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The Physics Behind Soccer ⋆ Top Physics Tuition Singapore

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The Physics Behind Soccer ⋆ Top Physics Tuition Singapore
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The Physics Behind Soccer
 The Intriguing
The Physics Behind Soccer
Soccer is one of the most popular sports in Singapore. Hundreds if
not thousands of people enjoy this sport during their leisure time
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Xiao Long Bao
 Physics and Soccer
Player Stability
and have established successful careers in it. Physics plays an
important role in this sport and the better you understand the forces
 Oh students who
that come into play, the higher your chances of becoming a
study Physics can
professional soccer player.
work in Finance and
Banks?
Today, we will look at the physics behind soccer in detail. Hopefully,
this information will help you to appreciate the sport more and
 Is it true that in
increase your understanding of physics. First, we will look at the
Singapore, students
different forces that affect the ball when its kicked.
who study Physics
has greater career
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The Physics Behind Soccer ⋆ Top Physics Tuition Singapore
Then, we will examine how the ball moves through the air and how
opportunities over
that movement can be affected by things like wind and spin. We will
those who study
also discuss the principles of motion and energy as they relate to
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soccer, including how the ball’s trajectory and speed are affected by
the way it is kicked. Furthermore, we will look at the physics of the
 Physics required for
players’ movement on the field, including the principles of
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momentum, force, and power, and how they influence the players’
Example of Charles
performance. By the end of this article, you will have a deeper
and Keith.
understanding of the science behind the sport and how it can be
used to improve your own skills on the field.
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Weight and Mass
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In the context of science and engineering, weight is defined as the
force acting on an object, in this case the ball, due to gravitational
 April 2023
force.
 February 2023
On the other hand, mass is the measure of the amount of matter in
the ball or any other object. It measures the quantity of matter of the
 January 2023
ball regardless of its location in the universe or the gravitational
force that is applied on it. It is also important to note that the mass of
a soccer ball is the same on moon and on earth.
If the soccer ball is heavy, it will be difficult to kick. In addition, the
weight of the player also comes into play. The more the soccer
player weights, the harder they can kick the ball. The only downside
to such a player is that their ability to run and speed is lower
compared to a lighter soccer player who weighs less and more
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 January 2020
 March 2019
physically fit.
Friction
Simply put, friction is the resistance force to relative motion of fluid
 November 2018
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layers, solid surfaces, and material elements sliding on each other.
There are four different types of friction namely;
Static
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Sliding
Rolling
Fluid
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The Physics Behind Soccer ⋆ Top Physics Tuition Singapore
The first three, static, sliding, and rolling friction occurs between two
or more solid surfaces. Fluid friction, as the name suggests, occurs
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in gases and fluids.
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In soccer, friction force prevents the ball from moving the forward or
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backward direction forever when it is kicked by the player. This is
based on the fact that the soccer ball rubs against the ground
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causing a resistance force (friction) which slows the ball down. This
force can work for or against the team as it can prevent the ball from
going through the goal post.
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Gravitational Force
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Gravity is a natural force that acts on all things that have mass or
energy. This includes stars, planets, galaxies, and even light. This is
 The Intriguing
the force that gives weight to all physical objects on our planet.
Physics of Cooking
Even the moon has gravitational force that is responsible for the
Xiao Long Bao
ocean tides.
In the context of soccer, this force has a major impact on how the
ball flies. If there was no gravity, the soccer ball would just continue
flying in the air and never come back down to the football pitch. The
players stay grounded because of the gravitational force that acts
on them due to the weight. If gravity was altered, it would change
how low or high the ball flies when kicked.
Momentum
Based on Newton’s mechanics, linear momentum refers to the
product of velocity and mass of an object. Unlike other forces, it is a
vector quantity that has a direction and magnitude. Momentum can
also be defined as the impetus gained by a moving object (the
soccer ball).
Momentum affects how far the soccer ball goes when kicked. If the
player has a lot of momentum when they come into contact with
the ball and kick it, it will move faster. On the other hand, if there is
not enough momentum, the distance that the ball covers will be
 Physics and Soccer
Player Stability
 Oh students who
study Physics can
work in Finance and
Banks?
 Is it true that in
Singapore, students
who study Physics
has greater career
opportunities over
those who study
Biology?
 Physics required for
Retail Stores?
Example of Charles
and Keith.
less irrespective of how hard the ball is kicked.
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The Physics Behind Soccer ⋆ Top Physics Tuition Singapore
Momentum is calculated by multiplying the velocity and mass of
the ball. For example; 67 mph (velocity) x 400 grams (mass) = 26,800
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Is Physics
Velocity
Velocity is defined as the speed of an object (the soccer ball) in a
particular direction. If you don’t know the velocity of the ball, you will
not be able to get it. Also, if you know the velocity that it will move
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November 14th, 2018
with when you kick it, you can accurately pass it to other team
members accurately.
Knowing the direction that the soccer ball is most likely to go is very
important in soccer especially indoor soccer as the field is smaller
compared to the conventional soccer field. For example, if you do
What to
Expect in
Having Physics
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November 14th, 2018
not want the ball to out of the set bounds, you have to be aware of
its velocity when you kick it.
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The Magnus Effect
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Whenever the ball is kicked off centre, the force causes the ball to
March 6th, 2019
spin either in a clockwise or anticlockwise direction. How the ball
curves when in the air is dependent on the speed of the spin and
the direction. The same principle applies to a curve ball in the
popular baseball game. When the player throws the ball, the pitcher
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creates a fast spin that results in the ball curving during flight.
Magnus effect is defined as the curve of the ball during flight. As the
soccer ball spins, the frictional force between the air and surface of
the ball causes the air around it to reach in the direction of the spin.
At top spin, the ball results in the velocity of the air at the top
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half/section of the ball to decreases compared to the air velocity at
the bottom.
This effect is as a result of tangential velocity of the ball in the top
half section that moves in the opposite direction of the airflow. On
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an ongoing
process that
the other hand, the tangential velocity of the ball in the bottom half
requires
moves in the same direction with the airflow.
dedication. The
basics of
Because the resultant air speed that acts at the top half of the ball is
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less compared to one that is on the bottom half, the pressure
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The Physics Behind Soccer ⋆ Top Physics Tuition Singapore
exerted at the top of the ball increases. This results in a new
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downward force. As Bernoulli’s principle states, when the air velocity
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decreases, air pressure increases. The opposite is also true.
Concisely, when a soccer ball is kicked at the centre, it spins
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counter-clockwise and the magnus force acts on the left side
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resulting in the ball curving to the left. On the other hand, when its
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kicked left of the centre, it automatically spins in the clockwise
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direction and the Magnus force acts on its right side causing it to
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curve to the right. As a result, the ball can deviate by several feet
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from the original trajectory by the time it hits the goal post net.
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Understand how these forces impact the direction of the ball will
3 days ago
come in handy when attempting to score as it makes it difficult for
the goal keeper to know which direction the ball will take.
Physics Behind Kicking the Ball
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Needless to say, soccer is an active sport that involves kicking the
you time. Fast
ball. In order to understand the forces that come into play when
import process &
kicking a ball, consider this action as an inelastic collision between
endless
the foot of the player and the soccer ball.
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The equation below is used to calculate the initial as well as the final
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velocities
e stands for the coefficient of restitution. In all collision, this value is
usually between 0 and 1. If e = 0 the collision is plastic. The two
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 April 2023
colliding bodies stick together and move in the same direction and
in the same velocity after the impact.
 February 2023
If e = 1 the collision is elastic and the kinetic energy is conserved.
 January 2023
Vb1 refers to the velocity of the ball before its kicked
 June 2020
Vf1 refers to the velocity of the foot of the soccer player before
 May 2020
kicking the ball
Vb2 refers to the velocity of the soccer ball after being kicked
Vf2 refers to the velocity of the foot after the kick
 March 2020
 January 2020
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The Physics Behind Soccer ⋆ Top Physics Tuition Singapore
Another formula that comes into play is conservation of linear
momentum for a one-dimensional collision:
mb refers to the mass of the soccer ball
 March 2019
 November 2018
mf refers to the effective mass of the foot
Effective mass refers to the stand-alone mass that would be
required to produce the same dynamic effect after colliding with the
soccer ball. The player’s foot is subject to many external forces
which are generated by the leg muscles when kicking the ball. An
equivalent mass is in the other foot and is not acted upon by
external forces and produces the same dynamic effect. This is
referred to as the effective mass of the player’s foot and its usually
larger than the actual mass of the foot.
Physics Behind Soccer Ball Curving or
Spinning
Liverpool is one of the English Premier league teams that is best
known for having players like Mane and Salah who have mastered
the art of curving the ball. So, what is the physics behind a ball
spinning? If the player kicks the ball directly in line with its centre of
mass, it will not spin but an off the centre kick will cause it to spin.
The curving, spinning, or bending is caused by a force referred to as
Magnus Effect which is generated as air waves move over the
spinning ball. As the air flows over the surface of the ball, a thin
boundary layer of air is created and clings the surface. As the air
approaches the back section of the ball, the layer of air ends as its
unable to remain clinging on the surface. It breaks away creating a
series of eddies behind the ball.
Concisely, when the ball is spinning, the air on the side that is
moving goes in the same direction but breaks away when the ball
stops spinning. The air on the opposite side breaks away soon.
Newton’s 3rd Law comes into play here, the reaction force of air on
the ball, which in the picture below is labelled F, changes the path
of the ball thereby forcing it to curve in the direction indicated.
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The Physics Behind Soccer ⋆ Top Physics Tuition Singapore
Source: Physics Central
When the ball is not spinning, the flow of air around the soccer ball
is symmetrical. The difference in pressure between the back and
front section of the ball creates a drag force.
Final Thoughts
Understanding how physics impact soccer will greatly help you to
become a better player and even qualify to play for renowned
teams such as Manchester United and Liverpool. Be sure to apply
the formulas above in different scenarios and carry out experiments
to better understand how the forces impact the movement of the
ball.
More importantly, consider registering for group physics tuition at
Kung Fu Physics for tailor-made physics tuition lessons. Your
comprehension and performance in physics will never be the same
again.
By gabtantc | June 28th, 2020 | Uncategorized | 0 Comments
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