The Essay Three Kinds of Friendship by Aristotle Essay •A series of paragraphs on a particular topic •An analytic, interpretative, or critical composition that deals with a subject from a limited and often personal point of view •Usually five paragraphs, but may be longer •Term papers and research papers are extended essays Essay •Invented by Michel de Montaigne (during the Renaissance), used as a means to self-discovery (experimental method) •Although older writings reveal similarities to modern essays •Cicero, •Etymology: •It Seneca, Plutarch, Shonagon, Kenko Essai (French word) meaning “trial/test” has a flexible, nonchalant, versatile form •The essay evolved from being a personal treatise to cover a wider variety of subjects •In the 18th Century it became an important vehicle in the criticism of society and religion, and exhibition of political awareness •Its structure allowed for ambiguity and allusion to current events and condition of the times Types: Formal (impersonal) Serious and important topics (science, philosophy, politics) Authoritative and scholarly development Explains, persuades, instructs (purpose) Discussion counts more than the writer’s opinions Informal (familiar) Commonplace and ordinary topics Conversational and witty tone (personality of writer) Amuses and entertains Other forms: Descriptive Biographical Critical Editorial Reflective Informative Reading Essays Essays do not allow for varied interpretation so the reader must know the accurate meaning of what’s being said. (find the meaning from a dictionary, know the context) You may try to outline the essay (it reveals organization, main division and supporting points) Summarize: the main idea, major points, important supporting points Identify the writing techniques used Identify the rhetorical devices used Main Parts of the Essay Introduction First paragraph of the essay Includes the thesis statement/central message Body Describe, define, explain, or illustrate the thesis Length and number of paragraphs depends on the complexity of the topic Conclusion Ends the essay, but makes it more memorable Structure of a five-paragraph essay Aristotle and Ancient Greece Contributions of Ancient Greece Some of the well-known philosophers of Ancient Greece were Plato and Socrates, among others. They have aided in information about Ancient Greek society through writings such as The Republic, by Plato. Many authors consider the western literary tradition to have begun with the epic poems, the Iliad and the Odyssey. A playwright named Aeschylus changed western literature forever when he introduced the ideas of dialogue and interacting characters to playwriting. In doing so, he essentially invented "drama": his Oresteia trilogy of plays is seen as his crowning achievement. Other refiners of playwriting were Sophocles and Euripides. Aristotle, Plato's student, wrote dozens of works on many scientific disciplines, but his greatest contribution to literature was likely his Poetics, which lays out his understanding of drama, and thereby establishes the first criteria for literary criticism. The end of the Dark Ages is also frequently dated to 776 BC, the year of the first Olympic Games. The word music derives from the name of the Muses, the daughters of Zeus who were patron goddesses of the arts. The discoveries of several Greek mathematicians, including Pythagoras, Euclid, and Archimedes, are still used in mathematical teaching today. The first geometrical, three-dimensional models to explain the apparent motion of the planets were developed in the 4th century BC by Eudoxus of Cnidus and Callippus of Cyzicus. Their younger contemporary Heraclides Ponticus proposed that the Earth rotates around its axis. In the 3rd century BC Aristarchus of Samos was the first to suggest a heliocentric system. Hippocrates was a physician of the Classical period, and is considered one of the most outstanding figures in the history of medicine. He is referred to as the "father of medicine“ The art of ancient Greece has exercised an enormous influence on the culture of many countries from ancient times to the present day, particularly in the areas of sculpture and architecture. Greek mythology consists of stories belonging to the ancient Greeks concerning their gods and heroes, the nature of the world and the origins and significance of their religious practices. Aristotle Aristotle was born in 384 BCE at Stagirus, a now extinct Greek colony and seaport on the coast of Thrace. At 17 he joined the Academy where he studied under Plato. He became the tutor of Alexander the Great. When teaching at the Lyceum, Aristotle had a habit of walking about as he discoursed. It was in connection with this that his followers became known in later years as the Peripatetics, meaning "to walk about.“ As the father of the field of logic, he was the first to develop a formalized system for reasoning. In his lifetime, Aristotle wrote as many as 200 treatises, of which only 31 survive. Aristotle's systematic treatises may be grouped in several divisions: Logic Categories (10 classifications of terms) On Interpretation (propositions, truth, modality) Prior Analytics (syllogistic logic) Posterior Analytics (scientific method and syllogism) Topics (rules for effective arguments and debate) On Sophistical Refutations (informal fallacies) Physical works Physics (explains change, motion, void, time) On the Heavens (structure of heaven, earth, elements) On Generation (through combining material constituents) Meteorologics (origin of comets, weather, disasters) Psychological works On the Soul (explains faculties, senses, mind, imagination) On Memory, Reminiscence, Dreams, and Prophesying Works on natural history History of Animals (physical/mental qualities, habits) On the parts of Animals On the Movement of Animals On the Progression of Animals On the Generation of Animals Minor treatises Problems Philosophical works Metaphysics (substance, cause, form, potentiality) Nicomachean Ethics (soul, happiness, virtue, friendship) Eudemain Ethics Magna Moralia Politics (best states, utopias, constitutions, revolutions) Rhetoric (elements of forensic and political debate) Poetics (tragedy, epic poetry) Three Kinds of Friendship The Nichomachean Ethics, Book VIII Q&A on Three Kinds of Friendship by Aristotle: What are the Three Kinds of Friendship? 1. Do Aristotle’s views on friendship still apply in contemporary society? 2. When do you start to consider someone as a friend? 3. How do class, gender, age, ethnicity, and geography affect friendships? 4. What are the other things that hinder friendships? 5. When do you consider a friendship to be over? Reminder: Avoid being a bessssss. Activity 6 (Seat Work): Friendship Table (group work) • Save this in PDF format • Filename sample: PT10-A6-AbayChuaDizonEtc. How How to to identify identify aa good good friend friend How How to to identify identify aa “bessss” “bessss” (fake (fake friend) friend) How How to to avoid avoid being being aa fake fake friend friend •• Make Make aa bulleted bulleted list list •• In In each each •• Of Of the the columns columns Midterm Output (Spoken Word Poetry) Group work (You may work in the same group that you had in the Prelim Output.) Create a poem about your families. Each member must contribute verses/lines to the poem (at least 4 lines per member). Make sure that there is coherence and unity for all the lines. Save the project in MP3 format. File size limit: 5MB Use appropriate sound effects and musical background. File name sample: RAD10-LitMid-AbayaACruzBCruzDizon. Leaders must submit the group participation grades (score/20) of the members based on their contribution to your project. Submit this in PDF format with the link to the MP3 file, names of your groupmates and group participation grades, and copy of the poem. Reminders: Remember to use figurative language and poetic diction. This means that the poem must sound like a poem and not a work of prose. You may or may not use a structured rhyme scheme, but I would like to see fresh metaphors or figurative language. Avoid cliches. The more original your work and the more creative your concept, the higher your grade will be. Include a copy of your poem in the PDF, complete names of the members, and group participation grades. Grammar and mechanics will be checked so edit your work before submission. The poem must be written in English. Reminders: Long quiz schedule (coverage Shakespeare and Sonnet 37; Aristotle and Three Kinds of Friendship) Submission of the midterm project (spoken word poem) Watch “Antigone” before our next class. You may use this link to find the film: https://youtu.be/HJhqQccMRyc
