings, retail space, warehouses, restaurant, hotels, healthcare and multiuse.
2.1 SITE LOCATION:
Name of the Project: Pantheon Bhuj
Location: Commercial Building Construction
Owner: Mighty Scales Infra LLP
Purpose of Project: Commercial Building Construction
Total Area of Construction: 2.5 Acers
FIG: 2.1 SITE LOCATION
2.2 OBJECTIVES:
1. Experiencing and learning more about construction site environment.
2. Plan should include construction methods to be adopted for different
construction activities.
3. Learning about basic process of construction by observing and comparing topics
that taught by lectures at college.
4. Construction Projects are executed based on the drawing and specifications.
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INTRODUCTION
5. Asking questions from supervisors and people working at construction site to
gain more information and learn from their exeperience.
2.3 SEQUENCE OF STRUCTURE WORK
1. Site clearance
2. Boundary of Site
3. Positioning of Central Coordinate
4. Excavation
5. Laying of PCC
6. Bar Binding and placement of foundation steel
7. Shuttering and Scaffolding
8. Concreting
9. Electrical and Plumbing
10. De- shuttering
11. Brick Work or Stone Work
12. Plastering
13. Flooring
14. Painting
2.4 LITERAURE REVIEW
Hemsworth Martinez-Lorente Clavel et al. (2006) stated that Standardization of materials
is one important purchasing department decision. The primary objective of this study is to
examine empirically the impact of standardization of materials and purchasing procedures
on purchasing and business performance. The results of this research indicate that
standardization in purchasing has a significant positive effect on both purchasing and
business performance. They gave some points for a better understanding of how
standardization in purchasing, operationalized as standardization of materials and
purchasing procedures, can impact a firm’s purchasing and business performance. Thus,
standardizing materials and purchasing procedures is important and may help firms to meet
their materials expenditure targets, and increase the quality of materials, on-time delivery
from suppliers, and inventory performance. (10)
Ashokkumar et al. (2014) stated that the development of construction industry depends on
the quality of construction projects. Quality is one of the critical factors in the success of
construction projects. This project mainly focuses the importance and factors that affects
the quality management in the execution (construction) phase. He concluded that the main
factors, which affect the construction quality and increase in cost of construction due to
quality defect. This study will create the quality management awareness to all level
construction companies’ especially small-scale companies. He get the major factors and
issues which affects the construction quality and that create a chance for find out the
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INTRODUCTION
remedial measure. This thesis is useful for minimize the material wastage, workmanship
wastage, time wastage and indirect cost. (7)
Krishna Satyanarayana Rao et al. (2017) stated that Materials are basic core organs of any
product it occupies around 60 to 70% of total cost of production. Materials management
will attempt resolve the issues viz., materials shortages, delays in supply, price fluctuations,
damage and wastage, and lack of storage space. After analysis, they concluded that the
materials are managed in a series of stages such as procurement, transportation, Shipping,
grading, storage, warehouse maintenance, supplying to production centres Etc. Minimising
the risk at all the above levels give management not only better utilization of resources but
also serves as competitive advantage. (20)
Gulghane Khandve et al. (2015) stated that the total cost of materials may be up to 60% or
more of the total cost incurred in construction project dependent upon the type of project.
This give light to the fact that pre-planning and material procurement are equally important
in controlling the total project cost. It reveals that the minimization of materials wastage
during the construction phases is important in order to avoid loss of profits. It is observed
that considerable research has been conducted to investigate individual construction waste
management strategies at a specific stage of a construction project. (9)
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INTRODUCTION
Student Details
Student Name
Suthar Rajeshkumar Bachubhai
Enr. Number
190150106050
Semester
7
Email Address
Sutharrajesh988@gmail.com
Phone No (M)
6354314205
Date Of
Reporting
23/01/2023
Project Details
Project Title
Offline Internship
Project Duration
12 Weeks
Organization Details
Organization
Mighty Scales Infra LLP
Name
Full postal
GC 2 Mazzenine floor, Ground floor, Karma stambh, L.B.S
address
Marg,Vikhroli. West Mumbai, Maharashtra 400086
with pin code
Email address
contact@msillp.com
Dy. General Manger Details
Dy. General
Manager Name
Designation
Email address
Er. Hitesh Donga
Site Engineer
-
Phone No(M)
+91 97143 76492
Internal Guide Details
Faculty Name
Full contact
address
With pin code
Email address
Prof. DEVANG MAJITHIYA
Government Engineering College Bhuj-370001
dev_engg2000@yahoo.com
Phone No (M)
Table 2.1: Student Details
9512450050
2.5 Aim and Objective of the Internship
An internship is a purposeful activity of the student set in a work environment in order
to obtain learning outcomes within their curriculum. During the internship, the knowledge,
skills, and attitudes learned in the programme can be applied.
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INTRODUCTION
The aim of the internship provides a direction to activities, helps to focus on a result, and
to assess the result achieved.
Before going on the internship, two important factors guiding your development should be
taken into account when formulating the aim:
•
•
•
•
Connecting what you have learned (theoretical and practical knowledge on your
subject field) with actual work experience, in order to complement your field
specific skills and learn new ones.
Apply and Analysis at least one future skill (Future Skills 2025)
There can be one or two aims, but both development o field specific skills as well
as future skills have to be represented.
Proceeding from the established aim (aims), you will set tasks.
2.6 My Roles and Responsibilities
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Site Observation and Excavation
Checking the column center line.
Safety Aspect
Mange the concrete grade (M-15, M-25, M-30)
Management of the proper curing.
Reading of drawing for various type structures
Testing Materials
Solve the Technical Problems
Work with Group
Management of Construction Site
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METHODOLOGY
CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY
Collection of Data
Analysis and comparing specification given in IS C
Drawing reading
ode
practically at site
Learn about basic process of construction
Analysis and comparing specification given
in GUIDELINES practically at site
Conclusion
Fig 3.1: Methodology
The methodology of construction of a commercial building can vary depending on the
project's specific requirements, size, and complexity. However, some general steps are
commonly followed in most commercial building construction projects. These steps
include:
1. Pre-Construction Phase
2. Site Preparation
3. Foundation
4. Structural Framing
5. Exterior Work
6. Mechanical and Electrical Systems
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METHODOLOGY
7. Interior Work
8. Finishing Work
9. Final Inspection
10. Handover
3.1 PLANNING Aspect
Building planning is a crucial aspect of the construction of a commercial building. The
planning stage involves developing a comprehensive plan for the building that considers
various factors such as the intended use of the building, budget, local building codes and
regulations, and sustainability goals.
3.2 DETAILS DESCRIPTION OF PLANNING
Road-facing Showrooms of G + 1 Level for Pan-India Brands & Designer Labels. Truly,
one can expect greater customer connect at Pantheon’s Retail spaces. A limited edition of
road facing retail stores with promenade that beckons a choosen few to grab maximum
eyeballs.
The following are some of the key steps involved in the building planning process:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Determining the Purpose and Scope of the Building
Site Analysis:
Conceptual Design
Cost Estimation
Finalizing the Design
Obtaining Permits and Approvals
Sustainability Considerations
Construction Management Plan
In conclusion, building planning is a critical aspect of the construction of a commercial
building. It involves developing a comprehensive plan that considers various factors such
as the intended use of the building, budget, local building codes and regulations, and
sustainability goals. The success of the construction project largely depends on the quality
of the building planning process.
3.3 PLANNING
Designing is an essential aspect of the construction of a commercial building. The design
phase involves creating a detailed plan for the building's layout, structure, and aesthetics.
The following are some of the key steps involved in the designing of a commercial building:
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
METHODOLOGY
Developing a Design Brief
Site Analysis
Conceptual Design
Detailed Design
Sustainability Considerations
Cost Estimation
Interior Design
landscaping
Building Information Modeling (BIM)
In conclusion, designing is a critical aspect of the construction of a commercial building. It
involves creating a detailed plan for the building's layout, structure, and aesthetics. The
success of the construction project largely depends on the quality of the designing process.
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Methodology of Work
CHAPTER 4: Methodology of Work
4.1 Site Clearance
Site clearance is an important aspect of the construction of a commercial building. It
involves clearing the construction site of any existing structures, debris, or other
obstructions that may interfere with the construction process. The following are some of
the key steps involved in site clearance for a commercial building:
Site Inspection Demolition Tree Felling Excavation Waste Disposal Site Security
Environmental Considerations
Sr.
IS Code,
Clause/Table
1
IS1200-1(1992)
Clause 2.6
Page No.
1
Criteria for site Provided
clearance as per
IS Code
removal of grass
and vegetation
YES
Remark
OK
Table 4.1: Comparative Analysis of IS Code Criteria
Table 4.1: Comparative Analysis of IS Code Criteria
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Methodology of Work
In conclusion, site clearance is a critical aspect of the construction of a commercial
building. It involves clearing the site of any existing structures, debris, or other obstructions
that may interfere with the construction process. The success of the construction project
largely depends on the quality of the site clearance process.
4.2 Excavation
Excavation was carried out both manually as well as mechanically. When a small area
or depth of footing is less than 4’ or constructed a single home excavation there required a
worker excavation. Where a large area more than 5’or number of more column footing are
available and residential construction working that place required a mechanically
excavation. Adequate precaution is taken to see that the excavation operation does not
damage the adjoining structures. Excavation is carried out providing adequate side slopes
and dressing of the excavation bottom. The soil present beneath the surface was too clayey
so it was dumped and was not used for black filling. the filling is done in layer not
exceeding 20cm layer and then it’s compacted. Depth of excavation 2.0 meter from ground
level.
Table 4.2: Comparative Analysis of IS Code Crite
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Methodology of Work
Sr.
IS Code,
Clause/Table
1
IS 3764:1992
Clause 5.1.2 ,5.1.3
Page
No.
2
Criteria for excavation Provided Remark
as per IS Code
All trenches in soil more
than 1.5m deep shall
securely shored and
timbered.
1.2
OK
Table 4.2: Comparative Analysis of IS Code Criteria
For the analysis of above calculation manually and mechanically (JCB) we can see JCB is
grate for the excavation and it was faster work compare to worker and completed its work
quickly. And JCB total rate of cost is low.
Fig 4.1: Excavation
4.3 Laying of P.C.C. (Plain Cement Concrete)
After the process of GSB, laying of plain cement concrete that is PCC is done. The level of
the PCC is also given in the given in the drawing. The level of PCC is done by mason. Plain
concrete is vibrated to achieve full compaction. Concrete placed below ground should be
protected from falling earth during and after placing. When joint in a layer of concrete are
unavoidable, and end is sloped at an angle of 30 and junctions of different layer break joint
in laying upper layer of concrete. The lower surface is made rough and clean water before
upper layer is laid.
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Methodology of Work
Sr.
IS Code,
Clause/Table
Page
No.
Criteria for Footing as per IS Provided Remark
Code
1
IS 456:200
Clause 26.4.2.2
46
For Footings Minimum cover
shall be 50mm
50mm
OK
2
IS 456:2000
Clause5.1
13
53 Grade ordinary Portland
cement conforming to IS 12269
53 Grade
OK
3
IS 456:2000
Table5
20
Min. Grade of concrete for mild
exposure (for PCC work): M30
M30
4
IS 456:2000
Table5
IS 456:2000
Clause 34.3.1
20
Min. Grade of concrete for mild
exposure (for RCC work): M30
In one-way reinforced footing,
the reinforcement extending in
each direction shall be
distributed uniformly across the
full width of the footing
OK
In site use
the M15
ratio for
PCC
OK
OK
OK
5
65
Table 4.3: Comparative Analysis of IS Code Criteria
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Methodology of Work
CONCLUSION:
• From the analysis of above data it can be concluded that the parameters like cover
of footing, width of footing reinforcement, one way slab, grade of concrete matched
with the IS Code while the grade of concrete for mild exposure used at site M30
which was mention in IS Code.
Fig 4.2: Laying PCC
GRADE: M15
OBSERVATION:
• From the analysis of above data, it can be concluded that the parameters like cover
of footing, width of footing reinforcement, one way slab, grade of concrete matched
with the IS Code while the grade of concrete for mild exposure used at site M15
which was mention in IS Code.
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FOOTING
CHAPTER 5: FOOTING
5.1 Footing
After completion of the PCC, we had done the footing as per the drawing. In the footing
the bottom has is and top has. Between the bottom and top there is ‘chair’. Which is use
for spacing between bottom and top. The chair’s height is calculated as per drawing
Fig 5.1: Footing
Fig5.2: Footing Plan
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FOOTING
Sr.
IS Code,
Clause/Table
Page
No.
Criteria for Column as per
IS Code
Provided
1
IS 456:200
Clause 25.1.1
41
Effective length exceeds
three times the least lateral
dimension
OK
2
IS 456:200
Clause 25.1.2
41
3
4
5
Remark
A compression member may
OK
be considered as short when
both the slenderness ratio
and are less than 12
IS 456:2000
48
The maximum longitudinal
OK
Clause 26.5.3.1(a)
steel reinforcement for the
column is 6% of the gross
column area
IS 456:2000
48
The bar shall not be less than
OK
Clause 26.5.3.1(d)
12mm I diameter
IS 456:2000
48
Minimum numbers of bar for
OK
Clause 26.5.3.1(c)
rectangular = 4
Table 5.1: Comparative Analysis of IS Code Criteria
6.1.2 CLOUMN FOOTING:
Fig 5.3: Column Footing
GRADE: M30
5.2 R.C.C COLUMN
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FOOTING
R.C.C. Column is the vertical structural member in compression, which carries an axial
load coming from beams and slabs & transfer it to the foundation & ultimately to the soil
the various constructional activities related to the column area as follow
• Casting of starters
• Reinforcement of column
• Formwork of column.
• Concreting of column
• Stripping work
• Curing work of column
5.3 CASTING OF COLUMN STARTER: •
•
•
•
•
•
•
Line string is fixed at outer side of slab top and then diagonals are checked as per
center
line plan, before starter sides are fixed.
After fixing of starter sides, all the distances are checked and measured
According to the centre line plan & column drawings.
Line, right angle & plumb bob are also checked of every individual starter and also
measurements are checked of every column starter according to column size at the
respective floor.
Check proper covering given or not.
5.4 REINFORCEMENT OF COLUMN:
•
•
•
•
•
•
Longitudinal reinforcement is tied to columns as per structural drawing details
columns at that respective floor.
Lap length should be provided to all the longitudinal reinforcement of column.
In my site, Lap length For 12 mm bar 600 mm
Cover blocks are tied up to stirrups at bottom, middle & top position. Clear cover
should be 45mm from stirrups of column.
After tying of reinforcement & stirrups, diameter of bars & number of bar as per
structural drawing.
o Supports provided for shuttering should rest on firm ground or base. Supporting is
done with the help of props, clamps & joist.
o After tying of longitudinal, stirrups are tied to columns as per given in structural
drawing of columns. At my site, stirrups are of 8mm diameter provided following
C/C spacing.
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FOOTING
Fig 5.4: Reinforcement of Column
GRADE: M30
5.5 COMBINED FOOTING:
Combined footing is constructed for two or more column when they are close to each
other and their foundations overlap. Design of combined footings with examples is
discussed. The function of a footing or a foundation is to transmit the load from the structure
to the underlying soil.
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FOOTING
Fig 5.5: Combined Footing
GRADE: M30
5.6 STEP FOOTING:
The main purpose of using stepped footing is to keep the metal columns away from direct
contact with soil to save them from corrosive effect. They are used to carry the load of
metal columns and transmit this load t the below ground
Fig 5.6: Step Footing
GRADE: M30
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FOOTING
QUANTITY CALCULATION
COLUMN SIZE
Column Nos.
C71,C72,C76
C35,C40,C66,C76
C18,C21
Length
450mm
450mm
750mm
Breadth
450mm
750mm
750mm
Height
2.28m
2.28m
2.28m
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PLINTH BEAM
CHAPTER 6: PLINTH BEAM
6.1: PLINTH BEAM AND THEIR FORM WORK
Fig 6.1: Plinth Beam
GRADE:M30
o Plinth beam is a reinforced concrete beam constructed between the wall and its
foundation. Plinth beam is provided to prevent the extension or propagation of
cracks from the foundation into the wall above when the foundation suffers from
settlement.
o The main function for the plinth in construction is to distribute the load of the
columns over the foundation evenly.
o Concrete blocks ae used from work of plinth beam. The purpose of the concrete
block used in form work is no need to remove after casting.
o The size of the plinth beam is 300*450mm, bars are 16mm and stirrups are 8mm
and their spacing is 125mm.
o The concrete is used M-30 Grade.
Sr.
IS Code, Clause/Table
Pag
e
No.
3
1
IS 13920:1993 Clause
6.1.2
2
IS 2502:1963 Clause 3.2.1 5
Criteria for plinth beam as per IS
Code
Provided Rema
rk
The Beam shall preferably have a
width-to-depth ratio of more than
0.3
Standard length of hook for 135
degrees for stirrups = 24d
0.3
OK
135
OK
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3
4
5
6
7
8
IS 13920:1993 Clause
6.1.3
IS 13920:1993 Clause
6.1.4
IS 13920:1993 Clause
6.3.2
IS 13920:1993 Clause
6.2.6.1
IS 456:2000 Clause 26.4
PLINTH BEAM
3
The width of the beam shall not be
less than 200mm
3
Beam shall not have D more than ¼
of the clear span
4
The minimum diameter of shall be 8
mm
3
At a splicing junction, spacing of
links shall not exceed 150mm
46
For beam Minimum cover shall be
25mm
IS 456:2000 Clause 6.3.2 3
The minimum diameter of the bar
forming a hoop shall be 6mm.
Table 6.1: Comparative Analysis of IS Code Criteria
300
OK
450
OK
8mm
OK
150mm
OK
25mm
OK
8mm
OK
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PLINTH BEAM
OBSERVATION:
o From the analysis of above data it can be concluded that the parameters like cover
of footing, width of footing reinforcement, grade of concrete matched with IS Code
while the concrete for mild exposure used at site M30 which was mentioned in IS
Code.
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STIRRUPS AND LATERAL TIES
CHAPTER 7: STIRRUPS AND LATERAL TIES
Fig 7.1: Stirrups and Bars
GRADE:M30
7.1: stirrups and lateral ties (various dimension)
• There are following dimension of the stirrups and lateral tis are used:
1. 150*150mm
2. 150*200mm
3. 150*300mm
4. 150*380mm
Sr.
IS Code,
Clause/Table
Page Criteria for Lateral ties as
no.
per IS Code
Provided Remark
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1
2
3
STIRRUPS AND LATERAL TIES
IS 456:2000
Clause 26.5.3.2(c)
IS 456:2000
Clause 26.5.3.2(c)
49
IS 456:2000
Clause 26.5.3.2(c)
49
49
The least lateral dimension
of the compression members
Sixteen times the smallest
diameter of the longitudinal
reinforcement bar to be tied
Diameter-The diameter of
the polygonal links or lateral
ties shall be not less than
one- fourth of the diameter
of the largest longitudinal
bar. and in no case less than
16mm
OK
OK
OK
Table 8.1: Comparative Analysis of IS Code Criteria
OBSERVATION:
o It is concluded that the above analyzed data is correct criteria for lateral ties as per
IS Code to be considered at construction site.
7.2 REINFORCEMENT OF BEAM AND SLAB
•
•
•
Longitudinal reinforcement at tension and compression face. Shear reinforcements
in the form of vertical stirrups and or bent up longitudinal bars.
Structural reinforcement is typically placed in the bottom portion of the slab
thickness to increase the slab's load capacity.
In IS 456:2000, the minimum steel requirement of slabs is prescribed in Clause
26.5. 2.1 as 0.15% of the gross cross-sectional area for mild steel reinforcement and
0.12% for high-strength deformed bars.
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ESTIMATION
CHAPTER 8: ESTIMATION
Fig 8.1: FOUNDATION LAYOUT
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ESTIMATION
Fig 8.2: TYPE OF ISOLATED PAD FOOTING
Fig 8.3: COLUMN SCHEDULE
SR No.
Iteam Description
No.
length
Width
Height
Quantity
Unit
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1
ESTIMATION
Footing Casting M25
F1
Step 1
8
1.95
1.65
0.60
15.44
F2
Step 1
Step2
2
2
2.40
1.50
2.10
1.20
0..45
0.45
4.53
1.62
F3
Step 1
Step2
9
9
2.25
1.20
2.25
1.20
0.45
0.45
20.50
5.83
F4
Step 1
Step2
1
1
3.00
1.80
2.40
1.50
0.45
0.45
3.24
1.21
F5
Step 1
Step2
8
8
3.00
2.10
2.30
1.80
0.45
0.60
29.16
18.14
F6
Step 1
Step2
2
2
3.00
1.80
3.00
1.80
0.45
0.60
8.10
3.86
F7
Step 1
Step2
2
2
3.15
1.80
3.15
1.80
0.45
0.60
8.93
3.86
F8
Step 1
Step2
5
5
3.45
2.10
3.30
1.80
0.60
0.60
34.15
11.34
F9
Step 1
Step2
6
6
3.90
2.55
3.90
2.55
0.60
0.75
54.75
29.26
F10
Step 1
Step2
6
6
4.50
2.25
3.45
1.65
0.60
0.75
55.89
16.70
Cu m
F11
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ESTIMATION
Step 1
Step2
2
2
4.95
4.95
2.70
1.50
0.15
0.60
12.02
8.91
F12
Step 1
Step2
1
1
5.85
5.85
3.45
2.10
0.45
0.45
8.67
5.55
F13
Step 1
Step2
1
1
3.90
3.15
6.45
3.15
0.60
0.60
Total Qty=
15.09
5.95
382.7
Cu m
Table 8.1: Estimation of Footing Casting
SR
No.
Iteams Description
1
Footing Jali
1
2
3
No.
length
Steel (Kg)
8mm
F1
Bottom steel (10d-125c/c)
Short bar (16)
Long bar (13)
8
8
2.55
2.85
Top Steel (8d-230c/c)
Short bar (9)
Long bar (7)
8
8
2.55
2.85
F2
Bottom steel (10d-125c/c)
Short bar (19)
Long bar (17)
2
2
2.3
2
Top Steel (8d-230c/c)
Short bar (17)
Long bar (9)
2
2
2.3
2
F3
Bottom steel (10d-125c/c)
Short bar (18)
Long bar (18)
9
9
2.15
2.15
Top Steel (8d-230c/c)
Short bar (10)
Long bar (10)
9
9
2.15
2.15
10mm
12mm 16mm
20mm
326
296
183
159
87
68
51
36
348
348
193
193
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25mm
293569
4
5
6
7
8
ESTIMATION
F4
Bottom steel (12d-150c/c)
Short bar (20)
Long bar (16)
1
1
2.9
2.3
Top Steel (8d-230c/c)
Short bar (13)
Long bar (10)
1
1
2.9
2.3
F5
Bottom steel (12d-125c/c)
Short bar (24)
Long bar (22)
8
8
2.9
2.6
Top Steel (10d-230c/c)
Short bar (13)
Long bar (12)
8
8
2.9
2.6
F6
Bottom steel (12d-150c/c)
Short bar (20)
Long bar (20)
2
2
2.9
2.9
Top Steel (10d-230c/c)
Short bar (13)
Long bar (13)
2
2
2.9
2.9
F7
Bottom steel (12d-125c/c)
Short bar (25)
Long bar (25)
2
2
3.05
3.05
Top Steel (10d-230c/c)
Short bar (14)
Long bar (14)
2
2
3.05
3.05
F8
Bottom steel (12d-125c/c)
Short bar (28)
Long bar (26)
5
5
3.35
3.2
58
36
37
23
556
457
301
250
116
116
75
75
152
152
85
85
469
416
Top Steel (10d-230c/c)
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9
10
11
ESTIMATION
Short bar (15)
Long bar (14)
5
5
3.35
3.2
251
224
F9
Bottom steel (16d-125c/c)
Short bar (31)
Long bar (31)
6
6
3.8
3.8
Top Steel (12d-230c/c)
Short bar (17)
Long bar (17)
6
6
3.8
3.8
F10
Bottom steel (16d-125c/c)
Short bar (36)
Long bar (28)
6
6
4.4
3.35
Top Steel (12d-230c/c)
Short bar (20)
Long bar (15)
6
6
4.4
3.35
528
301
F11
Bottom steel (12d-150c/c)
Short bar (33)
Long bar (18)
2
2
4.85
2.6
320
93
Top Steel (12d-230c/c)
Short bar (33)
Long bar (18)
2
2
4.85
2.6
320
93
707
707
388
388
950
563
Total
Qty= 875
2819
Total Qty=11580 Kg
4959
2927
Table 8.2: Estimation of Footing JALI
SR No.
Iteam Description
1
Excavation
Footing
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
No.
length
Width
8.00
2.00
9.00
1.00
8.00
2.55
3.00
2.85
3.60
3.60
2.55
2.70
2.85
3.00
3.30
Height Quantity
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
82.62
29.16
131.58
19.44
171.07
Unit
Cu.m
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ESTIMATION
F6
F7
F8
F9
F10
F11
F12
F13
2
Footing P.C.C
F1
F2
F3
F4
F5
F6
F7
F8
F9
F10
F11
F12
F13
2.00
2.00
5.00
6.00
6.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
3.60
3.75
4.05
4.50
5.10
5.50
6.40
4.50
8.00
2.00
9.00
1.00
8.00
2.00
2.00
5.00
6.00
6.00
2.00
1.00
1.00
2.55
3.00
2.85
3.60
3.60
3.60
3.75
4.05
4.50
5.10
5.50
6.40
4.50
3.60
3.75
3.90
4.50
4.05
3.30
4.05
7.05
2.55
2.70
2.85
3.00
3.30
3.60
3.75
3.90
4.50
4.05
3.30
4.05
7.05
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
1.80
Total Qty=
46.65
50.62
142.15
218.7
223.07
65.93
46.65
57.1
1350.68
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
0.10
Total Qty=
4.59
1.62
7.31
1.08
8.64
2.59
2.81
7.89
12.15
12.39
3.63
2.59
3.17
70.46
Cu.m
Cu.m
Cu.m
Table 8.3: Estimation Site
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TEMPORARY STRUCTURE
CHAPTER 9: TEMPORARY STRUCTURE
9.1 SCAFFOLDING:
•
Scaffolding, also called scaffold or staging, is a temporary structure used to support
a work crew and materials to aid in the construction, maintenance and repair of
buildings, bridges and all other man-made structures.
Types of scaffolding or scaffold• Single scaffolding
• Double scaffolding Ladder scaffolding
• Cantilever scaffolding Steel scaffolding
• Suspended scaffolding
• Trestle scaffolding
• Wooden gantries
9.2 R.C.C FORMWORK:
•
Formwork (shuttering) is a temporary mould to provide support to fresh concrete
when placed in structural member until the concrete has set. This helps the structural
member to gain sufficient strength to carry its self-load and load from other
members.
Requirements of Good Formwork:
1. It should be carefully designed, so as to be strong enough to resist the pressure of
fresh concrete and the super-imposed loads due to men, materials and Equipment
etc.
2. It should be rigid enough to retain its original shape without undue deformation
which is normally restricted to 1/300 the of span in normal cases.
3. It should be tight enough so as not to allow cement and other materials to leak
through the joints.
4. The formwork should not warp, bulge, bend or sink and should remain true to the
designed size.
5. The inner surface of the formwork should be smooth so as to give pleasing
appearance to the finished surface. The inner surface is also applied with mould oil
to facilitate its removal
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TEMPORARY STRUCTURE
9.3 CENTERING:
Fig 9.1: Centring
DATE: 10/03/2023 TIME:1:00PM GRADE:M30
• Centring is a type of formwork the temporary structure upon which the stones of an
arch or vault are laid during construction. Until the keystone is inserted an arch has
no strength and needs the centring to keep the vous soirs in their correct relative
positions. A simple centring without a truss is called a common centring. The cross
piece connecting centring frames are called a lag
• The centring is normally made of wood timbers, which was a relatively
straightforward structure in a simple arch or vault, but with more complex shapes,
involving double curvature, such as a small dome or the bottle-shaped flues of the
kitchens of some Normanperiod houses; clay or sand bound by a weak lime mortar
mix could be used.
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CASTING SLAB AND BEAM
CHAPTER 10: CASTING SLAB AND BEAM
10.1 MANAGEMENT FOR CASTING SLAB AND BEAM:
•
•
•
•
The formwork & reinforcement of beams & slab is checked by site engineer one
day advance before casting & any remarks suggest by him is get rectified
immediately.
Arrangement of materials like cement, sand, metals for casting of slab in well
advance
Arrangement of water, in case of electric failure & labour strength. The concrete
mixer, Vibrators, skip and hoist machine is well cleaned by oiling.
The slab and beam are well cleaned with water and dust, wooden pieces and solid
waste is remaining.
Fig10.1: Slab Formwork
DATE: 15/03/2023 TIME: 1:00PM GRADE:M30
A vibrator is a mechanical device to generate vibrations. The vibration is often generated
by an electric motor with an unbalanced mass on its driveshaft. Different types of vibrator
used in commercial construction. Needle vibrator are most commonly used vibrator for
concrete. It consists of a steel tube having an eccentric vibrating element inside it. On my
site Needle vibrator used in all slab.
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CASTING SLAB AND BEAM
Fig10.2: Slab Formwork
DATE: 15/03/2023
Sr.
1
2
3
IS Code,
clause/Table
Is 456:2000
Clause 26.5.2
Is 456:2000
Clause
26.5.2.2
Sp-34
handbook on
concrete
TIME: 1:00PM
Page Criteria for Slab as per IS code
no.
48
For plain barsminimum0.15%
of totalcross section area For
high strength deformedbars
minimum 0.12% oftotal gross
section area
48
The diameter of bar shall not
exceed 1/8 times total slab
thickness
For main steelFor plain bar –
minimum dia.=10mmFor
deformed bar minimum dia
=8mmFor distribution steel,
Minimum dia =6mm
4
Is 456:2000
Clause 12.3.2
26
5
Is 456:2000
Clause 12.3.2
26
Strength of the Cover block
spacers, cover block should be
of concrete of same strength or
PVC
Spacers or chair should be
placed at a maximum spacing
of 1m and closer spacing may
sometimes be necessary
Provided
Remark
Plain bar
ok
0.20% And
deformed
bar 0.18%
10 mm
ok
Main steel ok
is 10 mm
and
distribution
steel is
8mm
ok
1m
ok
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CASTING SLAB AND BEAM
Table 10.1: Comparative Analysis of IS Code Criteria
OBSERVATION
It is concluded that the above analysed data is correct criteria for slab as per IS Codes to be
considered at construction site.
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CONCLUSION
CHAPTER 11: CONCLUSION
Under the guidance of Mr. Hitesh Donga (Site Engineer) as a mentor I have got
opportunity to understand the technical and field work aspect of Commercial Building
Construction.
The main aim of studies within the project was to investigate how as structure is
constructed within its desired properties. I got a known about basic and advanced
techniques of building construction as well as saw the challenges which a civil engineer
has to face during construction i.e. labor problems, cost management, environmental
challenges etc. I cleared out many doubts regrading building construction. Overall, it must
be said that the construction method and quality control on a Commercial project needs a
very good coordination and large quantities of man power, equipment and funds. So, I am
grateful to Mighty Scales Infra LLP and college staff for giving us the opportunity to
learn and grow.
It is concluded that the above analyzed data is correct criteria for column as per IS Codes
to be considered at construction site.
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Bibliography
CHAPTER 12: Bibliography
•
•
•
•
http://bhujada.com/revised-dp-2025/
https://www.bis.gov.in/standards/technical-department/national-building-code/
https://pantheonbhuj.com/
https://www.google.com/maps/place/DREAMS+NAVRATRI+GROUND/@23.2
34876,69.6469243,442m/data=!3m1!1e3!4m5!3m4!1s0x39511e131734d983:0xe9
77fdc00c17bdf4!8m2!3d23.2349868!4d69.6471459
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