EUKARYOTIC TRANSCRIPTION AND CONTROL OF GENE EXPRESSION BY MADU ORNELA PRINCESS NPA/03/06/01665 LIFTED VIRTUE BOYE NPA/03/08/01646 MADU RHEMA CHIKWADO NPA/03/06/01665 • Introduction to Eukaryotic Transcription • Regulation of Gene Expression • Transcription Factors • Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression • RNA Processing and Modification • Conclusion • Introduction to Eukaryotic Transcription • Eukaryotic transcription is a complex process that involves the synthesis of RNA from DNA. It is regulated by various factors that ensure the accurate and efficient expression of genes. • The process of transcription involves several stages, including initiation, elongation, and termination. Each stage is controlled by specific proteins and regulatory elements that ensure the proper functioning of the transcription machinery. • Regulation of Gene Expression • Gene expression is the process by which information encoded in DNA is used to synthesize proteins. It is a highly regulated process that is essential for normal cellular function. • Several mechanisms are involved in the regulation of gene expression, including transcriptional control, post-transcriptional control, translational control, and post-translational control. These mechanisms ensure that genes are expressed at the right time, in the right place, and in the right amount • Transcription Factors • Transcription factors are proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences and regulate gene expression by either activating or repressing transcription. They play a crucial role in controlling the expression of genes in response to various environmental cues and developmental signals. • Transcription factors can be classified into several families based on their DNA binding domains and other structural features. Some examples of transcription factor families include the basic helix-loop-helix (bHLH) family, the zinc finger family, and the leucine zipper family. • Epigenetic Regulation of Gene Expression • Epigenetic modifications are heritable changes in gene expression that do not involve changes in the DNA sequence itself. They play a crucial role in regulating gene expression by modifying the chromatin structure and altering the accessibility of DNA to the transcription machinery. • Some examples of epigenetic modifications include DNA methylation, histone modification, and chromatin remodeling. These modifications can be influenced by various environmental factors, such as diet, stress, and exposure to toxins. • RNA Processing and Modification • After transcription, RNA undergoes several processing and modification steps before it can be translated into protein. These steps include capping, splicing, and polyadenylation, among others. • RNA processing and modification are tightly regulated processes that ensure the production of functional and stable mRNA molecules. Aberrations in these processes can lead to various diseases, including cancer and neurological disorders. • Conclusion • Eukaryotic transcription and the control of gene expression are complex processes that involve multiple layers of regulation. Understanding these processes is essential for developing new therapies for various diseases and for advancing our knowledge of fundamental biological processes. • Future research in this field will undoubtedly uncover new mechanisms of gene regulation and shed light on the intricate interplay between genes, environment, and development.
